Tower Design using Etabs:

Chapter 1
Modeling & Analysis
 ABSTRACT
Etabs is an abbreviation for “Extended Three- dimensional
Analysis of Building Systems,” it is the main engineering
integrated software that is used to analyze and design different
structural elements. This report will show you how to use the
commands in order to generate a structural building with respect
to the Codes & regulations used in UAE and generate results for
the design of buildings including high rise buildings.

Written by: Eng.Nada Zarrak

Checked by: Eng Ahmed Sameer Zarrak

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 Table of Contents:
ABSTRACT ................................................................................................................... 1
AutoCAD Stage: ........................................................................................................ 4
Etabs Stage: ................................................................................................................ 6
Define:.................................................................................................................... 7
-Material Property: ............................................................................................. 7
-Frame Section Property: ................................................................................... 8
-Slab Property: ................................................................................................... 8
-Wall Property:................................................................................................... 8
-Define Diaphragm: ........................................................................................... 9
-Define Piers: ..................................................................................................... 9
-Define Spandrels*: ........................................................................................... 9
-Define Load Patterns: ..................................................................................... 10
-Load Case: ...................................................................................................... 12
-Load Combination as per ACI 318-11: .......................................................... 18
-Define Function: ............................................................................................. 23
-Define Mass source*: ..................................................................................... 24
-Define P-Delta*: ............................................................................................. 25
-Define Modal Case*: ...................................................................................... 26
-Define Auto Construction Sequence Load Case*: ......................................... 27
Assign: ................................................................................................................. 28
Assign Joint Restraint: ..................................................................................... 30
Assign Piers: .................................................................................................... 31
Assign Spandrels:............................................................................................. 32
Assign Modifiers*:........................................................................................... 32
Assign Release/Partial Fixity for Frame: ......................................................... 35
Run the Model: .................................................................................................... 36
1- Standard Solver............................................................................................ 36
2- Advanced Solver.......................................................................................... 36
3- Multi-threaded Solver: Provide no accuracy of the computation ................ 36
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 Display the Results: ............................................................................................. 37
Storey Base Shear: ........................................................................................... 37
Modal Mass Participation Ratio: ..................................................................... 41
Torsion Irregularity: ......................................................................................... 42
Displacement of the building against Wind Load............................................ 47
Story Drift against Seismic Load: .................................................................... 50
Seismic Story Drift Check: .......................................................................... 51
Wind Story Drift Check: .............................................................................. 52
Solving the Errors in Response Spectrum: .......................................................... 54
General Notes: ..................................................................................................... 55
Errors in Etabs: .................................................................................................... 56
Resolve instabilities: ............................................................................................ 58
Definitions: .......................................................................................................... 59
1. Slab Modeling Type:............................................................................... 59
2. Wall Property Type: ................................................................................ 59
3. Diaphragm Rigidity: ............................................................................... 59
4. Property Modifiers: ................................................................................. 60
5. Spandrels: ................................................................................................ 60
6. Seismic Load Pattern: ............................................................................. 61
7. Wind Load Pattern: ................................................................................. 63
Explanation about Wind Load Calculation in ASCE 7-10: ......................... 65
8. Spectrum Case: ....................................................................................... 67
9. Mass Source: ............................................................................................ 68
10. P-Delta: ................................................................................................. 69
11. Modal Case: .......................................................................................... 70
12. Auto Construction Sequence Load Case: ............................................. 71
Conclusion: .................................................................................................................. 72
Special Thanks: ............................................................................................................ 73

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AutoCAD Stage:

1- Prepare your AutoCAD file in layers in order to ease the stage of drawings.

A- Divide your layers according to your structural elements

 Slab (mesh as ploy line)

To mesh the slab you either can draw them in AutoCAD or use any kind of
software such as Robot or Saap.
"Note that the size of mesh to be used shouldn't be less than 2 as our main use
of Etabs isn't about Slab analysis rather than only transferring the load and
reactions, so decreasing mesh size will slow the analysis procedure and will
have no use for our Design. One important note that the mesh should have min
of 3& max of 4 legs, 5 sided shapes cause errors in the analysis."

Figure 1: AutoCAD dwg, Slab mesh using Robot Software

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  Beam (as line)
"Note that when drawing lines of beam it should be connected to the center of
the column, at the edge of the wall & its length divided with the mesh".

Figure 2: AutoCAD dwg, Beam connected to Slab mesh 7 edge of the wall

 Column (dot / represent its center)

 Wall (line)
"Note that the lines of wall and beams and the point of columns should be
connected to the slab mesh in order to have no warning on Etabs. Make sure
that you divide the wall according the division of the mesh so a realistic
structure is represented."
B- Save the AutoCAD file as DXF and check if the drawing is in "Meters."

"Note that you arrange your floors in such away similar floors are represented in
one dxf file and later on it will be replicated on Etabs."

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Etabs Stage:
1- Open Etabs --> file-->new model-->use Built-in setting with "Metric" &
choose the Concrete Design code "ACI 318-11"-->ok. For example or other
Codes

Figure 3: Etabs2015 Model Initialization

2- Use the blank page --> custom story data: use elevation as given in the
AutoCAD plan--> and No Grid Spacing is needed.

Figure 4: Etabs2015 New Model Quick Templates

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 3- File--> Import -->DXF/DWG FILE OF ARCHITECTURAL PLAN --> unit:
m, factor:1
4- You can custom the stories going to Edit--> Edit stories and Grid System
5- Once your Main input is ready you can start Defining your element.

