Composite Structures 53 (2001) 483±491

www.elsevier.com/locate/compstruct

Analysis of multi-layered ®lament-wound composite

pipes under internal pressure
M. Xia *, H. Takayanagi, K. Kemmochi
Department of Composite Materials, National Institute of Materials and Chemical Research, Agency of Industrial Science and Technology
(AIST), Ministry of International Trade and Industry (MITI), 1-1, Higashi, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-8565, Japan

Abstract
Composite pipes in this study are composed of multi-layered ®lament-wound (FW) structures. Each layer of the pipes is assumed
to be anisotropy. Based on the three-dimensional (3-D) anisotropic elasticity, an exact elastic solution for stresses and deformations
of the pipes under internal pressure is presented. Moreover, detailed stress and strain distributions for three given angle-ply pipe
designs are investigated by using the present theory. The shear extension coupling is also considered because the lay-up angles with
‡/ and / layers cannot exist in the same radius. For cylindrical-pressure vessels with di€erent angle-ply pipe, the ratio of applied
hoop-to-axial stress in each layer is di€erent. Even if quite a thin-walled pipe, the ratio of hoop-to-axial stress is no longer a constant
of 2:1. Ó 2001 Published by Elsevier Science Ltd.

Keywords: Anisotropic analysis; Elasticity solution; Laminated composite cylindrical pipe; Internal pressure

1. Introduction properties. Rosenow [6] used the classical laminated-

At present, a basic trend is towards an increased
utilization and integration of laminated anisotropic
composites into a variety of future structural applica-
tions in di€erent industries. Filament-wound (FW)
composite pipes made of ®ber-reinforced plastics have
many potential advantages over pipes made from
conventional materials, such as high speci®c sti€ness
and strength, good corrosion resistance and thermal
insulation. With the development of manufacturing
technology to produce FW pipes, there has been a
growing interest in application of the FW ®ber-rein-
forced cylindrical composite structures. The o€-axis
piles in multi-layered pipe can be used to match po-
tential loading directions so as to o€er optimal design
of various structural components. Studies on their
mechanical properties and failures, including bending
[1], transverse loading [2,3], axial compression [4,5] and
internal pressure loading conditions, have been carried
out actively.
Composite laminate analysis has been developed to
predict product structures with anisotropic material
*
Corresponding author. Tel.: +81-0298-61-6798; fax: +81-0298-61-
6798.
E-mail address: xia@home.nimc.go.jp (M. Xia).
plate theory to predict the stress and strain response
of pipes with winding angles varying from 15° to 85°,
and he compared his predictions to experimental re-
sults. A 55° winding angle was shown to be the op-
timum angle for an FW pipe with a hoop-to-axial
stress ratio of 2:1, but the optimum angle had to be
about 75° in the case of pressure without axial load-
ing. Barton [7] solved the problem of uniform band
pressure for a ®nite isotropic solid cylinder based on a
Papkovich±Neuber solution. Fu et al. [8] performed
the buckling analyses of the polar and rectilinearly
orthotropic cases under uniform internal or external
pressures by using the Rayleigh±Rits method. Using
the ®nite Hankel and the Laplace transforms, the el-
astodynamic solution for the thermal shock stresses in
an orthotropic thick cylindrical shell has been re-
ported by Cho et al. [9]. The concept of an elastic±
plastic stress ®eld was predicted in a coated-continu-
ous ®ber composite subjected to thermomechanical
loading by You et al. [10].
The elasticity solution of isotropic cylindrical shells
subjected to uniform radial linear loads has been studied
by Klosner et al. [11±13]. Based on the solution of Le-
khnitskii [14], Wild and Vickers [15] have developed an
analytical procedure for the orthotropic cylindrical
sheets. Xia et al. [16] have developed an analytical

0263-8223/01/$ - see front matter Ó 2001 Published by Elsevier Science Ltd.

