Final Research Paper 1

Final Research Paper

Charlie K Pregler

Fort Hays State University

Final Research Paper 2

Abstract

This project was completed for a qualitative research methods class in the fall semester at

Fort Hays State University. Examining leadership challenges at DFW homeless shelters was

picked because of an inquiry regarding existing research. Upon finding a shortage of research in

the area, it was determined to be a place where a study could potentially further research. The

research was conducted using semi structured interviews at various homeless shelters in the

DFW area. The findings were coded using the In Vivo process. This method uses words from the

participants own langue to represent a larger concept. The second cycle coding used thematic

coding. In this process themes were used to describe the first cycle In Vivo coding. Grouping

together in like themes. Then using a matrix display to align codes for analytic purposes. The

findings resulted in several themes in which the data can be better understood. With the

understanding of the overlying themes the data can be extrapolated and used to benefit current

homeless shelters and further the research.

Table of contents

Contents
Abstract ......................................................................................................................................................... 2
Introduction of the Topic and Justification ................................................................................................... 3
Review of Literature ..................................................................................................................................... 5
Methods ...................................................................................................................................................... 10
Context and Sample ................................................................................................................................ 10
Data Collection and Analysis.................................................................................................................. 11
Researcher Reflexivity ............................................................................................................................ 15
Findings ...................................................................................................................................................... 15
Table 1.1 ................................................................................................................................................. 16
Standards for Validation and Evaluation .................................................................................................... 20
Final Research Paper 3

Discussion and Conclusions ....................................................................................................................... 21

References, .................................................................................................................................................. 23
Appendix:.................................................................................................................................................... 27

Introduction of the Topic and Justification

Purpose statement

The purpose of this report is to examine leadership challenges at (DFW) Dallas, Fort Worth area

homeless shelters and non-profits

The research question

What are some key leadership challenges facing personnel of a metro-area homeless shelter?

Secondary questions

What are some ways leadership challenges are dealt with by personnel of metro-area homeless

shelters?

What are the most successful ways of overcoming the challenges leadership in homeless shelters

face?

What are some key attributes of leadership in shelters and nonprofit organizations?

Homelessness is one of the biggest mixed bag issues in America. One concept of the

issue is that the problem is large and growing. “A new count indicates that Dallas

County homeless population has increased dramatically to a record 9,124.” (Horner, 2006) While
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other studies are showing the problem as small and overstated. “Samples are generalized beyond

the currently homeless population, leads to overestimations of the persistence of homelessness,

the demographic distinctiveness of the homeless population, and the prevalence of personal

disabilities and deviant lifestyles among homeless people.” (Phelan, & Link, 1999) Another

concept under dispute is that the current healthcare system is the cause of many homeless

suffering from various conditions and not getting proper treatment. While some studies show

even in countries with free healthcare the issue remains. “This finding may also have broader

implications for the general homeless adult population (nonveterans), suggesting that efforts to

provide the homeless with health insurance coverage (e.g., expansion of Medicaid) may increase

their access to health services but may not substantially reduce.” (Tsai, & Rosenheck, 2013)

Mixed information concerning the homeless is plentiful. However there has not been a

great deal of study done in the area of leadership in homeless shelters and nonprofits. Using

various databases such as Academic Search Premier, Core, Google and PsychINFO, JSTOR I

was unable to find a great deal of research surrounding leadership in shelters or nonprofit

organizations, in regard to homeless. Areas that I was successful at finding research was with the

individuals attending the shelters. “The purpose of this qualitative study with homeless youth

(ages 18-24) was to understand their involvement in decision-making within agency and

community settings.” (Ferguson, & McCoy, 2011) There was also various studies conducted that

considered homeless shelter procedures. These studies touched on the subject of leadership.

However never truly brought to light many leadership traits, qualities, or types. “Open-ended

questions regarding barriers and effectiveness of the shelter referral procedures.” (Ponce, et al,

2017) Other areas of research are dealing with causation of homelessness. (Robertson, &
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Greenblatt, 2013) this book takes a national perspective on the issue. It then goes in detail issue

by issue. Some of which are alcoholic, domestic violence, youth runaways and homeless

families. While never touching on success or failures of shelters regarding leadership.

