INTRODUCTION

SKID RESISTANCE

skid resistance is the force developed when a tire that is prevented from rotating
slides along the pavement surface. Skid resistance depends on a pavement surface’s
micro texture and macro texture. Micro texture refers to the small-scale texture of the
pavement aggregate component while macro texture refers to the large-scale texture of
the pavement as a whole due to the aggregate particle arrangement. Skid resistance
change over time. Typically, it increases in the first two years following construction as
the roadway in worn away by traffic and rough aggregate surface become exposed, then
decrease over the remaining pavement life as aggregates become more polished.

SAND PATCH

Sand patch is test method that suitable for field tests to determine the average
macro texture depth of a pavement surface. The knowledge of pavement macro texture
depth serves as a tool in characterizing the pavement surface texture. It uses a volumetric
approach of measuring pavement macro texture. In this study a known volume of glass
beads is spread evenly over the pavement surface to form a circle, thus filling the surface
voids with glass beads. The diameter of the circle is measured on four axes and the value
averaged. This value is then used to calculate the mean texture depth (MTD).

OUTFLOW METER

The other method of surface texture measurement considered worthy of

investigation was the outflow meter. In this experiment we measure the time required for
the water level in the cylinder to drop from the upper reference line to the lower reference
line was recorded. Using this approach, very short outflow time were indicative of rough
surface texture and long outflow times were indicative of smooth surface. Inherent in this
approach is the assumption that none of the water penetration into the pavement and
flows laterally within the pavement such as might occur with an opened graded asphalt
concrete.

OBJECTIVE

SKID RESISTANCE
 To determine skid resistance value of road pavement.

SAND PATCH
 To measure the average texture depth of the road surface.

OUTFLOW METER
 To determine effect of texture depth and connectivity on surface water dispersion.
THEORYTICAL BACKGROUND

Skid resistance measurement and analysis is now a routine procedure in motor

vehicle crash analysis. In facts it was one of the earliest investigative and analytical tools
used for this work. Many different measurement methods are in common use, including
visual estimation assisted by friction tables various dragged device with friction force
measurement and instrumented vehicle skid-to-rest testing, the last having become the
preferred alternative for many investigators over the past decade or so.

Next is sand patch. Sample site should be selected by a surface texture of the road
which id roughness, medium and smooth. Ensure that the pavement surface is clear of
dirt and debris by sweeping the surface with a small brush. The test area is to be clear of
surface cracking. The pavement surface must be dry to achieve satisfactory results. The
average texture depth may be calculated by dividing the volume of sand by the area of the
sand patch.
4𝑉
Texture depth (mm) = 𝜋𝑑^2 × 103
Where:
d = average diameter of sand patch circle (mm)
V = volume

For outflow meter, it’s vertical cylinder for containing water. It has an open top
and a rubber ring mounted centrally around an orifice or opening on the bottom of the
device to from a seal against the pavement surface. Water discharge is through the
opening in the center of the seal and is controlled by a spring loaded plunger suspended
from a cap mounted on the upper end of the cylinder. Upper and lower float switch are
suspended from the cap into the cylinder and mounted vertically.

PROBLEM STATEMENT

One of the factors that contribute to accident on the road is the road surface condition. A
country like Malaysia which is receives a lot of rainfall every year can cause problem to
the road transportation. Safety of vehicles during wet condition depends on skid
resistance and the ability of water to disperse consist of surface texture to avoid
hydroplaning. The components of skid resistance consist of surface texture roughness
(macro texture) and degree of polishing of individual stone particles (micro texture). In
additions, the ability to discharge surface water quickly depends on the connectivity of
the surface texture. An adequate drainage and proper test must be done to tackle this
problem.
REFERENCE

http://www.pavementinteractive.org/skid-resistance/

http://www.dot.state.mn.us/mnroad/data/pdfs/MnROAD%20Texture%20Sand%20
Patch%20FINAL_062410.pdf

http://www.nzta.govt.nz/assets/resources/surface-friction-conference-
2005/6/docs/pavement-skid-resistance-measurement-analysis-forensic-oontext.pdf