PII: S 0 2 6 3 - 8 2 2 3 ( 0 1 ) 0 0 0 6 1 - 7
484 M. Xia et al. / Composite Structures 53 (2001) 483±491

procedure to assess the thermal stresses of thick-walled 8 9…k† 2 3…k† 8 9…k†

>
> rz > > C 11 C 12 C 13 0 0 C 16 >
> ez >>
FW sandwich pipes under combined internal pressure >
> >
> 6 C 12 7 >
> >
>
>
> r h>> 6 C 22 C 23 0 0 C 26 7 > > e h >
>
and thermomechanical loading. This procedure is based < = 6 C 13 7 < =
rr C 23 C 33 0 0 C 36 7 e
on the classical laminated-plate theory. The skin mate- ˆ6
6 0
r
:
rials of FW pipe are considered to be the orthotropic >
> s >
hr > 6 0 0 C 44 C 45 0 7 7 > > chr >
>
>
> >
> > >
>
> s >
zr >
4 0 0 0 C 45 C 55 0 5 > >
> c > >
unit of the layer-up angle …/†. : ; : zr >;
szh C 16 C 26 C 36 0 0 C 66 czh
In the present paper, we are attempting to provide an
analytical foundation for the investigation of the me- …2†
chanical properties in multi-layered FW pipe under
The strain±displacement relations can be described as
internal pressure. The three designs with di€erent angle-
ply are presented to analyze the in¯uence of stacking ou…k† 1 ouh
…k†
u…k† ou…k†
…k†
sequence to their mechanical properties, including stress, e…k†
r ˆ
r
; eh ˆ ‡ r ; e…k†
z ˆ
z
; …3a†
or r oh r oz
axial and torsional sti€ness. Our analysis is based on …k†
treating laminas that are the 3-D, cylindrical anisotropy. …k† 1 ou…k† ou ou…k† ou…k†
czh ˆ z
‡ h ; c…k† zr ˆ
z
‡ r ;
In this analysis, the shear twisting coupling character- r oh oz ! or oz
…k† …k†
istic is also investigated. …k† 1 our o uh
chr ˆ ‡r : …3b†
r oh or r

The equilibrium equations are:

2. Analysis procedure
…k† …k†
or…k†
r 1 oshr os…k† r…k† rh
2.1. Stress and deformation analyses ‡ ‡ zr ‡ r ˆ 0; …4a†
or r oh oz r
…k† …k† …k† …k†
oshr 1 orh os 2s
Consider a laminated composite cylindrical pipe ‡ ‡ zh ‡ hr ˆ 0; …4b†
subjected to an internal pressure loading as shown in or r oh oz r
…k†
Fig. 1. We denote by r the radial, h the hoop, and z the os…k†
zr 1 os zh or …k†
s …k†
‡ ‡ z ‡ zr ˆ 0: …4c†
axial coordinate. When pipes are subjected to axisym- or r oh oz r
metric loading …o=oh ˆ 0†, the stresses and strains are
Substituting Eq. (1) into Eqs. (3a)±(4c) gives the fol-
independent of h. In addition, the radial and axial dis-
lowing simpli®ed forms:
placements do not depend on the axial …z† and radial …r†
The strain±displacements are rewritten as
directions, respectively.
With the above assumption, the displacement ®elds du…k† …k† u…k† du…k†
can be expressed as e…k†
r ˆ
r
; eh ˆ r
; e…k†z ˆ
z
ˆ e0 ; …5a†
dr r dz
…k† …k† …k†
ur ˆ ur …r†; uh ˆ uh …r; z†; uz ˆ uz …z†; …1† …k† du uh …k† du
c…k†
zr ˆ 0; chr ˆ h ; czh ˆ h ˆ c0 r; …5b†
dr r dz
where ur , uh and uz are radial, hoop and axial displace-
ments, respectively. where c0 has the physical interpretation that is twist of
The stress±strain relations of the kth layer with the pipe per unit length. The axial strains of all layers are
anisotropic materials are given by equal to a constant e0 .
The equilibrium equations are:
…k†
dr…k†
r r…k† rh
‡ r ˆ 0; …6a†
dr r
…k† …k†
dshr 2s
‡ hr ˆ 0; …6b†
dr r
ds…k†
zr s …k†
‡ zr ˆ 0: …6c†
dr r
From Eqs. (6b) and (6c), we obtain the results

