INTRODUCTION

Industrial progress of a country depends on its committed labour force. In this regard
the importance of labour welfare was recognized as early as 1931, when the royal
commission on labour stated that the benefits which go under this nomenclature are of great
importance to the worker who is unable to secure by himself. The schemes of labour welfare
may be regarded as “a wise investment” which should and usually does bring a profitable
return in the form of greater efficiency.

The worker should at least have the means and facilities to keep himself in a state of
health and efficiency. This is primarily a question of adequate nutrition and suitable housing
conditions. The working condition should be such as to safeguard his health and protect him
against occupational hazards.

The work place should provide reasonable amenities for his essential needs. The
worker should also be equipped with the necessary technical training and a certain level of
general education.

Meaning

The employee investigation committee preferred to include under employee welfare.

“Anything done for the intellectual, physical, moral and economic betterment of the workers,
whether by employers by government or by other agencies, over and above what is laid down
by law or what is normally expected for the contractual benefits for which workers may have
bargained.”

Review of literature

“Employee welfare is defined as the efforts to make worth living for work men”. It
suggests the measures which promote “the physical, psychological & general well being of
the working population”

“Employee/labor welfare as “such services, facilities and amenities as adequate

canteens, rest rooms, recreation facilities& travel facilities for travel to and from work, and
for the accommodation of workers employed at a distance from their houses, and such other
services, amenities and facilities as contribute to improve the conditions under which workers
are employed”

1
Research questions

 Discuss the effects of global competitiveness on strategic human resources

 Understanding the connections between job satisfaction, loyalty of the worker to the
company, and commitment

 Understanding employee turnover and learning to measure and control it

 Forecasting and predicting the supply and demand cycle within human resources.

 What are the effects of absenteeism in a specific industry?

 How does at-work childcare compare to regular daycare when compared to the
satisfaction of employees with working while their young children are in care?

 Discuss compensation packages and the effect of corporate employee benefits being
offered in order to retain human resources

 What issues do family business owners face in the field of family business
consultants?

Objectives of the study

 To study the employee welfare measures implemented by the Sagar Cement Pvt.
Ltd.
 To study the awareness of employees regarding welfare amenities provided by the
company.
 To examine to opinions of employees regarding welfare measures.
 To know the impact of welfare measures on efficiency of the organization.
 To draw conclusions and offers suggestions.

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Hypothesis
 It helps in improving recruitment.

 Employers get stable labor force by providing welfare facilities. Workers take active
interest in their jobs and work with a feeling of involvement and participation.

 It improves moral & loyalty of workers.

 It reduces labor turnover & absenteeism.

 It helps in increasing productivity & efficiency by improving physical & mental

health.

 It helps in improving industrial relation & industrial peace.

Need for the study

The need for labour welfare arises from the very nature of the industrial system,
which is characterized by two basic factors, one, the conditions under which work is carried
on are not congenial for health and second, when a labourer join an industry, has to work in
an entirely strange atmosphere, which creates problems of adjustment. One author calls these
two factors “the long arm of the job”, and “the social invasion of the factory”.

Scope of the study

The present study confined to the employee welfare in of Sagar Cement Pvt. Ltd. The study
also covered the procedure of employee welfare measures implemented in the company and
the opinions of employees regarding the employee welfare measures implemented by the
company.

Period of study

Duration period of work completed from 45 days

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Research methodology

Research methodology is a way to system ethically so we the research problem while

deciding about the method of data collection keeps in mind two types of data.

1. Primary data

1. Secondary data

1. Primary data

Primary data is collected from the employees with the help of questionnaire and
personal interviews. The primary data mainly relate to the experience and opinions of
respondents regarding various aspects of employee training and development.

There are several methods of collections primary data they are;

a. Observation method

a. Interview method

a. Questionnaire method

2. Secondary data

Secondary data is collected from the company records and concerned the marketing
department.

Limitations of the study

 Project work is done in a stipulated period of 45days, so it is not possible to collect

information from all the available sources of the company.

 Due to time limitation a large sample could not be selected, which would have helped

in identifying the opinion of majority of employees. The information provided by the

employee might be biased.

 The employees may not give their opinion openly due to their personal problems.

4
 INDUSTRY PROFILE

In the most general sense of the word, cement is a binder, a substance which sets and
hardens independently, and can bind other materials together. The word "cement" traces to
the romans, who used the term "opus caementicium" to describe masonry which resembled
concrete and was made from crushed rock with burnt lime as binder. The volcanic ash and
pulverized brick additives which were added to the burnt lime to obtain a hydraulic binder
were later referred to as cementum, cimentum, cäment and cement. Cements used in
construction are characterized as hydraulic or no hydraulic.

The most important use of cement is the production of mortar and concrete—the
bonding of natural or artificial aggregates to form a strong building material which is durable
in the face of normal environmental effects.

Concrete should not be confused with cement because the term cement refers only to
the dry powder substance used to bind the aggregate materials of concrete. Upon the addition
of water and/or additives the cement mixture is referred to as concrete, especially if
aggregates have been added.

History of the origin of cement

It is uncertain where it was first discovered that a combination of hydrated no

hydraulic lime and a pozzolan produces a hydraulic mixture (see also pozzolanic reaction),
but concrete made from such mixtures was first used on a large scale by roman engineers.
They used both natural pozzolans (trass or pumice) and artificial pozzolans (ground brick or
pottery) in these concretes. Many excellent examples of structures made from these concretes
are still standing, notably the huge monolithic dome of the pantheon in rome and the massive
baths of caracalla.

The vast system of roman aqueducts also made extensive use of hydraulic cement.
The use of structural concrete disappeared in medieval europe, although weak pozzolanic
concretes continued to be used as a core fill in stone walls and columns.

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Modern cement

Modern hydraulic cements began to be developed from the start of the industrial revolution
(around 1800), driven by three main needs

 Hydraulic renders for finishing brick buildings in wet climates

 Hydraulic mortars for masonry construction of harbor works etc, in contact with sea
water.

 Development of strong concretes.

In britain particularly, good quality building stone became ever more expensive during a
period of rapid growth, and it became a common practice to construct prestige buildings from
the new industrial bricks, and to finish them with a stucco to imitate stone. Hydraulic lines
were favored for this, but the need for a fast set time encouraged the development of new
cements. Most famous was parker's "roman cement." this was developed by james parker in
the 1780s, and finally patented in 1796. It was, in fact, nothing like any material used by the
romans, but was”natural cement" made by burning septaria nodules that are found in certain
clay deposits, and that contain both clay minerals and calcium carbonate. The burnt nodules
were ground to a fine powder.

This product, made into a mortar with sand, set in 5–15 minutes. The success of
"roman cement" led other manufacturers to develop rival products by burning artificial
mixtures of clay and chalk. John smeaton made an important contribution to the development
of cements when he was planning the construction of the third eddystone lighthouse (17559)
in the english channel. He needed a hydraulic mortar that would set and develop some
strength in the twelve hour period between successive high tides. He performed an exhaustive
market research on the available hydraulic lines, visiting their production sites, and noted that
the "hydraulicity" of the lime was directly related to the clay content of the limestone from
which it was made. Smeaton was a civil engineer by profession, and took the idea no further.
Apparently unaware of smeaton's work, the same principle was identified by louis vicat in the
first decade of the nineteenth century. Vicat went on to devise a method of combining chalk
and clay into an intimate mixture, and, burning this, produced an "artificial cement" in 1817.

6
 James frost working in britain, produced what he called "british cement" in a similar
manner around the same time, but did not obtain a patent until 1822. In 1824, joseph aspdin
patented a similar material, which he called portland cement, because the render made from it
was in color similar to the prestigious portland stone.

All the above products could not compete with lime/pozzolan concretes because of
fastsetting (giving insufficient time for placement) and low early strengths (requiring a delay
of many weeks before formwork could be removed).

Hydraulic lines, "natural" cements and "artificial" cements all rely upon their belite
content for strength development. Belite develops strength slowly. Because they were burned
at temperatures below 1250 °c, they contained no alite, which is responsible for early strength
in modern cements.