Define:
-Material Property:
Weight per Unit Volume = 25 KN/m3 for reinforced concrete
Modulus of Elasticity= 4700√𝑓′𝑐, f'c=0.8fcu
Design property data-->Modify-->Specified concrete Compressive Strength f'c
= 48 MPA if fcu = 60 MPA for example.

Figure 5: Etabs 2015 Material Property Data

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-Frame Section Property:
Columns: "Note that you don't have to define the frame element as later on
while drawing it will be defined by itself. However you only have to make
sure that the "ConcCol" Material is same what you have defined in the 1st
step."
Beams: "Note you have to define your beams element unlike columns. So
name your beams and set the material property same as what you have
defined."
For this step you don't have o assign the framing Modifier property as later on
we will explain the use of the property and how to assign then in professional
way

-Slab Property:
Material = as what you have defined previously
Modeling type = Shell-thin *
Property Data Type = Slab
Thickness=26cm according to the usage of the slab for example.

-Wall Property:
Property Type= Specified*
Wall Material = what you have defined
Modeling Type= Shell-Thin
Thickness = according to your AutoCAD plan or the assumption.

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-Define Diaphragm:
Diaphragm name= D1
Rigidity = Semi Rigid*

Figure 6: Etabs2015 Diaphragm Data Semi Rigid

-Define Piers:
Add piers name according to the division of the wall in your structure.
This step can't be done unless the division of the wall has been drawn.
Later on it will be shown in the explanation below.

-Define Spandrels*:
Add Spandrels name according to the number of walls excited. This step
can't be done unless the division of the wall has been drawn. Later on it
will be shown in the explanation below.

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-Define Load Patterns:
a- Dead: which represent the own weight of the elements with self multiplier=
1 which is mean that the program assign it by itself.
b- Live load: depends on the usage of the structure, you can refer to BS code,
ACI code or Authority Regulation. For residential use LL=2kn/m2.
c- Finish= super dead
d- Stair line load = other
e- Temperature = Temp (used when the width or length of the building >=50m
or as per Authority Regulations.
f- Seismic (lateral force) * "ex" &"ey" = seismic, according to the authority --
> UBC97 is used --> Modify Lateral Load:

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"Note that we only need to define the static dynamic load for the reason of equalizing
the base shear value that later on will be explained."

g- Wind* = type: wind --> Code: ASCE 7-10-->Modify Lateral load-->

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 Figure 7: Load Patterns

-Load Case:
Since load pattern has been defined, Etabs automatically defines the load case
type of the patterns as linear static, However additional Load Case will be
added for the P-delta Analysis of the structure and later on its result will be
compared with the static seismic load, it is called Spectrum*.
"Note you have first to define "Function" before you add the load case,
you can check this step as shown in the Define section below in this
report"
Four cases will be defined two in different direction but with a Diaphragm
Eccentricity = 0 and the other two with Diaphragm Eccentricity = 5%
CASE 1: Spec-x
- Load Case type: Response Spectrum
- Load type: Acceleration
- Load name: U1(x-direction) & U3 (z-direction), added to count for UZ for
the Modal Mass Participation ratio.
- Function: "as you have defined"

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 - U1 Scale Factor: = g*I/R, {g = ground acceleration, I=importance factor,
R=reduction factor, same value used for static seismic load define} =
9.81*1/5.5
- U3 Scale Factor = (2/3)*U1 scale factor.
"Note that you can apply any value of scale factor because later on it will be
changed when compared with the static dynamic load you can have a scale
factor =1000 for example."
- Diaphragm Eccentricity: 0

CASE 2: Spec-y: same procedure is done however with load name = U2

CASE 3: Spec-x-1
- Load Case type: Response Spectrum
- Load type: Acceleration
- Load name: U1 & U3
- Function: "as you have defined"
- U1 Scale Factor: = g*I/R, {g = ground acceleration, I=importance factor,
R=reduction factor} = 9.81*1/5.5
- U3 Scale Factor = (2/3)*U1 scale factor.
- Diaphragm Eccentricity: 5% or 0.05.

CASE 4: Spec-y-1: same procedure is done however with load name = U2 and
Diaphragm Eccentricity = 5% or 0.05.

"Note that Load Case Spec-xy is used in case the structure shape was
irregular."

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 Figure 8: Load Case 1, Spec x

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 Figure 9: Load Case 2, Spec y

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 Figure 10: Load Case 3, Spec x-1

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 Figure 11: Load Case 4, Spec y-1

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-Load Combination as per ACI 318-11:
S: service load
U: ultimate load
DL: summation of all dead load
LL: summation of all live load
S1 = DL+0.75LL+0.75TEMP
S2=DL+0.75LL-0.75TEMP
S3=DL+WIND
S4=DL+0.7 SPECx
S5=DL+0.7 SPECx1
S6=DL+0.7 SPECy
S7=DL+0.7 SPECy1
S8=DL+0.75 LL + 0.53 SPECx
S9=DL+0.75 LL+ 0.53 SPECx1
S10=DL+0.75LL+0.53 SPECy
S11=DL+0.75LL+ 0.53 SPECy1
S12=DL+0.75LL+0.75 WIND
S13=DL+0.75LL-0.75 WIND
S14=0.6DL+WIND
S15=0.6DL-WIND
S16=0.6DL+0.7 SPECx
S17=0.6DL+0.7 SPECx1
S18=0.6DL+0.7 SPECy
S19=0.6DL+0.7 SPECy1
S20=DL
S21=DL+LL
S22=DL+LL+TEMP
S23=DL+LL-TEMP
ENVELOPE SERVICE= all Service load
Load combination type: Envelope