…k† A…k† B…k†

shr ˆ ; s…k†
zr ˆ ; …7†
r2 r
where A…k† and B…k† are unknown integration constants.
Substituting the stress±strain relation of Eq. (2) into
Eqs. (6a) and (7), and using Eqs. (5a), (5b), we get dif-
Fig. 1. Multi-layered FW composite pipe in cylindrical coordinates. ferential equations as follows:
 M. Xia et al. / Composite Structures 53 (2001) 483±491 485
…k†
…k† …k† The o€-axis sti€ness constants in Eq. (2), can be fC ij g,
d2 u…k†
r 1 du…k†
r C 22 =C 33 …k† …k†
calculated from the on-axis sti€ness constants, fCij g, by
‡ ur
dr 2 r dr r2 using a sti€ness transformation matrix ‰Aij Š, written as
…k†
C 12
…k†
C 13 e0 C 26 2C 36
…k† …k† n …k† o n o
…k†
ˆ ‡ c0 ; …8a† C ij ˆ ‰Akl Š Cij ; …12a†
C
…k† r C
…k†
33 33
…k† …k† …k† where
duh uh C 55 A…k† n …k† o n …k† …k† …k† …k† …k† …k†
ˆ  2
dr r …k† …k† …k† r2 C ij ˆ C 11 ; C 12 ; C 13 ; C 16 ; C 22 ; C 23 ;
C 45 C 44 C 55
…k† …k† …k† …k† …k† …k† …k†
oT
…k†
C 45 B…k† C 26 ; C 33 ; C 36 ; C 44 ; C 45 ; C 55 ; C 66 ; …12b†
‡  …k† 2 : …8b†
…k† …k† r n o n oT
C 45 C 44 C 55 …k† …k† …k†
Cij ˆ Cxx ; Cyy ; Czz…k† ; Cxy
…k† …k†
; Cxz ; Cyz…k† ; G…k† …k† …k†
xx ; Gyy ; Gzz :
For the anisotropic materials used in this study, there
…k† …k† …k† …k† …12c†
exist C 22 =Cq > 0 and C 22 =C 33 6ˆ 1.
33 
…k† …k† The sti€ness transformation matrix ‰Aij Š for the coordi-
If b…k† ˆ C 22 =C 33 , the solution for Eq. (8a) can be nate system between the on-axis and the cylindrical axis
given in shown in Fig. 2 is given by
…k†
b…k† …k† …k†
u…k† …k† b
r ˆ D r ‡ E…k† r ‡ a1 e 0 r ‡ a2 c 0 r 2 ; …9a† ‰Akl Šˆ
2 4 3
m n4 0 2m2 n2 0 0 0 0 4m2 n2
and 6 m2 n2 m2 n2 0 m4 ‡n4
6 0 0 0 0 4m2 n2 7 7
…k† …k† 6 0 0 0 0 m2 n2 0 0 0 7
C 12 C 13 6 3 7
…k†
a1 ˆ ; …9b† 6 m n mn3 0 m3 n‡mn3 0 0 0 3
0 2m n‡2mn 7 37
…k† …k† 6 4
C 33 C 22 6 n m4 0 2m2 n2 0 0 0 0 4m2 n2 7
6 7
6 0 n2 m2 7
…k†
C 26 2C 36
…k† 6 3 03 0 3 0 3 0 0 0 7
…k† 6 mn m n 0 m n mn 0 0 0 0 2m n 2mn 7;
3 3 7
a2 ˆ …k† …k†
; …9c† 6
6 0 7
4C 33 C 22 6 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 7
6 0 0 0 0 mn mn 0 0 0 7
6 7
where D…k† and E…k† are integration constants. 6 0 0 0 0 0 0 m2 n2
0 7
6 7
6 0 0 0 0 0 0 mn mn 0 7
6 7
2.2. 3-D laminated plate properties 4 0 0 0 0 0 0 n2 m 2
0 5
2
m2 n2 m2 n2 0 2m2 n2 0 0 0 0 …m2 n2 †
To de®ne the 3-D alternate-ply material properties, …12d†
the material modulus matrix elements Cij …i; j ˆ x; y; z†
and Gii …i ˆ x; y; z† are needed. Their values can be cal-
culated from engineering constants, de®ned by
Ex ; Ey ; Ez ; mxy ; mzx ; mzy ; Gxx ; Gyy ; Gzz :
For unidirectional orientation ®ber composites, the ®ber
distributions are very similar in the y and z directions.
Therefore, assuming transverse isotropy, and based on
equivalent properties in the y±z plane for unidirectional
material, we get
Ey ˆ Ez ; Gyy ˆ Gzz ; mzx ˆ myx ; …10a†
and
Ey
Gxx ˆ
; …10b†
2 1 ‡ mzy
where x and y refer to material principal axes along ®-
bers and transverse directions, respectively.
The conversion of engineering constants to the
modulus matrix elements is obtained from
2 3 2 1 myx myx 3 1
Cxx Cxy Cxz Ex Ex Ex
4 6 mzy 7
Cyy Cyz 5 ˆ 4 1
Ey Ey 5 : …11†
Sym: Czz 1 Fig. 2. Relation of coordinate system between principal material axis
Sym: Ez and cylindrical axes.
486 M. Xia et al. / Composite Structures 53 (2001) 483±491