The first cement to consistently contain alite was made by joseph aspdin's son william
in the early 1840s. This was what we call today "modern" portland cement. Because of the air
of mystery with which william aspdin surrounded his product, others (e.g. Vicat and i c
johnson) have claimed precedence in this invention, but recent analysis of both his concrete
and raw cement have shown that william aspdin's product made at northfleet, kent was a true
alitebased cement. However, aspdin's methods were "ruleofthumb" vicat is responsible for
establishing the chemical basis of these cements, and johnson established the importance of
sintering the mix in the kiln.

William aspdin's innovation was counterintuitive for manufacturers of "artificial

cements", because they required more lime in the mix (a problem for his father), because they
required a much higher kiln temperature (and therefore more fuel) and because the resulting
clinker was very hard and rapidly wore down the millstones which were the only available
grinding technology of the time. Manufacturing costs were therefore considerably higher, but
the product set reasonably slowly and developed strength quickly, thus opening up a market
for use in concrete. The use of concrete in construction grew rapidly from 1850 onwards, and
was soon the dominant use for cements. Thus portland cement began its predominant role. It
is made from water and sand

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Types of modern cement

Portland cement

Cement is made by heating limestone (calcium carbonate), with small quantities of

other materials (such as clay) to 1450°c in a kiln, in a process known as calcinations, whereby
a molecule of carbon dioxide is liberated from the calcium carbonate to form calcium oxide,
or lime, which is then blended with the other materials that have been included in the mix.
The resulting hard substance, called 'clinker', is then ground with a small amount of gypsum
into a powder to make 'ordinary portland cement', the most commonly used type of cement
(often referred to as opc).portland cement is a basic ingredient of concrete, mortar and most
non specialty grout. The most common use for portland cement is in the production of
concrete. Concrete is a composite material consisting of aggregate (gravel and sand), cement,
and water. As a construction material, concrete can be cast in almost any shape desired, and
once hardened, can become a structural (load bearing) element. Portland cement may be gray
or white.

Portland cement blends

These are often available as underground mixtures from cement manufacturers, but
similar formulations are often also mixed from the ground components at the concrete mixing
plant.

Portland blast furnace cement

Contains up to 70% ground granulated blast furnace slag, with the rest portland
clinker and a little gypsum. All compositions produce high ultimate strength, but as slag
content is increased, early strength is reduced, while sulfate resistance increases and heat
evolution diminishes. Used as an economic alternative to portland sulfate resisting and low
heat cements.

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Portland flyash cement

Contains up to 30% fly ash. The fly ash is pozzolanic, so that ultimate strength is
maintained. Because fly ash addition allows a lower concrete water content, early strength
can also be maintained. Where good quality cheap fly ash is available, this can be an
economic alternative to ordinary portland cement.

Portland pozzolan cement

includes fly ash cement, since fly ash is a pozzolan, but also includes cements made
from other natural or artificial pozzolans. In countries where volcanic ashes are available (e.g.
Italy, chile, mexico, the philippines) these cements are often the most common form in use.

Portland silica fume cement.

Addition of silica fume can yield exceptionally high strengths, and cements
containing 520% silica fume are occasionally produced. However, silica fume is more usually
added to portland cement at the concrete mixer

Masonry cements

Used for preparing bricklaying mortars and stuccos, and must not be used in concrete.
They are usually complex proprietary formulations containing portland clinker and a number
of other ingredients that may include limestone, hydrated lime, air entertainers, retarders,
water proofers and coloring agents. They are formulated to yield workable mortars that allow
rapid and consistent masonry work. Subtle variations of masonry cement in the us are plastic
cements and stucco cements. These are designed to produce controlled bond with masonry
blocks.

Expansive cements

Contain, in addition to portland clinker, expansive clinkers (usually sulfoaluminate

clinkers), and are designed to offset the effects of drying shrinkage that is normally
encountered with hydraulic cements. This allows large floor slabs (up to 60 m square) to be
prepared without contraction joints.

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White blended cements

May be made using white clinker and white supplementary materials such as high
purity met kaolin.

Colored cements

Used for decorative purposes. In some standards, the addition of pigments to produce
"colored portland cement" is allowed. In other standards (e.g. Astm), pigments are not
allowed constituents of portland cement, and colored cements are sold as "blended hydraulic
cements".

Very finely ground cements

Made from mixtures of cement with sand or with slag or other pozzolan type minerals
which are extremely finely ground together. Such cements can have the same physical
characteristics as normal cement but with 50% less cement particularly due to their increased
surface area for the chemical reaction. Even with intensive grinding they can use up to 50%
less energy to fabricate than ordinary portland cements.

Nonportland hydraulic cements

Pozzolanlime cements.

Mixtures of ground pozzolan and lime are the cements used by the romans, and are to
be found in roman structures still standing (e.g. The pantheon in rome). They develop
strength slowly, but their ultimate strength can be very high. The hydration products that
produce strength are essentially the same as those produced by portland cement.

Slaglime cements.

ground granulated blast furnace slag is not hydraulic on its own, but is "activated" by
addition of alkalis, most economically using lime. They are similar to pozzolan lime cements
in their properties. Only granulated slag (i.e. Waterquenched, glassy slag) is effective as a
cement component.

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Supersulfated cements

These contain about 80% ground granulated blast furnace slag, 15% gypsum or
anhydrite and a little portland clinker or lime as an activator. They produce strength by
formation of ettringite, with strength growth similar to a slow portland cement. They exhibit
good resistance to aggressive agents, including sulfate.

Calcium aluminate cements

Hydraulic cements made primarily from limestone and bauxite. The active ingredients
are monocalcium aluminate caal2o4 (cao · al2o3 or ca in cement chemist notation, ccn) and
mayenite ca12al14o33 (12 cao · 7 al2o3 , or c12a7 in ccn). Strength forms by hydration to calcium
aluminate hydrates. They are welladapted for use in refractory (hightemperature resistant)
concretes, e.g. For furnace linings.

Calcium sulfoaluminate cements

Made from clinkers that include ye'elimite (ca4(alo2)6so4 or c4a3 in cement chemist's
notation) as a primary phase. They are used in expansive cements, in ultrahigh early strength
cements, and in "lowenergy" cements. Hydration produces ettringite, and specialized physical
properties (such as expansion or rapid reaction) are obtained by adjustment of the availability
of calcium and sulfate ions.

Their use as a lowenergy alternative to portland cement has been pioneered in china,
where several million tons per year are produced. Energy requirements are lower because of
the lower kiln temperatures required for reaction, and the lower amount of limestone (which
must be endothermic ally decarbonated) in the mix. In addition, the lower limestone content
and lower fuel consumption leads to a co 2 emission around half that associated with portland
clinker. However, so2 emissions are usually significantly higher.

"natural" cements correspond to certain cements of the preportland era, produced by

burning argillaceous limestones at moderate temperatures. The level of clay components in
the limestone (around 3035%) is such that large amounts of belittle (the low early strength,
high late strength mineral in portland cement) are formed without the formation of excessive

11
amounts of free lime. As with any natural material, such cements have highly variable
properties.

Geopolymer cements

Made from mixtures of water-soluble alkali metal silicates and aluminosilicate

mineral powders such as fly ash and met kaolin.

The setting of cement

Cement sets when mixed with water by way of a complex series of chemical reactions
still only partly understood. The component constituents slowly crystallise and the locking
together of the crystals gives it strength. Carbon dioxide is slowly absorbed to convert the
lime into insoluble calcium carbonate. After the initial setting, immersion in warm water will
speed up setting.

Environmental and social impacts

Cement manufacture causes environmental impacts at all stages of the process. These
include emissions of airborne pollution in the form of dust, gases, noise and vibration when
operating machinery and during blasting in quarries, and damage to countryside from
quarrying. Equipment to reduce dust emissions during quarrying and manufacture of cement
is widely used, and equipment to trap and separate exhaust gases are coming into increased
use. Environmental protection also includes the reintegration of quarries into the countryside
after they have been closed down by returning them to nature or recultivating them.

