Guide
2
Across From / Opposite ............................................................................................................. 16
Next to / Beside .......................................................................................................................... 17
Near / Close to ........................................................................................................................... 17
On ................................................................................................................................................. 17
Above / Over .............................................................................................................................. 17
Under / Below ............................................................................................................................. 18
At .................................................................................................................................................. 18
In ................................................................................................................................................... 18
There is/there are ........................................................................................................................... 19
Positive Sentences...................................................................................................................... 20
Contractions ............................................................................................................................... 20
Negative Form ............................................................................................................................ 20
There aren't with ANY ................................................................................................................ 21
Questions ..................................................................................................................................... 21
How Many with Are There ......................................................................................................... 21
A, an, some & any ......................................................................................................................... 22
a/an ............................................................................................................................................. 22
Some ............................................................................................................................................ 22
Any ............................................................................................................................................... 22
Functional Language .................................................................................................................... 22
Questions you can ask about directions ................................................................................ 22
How to give directions to somebody else .............................................................................. 22
Unit 4 .................................................................................................................................................... 24
Prepositions of time: in, on, at ...................................................................................................... 24
AT .................................................................................................................................................. 24
ON ................................................................................................................................................ 24
IN ................................................................................................................................................... 24
Frequency adverbs & phrases ..................................................................................................... 25
Functional Language .................................................................................................................... 26
Telling the time ............................................................................................................................ 26
The date .......................................................................................................................................... 27
Abbreviated Dates .................................................................................................................... 27
Months ............................................................................................................................................. 28
Housework....................................................................................................................................... 28
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In the kitchen .............................................................................................................................. 28
In the bedroom........................................................................................................................... 28
In the laundry room.................................................................................................................... 29
In the garden .............................................................................................................................. 29
Unit 5 .................................................................................................................................................... 30
Can/can’t ....................................................................................................................................... 30
Past simple was/were .................................................................................................................... 31
Examples...................................................................................................................................... 32
Past simple regular verbs .............................................................................................................. 32
Form.............................................................................................................................................. 32
Functional language ..................................................................................................................... 34
Asking for permission .................................................................................................................. 34
Responses .................................................................................................................................... 34
Word list ........................................................................................................................................... 34
Things to take on holiday .......................................................................................................... 34
The weather ................................................................................................................................ 34
Unit 6 .................................................................................................................................................... 35
Past simple irregular verbs ............................................................................................................ 35
Past time expressions & ago ......................................................................................................... 35
Adverbs of manner ........................................................................................................................ 36
Adverbs of manner and link verbs ........................................................................................... 36
Functional Language .................................................................................................................... 37
Talking about likes & dislikes...................................................................................................... 37
References.......................................................................................................................................... 38
4
5
Unit 1
Affirmative
I am I’m fine.
from
He/She/It is He’s/She’s/It’s
Mexico
You/We/They are You’re/We’re/They’re
To make the verb to be negative, add not (or n’t) to the verb.
Negative
To make questions with the verb to be, put the verb before the subject.
verb subject
Question
Am I
Are you/we/they
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Short answer
I am.
‘m not.
No, isn’t.
you/we/they are.
aren’t.
I am happy.
She is helpful.
The verb to be in the simple present can be also used to refer to something that is true now.
Examples
Is Brad Pitt French?
No, he isn't. He's American.
What about Angelina Joli? Is she American, too?
Yes, she is. She is American.
Are brad Pitt and Angelina Joli French?
No, They aren't. They are American.
Possessive adjectives
I my It’s my book
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we our It’s our class.
The possessive adjective needs to agree with the possessor and not with the thing that is
possessed.
Examples
My car is very old.
Her boyfriend is very friendly.
Our dog is black.
Their homework is on the table.
Like all adjectives in English, they are always located directly in front of the noun they refer
to. (Possessive Adjective + Noun)
We do not include an S to the adjective when the noun is plural like in many other
languages.