where m ˆ cos / and n ˆ sin /, and / is the cylindrical 8 …1† 9

>
> D >
angle of the ®laments from the pipe axis. > D…2† >
> >
>
>
> >
>
>
> …3† >
>
>
> D >
>
2.3. Boundary conditions >
> …4† >
>
>
> D >
>
< …1† =
E
All the unknown integration constants in Eqs. (8a), …2† ˆ
>E >
> >
(8b) may be determined by substituting these equations >
> >
>
> E…3† >>
>
into boundary conditions and solving the algebraic >
> >
>
> E…4† >>
>
equations. >
> >
> e0 >
> >
>
The traction condition (pressure p0 ) at the inner : ;
c0
surface and the traction-free condition at the outer 2 3 18 9
surface are written as: d11 0 0 0 e11 0 0 0 a11 a12 >
> p0 > >
6 d21 d22 0 0 e21 e22 0 0 a21 a22 7 >
> 0 > >
6 7 >
> >
>
rr…1† …r0 † ˆ p0 ; 6 0 d32 d33 0 0 e32 e33 0 a31 a32 7 >
> 0 > >
…13a† 6 7 >
> >
>
>
> >
rr…n† …ra † ˆ 0; 6 0 0 d43
6 d44 0 0 e43 e44 a41 a42 7
7 >
> 0 > >
>
6 d51 d52 0 < =
6 0 e51 e52 0 0 a51 a52 7
7 0
6 0 d62 d63 ;
…1† …1†
shr …r0 † ˆ szr …r0 † ˆ 0; 6 0 0 e62 e63 0 a61 a62 7
7 >
> 0 > >
6 0 0 d73 >
> >
>
…n†
…13b†
6 d74 0 0 e73 e74 a71 a72 7
7 >
> 0 > >
…n†
shr …ra † ˆ szr …ra † ˆ 0; >
> >
6 0 0 0
6 d84 0 0 0 e84 a81 a82 7
7 >
> 0 > >
>
4 d91 d92 d93 >
> >
>
where r0 and ra are the inner and outer radii, respec- d94 e91 e92 e93 e94 a91 a92 5 > r
> 0
2
p 0 =2 >
>
: ;
tively. d01 d02 d03 d04 e01 e02 e03 e04 a01 a02 0
Assuming that the interfaces between the core and …17†
skin layers are perfectly bound, continuity conditions
for the displacements and stresses in the interfaces lead where parameters dij , eij and aij are given in Appendix
to A. Once their values are determined, the stresses, strains
and displacements are thus obtained from Eqs. (2), (5a),
u…k† …k‡1†
r … r k † ˆ ur …rk †; (5b), (9a), (9b), (9c) and (16), respectively.
…k† …k‡1†
…14a†
u h … r k † ˆ uh …rk †;

r…k† …k‡1†
r …rk † ˆ rr …rk †; 3. Numerical results and discussion
s…k†
zr …rk † ˆ …k‡1†
szr …rk †; …14b†
…k† …k‡1† In this analysis, all pipes are made with four plies of
shr …rk † ˆ shr …rk †: pipes with carbon ®ber/epoxy. Table 1 lists three speci®c
In addition, the two integral conditions can be expressed angle-ply pipe designs. The stacking sequences of the
as: laminated pipes listed in Table 1 are ordered from
n Z rk
X the inner to outer layers. Type A has a property of the
2p r…k† 2
z …r†r dr ˆ pr0 p0 ; …15a† opposite ®ber orientations …‡// /†. Types B and C are
kˆ1 rk 1 laminated pipes with di€erent angle-ply but with the
n Z
X rk identical components. The multi-layered FW pipes have
…k†
2p szh …r†r2 dr ˆ 0: …15b†
kˆ1 rk 1