Climate

Cement manufacture contributes greenhouse gases both directly through the

production of carbon dioxide when calcium carbonate is heated, producing lime and carbon
dioxide, and also indirectly through the use of energy, particularly if the energy is sourced
from fossil fuels. The cement industry produces about 5% of global manmade co 2 emissions,
of which 50% is from the chemical process, and 40% from burning fuel. The amount of co 2
emitted by the cement industry is nearly 900 kg of co2 for every 1000 kg of cement produced.
One alternative, in certain applications, lime mortar, reabsorbs the co2 chemically released in
its manufacture, and has a lower energy requirement in production. Newly developed cement

12
types from novacem and ecocement can absorb carbon dioxide from ambient air during
hardening.

Fuels and raw materials

A cement plant consumes 3 to 6 gj of fuel per tonne of clinker produced, depending

on the raw materials and the process used. Most cement kilns today use coal and petroleum
coke as primary fuels, and to a lesser extent natural gas and fuel oil.

Selected waste and byproducts with recoverable calorific value can be used as fuels in
a cement kiln, replacing a portion of conventional fossil fuels, like coal, if they meet strict
specifications.

Selected waste and byproducts containing useful minerals such as calcium, silica,
alumina, and iron can be used as raw materials in the kiln, replacing raw materials such as
clay, shale, and limestone. Because some materials have both useful mineral content and
recoverable calorific value, the distinction between alternative fuels and raw materials is not
always clear. For example, sewage sludge has a low but significant calorific value, and burns
to give ash containing minerals useful in the clinker matrix.

Cement industry

In 2002 the world production of hydraulic cement was 1,800 million metric tons. The top
three producers were china with 704, india with 100, and the united states with 91 million
metric tons for a combined total of about half the world total by the world's three most
populous states.

13
Modern cement

Modern hydraulic cements began to be developed from the start of the industrial
revolution (around 1800), driven by three main needs

 Hydraulic cement render (stucco) for finishing brick buildings in wet climates.

 Hydraulic mortars for masonry construction of harbor works, etc., in contact with sea
water.

 Development of strong concretes.

In britain particularly, good quality building stone became ever more expensive during
a period of rapid growth, and it became a common practice to construct prestige buildings
from the new industrial bricks, and to finish them with a stucco to imitate stone. Hydraulic
lines were favored for this, but the need for a fast set time encouraged the development of
new cements. Most famous was parker's "roman cement". This was developed by james
parker in the 1780s, and finally patented in 1796.

It was, in fact, nothing like any material used by the romans, but was a "natural
cement" made by burning sectarian – nodules that are found in certain clay deposits, and that
contain both clay minerals and calcium carbonate. The burnt nodules were ground to a fine
powder. This product, made into a mortar with sand, set in 5–15 minutes. The success of
"roman cement" led other manufacturers to develop rival products by burning artificial
mixtures of clay and chalk.

14
 John smeaton made an important contribution to the development of cements when he
was planning the construction of the third eddystone lighthouse (1755–9) in the english
channel. He needed a hydraulic mortar that would set and develop some strength in the
twelve hour period between successive high tides.

15
 COMPANY PROFILE

Started on 20-01-1985 with an installe3d capacity of 200 tpd. Promoted by sri s. Veera
reddy, managing director, along with highly competent and successful technocrats. Plant
machinery is very contemporary and suitable a produce wide variety of cements.

Having lime stone mines of highest quality. Mineral available is suitable for all
varieties of cements.

Inherent strengths are

 Highly competent men.

 Latest generation sophisticated machinery.
 Highly quality minerals.
 Which are the three important prerequisites (m3, men, machinery, and materials) for
any good product? (the fourth m being marketing for successful origination)

From the day one, sagar cements is a success storey and stood first in all areas of its
activities, made big strides and grown rapidly in phases to its present cement capacity of
18100 tpd.
Quality consistency is an ongoing activity at sagar cements. Top management’s
priority is always to implement new technologies with in a time frame even at huge
investment and to be one of the best quality cement producing industry in india. Management
considers technology up gradation is of highest priority and spent huge amounts towards
latest machinery, systems and pollution control equipment.

The important recent investments

 Latest world best cooler for efficient cooling and better quality( i.k.n.g mbh, germany)
 Usage of low ash imported stone.
 Latest software for process optimization.

The result is sagar cements industry is of latest contemporary technology not only when
it was installed but also today and known in cement industry circle as one of the highly
efficient unit.

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 Quality was given the prime importance even during the construction stage of the
project itself. The layout planning, equipment sizing, technology absorption etc., were
considered purely based on quality aspect of view.

The quality control department is accorded highest status in work and produced very
high quality cement very consistently. During 98 an amount of rs.40 lakes was spent for the
surveying and quality analysis of the available limestone in our mine. This is helping in
planning our mining activities to supply optimum quality limestone to factory; the consistent
well designed raw mix is helping in producing consistent quality cement.

To improve the quality-

 Rs.30 corers is invested towards new machinery

 Works are under progress with a budgeted investment of 5.0 corers.
 Other schemes are also under study.

Cement is accepted and appreciated by many govt. Institutions and big builders. Company is
producing follow grade of cement.

 43 grade ordinary portland cement.

 53 grade ordinary portland cement.
 Src (sulphate resistant cement).
 Irst_40 (railway sleeper cement).
 Super grade (portland pozzolana cement).
 Super steel grade (blast furnace slag cement).

Till date sagar cements could produce any specialty cement required by the market for special
application.

The following are few of the many highly critical constructions made with sagar cements.

Bombay

 Vasai bridge (nbcc).

 Ircon project.

 Thane crecke (sulphate resisting cement).

Chennai

 Madras refineries ltd.

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  Metropolitan railway transport projects. ( intercity railway bridges)

Hyderabad

 Buddha purnima project.

 Khiratabad fly over bridge.

 Ashoka my home plaza.

 Railway sleeper cement (irst_40).

Kakinada

 Nagarjuna fertilizer’s & chemicals ltd.

 Kovvur to rajamundry bridge – iii

Vizag

 Simhadri thermal power project. (e.c.c.c.)

 H.p.c.l.project.

 Rain calcining limited (rcl).

Khammam

 Paleru dam

 Singarenicolleries ltd., kothagudem

Nalgonda

 Dindi project

 Jhanphad hydel power project

 Gurrampodu lift irrigation project

Vijayawada

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  Hyderabad industries limited kondapally.

 Sagar power ( narsaraopet, atmakur) irigation projects.

Manufacturing process of 43 grade & 53 grade opc.

It is produced by grinding of lime stone, (calcareous) bauxite, clay& late rite in

suitable proportions in tube ball mill to a fine powder, which is called raw meal.

The raw meal is fed to rotary kiln through pre-heater with precalciner system. The raw
meal under goes chemical reactions and reaches to sintering temperature (1350 – 14000 c)
and becomes clinker nodules. These clinker nodules are finally dropped in to grate cooler.
Here the clinker is cooled from 1300 to 100c and transported to clinker stockpile.

During the burning the strength giving clinker compounds are formed i.e., c3s,
c2s,c3a, &c4af.in opc43 grade clinker the c3s content is low (45%) and in 53 grade clinker
the c3s cement is higher (50-55%) . This clinker is ground to stable fineness with 3-4%
gypsum in a ball mill. These finally ground is called ordinary portland cement 43&53 grade.
53 grade cement requires higher fineness than 43 grade cement to give early strength. 43
grade opc clinker is made from lower concentration of lime (cao). 53 grade opc clinker
requires higher concentration of lime (cao).

Application

43 grade opc

Used for general concrete construction works where special properties are not required.
Its heat of hydration is lower than 53 grade opc but offer lower resistance to sulphate than
p.p.c.

53 grade opc

Used where high early strength are required. Thos helps in faster construction. The ratio
of sand and metal to cement can be higher.

Portland pozzalana cement

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Ppc is manufactured by grinding portland cement clinker (53 grade) and 15 – 25% fly with 3-
4% gypsum. The fineness of ppc in higher to opc cements.

Application

Super grade produces low heat of hydration than 43 grade opc cements. And greater
resistance to the attack of aggressive waters then normal portland cements. So minimum
water required for curing than others cements. It reduces the leaching of calcium hydroxide
liberated during the hydration of cement. One of the important reasons for using pozzolzna
cements has been the increased resistance they offer to attack by chemical agencies and
particularly seawater.