Audiences will benefit from the research I conducted in a great deal of ways. Right now,

little is known about how leadership is effective or ineffective in shelters. Little is known about

the challenges they face. We also know very little about what traits make the individuals in the

leadership overcome the challenges or fall to them. This can benefit the end user in a variety of

ways. Information is critical in bettering the ever-growing population of homeless both in DFW

as well as everywhere else in the world. It is a true passion to discover ways we can alleviate the

issue and better help our communities. To date the issue is very much alive in every major city in

USA. The research has been done with a case study approach. In doing so, with a commitment

to better the community in ways of expanding upon existing successful individuals. This required

a great deal of interviews and compiling of research from various information sources. Most in

person interviews I will conducted in the cities of Fort Worth and Dallas (DFW).

Review of Literature

Intro

The focus of this literature review is to frame the current climate of leadership issues

regarding homeless shelters. Exploring the vast amount of research already done and outlining

the findings. Following the trends of the current research and looking for shortcomings of current

research is the scope of this research. Leadership in homeless shelters experience unique

problems, in which they need unique solutions too. These unique problems often are very
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different than a typical leadership position in for profit and non-for-profit companies.

Understanding of this can help progress the knowledge and perhaps progress the effectiveness of

leadership in homeless shelters.

What is already known about this issue?

Leadership, the individual in the driver seat of homeless shelters. They face challenges

unique to the homelessness arena. Examples of research currently completed has a laser like

focus on the underlying issues surrounding the culture and its issues. “Leadership must

effectively attend to these softer issues that also affect organizational performance” (Westcott,

2014). The many various studies and research that has been conducted in a manner, seeks to

understand the why as well as the underlying causes and through the underlying causes we can

understand the situations that leadership face. (Robertson, & Greenblatt,2013) this book takes a

national perspective on the issue. It then goes in detail issue by issue. Some of which are

alcoholic, domestic violence, youth runaways and homeless families. These issues continue on in

the homeless shelters and then become issues for the leadership to solve. Alcohol for example

requires the implementations of programs in the shelter setting. “The purpose of this qualitative

study with homeless youth (ages 18-24) was to understand their involvement in decision-making

within agency and community settings.” (Ferguson, & McCoy, 2011) The issues that bring

individuals to the shelters are the issues that the leadership will face while housing and helping.

Studies also dig into some various issues of shelters in regard to their interworking.

“Roosevelt-based nonprofit homeless shelter has once again underpaid its employees for the

second time in four years” (Jacqueline, 2015). Other challenges that the leadership in homeless
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shelters face are economic, biologic, and mental stability. Biologic problems range from fever

outbreaks to tuberculosis. The high risk for acquiring occupational TB necessitates the

development of TB surveillance protocols for homeless shelter staff” (Vonesch, et al., 2012).

“An outbreak of Q fever in a homeless shelter in Marseilles” (Brouqui, Badiaga, & Raoult,

2004). One study in particular looked at the experience that leadership shapes for individuals in

the shelter. “The sample generally felt positively toward and supported by the shelter and staff.

For example, over two-thirds (67%) reported liking staff, almost 84% had friends at the shelter,

and 81% reported that staff at the shelter helped them and their family” (Lynn, Cynthia, et al,

2014). Leadership must be aware of the consequences of any changes at all times.

Implementation of policy changes can have profound effects on a shelter experience.

“Although many shelter administrators may recognize the harmful effects of smoking, their

concerns about the potential negative consequences that may accompany shelter-wide smoking

bans” (Businelle, et al, 2015). Smoking is just one policy that was looked at. Another source

covered sex offender research and policy’s leadership at shelters are implementing.

“Specifically, the current study assesses policies regarding RSO access to homeless shelters in a

four-state region, focusing on the effect of structural, procedural, and geographic factors, as well

as a shelter’s proximity to children” Rolfe, Tewksbury, & Schroeder, 2016).

Which theories are used and discussed in this area?

Post positivism theories are used throughout many of the studies conducted to determine

contributors or situations that bring about homelessness.

Pragmatism was another common theory used in trying to find solutions for homeless
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What concepts are used or disputed about?

One concept of the issues is that the problem is large and growing. “A new count

indicates that Dallas County's homeless population has increased dramatically to a record 9,124.”