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 -------------------------------------------------------------
U1=1.2DL+1.6LL+1.2TEMP
U2=1.2DL+1.6LL-1.2TEMP
U3=1.2DL+1.6LL+0.8WIND
U4=1.2DL+1.6LL-0.8WIND
U5=1.2DL+LL+1.6WIND
U6=1.2DL+LL-1.6WIND
U7=1.4DL
U8=0.9DL+1.6WIND
U9=0.9DL-1.6WIND
U10=1.2DL+LL+SPECx
U11=1.2DL+LL+SPECx1
U12=1.2DL+LL+SPECy
U13=1.2DL+LL+SPECy1
U14=0.9DL+SPECx
U15=0.9DL+SPECx1
U16=0.9DL+SPECy
U17=0.9DL+SPECy1
ENVELOPE ULTIMATE= all Ultimate load
Load combination type: Envelope
ENVELOPE ULTIMATE (SPECx) = all Ultimate load for
SPECx
Load combination type: Envelope
ENVELOPE ULTIMATE (SPECy) = all Ultimate load for
SPECy
Load combination type: Envelope

"Note that Two Envelope Combos were added for both direction of SPEC in
order to check the Drift accordingly."

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 "Note: another Model will be represented for Wind drift Checking:
Load Combination":
Wind Drift = DL+0.5LL+0.7 WIND --> X direction
= DL+0.5LL-0.7 WIND --> Y direction
This model will have no release for the column and according to UBC 97 you
will multiply modifier 0.7(for column) by 1.43 =1

Figure 12: ASCE 7-10, Commentary Appendix C

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 Once you have finished this step it is important to Check the model in
case any overlapping in the mesh appears ->
Go to Analyze-->Check model --> Length Tolerance of check = 0.00001 or
you can increase the length for more accurate checking. Don't forget to
choose all the selections.

Figure 13: Check Model command

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 P-Delta Analysis:

As shown in the figure the name p delta is driven out by the effect of P
(Normal force, the force generated at the top and bottom of the column) *
delta (horizontal displacement) and the result is the Moment which will cause
a lateral deflection. The effect of P delta is severe in case of resisting moment
frame system in high rise building when an earthquake is applied. P delta
generates additional shear force and bending moment in columns so the
structure should be sufficient to shear resistance in addition to the earthquake
shear otherwise the building may fall down.
To start defining P delta analysis:

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-Define Function:
Response Spectrum --> add new function "make sure function type is
according to the code used"
-->seismic coefficient, Ca =0.24
-->seismic coefficient, Cv =0.32
Those coefficients are driven from the static Seismic load definition in the
previous step.
-->ok

Figure 14: Function parameter

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 -Define Mass source*:
Add mass source name--> modify-->

Figure 15: Mass Source Parameter

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-Define P-Delta*:
Iterative-Based on loads--> Dead loads = 1.2, Live Loads=0.5

Figure 16: P-Delta Load Combination

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-Define Modal Case*:

Figure 17: Modal Case parameter

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-Define Auto Construction Sequence Load Case*:

Figure 18: Auto Construction Sequence Case

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Assign:

6- Once you have finished the Define bar you can start drawing using the Assign
menu: This step is the most important step for the Output of the Design.
-Note that arranging the layers in AutoCAD will now help you to draw the
element easily on Etabs2015.
Start by the Slab element --> at the left bar choose Draw floor
-->choose the property defined previously-->in the left bar: Model Explorer --
> Display --> View -> Architectural plan -->Layer Slab--> right click --
>Assign Area. You will notice that the mesh element has been drawn easily
with the slab property chosen.
"Note that you have to understand that the slab was already divided in a mesh
with size 2 as done in the previous step which means that we have to remove
the default of the Etabs2015 for the slab mesh as if that step didn't go correctly
it will consume time for the finite element analysis as the Etabs will re-divide
our manual mesh into smaller mesh --> an important step has to be done
before continue drawing other elements.
Go to Select all --> Assign --> Slab Automatic Mesh --> None."
-The Same procedure is done for Column and Beams. However for wall
element I prefer to draw them manually. Make sure the Snap option is on so
when drawing wall element it will be connected with the slab node.

-Since beams were drawn from center to center of columns-->don't mind that
the position of the beam isn’t at the right location because in Etabs it will be
moved to its original position using “insertion point”. First make sure that the
beams are intersecting properly.
"Note: if two beams intersect and to make sure that they meet at a point--
>select the two beams-->edit-->divide frame --> now to make sure that they
are intersected three beams should appear."

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 Insertion point is used to reposition the beam to its original location while it's
still drawn from center to center of column this step is done for showing the
result with the eccentricity of the beam.
Select the beam. Right click  go to design in the same window open
insertion point  and see where you want to move the beam at which edge I:
x or I: y, you can see how much to move in AutoCAD that will move the beam
the place you have in AutoCAD however it is still defined in the center of the
column  to show how they moved “Extrude Frame”.