Table 1
The ®rst integral condition satis®es the axial equilibrium Stacking sequence of pipes
for a cylinder with closed ends, and the second equation
Type Ply angle (°)
is the zero torsion condition.
A +55/)55/+55/)55
Substituting Eqs. (13b) and (14b) into Eq. (7), the
B +55/)55/+30/)30
integration constants, A…k† ˆ B…k† ˆ 0. Therefore, the C +55/)30/+30/)55
solution for the hoop displacement is
…k†
uh ˆ c0 rz: …16†
Table 2
For N-layered composite pipe, there are 2N ‡ 2 Material constants
unknown constants of integration, that is D…k† , Properties T300/934
E…k† …k ˆ 1; 2; . . . ; N †, and e0 , c0 . Eqs. (13a)±(15b) can Ex (GPa) 141.6
give a set of equations to determine unknown constants Ey (GPa) 10.7
D…k† , E…k† , and e0 , c0 . The integration constants for the Gzz (GPa) 3.88
multi-layered pipe (n ˆ 4) can be obtained from the myx 0.268
mzy 0.495
solution of the simultaneous equation as follows:
 M. Xia et al. / Composite Structures 53 (2001) 483±491
an inner radius …r0 † of 50 mm, each ply thickness of 0.5
mm. The unidirectional material properties of T300/934
[17] are given in Table 2.
It is assumed that all pipes are subjected to the in-
ternal pressure of 10 MPa. In order to show the results,
the nondimensional quantities are used for radial dis-
tance through the thickness. The nondimensional radial
coordinate is de®ned as
r r0
Rˆ : …18†
ra r0
Fig. 3. The distribution of hoop and axial stresses through the non-
dimensional radial distance.
487
Figs. 3±5 show the variation of components of stresses
for the three designs with respect to the radial coordi-
nate. As shown in Fig. 3, it is obvious that the hoop
and axial stresses of pipes (Types B and C) have dis-
continuous variations at the interfaces with di€erent
lay-up. The ratio of hoop-to-axial stress for the pipe
with the same angle-ply pipe (Type A) is equal to 2.
However, it is clear that the ratios for di€erent angle-
ply pipes (Types B and C) will vary with the lamina-
tions and are no longer a constant of 2. Because of the
Fig. 4. The distribution of shear stresses through the nondimensional
radial distance.
488 M. Xia et al. / Composite Structures 53 (2001) 483±491
Fig. 5. The distribution of radial stresses through the nondimensional
radial distance.
variation of the ratio of hoop-to-axial stress with the
angle-ply, the design of an optimum winding angle
based on a netting approach analysis [18] will become
more complicated.
From Fig. 4, it is clear that the shear stresses …szh † for
all types show discontinuous variations, and the signs
of szh are same variations with those of the winding
angles.
Fig. 5 shows the distribution of the radial stress
through wall of pipe. The radial stress is subjected to a
compressive stress from a given internal pressure of 10
MPa to zero. The radial stress distributions within layers
show nearly linear variations. The stresses in the radial
direction are much smaller compared to those in hoop
and axial directions.
Figs. 6 and 7 show the hoop and radial strains of the
pipes for the three types, respectively. All hoop strains
for the three designs have continuous variations and
Type A has the smallest hoop strain. For the radial
Fig. 6. The strain in the hoop direction versus the nondimensional
radial distance.
Fig. 7. The strain in the radial direction versus the nondimensional
radial distance.
strain, the pipes of Types B and C show discontinuous
variations at the interfaces between di€erent lay-up an-
gles. The variations of strains within the 30° lay-up are
smaller than those of 55° lay-up.
The strain in the axial direction varying through wall
of pipe is shown in Fig. 8. For the pipe subjected to the
internal pressure, the axial strain of cylinder with the
isotropic material must be greater than zero. However,
the axial strains for Types B and C are shown to be
negative because of the e€ect of the anisotropic elasticity
on the axial strain.
Figs. 9 and 10 show the radial displacement and the
hoop rotation, respectively. The pipe with Type A has
the smallest radial displacement (Fig. 9). It has been
shown from Fig. 10 that the pipes will twist relative to
the other end. This is because the o€-axial layers cause
twist of pipe. The multi-layered pipes exist opposite
lay-up angle …/† that cannot be at the same radial
location. The in¯uence of the stacking sequence on the
radial displacement is insigni®cant, but the hoop rota-
Fig. 8. The strain in the axial direction.
 M. Xia et al. / Composite Structures 53 (2001) 483±491 489

Fig. 9. The displacement in the radial direction.