However, the verb that is used needs to agree with the noun - if the noun is singular then
the verb is singular; if the noun is plural then the verb is plural.
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- to introduce people:
This is Janet.
These are my friends, John and Michael.
WARNING:
We don’t say These are John and Michael.
We say This is John and this is Michael.
What’s that?
This is our house, and that’s Rebecca’s house over there.
Those are very expensive shoes.
… and that and those for people or things that are not near us:
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Unit 2
Present simple
Use the present simple to talk about things which are generally true.
The simple present expresses an action in the present taking place regularly, never or
several times. It is also used for actions that take place one after another and for actions
that are set by a timetable or schedule. The simple present also expresses facts in the
present.
Affirmative
I speak
You/We/They speak
The form of the verb is the same except for he/she/it. For he/she/it, add -s.
study – studies
Make the negative with don’t + infinitive or doesn’t (for he/she/it) + infinitive.
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Subject auxiliary – not infinitive
Negative
I don’t
You/We/They don’t
For questions, put do/does before the subject, and the infinitive after the subject.
Question
Do I Work?
Does he/she/it
Do you/we/they
Short answer
I do.
Yes, don’t.
doesn’t.
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you/we/they do.
don’t.
Examples
For repeated or regular actions in the present time.
I take the train to the office.
The train to Berlin leaves every hour.
John sleeps eight hours every night during the week.
For facts.
The President of The USA lives in The White House.
A dog has four legs.
We come from Switzerland.
For habits.
I get up early every day.
Carol brushes her teeth twice a day.
They travel to their country house every weekend.
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Wh- questions
What, where, when, who, why and how are question words.
Put them at the beginning of the question.
Possessive’s
We use a noun with ’s with a singular noun to show possession:
13
We can use a possessive instead of a noun phrase to avoid repeating words:
Is that John’s car? No, it’s Mary’s [car] > No, it’s Mary’s.
Adjectives
In the sentences above, the adjectives are easy to spot because they come immediately
before the nouns they modify.
But adjectives can do more than just modify nouns. They can also act as a complement to
linking verbs or the verb to be. A linking verb is a verb like to feel, to seem, or to taste that
describes a state of being or a sensory experience.
The technical term for an adjective used this way is predicate adjective.
Functional Language
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Describing people
He’s tall/young/handsome.
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Unit 3
Prepositions of place
Prepositions of Place are used to show the position or location of one thing with another.
In front of
A band plays their music in front of an audience.
Behind
Behind is the opposite of In front of. It means at the back (part) of something.
When the teacher writes on the whiteboard, the students are behind him (or her).
Between
Between normally refers to something in the middle of two objects or things (or places).
The chess players sat opposite each other before they began their game.
(= They are in front of each other and there is a table between them)
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Next to / Beside
Next to and Beside mean the same thing. It usually refers to a thing (or person) that is at the
side of another thing.
In this part of town there isn't a footpath beside the road so you have to be careful.
Near / Close to
Near and Close to mean the same thing. It is similar to next to / beside but there is more of
a distance between the two things.
On
On means that something is in a position that is physically touching, covering or attached
to something.
Above / Over
Above and Over have a similar meaning. The both mean "at a higher position than X"
but above normally refers to being directly (vertically) above you.
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Over can also mean: physically covering the surface of something and is often used with
the word All as in All over.
Under / Below
Under and Below have a similar meaning. They mean at a lower level. (Something is above
it).
Sometimes we use the word underneath instead of under and beneath instead of below.
There is no difference in meaning those they are less common nowadays.
At
At tells us that the following noun is located at a specific point or location. It shows an exact
position.
In
In tells us the noun is in an enclosed space (surround or closed off on all sides). Basically,
when something is inside something.
In a box.
In a room.
In a country.
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There is/there are
Affirmative
is a tennis court
There
are three kitchens
Negative
Isn’t a restaurant
There
aren’t any public telephones
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We use there is and there are to say that something exists.