7- The next important step is to start dividing the Shear wall using elevation as it
will represent the mesh of wall
Start naming the elevation according to your plan. To start drawing go to
Draw --> Draw Developed elevation-->name it-->ok
Then using the arrow, draw at the center of the wall starting from a point and
ending with a point "make sure you draw the line with the center of wall in
order to appear in the elevation plan."
Now the Elevation will show you the cross section of the wall --> for each
floor you will select and divide in such a way all the points meet at the same
line so in errors appear.
This Step is considered somehow a long one as you have to divide the walls in
such a way the length of the door is then to be removed from the wall section.
Using move joint command could be helpful.
"Note that the default of the wall mesh is none so it means our own division of
the wall is the mesh not like what we have done previously with the slab
mesh."

Since all your structural elements are drawn, it is time to start assigning the
main factors for your design analysis.

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Assign Joint Restraint:
Since we are using piles as a foundation, joint will have a fixed support
assignment.

Figure 19: Joint Restraint

Go to plan-->Base-->select all the joint --> go to Assign-->Joint

-->Restraint-->Fixed (1st select from the left side)

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Assign Piers:
Assigning piers is very important for the wall design. Walls at the same
alignment in different floors should have the same pier name.

Go to Select--> select according to your appropriate type of selection--

>Assign-->Frame-->Pier name

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Assign Spandrels:
Spandrels are assigned to the walls above the doors in the shear wall.
Go to Select--> select according to your appropriate type of selection--
>Assign-->Frame-->Spandrel name

Assign Modifiers*:
According to ACI 318-11, chapter 10, each structural element has a property
Modifier:

Figure 20: Property Modifiers according to ACI 318-11

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 To Assign Stiffness Modifiers:
Select (Slab) for example -->Assign  shell  Section modifiers.
(f11=f22=f12=m11=m22=m12) = 0.25 for flat slab and 0.5 for PT slab.

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 For Frame (Column) -->Assign-->Frame-->Property Modifier=0.7

For Frame (Beam) -->Assign-->Frame-->Property Modifier=0.35

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Assign Release/Partial Fixity for Frame:
According to the Municipality both ends of the column need to be released
which means that the column will not be designed to handle the Seismic
Forces.
Go to  Select-->selectobject type Column.
Go to Assign-->Frame-Release/Partial Fixity 
Release Moment by selecting the options for start point & end point

Figure 21: Moment Release for Frame

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Run the Model:

Go to Analyze--> Advanced SAPfire option -->

There are three Solving Method Options:

1- Standard Solver: this option is very useful for cases where model fails
under p-delta analysis. Using this option will show you the nodes that are free
or not connected to the mesh or wall. Such warnings will cause instabilities in
the structure and thus fails in p delta.

2- Advanced Solver: this is the program default solver option however it

doesn't show the lost of digits or free nodes.

3- Multi-threaded Solver: Provide no accuracy of the computation

"Note: Always start with the standard solver so you can fix the nodes that
didn't show in the check model."

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 The Main analysis results to be checked are:
a. Storey Base Shear
b. Modal Mass Participation Ratio
c. Torsion Irregularity
d. Displacement & Story Drift

“Note that the run should not take a long time otherwise it means that there is an error
in the modeling which is taking time for Etabs to solve.”

Display the Results:

Story Base Shear:
It is the total Lateral Force or shear at the base.

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 Once you have run the analysis, go to  Display  story Response plots 
Display type: Story Shear
“Note before you choose the Case/Combo you have to make sure that Modal
case appears so it means that the p delta analysis has been generated”
 Case/combo: EQx Read the value: Snapped to: and write it down, Do
the same procedure for Case/Combo: SPECx
Now These two values have to be same, if they aren’t then you have to divide
the Static load (EQx) over the Dynamic load (SPECx) to find the ratio that
need to be multiplied to the Scale Factor that was added.
Go to Define  Load Case  Spec x  Modify  Scale factor: Multiply
𝑥
the Ratio ( )with the value written previously (U1&Uz) Rerun the
𝑥

Analysis
"Note that you have to do the same thing for SPECy and EQy."

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Modal Mass Participation Ratio:

Go to Display --> Table --> Analysis --> Results --> Modal Results --> Modal Mass
Participation Ratios.

Go to the last Mode number --> Sum Ux, Sum Uy & Uz = 90% or more according to
ASCE 7-10, Section 12.9.1

"Note that in Case Sum of Ux,Uy and Uz is less than 90% you have to increase
number of Modes, However note that increasing to many numbers of mode may
indicates that there is an error in the structure. Try to Check the Model in case there is
any error in the mesh, or the Diaphragm is not assigned to all mesh elements."

Figure 22: Modal Mass Particiption ratio as per ASCE 7-10, Section
12.9.1

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Torsion Irregularity:
Since we are studying the structure due to earthquake load, it is important to check the
modal against torsional behavior during an earthquake. It is a result of eccentricity of
seismic forces. Torsional Irregularity mainly exists if structural building undergoes
earthquake and wind force (horizontal forces) which means that the building should
be checked if any torsional irregularity appears. According to ASCE 7-10 & UBC 97,
torsional irregularity appears when maximum story drift over average story drift is
𝑚𝑎𝑥
more than 1.2 {( ) > 1.2}.
𝑎𝑣𝑔

Figure 23: Torsion Irregularity as per ASCE7-10, Section

12.8

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 Figure 24: Torsional Amplification Factor as per ASCE 7-10, Section 12.8

Figure 25: Torsional irregularity as per UBC 97, Table 16-M

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 To check if the Ratio is more than 1.2 or less, Go to Display --> Show Table --
> Results --> Displacement--> Diaphragm Max/ Avg Drifts --> Choose load
Case Spec x or y --> check the Ratio

For Cases where the Ratio is more than 1.2 and less than1.4--> Torsional Irregularity
should be solved:

1- Prepare an Excel sheet where you have to insert these values according to the
floors with the torsional irregularity:

U max: to get the value --> go to Display --> Deformed Shape --> Case: Spec x -->
check the value at the left or right side of the floor and get the maximum value.