Its initial strength may be lower but later strength is higher than normal opc. Its
superior properties are the cause for its present day world wide popularity. Its high resistance
and low porosity mad this grade of cement to be very good to constructions in general and
highly durable even in coastal areas.

Sagar priya special grade, irst_40

Sagar priya special grade ordinary portland cement confirming to irst – 40 of indian
railways is made my sagar cements limited which is having full facilities to produce
consistent quality to give better strength.

The minimum strength after 7 days id maintained more than irs t-40 standard with 43
mpa and are progressively increased the 7 days strength.

The magnesia content in the lime stone of our mines is below 1% hence the concrete
products made out of this cement are sound.

The fineness of cement manufactures is consistently above 380m2/kg. This is achieved

due to closed circuit grinding method using o-sepa technology, which eliminates higher size
particles completely.

Sagar priya cements works has been inspected by rdso, lucknow and approved our
process and facilities. The cement made as per irs t-40/1985 is tested by railway institute of
technical and economical services and recommended to supply for manufacturing process of
concrete sleepers.

Sagar priya sulphate resisting portland cement

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 Sagar priya sulphate cement generally known as src made to is, bs & astm standards.

Selection of limestone in our mining area through surveying, core drilling and sample
collection of stone. Separate silo is required to store src raw meal iron ore fines from bellary
are to be mixed in the raw mill process. Raw meal sample will be checked thoroughly.

After confirming to the suitability then only passed to feed to kiln. For manufacturing
of src clinker low ash stone is required (25-27%) for reducing the alumina content.

High blain (3000m2/kg) of cement is to be maintained and separates silo is required to

store the src.

The sulphate resisting properties in src are developed by restricting the c3a content to
below 5%. So there is no 0 excess c3a left to react with sulphates. Low heat of hydration, less
risk of the 3 rmal shrinkage.

Applications

Src can be used in coastal areas. Dockyards, bridges , aqua farm tanks, sewerage and
effluent- carrying drains it will protects the structure from sulphate attacks. Suitable for
massive constructions suitable where soils having higher percentage of water soluble
sulphates, i.e. More than 0.5% at seashore. Penetration of sulphate ions into concrete made
with opc can result in scaling and ultimately in some circumstances to complete
disintegration.

Storage at the construction site

Cement which is stored unprotected for any considerable length of time absorbs
moisture causing lumps formation and resulting in a loss of hardening capacity. So long as
the lumps are easily crumbled between the fingers the strength will not be seriously affected.
If the cement is not properly stored at the construction site, about 10% of strength is lot in a
month’s time. So the period of storage should always be kept as a short as possible.

Leakage - no proper vibration of concrete.

Cracks - settlement of foundations.

Cement & concrete

21
 Concrete is composed of a course aggregate forming the bulk of the mix, a fine
aggregate filling the voids between, and cement and water to bond the whole together. The
sand, or fine aggregate, and cement may together be regarded as a mortar in which the coarse
aggregate is set. The properties of the concrete depend primarily on the quality and amount of
this interstitial mortar and only secondarily on the coarse aggregate.

As per specification sand contain 5 to 50% of material passing on 52 sieve, the

maximum at 30 % the main bulk of the sand, which lies between a no 52 sieve and a 3/16
inch mesh should contain particles of varying size and does not consist predominantly of any
one size.

The proportions of cement and aggregate in concrete and expressed as one (1) cement.
X fine aggregate y coarse aggregate by volume or by weight, or alternatively as the weight of
cement per unit volume of mixed concrete.

The proper ties of the cement- sand motor, which binds the coarse aggregate together,
depends on the proportion of cement it contains the amount of water used, and on the fitness
of the sand. The finer the sand, the greater is the surface area it possesses, and hence the
larger the proportion of cement required to cover that surface. This is one reason why sand
should not be excessively fine and contain much material passing a 100 – mesh. An increase
in the amount of water above that necessary to give a workable mix renders the mortar
weaker and more permeable and increases the volume of voids which will be left empty when
the concrete dries out and excess water is removed. If the proportion of the sand in concrete is
not sufficient, then is if the mix is “ over sand” the fragments of coarse aggregate will be
separated more than necessary by the excess mortar and the mortar itself will be leaner in
cement.

The coarse aggregate in concrete is normally quite insert and impermeable and it is the
cement mortar which is the point of attack by most destructive agencies, and which forms the
channel by which water can permeate in to the concrete.

The presence of an excess of this mortar in a weaker condition tends therefore type
lower the resistance of the concrete to attack. The proportion of sand required decreases as
the maximum size of the coarse aggregate increases.

22
 As a rough working role about 30 -40% by volume of the aggregate should consist of
sand when the maximum size of coarse aggregate is ¾ inch, but this proportion has to be
adjusted to suit the particular aggregates used.

The use seawater is reinforced concrete should be avoided for increases the risk of
corrosion of reinforcement. It must never be used for mixing high alumina cement as it has a
very adverse effect on the strength.

The mixing and placing of concrete also play an important part in determining the
quality of the product. The ease with which concrete can be placed depends on the
workability of the max. The workability of concrete is measured by various tests such as the
slump test. The workability of concrete is influenced by the type and grading of the aggregate
as well as other factors.

The amount of water required of produce a given slump in a concrete mix increases
with the temperature of the mix. This increase from 60-100f raise the water requirement by
the order of 10% this results in a lower ultimate strength and increase in the subsequent
drying shrinkage.

Concrete can be damaged by lack of proper curing. It is essential for the development
of high strength that the concrete should be kept moist for a period and nor allowed to dry out
rapidly.

Once a concrete has been cured under moist condition for a sufficient period, its
resistance to attack by chemical action is increased by allowing it to remain in air and dry out.
A film of calcium carbonate forms over the surface of the material, blocking the pores and
producing a hard and dense surface skin.

And additional factor is involved in reinforced concrete where steel bars are embedded
in the material. The function of the concrete here is not only to provide a medium to with
stand the compressive stresses to which the reinforced concrete member may be subject, but
also to protect the steel reinforcement against corrosion. Any corrosion of the reinforcement
result in the formation of a film of iron oxide over the metal occupying a volume about 2.2
times that of the iron from which it is formed.

23
 The expansion which thus occurs results eventually in the flaking off or cricking of the
concrete overlies it. The corrosion hence damages not only the steel but also the concrete.
The degree of protection afforded to the reinforcement depends on the impermeability and
thickness of the concrete covering it. Reinforced concrete, which is exposed to seawater.
Reinforced concrete members may show the cracks arising from deflection under load (or)
from shrinkage of concrete.

Failures in concrete structure

Failures in concrete may be assigned three general causes.

 Unsuitable materials.

 Error in preparation, placing curing.

 Exposure to natural or artificial destructive agents.

Unsuitable materials

Unsuitable materials group defective cements, defective aggregates, and incorrect

proportions of cement and insufficient entrained air to give the required frost resistance and
excessive additions of admixtures.

Error in preparation, placing curing

Poor mixing and the use of too wet or dry mixes with the accompanying troubles of
segregation, the last being aggravated by insufficient ramming. Bad jointing two days work;
inadequate curing may also be grouped under this head.

This shape of the voids present in a fractured surface may give some indication of the
consistence of the mix. Small double holes with smooth surface and spherical shape are
characteristic or rather wet mixers, while the presence of numerous voids of irregular shape
and an uneven distribution of the fine aggregate indicates the use of a mix which has been too
dry for the degree of ramming employed. Bad grading of the aggregates is also usually
indicated by the appearance of the fractured surface.

24
Aggregates

Concrete or mortar is made up of cement, water, and aggregates (store chips and sand)
and at times chemical additives. The aggregates, fine (sand) and coarse (stone chips) make up
about 75 % of the volume of concrete. Generally sp. Gravity of aggregates 2.4 and 2.90.

The aggregates from main matrix of the concrete or mortar. The aggregate particles are
hold together by cement matrix, formed out of the past of cement. While the coarse
aggregates from the main matrix, the fine aggregates from the filler matrix between the
coarse aggregates. With cement and water the entire matrix binds together into a solid mass
called concrete. The aggregates may be igneous (granite or basalt) of sedimentary (lime
stone, etc,) rock.