Positive Sentences
We use there is for singular and there are for plural.
Contractions
The contraction of there is is there's.
Negative Form
The negative is formed by putting not after is or are:
20
There are not = There aren't
Questions
To form a question, we place is / are in front of there.
Again, we use any with plural questions or those which use uncountable nouns.
21
A, an, some & any
a/an
Use a/an with single nouns.
Some
Use some with plural nouns and affirmative sentences.
Any
Use any with plural nouns in questions and with plural nouns in negative sentences.
Functional Language
Turn right at the end of the road and my house is number 67.
Take the third road on the right and you will see the office on the right
Take the third road on the right and you will see the shop on the left
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Take the second road on the left and you will see the house on the left
Take the second road on the left and you will see the hospital straight ahead
Just around the corner is my house you will need to stop quickly or you will miss it.
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Unit 4
AT
We use AT with specific times (hour / minutes):
I get up at 7 o'clock.
12am = midnight
12pm = midday / noon
ON
We use ON for specific days and dates:
IN
We use IN for specific months, years, seasons, centuries and lengths of time.
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The company was founded in the 19th century.
Compare:
every day/month/year
once a week/moth/year
25
Functional Language
We can also use about + time. We use about when we don’t know the exact time.
26
The date
For British English, day followed by month followed by year, the 13th day of the month April,
year 2014, might be written in full (in order of complexity):
13 April
13 April 2014
These are all possible, and a matter of choice. The more complicated the style of date, the
more formal it is.
In the later examples, the and of are optional, but if you do use them you must add
both the and of; it would be incorrect to say only 13th of April or the 13th April.
In British English, commas are not necessary (although can be used to separate month an
year, as a matter of style).
If you wish to add the name of the day, it should come before the date, and should either
be separated by a comma or joined by the and of.
Abbreviated Dates
13/04/14, 13.04.14, 13-04-14
13/04/2014, 13.04.2014, 13-04-2014
13Apr2014, 13-Apr-14
In some circumstances, you may find the year comes before the month, then the day (a
reverse of the standard British format). This is not common in English speaking countries,
except in some technical texts.
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Months
Month In 3 Days in
Number Month letters Month
1 January Jan 31
28 (29 in
2 February Feb
leap years)
3 March Mar 31
4 April Apr 30
5 May May 31
6 June Jun 30
7 July Jul 31
8 August Aug 31
9 September Sep 30
10 October Oct 31
11 November Nov 30
12 December Dec 31
Housework
In the kitchen
to clear the table
to load dishes into the dishwasher
to start the dishwasher
to wipe the table
to clean the stove
to clean the sink
to sweep the floor
to wash the floor
to empty the dishwasher
to put dishes into cupboards
In the bedroom
to tidy up the room
to put away clean clothes
to put dirty clothes in the linen basket
to make the bed
to beat the rug
to vacuum the floor
to dust furniture
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In the laundry room
to sort colours and whites
to put clothes in the washing machine
to put clothes in the dryer
to fold clothes
to put away clothes
In the garden
to water plants
to rake leaves
to mow the lawn
to paint the fence
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Unit 5
Can/can’t
Can is a modal auxiliary verb. This means:
Affirmative
I
You
He/She/It can speak another language
We
They
Negative
I
You
He/She/It can’t speak another language
We
They
I can’t understand.
Not I don’t can understand.
I
you
Can he/she/it do that, please?
we
they
Yes, I can.
you
No, he/she/it can’t
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we
they
I was in Canada.
We weren’t in a lovely hotel.
I was
He/She/It wasn’t
You on holiday.
were
We
weren’t
They
Question
Was I
he/she/it In Toronto?
Were you/we/they
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Short answer
I was.
he/she/it wasn’t.
Yes,
were.
No, you/we/they
weren’t.
Examples
“You were supposed to clean your room today.”
“The early 1940s was a period of war. / The early 1940s were years of war.”