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U min: will be the lower value of the left or right side of the floor

Uavg = (Umax+Umin)/2

Umax/Umin = get the value from the table = Ratio or calculate it using Excel

𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑜
EccNewRatio = ∗ 0.05
.

EccNew (m) = in Etabs the new value of eccentricity will be added in meters, to get
the value --> for X direction you will multiply the New Ratio will the vertical
dimension of the floor.

As shown in the figure, the black line represents the vertical dimension of the floor
according to the direction of the displacement.

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To insert the new value of Eccentricity:

1- Go to Define --> Load Case --> Spec x o y according to what direction you choose
to start with.

2- Diaphragm Eccentricity --> Modify/Show -->

3- Add the Stories that require the new Eccentricity as shown in the figure above.

4- Note that same procedure should be done for the other direction.

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Displacement of the building against Wind Load

Open the Model of wind drift in order to check lateral deflection of the building. Both
Direction of wind load will be compared with the Max allowable lateral deflection.

Go to Display --> Deformed shape -->

Figure 26: Etabs2015 Deformed Shape, Wind Drift X

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Go to Last floor and make sure Joint is enabled from visible object --> Check Node
from up and down of the floor (Ux)

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 The two figures show the Ux at up end and left end --> taking max value of Ux and
compare it with (L/500) as per ASCE 7-10, CC.1.2. (L/500) is the value used in
general. Same procedure will be done for the other Direction.

Figure 27: ASCE 7-10, CC.1.2 Drift of Walls and Frames

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Story Drift against Seismic Load:
It is the Lateral Displacement of one level relative to the other level above or below.

Note that Drift due to Seismic and Wind should be checked in separate models.
Determine of Drift depends on the load combination and period of recurrence. Since
seismic force is already factored, factor is always 1 in the load combination of ASCE.
The recurrence period of seismic force is 50 years. However for wind drift, 50 years
wind is converted to 10 years service wind force as recommended by ASCE cc.1.2.
Note that the UBC 97, Section 1630.10 Story Drift Limitation says that if the period
of the structure (T) was less than 0.7 second then the maximum story drift shall not
exceed 0.025*story height. While if the period (T) was more than 0.7 then a limit
of0.02*story height is used.

Figure 28: UBC 97, Section 1630.10 Story Drift Limitation

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 To check from Etabs the period of the structure:

Go to Display--> Show Table-->Results--> Modal Results --> Modal Periods and

Frequencies:

Figure 29: Etabs 2015, Modal Periods and Frequencies, Mode1

From Figure above Mode 1 shows a period of 2.994>0.7 second --> 002*story height
is used.

Drift will be checked against the two Lateral loads (Wind & Seismic)

Seismic Story Drift Check:

Starting with the Seismic Story Drift Check, an Envelope Load combination of
SPECx and SPECy was made from the previous steps. This Load Combination will
help in finding the worst case of the Spectrum to check for story drift.

To check Story Drift from Etabs:

Go to--> Display--> Show Table --> Results-->Displacement--> Story Drift-->

choose load combo "Envelope SPECx" --> Choose Direction X

The Table will show the Ratio of Drift which you will compare it with the Allowable
Story Drift Ratio (0.02) as per ASCE 7-10, Table 12.12-1. Note that our Risk
Category is ІІ as per ASCE 7-10, Table 1.5-1.

"Note that Etabs show the Ratio which represent (Point value at story x - Point value
at story below or above for the same point). If this ratio was multiplied by the story
height it will give the value which you will compare it with 0.02*h."

The same check should be done for the Y direction.

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Figure 30: Etabs2015, Story Drift Checking by Ultimate Envelope Spec X

Wind Story Drift Check:

Open the model you named previously as Wind drift and recheck the wind drift Load
combination from Section Load Combination in the previous steps.

To check Story Drift from Etabs:

Go to--> Display--> Show Table --> Results-->Displacement--> Story Drift-->

choose load combo "wind drift x" --> Choose Direction X

Figure 31: Etabs 2015, Story Drift checking by Wind Drift in X direction

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Figure 32: Allowable storey drift as per ASCE 7-10, Section 12.12

Figure 33: ASCE 7-10, Chapter 1, Table 1.5-1 Risk Category

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"Note that if there are stories showing excessive values of story drift, it is because the
node or point at that location is not connected to the slab mesh or column. Modeling
technique should be drawn well otherwise it will cause unrealistic values of drift and
in other results".

Solving the Errors in Response Spectrum:

1- When you run the analysis go to last run analysis in order to show how many
Eigen value below the shift this indicates that the structure is instable
2- Increase first the section of the walls or columns.
3- Make sure that there is no additional story, for example if you used to have 30
stories and you want only 29 stories go to modify grids and delete that story
as it affects the analysis of the spectrum.
4- In order to check that all the members are connected together and there is no
element outside the mesh that could affect the stability, go to “start
Animation” and see the behavior of the elements.