Selections factors of aggregates

Sl.no factors influence of concrete property

1. Specific gravity strength/absorption

2. Chemical stability durability

3. Surface texture bond grip

4. Shape water demand(strength)

5. Gradation or particle water demand(strength)

6. Size distribution bleeding and segregation

7. Maximum size strength

8. Deleterious materials water demand bound cohesion and durability.

25
 THEORETICAL FRAMEWORK

Employee welfare is an important facet of industrial relations, the extra dimension, giving
satisfaction to the worker in a way which evens a good wage cannot. With the growth of
industrialization and mechanization, it has acquired added importance. The workers in industry
cannot cope with the pace of modern life with minimum sustenance amenities. He needs an
added stimulus to keep body and soul together.

Employers have also realized the importance of their role in providing these extra
amenities. And yet, they are not always able to fulfill workers demands however reasonable they
might be. They are primarily concerned with the viability of the enterprise .employee welfare,
though it has been proved to contribute to efficiency in production, is expensive. Each employer
depending on his priorities gives varying degrees of importance to labour welfare.

It is because the government is not sure that all employers are progressive minded and
will provide basic welfare measures that it introduces statutory legislation from time to time to
bring about some measures of uniformity in the basic amenities available to industrial workers.

After employees have been hired, trained and remunerated, they need to be retained and
maintained to serve the organization better. Welfare facilities are designed to take care of the
wellbeing of the employees, they do not generally result in any monetary benefit to the
employees. Nor are these facilities provided by employers alone. Governmental and non-
governmental agencies and trade unions too, contribute towards employee welfare.

Employee welfare is a comprehensive term including various services, benefits and

facilities offered to employees by the employer. Through such generous fringe benefits the
employer makes the life worth living for employees.

The welfare amenities are extended in addition to normal wages and other economic
rewards available to employees as per the legal provisions. Welfare measures may also be
provided by the government, trade unions and non-government agencies in addition to the
employer. The basic purpose of employee welfare is to enrich the life of the employees and keep
them happy and contended.

26
Meaning and definition

Welfare means faring or doing well. It refers to the physical, mental, moral and emotional
well-being of an individual. Further, the term welfare is a relative concept, relative in time and
space. It, therefore, varies from time to time, from region to region and from country to country.

Employee welfare, also referred to as betterment work for employees, relates to taking
care of the well-being of workers by employers, trade unions and government and non-
governmental agencies. It is rather difficult to define the term labour welfare precisely because of
the relatively of the concept.

The oxford dictionary defines employee welfare as “efforts to make life worth living for
workmen”. It is however, difficult to precisely define the scope of these efforts. Different writers
have defined it in different ways. Some writers say that only voluntary efforts on the part of
employers to improve the conditions of employment in their factories from the scope of
employee welfare efforts. Some others say that it includes not only voluntary efforts of the
employer but also the minimum standards of hygiene and safely laid down in general legislation.
Here are some of the definitions given by some of the experts.

The labour investigation committee preferred to include under ‘labour welfare’

“anything done for the intellectual, physical, moral and economic betterment of the
workers, employers, by government or by other agencies over and about what is laid down by
law or what is normally expected of the contractual benefits for which workers may have
bargained.”

According to the committee and labour welfare services should me

“Such services, facilities, and amenities as adequate canteen, rest and recreation
facilities, sanitary and medical facilities, arrangements for travel to and from place of work,
and for the accommodation of workers employed at a distance from the homes; and such
other services, amities and facilities, including social security measures, as contribute to the
conditions under which workers are employed”

27
The encyclopedia of social sciences has defined labour welfare work as

The voluntary efforts of the employers to established, with in the exiting industrial
system, working and some times, living and cultural condition of the employees beyond what
is required by law, the custom of the country and the conditions of the market”

Importance

Industrial progress of a country depends on its committed labour force. In this regard
the importance of labour welfare was recognized as early as 1931, when the royal
commission on labour started that the benefits, which go under this nomenclature, are of great
importance to the worker who is unable to secure by himself. The schemes of labour welfare
may be regarded as “a wise investment” which should and usually does bring profitable
return in the form of greater efficiency. 20 years later, the planning commission realized the
importance of labour welfare, when it observed “in order to get the best out of a worker in the
matter of production, working conditions require to be improved to a large extent. The
workers should at least have the means and facilities to keep him in a state of health and
efficiency. This is primarily a question of adequate nutrition and suitable housing conditions.

The working condition should be such as to safeguard his health and protect him
against occupational hazards. The work place should provide reasonable amenities for his
essential needs. The worker should also be equipped with the necessary technical training and
a certain level of general education.”

Basic features of labour welfare

On the basis of the various definitions, the basic charters tics of labour welfare work
may be noted thus

a) It is the work, which is usually undertaken with in the premises or in the vicinity
of the undertakings for the benefits employees and the members of their families.

b) The work generally includes those items of welfare which are over and above
what is provided by statutory provisions are required by the custom of the industry
or the employees expect as a results of a contract of services from the employers.

c) The purpose of providing welfare amenities is to bring about the development of

the whole personality of the worker-his social, psychological, economic, moral,

28
 and cultural and intelectuaval development to make him a good worker, a good
citizen and a good member of the family.

d) These facilities may be provided voluntarily by progressive and enlightened

entrepreneurs at their own accord out of their realization of social responsibility
towards labour statutory provisions may compel them to make these facilities
available or these may be under taken by the government or trade unions, if they
have the necessary funds for the purpose. Labour welfare is a very broad term,
covering social securities and such other activities as medical aid, crèches,
canteens, recreations, housing, adult education, arrangements for the transports of
labour to and from the work place.

e) It may be noted that not only intra mural but also extra mural, statutory as well as
non statutory activities, undertaken by any of the three agencies- the employers,
trade unions or the government- for the physical and mental development of
worker, both as a compensation for wear and tear the undergoes as part of the
production process and also to enable him to sustain and improve upon the basic
capacity of contribution on the processes of production, “which are all the species
of the longer family encompassed by the term ‘labour welfare’”

Employee welfare is an important facet of industrial relations, the extra dimension,

giving satisfaction to the worker in a way which evens a good wage cannot. With the growth
of industrialization and mechanization, it has acquired added importance. The workers in
industry cannot cope with the pace of modern life with minimum sustenance amenities. He
needs an added stimulus to keep body and soul together. Employers have also realized the
importance of their role in providing these extra amenities. And yet, they are not always able
to fulfill workers demands however reasonable they might be.

Each employer depending on his priorities gives varying degrees of importance to

labour welfare. After employees have been hired, trained and remunerated, they need to be
retained and maintained to serve the organization better. Welfare facilities are designed to
take care of the wellbeing of the employees, they do not generally result in any monetary
benefit to the employees.

29
 Most welfare activities (described later in this chapter) are considered to be mundane.
Obviously, not many authors provide space in their books for a discussion on this topic. But
we are of the opinion that what are considered to be temporal benefits elsewhere are being
neglected in our country particularly in the unorganized sector. We are also of the opinion that
the teachers and students should be enlightened about the concept of employee welfare and
how welfare measures are implemented or neglected.

After employees have been hired, trained and remunerated, they need to be retained
and maintained to serve the organization better. Welfare facilities are designed to take care of
the well- being of the employees they do not generally result in any monctary benefit to the
employees. Nor are these facilities provided by employers alone. ` governmental and non-
governmental agencies, and trade unions too, contribute towards employee welfare. The
welfare facilities together contribute to better work.

Nature of welfare

Welfare means faring or doing well. It is a comprehensive term, and refers to the
physical, mental, moral and emotional well- being of an individual. Further, the term welfare
is a relative concept, relative in time and space. It, therefore, varies from time to time, from
region to region and from country to country.

Labour welfare, also referred to as betterment work for employees, relates to taking
care of the well- being of workers by employers, trade unions, and governmental and non –
governmental agencies.

Ilo at its asian regional conference, defined labour welfare as term which is
understood to include such services, facilities and amenities as may be established in or in the
vicinity of undertakings to enable the persons employed in them to perform their work in
healthy, congenial surrounding and to provide them with amenities conducive to good health
and high morale.