(Horner, 2006) While other studies are showing the problem as small and overstated. “Samples

are generalized beyond the currently homeless population, leads to overestimations of the

persistence of homelessness, the demographic distinctiveness of the homeless population, and

the prevalence of personal disabilities and deviant lifestyles among homeless people.” (Phelan, &

Link, 1999)

Another concept under dispute is if the current healthcare system is the cause of many

homeless suffering from conditions and not getting proper treatment. (Horner,2006,) While some

studies show even in countries with free healthcare the issue remains. “This finding may also

have broader implications for the general homeless adult population (nonveterans), suggesting

that efforts to provide the homeless with health insurance coverage (e.g., expansion of Medicaid)

may increase their access to health services but may not substantially reduce.” (Tsai, &

Rosenheck, 2013) This has large implications for the leadership of shelters. It directly impacts

the amount of funding they are able to receive and utilize. It’s also a very important cog in the

greater leadership issues. Leadership is faced with the task of catering to the needs in shelters.

For example, an individual with dementia will need to be cared for or watched more closely.

Each condition puts the leadership team into different unique challenges.

What are the theoretical or methodological debates or controversies in the field?

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What should be done verses what is being done to help or eliminate the issue.

“Homelessness (USICH) began working with states and localities to create ten-year plans to end

homelessness. Over the last 6 years alone, USICH reports a 33% reduction of veteran

homelessness, 21% reduction of individuals experiencing chronic homelessness, and a 53%

reduction in unsheltered homelessness among families.” (Hodge, & Horton, 2017) While a

conflicting report shows the problem increasing. “Recent reports suggest an estimated 650,000

individuals across the United States and Canada are homeless on any given night [1, 2].

Compared with the general population, homeless individuals have poorer health status and a high

prevalence of physical and mental health problems [3–5]. As a result, they experience high rates

of healthcare utilization, morbidity, and mortality [5].” (Palepu, et al 2016)

What are still open questions?

What enables individuals to overcome leadership challenges with regards to homeless nonprofit

organizations and shelters?

What are some key leadership challenges facing personnel of a metro-area homeless shelter?

What are the ways to increase success of leadership and in turn increase homeless care quality?

What are some trends of leadership success derived from both nonprofit and shelters in the

homeless theater?

What are the most successful ways of overcoming the challenges leadership in homeless shelters

face?

What has not yet been studied?

Final Research Paper 10

A case study of to examine leadership challenges at (DFW) Dallas, Fort Worth area

homeless shelters and non-profits.

Methods

The research examined leadership challenges at (DFW) Dallas, Fort Worth area homeless

shelters and non-profits. “Data collection activities include locating site/ individual, gaining

access, and developing rapport, sampling purposefully, collecting data, recording information,

minimizing field issues, storing data securely.” (Creswell, Poth, 2018, p. 149) I conducted the

study in a case study style. It is the most appropriate qualitative study technique, as it can

generate a multifaceted understanding of leadership issues in homeless shelters. Of the various

ways to collect data. Semi Structured interviews was my primary way to collect data. Questions

were both thematically or what questions. I also included dynamically or how questions. These

Interviews have the best chance of allowing me to answer the research question. “What enables

individuals to overcome leadership challenges?” As well as the secondary questions, “What are

some ways to increase success consistently identified by case study participants?" What is a

common trend of leadership success in shelters and nonprofit organizations?” The interview

choice of semi structured will allow interaction and more in depth qualitative research to occur

over traditional structured interviews. Other data collection strategies were from observation of

the interview sites, other data sources, and focus groups.

Context and Sample

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The organizations I selected to include in my study are in Tarrant County. The first one

deals primarily with Transitional & Permanent Temporary & Long-Term housing for persons w/

HIV/AIDS. They provide permanent housing in 60 single-occupancy on-site units. This

organization was chosen because of how large an operation it is. The organization provides a

great deal of leadership examples and interview opportunities. Another site in Tarrant County

provides 24-hour Domestic violence hotline for women and their children. They operate

domestic violence shelters in the heart of Tarrant County. Another site was also chosen because

of how large a shelter it is. This shelter has a niche in the shelter community as the organization

seeks to help domestic violence victims. This will provide a good contrast from other shelters

who do not have specific goal. For contrast a youth Services organization was chosen because

they provide temporary emergency shelters for runaway or homeless youth of the age 10 - 17.