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General Notes:

1- Should twin tower be modeled separately in Etabs? The answer is yes

because the twin towers are separated by an expansion joints at the podium
level  there is no load transfer between them + we perform dynamic
analysis which requires us to have different load scale factors for each
tower.
2- In case you want to rotate the model select the Model  Edit 
Replicate  Radial  Choose the angel of rotation.
3- In case the objects weren’t shown it means you have to go  View 
show all object. And make sure that in the option all the layers are ticked.
4- Note in case load case Spec didn’t show in the story response plot after
running  Reassign the Diaphragm and recheck the mesh as it is the main
reason of the instability make sure that no mesh is assigned to the slab as
we already draw them meshed.
5- In case you import a drawing and when you want to draw it doesn’t snap
 draw  snap option  Select all  apply.
6- Note if you want the modal to run for a specific load case  Analysis 
Set load case to run  and choose whatever load cases you want to run
for.

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Errors in Etabs:

1- Beams “are too close” it means you have to:

a- Draw in AutoCAD from center to center of column
b- In case beams intersecting  draw them in AutoCAD in such a way
the “green rectangular sign appears” when drawing from line to line
that means they are drawn connected.
c- Try to find the geometry in Etabs of the two beams that there y or are
the same
d- Or use the Move command from the Edit menu
e- Another way is that you select the two beams and then Edit--> Edit
frame--> Divide frame -->

If the two beams became three beams it means that the beams are now
connected at one point.

2- Slabs are too close, you have to read in which floors, note that in case you
have different slabs in one floor, overlapping could happens  you have to
read the joint label and check the geometry in such a way slabs wont
overlap.

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 3- If there was an error saying with beam and joint then try to either move the
joint to the beam or vice versa using also the copy from geometry of the
point or the beam or paste it in the other geometry.
4- If you run the model and P delta analysis didn't solve --> it means that
there's Instability in the structure --> Run the Model for Standard solver
option--> Check the nodes given in the detail & write their location -->
usually these nodes are connected to the mesh--> try to redraw the mesh or
move the node to the mesh.
5- If running the Model takes a long time make sure that you have assigned
"No Auto mesh" for slab as they are already meshed manually.
6- Make sure that you have defined a mass source as it affects the p delta
analysis.

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 Resolve instabilities:

a. Run log – After analysis, ensure that the model is stable by checking the analysis log,
available through File > Last Analysis Run Log.
b. Dead load – Review the animation of deformed configuration under self-weight to
ensure reasonable response from gravity loading.
c. Mode shapes – Run modal analysis to verify that each mode-shape period is
reasonable. Especially long periods will indicate instability. Animate the deformed
shape of an unstable mode to identify the location of instability, then edit the model to
resolve convergence problems.
d. Restraints and constraints – Do not restrain DOF that are associated with
a constraint.
e. Release only one end – Ensure that releases are not assigned to both ends
of frame objects. Releasing both ends may prevent load transfer, leading to numerical
problems. Information on numerical problems is available using the Standard Solver,
available through Analyze > Set Analysis Options > Solver Options.
f. Avoid full fixity and full rigidity – Rather than applying full fixity to DOF and full
rigidity to structural objects, restrained and rigid conditions should be modeled using
sufficiently large stiffness values, perhaps on the order of 1e11, or 1e3 to 1e4 times
the stiffness of nearby members. Stiffness values may be assigned using spring
constants, property modifiers, or section properties. Full fixity or full rigidity may
cause numerical sensitivity in linear solutions and singularities in nonlinear numerical
formulation, leading to convergence problems or instabilities.

Reference: https://wiki.csiamerica.com/display/kb/Troubleshooting+Checklist

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Definitions:

1. Slab Modeling Type:

Membrane: used to represent in plane stiffness of members which means that is
it has no bending resistance

Shell: they have in plane and out plane stiffness thus they are more realistic for
any structural slab.

Note that in Shell type we have thin and thick shell it is important to
differentiate between them usually thick slab used for raft foundation while in
our case of the tower design we will end up using thin-shell.

If you want to know more about the difference you can read the book "Theory
and analysis of elastic plats and shell- J.N.Reddy"

One important note about the difference between membrane and shell is that
membrane transfer 100&% of the forces to beam and doesn't take any part of
load bearing thus representing slab as shell will act both as load bearing and
transferring load to the support.

2. Wall Property Type:

We have both Specified and Auto Select List, when the Auto Select List is used
the program then will use the thinnest wall property to satisfy both the strength
requirements and the lateral drift thus in our Design we have to use Specified
so we can specify the wall property.

3. Diaphragm Rigidity:
The importance of assigning Diaphragm is mainly to distribute the seismic
forces as it connects all individual members into seismic force Resisting
System. This means that we connect all the elements in order for the structure
to act as one mass.

Rigid: it means it's infinitely rigid which doesn't deform & it distributes forces
based on connecting member’s stiffness. It is used in case we have thick slab
and lateral deformation is negligible

Semi-Rigid: it distributes the loads based on the tributary area of the supports.
It is used in case lateral deformation is significant just like towers
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No diaphragm or Flexible diaphragm: means there's no diaphragm used to
distributes the lateral forces it's also called flexible as it allows the frame to
deflect independently of other connecting member

4. Property Modifiers:
Stiffness Modifiers are factor used to decrease or increase property of the cross
section. They are used to represent the behavior of the structure in cracked
stage "Cracking of the RCC sections." According to ACI 318 if P-delta analysis
is used it is important to use the cracked section for the deformation calculation
and strength of the section.