Labour welfare has two aspects- negative and positive. On the negative side, labour
welfare is concerned with counteracting the baneful effects of the large-scale industrial
system of production-especially capitalistic, so far as india is concerned-on the
personal/family, and social life of the worker. On its positive side, it deal with the provision
of opportunities for the workers and his/her family for a good life as under tood in its most
comprehensive sense.

30
Features of employee welfare

 Labour welfare includes various facilities, services and amenities provided to workers
for improving their health, efficiency, economic betterment and social status.
 Welfare measures are in addition to regular wages and other economic benefits
available to workers due to legal provisions and collective bargaining.
 Labor welfare schemes are flexible and ever-changing. New welfare measures are
added to the existing ones from time to time.
 Welfare measures may be introduced by the employers, government, employees or by
any social or charitable agency.
 The purpose of labor welfare is to bring about the development of the whole
personality of the workers to make a better workforce.

Benefits of employee measures

 They provide better physical and mental health to workers and thus promote a healthy
work environment.
 Facilities like housing schemes, medical benefits, and education and recreation
facilities for workers’ families help in raising their standards of living. This makes
workers to pay more attention towards work and thus increases their productivity.
 Employers get stable labor force by providing welfare facilities. Workers take active
interest in their jobs and work with a feeling of involvement and participation.
 Employee welfare measures increases the productivity of organization and promote
healthy industrial relations thereby maintaining industrial peace.
 They social evils prevalent among the labors such as substance abuse, etc reduced to a
greater extent by the welfare policies.

Merits and demerits of welfare measures

Labour welfare is justified for several reasons. It is desirable to recollect the services
of a typical worker in this context. His/her labour helps ding and haul coal from the depths of
the earth- to fetch and refine oil. A further argument in favors of welfare is that a reputation
for showing concern helps improve the local image of the company as a good employer
and assists in recruitment .welfare may not directly increase productivity, but it may add to
general feelings of satisfaction with the company and cut down labour turn over.

Types of welfare activities

31
 The meaning of labour welfare may be clearer by listing the activities and facilities,
which are referred to as welfare measures. A comprehensive list of welfare activities on
labour welfare into two broad groups, namely 1. Welfare measures inside the work place; and
2. Welfare measures outside the work place.

1. Welfare measures inside the work place

a) Conditions of the work environment

 Safety and cleanliness attention to approaches.
 Housekeeping
 Workshop sanitation and cleanliness.
 Control of effluents
 Convenience and comfort during work
 Distribution of work hours
 Workmen’s safety measures
 Supply of necessary beverages
 Notice boards
b) Conveniences
 Provision of drinking water
 Urinals and bathrooms
 Provision for spittoons
 Canteen services
 Rest rooms and reading rooms
c) worker’s health services
 Factory health center
 Dispensary
 Ambulance
 Emergency aid
 Health education
d) Women and child welfare
 Services crèche and child care
 Separate services for woman workers
 Family planning
e) workers’ recreation
Indoor games; strenuous games to be avoided during intervals of work
f) economic services
 Co operatives, loans, financial grants
 Thrift and savings schemes
 Un employment insurance
 Profit sharing and bonus schemes
 Gratuity and pension
g) Labour management participation
 Formation and working of various committees
 Workmen’s arbitration council
 Research bureau
 Workers education

32
  Reading room
 Library
 Adults education
 Daily news review
 Factory news bulletin

2. Welfare measures outside the work place

 Water, sanitation, waste disposal.

 Roads, lighting, parks, recreation, playgrounds.

 Schools nursery, primary, secondary and high school.

 Markets, co operatives, consumer and credit societies.

 Bank

 Transport

 Communication post, telegraph and telephone.

 Health and medical services dispensary, emergency ward, outpatient and in-patient
care, family visiting, family planning

 Recreation games; clubs; craft centers; cultural programmes

 Watch and ward; security.

 Administration of community services and problems.

Welfare facilities may also be categorized as

(a) intra- mural

(b) extra-mural

Intra-mural facilities

Intra-mural activities consist of facilities provided with in thefactories and include

medical facilities, compensation for accidents, provision of crèches and canteens, supply of
drinking water, washing and bathing facilities, provision of safety measures, activities
relating to improving conditions of employment, and the like

33
Extra-mural facilities

Extra-mural activities cover the services and facilities provided outside the factory
such as housing accommodation, indoors and outdoor recreational facilities, amusement and
sports, educational facilities for adults and children, and the like. It may be started that the
welfare activities may be provided by the employer, the government, non-government
organization and the trade unions, while, what employees provide will be started later; the
activities undertaken by other agencies are mentioned here.

Welfare facilities by the government

With a view to making it mandatory or employers, to provide certain welfare facilities

for they employees, the government of india has enacted several laws from time to time .
These laws are the factoris act,1948;the mines act, 1951; the bidi and ciger workers
(condition of employments) act, 1966; and the contract labour act, 1970 . Another significant
step taken by the central government has been to constitute welfare funds for the benefit of
the employees.

these funds have been established in coal, mica, iron-ore, limestone, and dolomite
mines. The welfare activities covered by these funds including housing, medical, educational
and recreational facilities for employees and their dependents.

Statutory and non-statutory

Welfare activities may also be classified into

1. Statutory 2. Non statutory provisions.

These are mandated by the factories act1948 the mines act,1952 the plantation labour
act 1951 and some other acts .of all these,the factories act is more significant and hence is
covered in detailed here.

The factories act

The act was first conceived in 1881 when legislation was enacted to protect children
and to provide health and safety measures. Later, hours of work were sought to be regulated
and were, therefore, incorporated in the act in 1911.the act was amended and enlarged in
1934 following the recommendations of the royal commission of labour. A more
comprehensive legislation to regulate working conditions replaced the act in 1948.

34
Labour welfare officer

Schedule 49 of the act provides that in every factory wherein 500 or more
workers are ordinarily employed, the employer, shall appoint at least one welfare officer.
The officer is expected to act as an advisor, counselor, mediator and liaisoning officer
between the management and the labour. Specifically. His/her duties include the following.

 Supervision of
(i) Safety, health and welfare programmes like housing, recreation, and
sanitation services,
(ii) Working of joint communities;
(iii) Grant of leave with wages
(iv)Reprisal of workers grievances.
 Counseling workers in
(i) Personal and family problems.
(ii) Adjustment to their work environment.
(iii) Understanding their rights and privileges
 Advising management in matters of

(i) Formulating welfare policies;

(ii) Apprenticeship training programmers

(iii) Complying with statutory obligations to workers;

(iv) Workers education

 Visioning with workers so that they may

(i) Appreciate the need for harmonious industrial relations in the plant;

(ii) Resolve disputes, if any;

(iii) Understand the limitations under which they operate;

(iv) Interpret company policies correctly.

 Visioning with the management so as appraise the latter about workers viewpoints on
organizational matters.

35
 Welfare provision chapter v of the act provide for welfare facilities. Specifically, the act
provides for adequately screened for the use of male and female workers; for drying of wet
clothes

Welfare funds

In order to provided welfare facilities to the workers employed in mica, iron-ore,

manganese ore, chrome ore and beady rolling, welfare funds have been established the efforts
of employers and state government under respective enactments.

Non-statutory benefits

Non- statutory benefits, also called voluntary benefits, include loans for house
building, education of children .leave travel concession, fair price shops, loans for purchasing
personal conveyance and a lot of other facilities.

Approaches to labour welfare

The various approaches to labour welfare reflect the attitudes and beliefs of the
agencies which are engaged in welfare activities. Welfare facilities may be provided on
religious, philanthropic or some other grounds. Moreover, the different approaches to labour
welfare reflect the evolution of the concept of welfare. In bygone days, the government of the
land to compel the owner of an industrial establishment to provide such basic amenities as
canteens, rest rooms, drinking water, good working conditions, and so forth, for their
employees. Much progressive management today provides welfare facilities, voluntarily and
with enlightened willingness and enthusiasm.