A past event could be one thing that happened in the past, or a repeated thing.
Form
Regular past simple forms are formed by adding -ed to the infinitive of the verb.
start → started
kill → killed
jump → jumped
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There are some spelling rules. If a verb ends in -e, you add -d.
agree → agreed
like → liked
escape → escaped
If a verb ends in a vowel and a consonant, the consonant is usually doubled before -ed.
stop → stopped
plan → planned
If a verb ends in consonant and -y, you take off the y and add -ied.
try → tried
carry → carried
But if the word ends in a vowel and -y, you add -ed.
play → played
enjoy → enjoyed
For negatives, use the auxiliary did and did not (didn’t) and the infinitive.
Negative
I
You
He/She/It didn’t visit the museum.
We
They
For questions, use the auxiliary did. Put the auxiliary before the subject and the infinitive
after the subject.
Question
I
You
Did He/She/It remember the passports?
We
They
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Functional language
Responses
Yes, of course.
Go ahead.
Sure.
No, I’m sorry but…
No, I’m afraid not.
Word list
The weather
Cloudy
Cold
Cool
Rainy
Snowy
Sunny
Warm
Windy
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Unit 6
Affirmative
I
You
He/She/It went to the party.
We
They
The rules for the negative and question are the same as past simple regular verbs.
35
In 1990 - To talk about a specific point in the past.
I graduated in 2003.
Adverbs of manner
Adverbs of manner are usually formed from adjectives by adding –ly:
bad > badly; quiet > quietly; sudden > suddenly
but there are sometimes changes in spelling:
easy > easily; gentle > gently
If an adjective end in –ly we use the phrase in a …. way to express manner:
Silly > He behaved in a silly way.
Friendly > She spoke in a friendly way.
A few adverbs of manner have the same form as the adjective:
They all worked hard.
She usually arrives late.
I hate driving fast.
Note: hardly and lately have different meanings:
He could hardly walk = It was difficult for him to walk.
I haven’t seen John lately = I haven’t seen John recently.
We often use phrases with like as adverbials of manner:
She slept like a baby.
He ran like a rabbit.
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Functional Language
I really like…
I love…
I think… is wonderful/great/excellent.
I like…
I think… is good.
I don’t mind…
It’s OK.
I don’t like…
I hate…
I can’t stand…
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References
https://www.myenglishpages.com/site_php_files/grammar-lesson-simple-present-be.php
http://www.grammar.cl/Notes/Possessive_Adjectives.htm
https://www.test-english.com/explanation/a1/this-that-these-those/
https://learnenglish.britishcouncil.org/fr/english-grammar/that-these-and-those
https://www.ego4u.com/en/cram-up/grammar/simple-present
http://www.grammar.cl/Present/Simple.htm
https://www.myenglishpages.com/site_php_files/grammar-lesson-wh-questions.php
https://learnenglish.britishcouncil.org/es/english-grammar/possessives-nouns
https://www.grammarly.com/blog/adjective/
https://www.ecenglish.com/learnenglish/lessons/in-on-at-prepositions-place
http://www.grammar.cl/rules/prepositions-of-place.htm
http://www.grammar.cl/Present/ThereIsThereAre.htm
https://www.easypacelearning.com/all-lessons/learning-english-level-1/201-giving-and-
asking-directions-english-lesson
http://www.grammar.cl/Intermediate/Prepositions/At_On_In_Time.htm
https://english-primary-3rd-cycle.wikispaces.com/Telling+the+time
http://www.englishlessonsbrighton.co.uk/how-to-write-dates-british-american-english/
https://www.mathsisfun.com/measure/months.html
http://wasorwere.com/
http://learnenglishteens.britishcouncil.org/grammar/beginner-grammar/past-simple-
regular-verbs
https://lingualeo.com/es/jungle/common-past-time-expressions-learn-english-
415598#/page/1
https://learnenglish.britishcouncil.org/en/english-grammar/adverbs-manner
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