5. Spandrels:

Figure34:https://wiki.csiamerica.com/display/etabs/Pier+and+Spandrel+Labeling+and+Design

This photo here shows how spandrel is being assigned. Note that walls at the
same alignment have same spandrel names.

Spandrels usually marked for the bracing between walls above the doors.

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 6. Seismic Load Pattern:
-Direction & Eccentricity: you only need to select X-Dir as for dynamic analysis the
only purpose of defining Static load of earthquake is to equalize it with the base shear
as shown in the previous steps.

-Time period Ct (ft): Program Calc = 0.02

-Importance Factor, I: According to UBC 97, Table 16-K, I = 1

-Over Strength Factor, Ductility factor or Force Reduction Factor, R: this factor is
very important as it represent how much the reduction of the force will happen
according to the usage and importance of the structure. In case we have Hospitals,
R=1 however this means it will cost more as the structure will be designed to face
almost no cracking after an Earthquake such buildings are called “Essential
Buildings” or “Special”.

R= Elastic/Inelastic

According to UBC 97-Table 16-N-Structural System, Concrete Shear Wall, R=5.5

Figure 35: UBC 97, Table 16-N, Structural Systems

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 -Damping Eccentricity = 5%: According to UBC 97 damping eccentricity of 5% is used for
the uncertainty of the design and construction. It means that at Site sizes of columns or beams
are not 100% exact as per design. It is considered for Safety issues however in our dynamic
analysis it doesn’t matter as we are not designing our tower due to static load.

-Soil Type Profile: SC

Figure 36: UBC97, Table 16-j, Soil Profile Types

-Seismic Zone Factor = 0.2

Figure 37: UBC 97, Table 16-1 Seismic Zone factor Z

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7. Wind Load Pattern:
-Exposure and Pressure Coefficients: choose "Diaphragms." This option allows
the same wind load to be applied each time the load case is assigned.

-Wind Pressure Coefficients: Program Determined

- Wind Exposure Parameters: Create all sets (it will consider the four load
cases as mentioned in ASCE 7-10, figure 27.4-8.

E1 ratio= 0.15

E2 ratio= 0.15, According to ASCE 7-10, Figure 27.4-8

Figure 38: ASCE 7-10, Figure 27.4-8, Design Wind Load Cases

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- Wind Speed (mph) =101 as per ASCE7-10 maps

-Exposure Type: B

-Gust Factor: usually a value of 0.85 is assigned however it is important to

assign the value required according to the frequency of the structure.

1- Save the model and name it for "Wind Drift"

2- Assign a frame modifier = 1, and don't Release Fixity of Frames.

3- Run the Model

4- Display period of the structure, Display --> Show Table --> Results-->
Model Result--> Modal Periods and Frequencies

5- The table will show the number of modes added with the period in sec, however
the first two modes are always the ones with the larger values. Mode 1 represents the
period in X direction and Mode 2 represents the period in Y direction.

6- Using Excel sheet, insert the value of T1 or T2 and take the worst value of the Gust
Factor.

"Note that value greater or near to 1are considered a worst case"

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Explanation about Wind Load Calculation in ASCE 7-10:

- Chapter 27 talks about wind load calculation

- Chapter 26 talks about general requirements

There are three methods for wind force calculation:

METHOD 1: Envelope Procedure MWFRS, C&C (Simplified Method 2 Low-Rise)

MWFRS: Main Wind Force Resisting System

METHOD 2:

1- All-Heights: Directional Procedure MWFRS, C&C

2- Low Rise: Envelope Procedure MWFRS, C&C

METHOD 3: Wind Tunnel Procedure

----------------------------------------------------------------------

- SECTION 26.1.2 talks about permitted procedure

-Section 26.1.2.1 talks about Directional & Envelope Procedure MWFRS

-Section 26.2 explains Definitions

-Section 26.3 explains Symbols

-Section 26.4 shows Sign Convention

+ (force toward surface)

- (away from surface)

-Section 26.5 shows wind Speed maps (depends on Risk Category)

We have 4 risk categories

For Risk 1  table 1.5-1 page 2

For Risk 2  page 247a, 247b

USUALLY RESIDENTIAL BUILDINGD HAVE RISK CATEGORY 2

-Section 26.7 talks about Exposure type

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-Section 26.7.2 talks about surface roughness

B (urban or woods), C, D (flat and wide) such as if you live in cost or desert or shore
line

-Section 26.8 shows topography effects, wind speed up over hills, ridges etc.

K1, K2, K3  figure 26.8 -1

And if there is no hills  kzt = 1.0

-Wind gust  if building is rigid, gust effect factor will decrease load 0.85

Building rigidity depends on natural frequency of the building

(Usually all low rise building are considered rigid)

A low rise building:

1- Height less than 60 ft.