In fact, welfare facilities are not restricted to the workers alone. They have now been
extended to society in general. In other words, labour welfare as been extended in includes
social welfare. The Hindustan machine tools have a big playground and a community hall,
which are let out for competitions and functions.

a study of the approaches to labour welfare is desirable for the management, the
workers and the general reader. For the general reader, a study of approaches is essential
because his/her knowledge of the subject is incomplete without knowledge of these

36
approaches, and knowledge of approaches enables the manager and the worker to have a
better perspective on welfare work.

The approaches and their brief descriptions are

 The policing theory of labour welfare.

 The religion theory of labour welfare.

 The philanthropic theory of labour welfare.

 The paternalistic theory of labour welfare.

 The placating theory of labour welfare.

 The public relations theory of labour welfare.

 The functional theory of labour welfare.

 The social theory of labour welfare.

Religion theory

The religion theory has two connotations, namely, the investment aspects. The
investment aspect of the religion theory implies that the fruits of today’s deeds will be
reaped tomorrow.

The atonement aspect of the religion of the religion theory implies that the present
disabilities of a person are the result of the sins committed by him/her previously.

Philanthropic theory

Philanthropy means affection for making . The philanthropic theory of labour

welfare refers to the provision of good working conditions, crèches and canteens out of pity
on the part of the employers who want to remove the disabilities of the workers.

Paternalistic theory

According to the paternalistic theory, also called the trusteeship theory ,of labour
welfare the industrialist or the employer holds the total industrial estate, properties and
profits accruing from them, in trust .

37
Placating theory

This theory is based on the assumption that appeasement pays when the workers are
organized and are militant. Peace can be bought by welfare measures. Workers are like
children who are intelligent, but not fully so. As crying children are pacified by sweets,
workers should be pleased by welfare workers.

Public relations theory

According to this theory, welfare activities are provided to create a good impression
on the minds of the workers and the public, particularly the latter. Clean and safe working
conditions, a good canteen, crèche and other a munities, make a good impression on the
workers, visitors and the public. Some employers proudly take their visitors round the show
how well they have organized their welfare activities.

Social Theory

The social obligation of an industry establishment has been assuming great

significance these days. The social theory implies that a factory is morally bound to improve
the condition of the society in addition to improve the condition of its employees. Labor
welfare, as mentioned earlier, is grandly becoming social welfare.

Welfare policy

The first step in welfare administration is to have a clearly defined policy towards it.
The policy towards it. The policy must cover willingness of the management, objectives
sought to be achieved, range of facilities to be provided, and the timing of the facilities.

The question of unwillingness has only academic interest because, every employer is
compelled to provide welfare either by a statute, or precedence already established by rivals,
or out of genuine interest towards employee welfare.

Organization for Welfares

38
 In most organizations, welfare is the responsibility of welfare officers. The factories
Act; 1948 mandates that every industrial establishment must appoint welfare officer if the
number of employees is 500 or more.

The minimum facilities are inadequate to protect the welfare of workers. Welfare
officers, too, often fail to enforce compliance of even the minimum requirements.

39
 DATA ANALYSIS & INTERPRETATIONS

1. Are you aware about welfare facilities provided in your organization?

Table-4.1

S.no Factors Respondents

1 Yes 80

2 No 20

3 None 0

Total 100

Source - questionnaire

Chart-4.1

Welfare facilities provided in your organization

90
80
70
60
50
40
30
20
10
0
Yes No None

Interpretation

From the above analysis it is observed that 80% of respondent are aware about
welfare facilities and 20% of respondents are not having any awareness about welfare
facilities in the organization.

40
2. Do you think the welfare facilities are useful in improving employee’s performance?

Table-4.2

S.no Factors Respondents

1 Yes 80

2 No 20

3 None 0

Total 100

Source - questionnaire

Chart-4.2

Welfare facilities are useful in improving employee’s performance

90
80
70
60
50
40
30
20
10
0
Yes No None

Interpretation

It is observed that 80% of respondents think that welfare facilities are useful in
improving employee’s performance and 20% of respondents said that it is not useful in
improving the performance of employee’s.

3. Are you satisfied with the drinking water facilities?

41
 Table-4.3

S. No Factors Respondents

1 Highly satisfied 30

2 Moderately satisfied 52

3 Dissatisfied 18

Total 100

Source - questionnaire

Chart-4.3

Drinking water facilities

60

50

40

30

20

10

0
Highly Satisfied Moderately Satisfied Dissatisfied

Interpretation
From the above analysis 52% of the respondents are moderately satisfied with
drinking water facilities, 30% of the respondents are highly satisfied, 18% of the respondents
are dissatisfied.

42
4. What is your opinion on canteen facilities?

Table-4.4

S.no Factors Respondents

1 Highly satisfied 8

2 Moderately satisfied 44

3 Dissatisfied 48

4 Total 100

Source - questionnaire

Chart-4.4

Canteen Facilities
60

50

40
RESPONDENTS

30

20

10

0
Highly Satisfied Moderately Satisfied Dissatisfied
FACTORS

Interpretation

From the above chart it is observed that 48% of respondents are dissatisfied with
canteen facilities because of improper services, 44% of respondents are moderately satisfied
and 8% of respondents are highly satisfied.

5. What is your opinion on lunch and rest room facilities?

Table-4.5
43
 S.no Factors Respondents

1 Very good 20

2 Good 50

3 Bad 30

Total 100

Source - questionnaire

Chart-4.5

Opinion on lunch and rest room facilities

60

50

40

30

20

10

0
Very good Good Bad

Interpretation

From the above analysis that 30% of respondents are having bad opinion on lunch
and rest room facilities, 50% of respondents felt good about the facilities ,20% of respondents
are not up to the expectation said that the lunch room facilities are excellent.

6. Does the company conduct any medical camps?

Table-4.6

44
 S.no Factors Respondents

1 Yes 66

2 No 34

3 None 0

Total 100

Source - questionnaire

Chart-4.6

Company conduct any medical camps

70

60

50

40

30

20

10

0
Yes No None

Interpretation

From the above analysis that 66% of respondents are satisfied with medical facilities
which were provided in the organization and 34% of respondents are dissatisfied

7. Are you satisfied with transportation facilities?

Table-4.7

45
 S.no Factors Respondents

1 Moderately satisfied 40

2 Satisfied 40

3 Dissatisfied 20

Total 100

Source - questionnaire

Chart-4.7

Satisfied with transportation facilities

45
40
35
30
25
20
15
10
5
0
Moderately Satisfied satisfied Dissatisfied

Interpretation

From the above analysis 40% of the respondents are moderately satisfied with
transportation facilities, 40% are satisfied, 20% of the respondents said that transportation
facilities are excellent of respondents are dissatisfied with the given factors.

8. Does the company provide any assistance for children’s educations?

Table-4.8

46
 S.no Factors Respondents

1 Yes 80

2 No 20

3 None 0

Total 100

Source - questionnaire

Chart-4.8

Company provide any assistance for children’s educations

90
80
70
60
50
40
30
20
10
0
Yes No None

Interpretation

From the above analysis 80% of the respondents are felt happy with the assistance
provided to their children’s education by the company and 20% of respondents are unhappy.

9. What is your opinion about the dispensary and first aid room facilities?

Table-4.9

47
 S.no Factors Respondents

1 Moderately satisfied 20

2 Satisfied 60

3 Dissatisfied 20

Total 100

Source - questionnaire

Chart-4.9

Dispensary and first aid room facilities

70

60

50

40

30

20

10

0
Moderately Satisfied Satisfied Dissatisfied

Interpretation

From the above analysis it is absolute that 60% of respondents are having satisfaction
with the dispensary and first aid facilities, 20% of respondents are dissatisfied, 20% are
moderately satisfied of respondents felt excellent about the dispensary and first aid.

10. Does the company provide any maternity benefits for woman employees?

Table-4.10

S.no Factors Respondents

1 Yes 72

48
 2 No 28

3 None 0

Total 100

Source - questionnaire

Chart-4.10

Provide any maternity benefits for woman employees

80
70
60
50
40
30
20
10
0
Yes No None

Interpretation

From the above analysis it is observed that the company is excellent in providing
maternity benefits for women employees.