Fig. 11. The axial and hoop distributions for pipes with di€erent layer
thickness (design: +55/)55/+55/)55).

Fig. 10. The twist in the hoop direction.

4. Conclusions

This paper presents a simpli®ed elastic solution to

tion will depend largely on the stacking sequence. It
analyze the stress and deformation of multi-layered FW
has been shown that the pipe with type B has the
composite pipes under internal pressure. Detailed stress
smallest twist.
and displacement distributions for the three designs
Fig. 11 shows the ratio distribution of the axial and
with di€erent angle-ply pipes under internal pressure
hoop stresses with respect to their average stresses
load are investigated. It has been shown that the stresses
through the wall thickness. The average stresses in the
and deformations of laminated pipe depend strongly on
axial and hoop directions are given in
the stacking sequence. The variation of stress distribu-
tion with the wall thickness of pipes depends on the
r02 p0
rz ˆ ; …19a† relative wall thickness. For cylindrical-pressure vessels
ra2 r02 with di€erent angle-ply pipes, the ratio of applied hoop-
r0 p0
rh ˆ : …19b† to-axial stress varies with each lamination. The ratio of
ra r0 hoop-to-axial stress is no longer a constant of two
although the thickness of pipes is quite thin.
It has been shown that the variation of stress distri-
bution with the wall thickness of pipes depends on the
relative wall thickness. The variations of stresses for
the thin-walled pipes are much smaller within the Acknowledgements
same layers and have almost linear properties. The
stress distribution becomes increasingly nonuniform Dr. M. Xia acknowledges the ®nancial support re-
and nonlinear when the wall thickness of pipe is in- ceived from New Energy and Industrial Technology
creased. Development Organization (NEDO).
490 M. Xia et al. / Composite Structures 53 (2001) 483±491

Appendix A  …4† …4†


b…4† 1
d74 ˆ C 23 ‡ b…4† C 33 r3 ;
 …3† 
 …1†  …3† b…3† 1
…1† b…1† 1 e73 ˆ C 23 b…3† C 33 r3 ;
d11 ˆ C 23 ‡ b…1† C 33 r0 ;
 …1†   …4† …4†

b…4† 1
…1†
e11 ˆ C 23 b…1† C 33 r0
b…1† 1
; e74 ˆ C 23 b…4† C 33 r3 ;
   …3† …3†
  …3† …3†

…3†
…1† …1† …1†
a11 ˆ C 13 ‡ a1 C 23 ‡ C 33 ;
…1† a71 ˆ C 13 C 13 ‡ a1 C 23 ‡ C 33
h …1†  …1† i  …4† …4†

…1† …4†
…1†
a12 ˆ C 36 ‡ a2 C 23 ‡ 2C 33 r0 ; a1 C 23 ‡ C 33 ;
h  …3† …3†
  …4† …4†
i
b…1† b…2† …3† …4†
d21 ˆ r1 ; d22 ˆ r1 ; a72 ˆ a2 C 23 ‡ 2C 33 a2 C 23 ‡ 2C 33 r3 ;
b…1† b…2†  …4† 
e21 ˆ r1 ; e22 ˆ r1 ; …4†
    d84 ˆ C 23 ‡ b…4† C 33 rab…4† 1 ;
a21 ˆ a1
…1† …2† …1†
a1 r1 ; a22 ˆ a2 a2
…2†
r12 ;  …4† …4†

e84 ˆ C 23 b…4† C 33 ra b…4† 1 ;
b…2† b…3†
d32 ˆ r2 ; d33 ˆ r2 ;  …4† 
…4† …4† …4†
b…2† b…3† a81 ˆ C 13 ‡ a1 C 23 ‡ C 33 ;
e32 ˆ r2 ; e33 ˆ r2 ;
    h …4†  …4† …4†
i
…4†
a31 ˆ a1
…2† …3† …2†
a1 r2 ; a32 ˆ a2 a2
…3†
r22 ; a82 ˆ C 36 ‡ a2 C 23 ‡ 2C 33 ra ;

C 12 ‡ b…1† C 13 h b…1†‡1 i
b…3† b…4† …1† …1†
d43 ˆ r3 ; d44 ˆ r3 ; b…1†‡1
d91 ˆ r 1 r 0 ;
b…3†
e43 ˆ r3 ; e44 ˆ r3 ;
b…4† 1 ‡ b…1†
   