2- Height must be less than either of width or length of the base

-Section 26.10 talk about Enclosure (means hole or opening in the building)

1- Enclosed

2- Partially Enclosed

3- Open (at least 25% of wall is opened by glass or door)

-Section 26.11 talks about Internal pressure  table 26.11-1

Gcpi: = 0 for open

(- or +) 0.55 for partially open

(- or +) 0.18 for enclosed

Chapter 27: discusses MWFRS –directional procedure, Table 27.2-1 gives procedure
for calculation p260

-Section 27.3 = velocity pressure  it converts wind speed into pressure on the
building

AND FROM PRESSURE we will get wind load.

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8. Spectrum Case:
Seismic Force Calculation:
1- Static Method: defining static load Ex & Ey
2-Dynamic Method, defining Modal Response Spectrum: is a method used to
determine Seismic response of a structure. 5% damping is used to determine response
spectrum curve.
3- Time History: gives response of the structure for a given periods and it depends on
the previous data.
----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
For our Analysis Dynamic Method is used. Response Spectrum analysis or (Multiple
Model Response Spectrum analysis) is a linear dynamic statistical analysis method
which measures from each mode of vibration to indicate maximum seismic response
of an elastic structure. For High rise buildings it's not possible to predict seismic
behavior with single mode that is why we consider multiple mode cases which is used
for dynamic analysis.

Figure 39: Modal Response Scale Factor per ASCE 7-10, Section 12.9

Figure 40: Modal Combined Method as per ASCE 7-10,Section 12.9

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9. Mass Source:
For Earthquake weight calculation, Mass source need to be defined in order for
Etabs to calculate it correctly so Mass source represent the Seismic weight that
will be used for the seismic calculation. Such step is important in order for Etabs
distributes the seismic load correctly. It will consider a full dead load with factor 1
and live load factor =0.25, why is that? During an Earthquake dead is left the same
which means that we will consider the whole weight of dead  factor =1, however
for residential building the only live load left is for example furniture and that's why
0.25 of live load is considered for weight calculation.

-Element self-mass: Etabs automatically add the mass of the structure by this
selection, if element self-mass was checked, don’t add Dead load in the Specified load
Patterns.

-Additional Mass: used to account for partitions, cladding and so on. However finish
load will be added in the Specified Load Patterns so no need to select.

-Specified Load Patterns: Only the global Z-direction loads are considered when
calculating the mass. This mass is applied to each joint in the structure on a tributary
area basis in all three translational directions.

-Include lateral Mass: assigned translational mass in global X&Y-axis directions and
rotational mass moment of inertia about the global Z-axis are considered in the
analysis.

-Include vertical mass: assigned translational mass in the global Z axis direction and
assigned rotational mass moments of inertia about the global X and Y axes are
considered in the analysis.

-Lump Lateral mass at Storey level: is checked when we have a transfer slab or
planter column.

(You can check CSI America documents for any reference.)

Figure 41: Effective Seismic weight as per ASCE 7-10,

Section 12.7

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10. P-Delta:

Figure 42: P delta effect definition as per ASCE 7-10, page 60

-Iterative Based on Load Cases: loads are derived from combination based on static
load cases. These load combination is called P-Delta load Combination.

This method requires iteration of specified combination to determine P-Delta effect

on the structure. It considers local buckling effect more significantly more than the
non-iterative one.

P delta load Combination = 1.2DL+0.5LL

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11. Modal Case:
Modal analysis is a linear dynamic response procedure used to calculate frequency
modes and showing displacement patterns of a structure.

"Modes: is a combination of a deformed shape of a structure depending on the

structure mass"

This step is important as it makes sure than more than 90% of the structure's mass in
Ux, Uy and Uz is participating under the effect of the lateral forces (Seismic Forces).

Figure 43:Modal Mass Participation Ratio as per ASCE 7-

10,Section 12.9

-Ritz: they are sufficient for dynamic analysis involving horizontal motion. "You can
learn more about the Ritz vector in the Etabs Manual." Ritz provide a better basis
when used for response spectrum

-Load Type: Acceleration

- Maximum Number of Modes = usually equal Number of stories in our structural

building.

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12. Auto Construction Sequence Load Case:
It is used when we have a planted column or a transfer Slab--> Go to Define--> Auto
construction sequence case--> Check "Case is active" --> Load applied: add only
DEAD load as Live load will be applied after the Structure is complete. Deal Load
factor = 1.

Now Etabs will automatically generate a load case called Autoseq, you can
check by going to the load case in the Define menu.

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Conclusion:

Now you can Model and analyze any kind of structural element with different
number of floors and shapes. Usually Seismic effect is the main concern to
handle throughout the design process. It's important to study about Dynamic
analysis in order to understand how the structure responds under lateral loads.
Reading, searching and questioning are your primary tools to a better structural
concept.

Make sure that every factor, ratio, & cases is based on the Code used in your
country. Never underestimate the importance of the regulations needed
throughout the design procedure.

And Last but not least Civil Engineering is definitely the mother of knowledge.

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 Special Thanks:

-Special thanks to my father who gave me support and encouragement to start

this work and completing it with this final report.

-Special thanks to my mother who believed that nothing is impossible.

-Special thanks to my brother Rami who provided the necessary tools and
software to start the Design process.

-Special thanks to every Engineer who helped in the process of learning and
understanding.

-Special thanks to my friends Ahmed, Ruaa, Noor, Shahd, Amani, Yuser, Zain,
& Rasha.

-Special thanks to everyone who is willing to learn, study and help in

improving the world.

For any Information, Questions or Doubts please contact:

Nada.Zarrak@hotmail.com

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