11. How long you are working in this organization?

Table-4.11

S.no Factors Respondents

1 1-5 years 50
49
 2 6-10 years 40

3 11-15 years 10

Total 100

Source - questionnaire

Chart-4.11

Working in this organization

60

50

40

30

20

10

0
1-5 years 6-10 years 11-15 years

Interpretation

From the above analysis from 1-5 years 50% of respondents are worked in the
organization, 40% are working for ten years, 10% are working for 11-15years, above.

12. Do you satisfy with the welfare facilities provided in your organization?

Table-4.12

50
 S.no Factors Respondents

1 Yes 70

2 No 30

3 None 0

Total 100

Source - questionnaire

Chart-4.12

Welfare facilities provided in your organization

80
70
60
50
40
30
20
10
0
Yes No None

Interpretation

From the above analysis it is observed that 70% of respondents are satisfied with the
welfare facilities provided in the organization and 30% of respondents are dissatisfied.

13. Does your organization provide any housing facilities?

Table-4.13

51
 S.no Factors Respondents

1 Yes 72

2 No 28

3 None 0

Total 100

Source - questionnaire

Chart-4.13

Organization provide any housing facilities

80
70
60
50
40
30
20
10
0
Yes No None

Interpretation

from the above analysis it is observed that 70% of respondents are felt happy and
30% of respondents are dissatisfied with the housing facilities provided by the organization.

14. Do you have counseling center in your organization?

Table-4.14

52
 S.no Factors Respondents

1 Yes 45

2 No 55

3 None 0

Total 100

Source - questionnaire

Chart-4.14

Counseling center in your organization

60

50

40

30

20

10

0
Yes No None

Interpretation

From the above analysis it is observed that 55% of respondents said that there is no
counseling centers, 45% of respondents are said that counseling center facilities are up to the
mark.

15. How are the safety provisions provided, while operating the machine?

S.no Factors Respondents

53
 1 Excellent 10

2 Good 40

3 Average 50

Total 100

Table-4.15
Source - questionnaire

Chart-4.15

Safety provisions provided, while operating the machine

60

50

40

30

20

10

0
Excellent Good Average

Interpretation

from the above analysis it is observed that 40% of respondents are having a good
opinion on safety provisions, 50% of respondents having average opinion and 10% of
respondents having the opinion that the safety provisions are excellent.

16. Are you happy with working conditions provided by your organization?

Table-4.16

54
 S.no factors Respondents

1 Yes 65

2 No 35

3 None 0

Total 100

Source - questionnaire

Chart-4.16

Working conditions provided by your organization

70

60

50

40

30

20

10

0
Yes No None

Interpretation

From the above analysis it is observed that 65% of respondent felt happy with
working conditions in organization and 35% of respondents are unhappy.

17. Are you satisfied with the retirement benefits?

Table-4.17

55
 S.no Factors Respondents

1 Moderately satisfied 20

2 Satisfied 60

3 Dissatisfied 20

Total 100

source - questionnaire

Chart-4.17

The retirement benefits

70

60

50

40

30

20

10

0
Moderately satisfied Satisfied Dissatisfied

Interpretation

From the above analysis it is observed that 60% of respondents satisfied, 20% are
moderately satisfied, and 20% are dissatisfied.

FINDINGS

56
 It is observed that 80% of respondent are aware about welfare facilities and 20% of

respondents are not having any awareness about welfare facilities in the organization.
 It is observed that 80% of respondents think that welfare facilities are useful in

improving employee’s performance and 20% of respondents said that it is not useful

in improving the performance of employee’s

 52% of the respondents are moderately satisfied with drinking water facilities, 30% of

the respondents are highly satisfied,18% of the respondents are dissatisfied.

 It is observed that 48% of respondents are dissatisfied with canteen facilities because

of improper services, 44% of respondents are moderately satisfied and 8% of

respondents are highly satisfied.

 40% of respondents are having bad opinion on lunch and rest room facilities,25% of

respondents felt good about the facilities ,20% of respondents are not up to the

expectation, 15% said that the lunch room facilities are excellent.
 66% of respondents are satisfied with medical facilities which were provided in the

organization and 34% of respondents are dissatisfied

 40% of the respondents are moderately satisfied with transportation facilities, 36% are

satisfied, 20% of the respondents said that transportation facilities are excellent and

4% of respondents are dissatisfied with the given factors.

 80% of the respondents are felt happy with the assistance provided to their children’s

education by the company and 20% of respondents are unhappy.

.

SUGGESTIONS

 It is suggested that the management has to create more awareness regarding welfare

facilities provide by the company.

 It is suggested that the management has to think of innovative welfare emanates; in

orders improve employees current and future performances.

57
 The company is conducting medical camps it is suggested that continue the same in

future also.
 The overall performance of the company with regard to welfare faculties is excellent.
 It is suggested that the mgt has to take steps in order to improve drinking water &

contain facilities.
 It is advised that the lunch & rest rooms must be maintained in a proper manner in

order to motivate the employees.

 The com. Is providing assistance for employees, children’s education. It is advised

that maintain in future also.

 The mgt has to take necessary steps in order to provide housing facilities for all the

cadres of employees.
 It is suggested that the mgt has to focus more on safety measures so that it can reduce

accident rates.

CONCLUSIONS

 Most of the respondents are having awareness about welfare facilities provided by

Sagar Cement Pvt. Ltd and the welfare facilities that which are provided by the

company are useful in improving the employee’s performance.

 The company is providing excellent service in conducting the medical camp to their

employees and their family members.

 The transportation facilities provided by Sagar Cement Pvt. Ltd create a satisfaction

levels to the employees that which results in growth of the employees.

58
  The company provides maternity benefits for women employees that which creates a

positive sign to them.

 Most number of employees working in this organization ranges from 1 to 10 years

constantly.
 Most of the employees are satisfied with welfare facilities provided by Sagar Cement

Pvt. Ltd.
 The company is also good at providing housing facilities to their employees.
 The company takes proper care and attention to the technical people by providing

certain safety provisions while operating with the machine.

 Most of the employees who are working in this organization are happy with working

conditions.

QUESTIONNAIRE

1. Are you aware about welfare facilities provided in your organization?

A) Yes B) No C) None

2. Do you think the welfare facilities are useful in improving employee’s performance?

A) Yes B) No C) None

3. Are you satisfied with the drinking water facilities?

A) Highly Satisfied B) Moderately Satisfied C) Dissatisfied

4. What is your opinion on canteen facilities?

A) Highly Satisfied B) Moderately Satisfied C) Dissatisfied

59
5. What is your opinion on lunch and rest room facilities?

A) Very Good B) Good C) Bad

6. Does the company conduct any medical camps?

A) Yes B) No C) None

7. Are you satisfied with transportation facilities?

A) Moderately Satisfied B) Satisfied C) Dissatisfied

8. Does the company provide any assistance for children’s educations?

A) Yes B) No C) None

9. What is your opinion about the dispensary and first aid room facilities?

A) Moderately Satisfied B) Satisfied C) Dissatisfied

10. Does the company provide any maternity benefits for woman employees?

A) Yes B) No C) None

11. How long you are working in this organization?

A) 1-5 years b) 6-10 years c) 11-15 years

12. Do you satisfy with the welfare facilities provided in your organization?

A) Yes B) No C) None

13. Does your organization provide any housing facilities?

A) Yes B) No C) None

14. Do you have counseling center in your organization?

A) Yes B) No C) None

15. How are the safety provisions provided, while operating the machine?

A) Very Good B) Average C) Poor

16. Are you happy with working conditions provided by your organization?

60
A) Yes B) No C) None

17. Are you satisfied with the retirement benefits?

A) Moderately Satisfied B) Satisfied C) Dissatisfied

61
 BIBLIOGRAPHY

Sno Year of
Book title Author name Publisher
Edition

1 Human resource Himalaya

V. S. P. Rao 2006
management publishing house

2 Human resource
T.V. Rao Hill 2008
management

3 Himalaya
Research methodology C.R. Kothori 2007
publishing house

4 Management and
P. Subba Rao HPH 2010
industrial relations

Websites

www.netmbacom

www.citehr.com

www.sagaracements.com

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