C ‡ b…2† C 13 h b…2†‡1 i
…2† …2†
…3† …4† …3† …4†
a41 ˆ a1 a1 r3 ; a42 ˆ a2 a2 r32 ; d92 ˆ 12 r r
b…2†‡1
;
2 1
 …1†  1 ‡ b…2†
…1† b…1† 1
d51 ˆ C 23 ‡ b…1† C 33 r1 ;
C 12 ‡ b…3† C 13 h b…3†‡1 i
…3† …3†
 …2† …2†
 d93 ˆ r3 r2
b…3†‡1
;
b…2† 1
d52 ˆ C 23 ‡ b…2† C 33 r1 ; 1‡b …3†

 …1† 
C ‡ b…4† C 13 h b…4†‡1 i
…4† …4†
…1† b…1† 1
e51 ˆ C 23 b…1† C 33 r1 ; d94 ˆ 12 r r
b…4†‡1
;
a 3
 …2† …2†
 1 ‡ b…4†
b…2† 1
e52 ˆ C 23 b…2† C 33 r1 ;
b…1† C 13 h b…1†‡1 i
…1† …1†
 …1†    C b…1†‡1
…2† …1† …1† …1† e91 ˆ 12 r1 r 0 ;
a51 ˆ C 13 C 13 ‡ a1 C 23 ‡ C 33 1 b…1†
 …2† 
C 12 b…2† C 13 h b…2†‡1 i
…2† …2† …2†
…2†
a1 C 23 ‡ C 33 ; e92 ˆ r r
b…2†‡1
;
2 1
h …1† …2†
  …1† …1†
 1 b…2†
…1†
a52 ˆ C 36 C 36 ‡ a2 C 23 ‡ 2C 33
b…3† C 13 h b…3†‡1 i
…3† …3†
 …2† i C b…3†‡1
…2† …2† e93 ˆ 12 r3 r 2 ;
a2 C 23 ‡ 2C 33 r1 ; 1 b…3†
 …2† 
b…4† C 13 h b…4†‡1 i
…2† …4† …4†
d62 ˆ C 23 ‡ b…2† C 33 r2
b…2† 1
; C b…4†‡1
e94 ˆ 12 ra r3 ;
 …3† …3†
 1 b …4†
b…3† 1
d63 ˆ C 23 ‡ b…3† C 33 r2 ; 4 h  …k† i r2 r2

X
 …2† …2†
 a91 ˆ
…k† …k†
C 11 ‡ a1 C 12 ‡ C 13
…k† k k 1
;
b…2† 1
e62 ˆ C 23 b…2† C 33 r2 ; kˆ1
2
 …3† …3†

b…3† 1 X4 h  …k† i r3 r3

e63 ˆ C 23 b…3† C 33 r2 ; a92 ˆ
…k† …k†
C 16 ‡ a2 C 12 ‡ 2C 13
…k† k k 1
;
 …2† …3†
  …2† …2†
 kˆ1
3
…2†
a61 ˆ C 13 C 13 ‡ a1 C 23 ‡ C 33
C 26 ‡ b…1† C 36 h b…1†‡2 i
…1† …1†
 …3†  b…1†‡2
…3† …3† d01 ˆ r1 r0 ;
a1 C 23 ‡ C 33 ; 2 ‡ b…1†
h …2†   …2† 
C ‡ b…2† C 36 h b…2†‡2 i
…3† …2† …2† …2† …2†
a62 ˆ C 36 C 36 ‡ a2 C 23 ‡ 2C 33 b…2†‡2
d02 ˆ 26 r2 r1 ;
 …3† …3†
i 2 ‡ b…2†
…3†
a2 C 23 ‡ 2C 33 r2 ;
C ‡ b…3† C 36 h b…3†‡2 i
…3† …3†
 …3†  b…3†‡2
d73 ˆ C 23 ‡ b…3† C 33 r3
…3† b…3† 1
; d03 ˆ 26 r3 r2 ;
2 ‡ b…3†
 M. Xia et al. / Composite Structures 53 (2001) 483±491 491

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…4† …4†
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…1† …1†
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…4† …4†
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kˆ1
3
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…k†
 …k† …k†
i r4 r4
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