This again shines a light on a very different shelter experience dealing with minors. The

leadership there will be able to give a different perspective on the primary and secondary

questions. Lastly an organization that provides emergency services for the homeless living in

Tarrant County offering breakfast, lunch, and dinner every day for those in need. This is another

large operation who seeks to help not only create a safe place to sleep but a meal as well. This

creates additional challenges for the leadership team that simple shelters who only provide

shelter do not have. In each of the above organizations I reached out to them about the research

proposal. Each one has agreed to participate and were willing to sign an informed consent

document.

Data Collection and Analysis

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I used A Priori determination determine what samples that will be used. I looked to find

leadership in nonprofits and shelters with employees of over five members. The leadership I

have chosen are either the owners or leadership that has a great deal of control of the

organization in which they are affiliated with or have ownership over.

Interviews were the primary method of data collection. Confidentiality and anonymity

was of the upmost concern for me. Of the individuals included in the research no names or

detailed information will be provided. Individuals will be made aware of the studies goals and

were given opportunities to excuse themselves at any time during the study. I remained at the

mercy of the individuals being interviewed as too what methods they are willing to allow me to

use. If they allow me to record and give consent, then it will be used only for my data reflection.

Additionally, the names will be stored with a key in a separate location than the core data. This

will ensure a breach of network will not allow a data leak in anyway. All recordings and written

data will use a key system in which interviews will be disguised behind a code name. The first

cycle coding was done using In Vivo process. This method uses words from the participants own

langue to represent a larger concept. The second cycle coding used thematic coding. In this

process themes were used to describe the first cycle In Vivo coding. Grouping together in like

themes. Then using a matrix display to align codes for analytic purposes.

The Interview Protocol

The opening statement will be as follows. I Charlie Pregler am conducting this research

for purposes of a research class at Fort Hays State University. By choosing to be in this study

you will help contribute to knowledge of leadership practices among organizations serving in the
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homeless arena. I am looking specifically at the opportunities for improvement in the homeless

care through best practices in leadership. By participating you will be given a copy of the

research findings in which you can see and apply the findings. It is my hope that the information

will benefit you in how the organization operates and perhaps influence positive change for your

organization. If at any time you feel uncomfortable with the research and no longer wish to be a

part of it, you are welcome to excuse yourself at any time. All information associated will be

destroyed accordingly. Your confidentiality is of upmost importance and I will keep that as a top

priority. You have been selected because of your leadership ability in the organization you

operate or are affiliated with. You are the change agent in which true progress is being made

through.

Question One,

What leadership related challenges do you face within your organization?

Follow up, How often do you face these challenges?

Follow up, How do you overcome these challenges?

Question Two,

Define "success" within the context of their organization.

Follow up, How long did it take to implement?

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Question Three,

What is unique among leadership in your organization?

Follow up, Why did you join the team or create the shelter or nonprofit?

Follow up, What was your drive or deciding factor in helping the homeless?

Question Four,

What do you see as important/necessary personal attributes for leadership in non-profit/homeless

arena?

How do people describe you?

Follow up, How would the users of your faculties describe you?

Question Five,

What is your greatest strength/ greatest weakness?

Question Six,

Where do you see yourself in four years?

Follow up, Where do you see yourself in eight years?

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The interview section was semi structured meaning not every interview was the same. I

gave interviewees an opportunity to explain or talk about different aspects of the leadership and

organization that are not included in the structured format. This occured after opening statement

and continue through and past closing statement. It seeks to keep an open dialog with the

interviewee. I will also enable the interviewee to contact me through phone or by mail in which

they can give more information as it comes to them.

Researcher Reflexivity

My personal bias in the study will revolve around one’s passion to serve as well as one’s

passion to help those in need. I strongly believe the leadership at the nonprofits and shelters are

there for a very specific reason. That being to help others in need. I don’t believe that the

leadership like in many traditional facilities has the goal of making money through products and

services. It is a much different drive for individuals who are helping others. I have volunteered at

several shelters as well as seen many aspects involving the homeless situation including ride

along with law enforcement in the areas most effected. I will not let this blind me in this

research. Nor will I let it lead the research facts astray. What will be provided, will strive to be an

unbiased look into the operation and leadership within the shelters and non-profits. I seek to pull

back the curtains and look at the nuts and bolts that make for effective organizations.

