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Self-healing concrete:

Ready for the market?

Henk Jonkers, Renee Mors, Annegreeth Lameijer Symone Kok


Delft University of Technology Corbion
h.m.jonkers@tudelft.nl s.kok@corbion.com
a.a.lameijer@tudelft.nl

Challenge the future 1


Topics overview:

1. Concrete & self-healing mechanisms

2. Bacteria-based self-healing concrete

3. Practical applications

CEG – Structural Engineering - Materials & Environment - Sustainability Group


Challenge the future 2
1. Concrete: most used construction material

Sand
Cement

Concrete

Gravel Water

Chemicals
(performance enhancers)

Relatively cheap!: +/- 80 Euro / m3 Challenge the future 3


Concrete problems

‘Designed’ damage
No strength loss but decreases durability (service life!)

Typically:
Micro crack formation

Damage contours of reinforced concrete with loading


www.ansys.com

CEG – Structural Engineering - Materials & Environment - Sustainability Group


Challenge the future 4
Concrete problems

‘Designed’ damage
No strength loss but decreases durability (service life!)
→ Ingress of aggressive chemicals
→ Degrada on of concrete matrix
→ Risk of reinforcement corrosion
Needed: Self-healing mechanism resulting
in Sealing of cracks, reducing permeability

CEG – Structural Engineering - Materials & Environment - Sustainability Group


Challenge the future 5
1. Concrete & self-healing mechanisms

Examples of self-healing systems investigated by TUD:


→ Permeability decreasing / crack sealing systems

1. (Encapsulated) cements,
expanding agents

2. Fiber reinforced
cementitious composites

3. Encapsulated
chemical agents

4. Bio-mineral producing bacteria

CEG – Structural Engineering - Materials & Environment - Sustainability Group 6


WiktorChallenge the future
& Jonkers
2. Limestone-producing bacteria
How to make concrete self-healing with bacteria?
→ include limestone-producing bacteria!

Locations:
1. Chiprana, Spain (dessert crusts)

2. Playa, Spain (carbonate / gypsum rock)

3. Wadi Natrun, Egypt (alkaline lake)

4. Kulunda lakes, Siberia (alkaline lakes) 3. Wadi Natrun, Egypt pH ~ 10

1. Chiprana, crust 2. Playa, rock 4. AltaiChallenge


Steppe, Siberia7 pH ~ 10
the future
2. Limestone-producing bacteria

Endolithic communities
Alkali-resistant

spore-forming bacteria

1. > 50 years viable

2. Concrete compatible

Playa, rock Soda-lake communities

Endospore

Wadi Natrun, Egypt pH ~ 10

Challenge the future 8


2. Limestone-producing bacteria

Ca(C3H5O3)2 + 6 O2 >>> CaCO3 + 5 CO2 + 5 H2O


(Increased calcite production
from concrete matrix Portlandite:) Ca(OH)2

CEG – Structural Engineering - Materials & Environment - Sustainability Group


Challenge the future 9
2. Limestone-producing bacteria

Two-component ‘self-healing agent’:

1. Bacteria (catalyst)

2. Mineral precursor compound (chemical / 'food')

→ Packing of agents in particles

Reservoir for healing agents (bacteria + chemicals)

Bacteria food

CEG – Structural Engineering - Materials & Environment - Sustainability Group


Challenge the future 10
2. Limestone-producing bacteria

Quantification of crack-healing

Crack width healing limit Llim : Bacterial concrete < 460 mm

Llim Cicatrisation « naturelle » < 180mm


CaCO3

Massive CaCO3
precipitation
325 mm

CEG – Structural Engineering - Materials & Environment - Sustainability Group


Challenge the future 11
2. Limestone-producing bacteria

Two-component self-healing agent:


Tablets: 2nd generation
Healing agent

1. Bacterial spores (powder)

2. Mineral precursor compound (powder)

Expensive

Powder compression + coating (concrete compatible)

1. Strong

2. Good concrete binding properties


Challenge the future 12
New concepts TUD/Corbion
3rd generation healing agent:
Bio-based / strong / large scale - economical

Initial products

1. Bacteria
2. Food (Puracal)
3. Bacterial growth agent
4. Encapsulation Matrix (Puralact)

Spores / Nutrients /
CaLactate PLA-coating

Challenge the future 13


PLA-based healing agent

Computer tomography (CT)-scan:


PLA-coated particle in (Portland) cement paste

t=0 t=24h t=7d

Challenge the future 14


3. Practical applications

Potential of limestone producing bacteria for:

1. Repair materials:

→ Impregnation system

→ Repair mortar

2. Self-healing concrete

CEG – Structural Engineering - Materials & Environment - Sustainability Group


Challenge the future 15
3. Practical applications

→ Impregnation system

1. Development / application of liquid impregnation system

→ Micro-crack healing / matrix densification

→ Leakage proving /

increase durability

e.g. frost/thaw scaling

Challenge the future 16


3. Practical applications

Bacterial CaCO3 formation in impregnation system

Challenge the future 17


3. Practical applications

Challenge the future 18


First aid emergency station 'Paviljoen Galder', Breda
3. Practical applications

→ Repair mortar

2. Development of fiber-mortar based repair system

→ Repair / retrofitting larger damages

→ Improved compatibility / durability

Thermal changes /
Drying shrinkage
Delamination

Challenge the future 19


3. Practical applications

CEG – Structural Engineering - Materials & Environment - Sustainability Group


Challenge the future 20
3. Practical applications

Self-healing concrete: irrigation canals in Ecuador

CEG – Structural Engineering - Materials & Environment - Sustainability Group


Challenge the future 21
3. Practical applications
Landscape around Poalo
Irrigation canals in Ecuador
Cruzsacha Canal:
Length = 19 km
Height = 4100 to 3800 m
Daily temp = 5 to 15C

15 15

?
? 100 cm

100

Canal cross section


CEG – Structural Engineering - Materials & Environment - Sustainability Group
Challenge the future 22
Conclusions
1. Several concepts for self-healing concrete are being developed

2. Limestone-producing bacteria can make concrete self-healing

3. Large scale (economical) production in progress

4. Various full scale outdoors applications under way

CEG – Structural Engineering - Materials & Environment - Sustainability Group


Challenge the future 23

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