Findings
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The findings of the research conducted revealed a great deal of the interworking of

homeless shelters in my pursuit to answer the following questions, what enables individuals to

overcome leadership challenges, what are the ways to increase success of a leadership in

homeless shelters and nonprofit organizations, what is a common trend of leadership success in

shelters and nonprofit organizations? The majority of the answers to the questions came from

semi structured interviews. For the anonymity of the leaders who participated and the

establishments they work for all will be referred to in numerical ordered by shelter and leader.

Table 1.1

Expected information Obstacles to success

Teaming related

Surprising information
Success of leadership
Sub Theme Money
Sub Theme-Relationships
Sub Theme Services

Teaming related

Using In Vivo Coding I was able to find interesting concepts and trends hidden within the

questions asked to each participant. The first theme that I found was related to teaming. It

showed a great number of teaming related content. “I want to be someone people can trust.”
Final Research Paper 17

(Homeless Organization Three, Leader Two). Looking further into the global teaming example

we start to pull key things associated with high levels of teaming. “Homeless It takes charisma

and a solid understanding of people to achieve good results” (Organization One, Leader Two,

2017, October 10). This helps paint the picture and gives a better understanding of the research

question, “What are the ways to increase success of a leadership in homeless shelters and

nonprofit organizations.” Further examples of teaming related answers were impactful to the

findings. “This goes back to being mindful and building trust. We all are working towards

something great. So, the culture needs to be very trusting in each other. We achieve this by being

mindful” (Homeless Organization Four, Leader One, 2017, October 10).

Obstacles to success

Another very prevalent theme was obstacles to success. In this theme it was discovered a

very prevalent number of interviews displaying consistent obstacles to success. “For us the

problem is not filling up our spots. It’s in making the tough choices of who we can help because

of our size. Who you have to turn away on a cold or hot night due to space restrictions”

(Homeless Organization One, Leader One, 2017, October 10). Another example is context from

the same interview. “I know however that resources are only so big. So, it’s hard to envision

something like that when you have been doing this for so long and know the limitations set forth

by resources” (Homeless Organization One, Leader One, 2017, October 10). The theme is

further continued throughout other interviews as well. One of which demonstrating that it is not

only the resource of money and space but also employees. “Not enough of me to go around.

Feeling like I wear so many hats that my hair might start failing out” (Homeless Organization

One, Leader Two, 2017, October 10). Another interview shows a similar theme of hours worked.

“My weakness comes as a result of too many hours serving the cause” (Homeless Organization
Final Research Paper 18

One, Leader Two, 2017, October 10). Another example of the issue demonstrated during an

interview. “This comes with challenges ranging in nature from inadequate funds to inadequate

training” (Homeless Organization Two, Leader Two, 2017, October 10). In the end the theme

pointed towards funding being the root of this particular aspect. “Budget is the biggest.

Everything that you do has a dollar sign attached to it.” (Homeless Organization Three, Leader

One, 2017, October 10).

Success of leadership

The theme of success of leadership tended to go in one direction in all interviews. That

being seeing success by how will others are served. “Helping increasingly more people each

year” (Homeless Organization Four, Leader Two, 2017, October 10). This appeared in many

forms some of which were sub themes within the theme. One was simply by building

relationships.

Sub Theme-Relationships

“It’s from there we can build an amazing relationship” (Homeless Organization Four, Leader

One, 2017, October 10). Sometimes the theme emerged in the form of results from helping

others. “Everyone is working towards the same thing. Helping others overcome bad spots in their

lives” (Homeless Organization Three, Leader Two, 2017, October 10). The overall theme was

pointed towards how successful leadership is being gaged by how well they help others.

“positive change to enable us to do more. To help more” (Homeless Organization Three, Leader

One, 2017, October 10).

Surprising information
Final Research Paper 19

Sub Theme Money

An emerging theme that came from the interviews was surprising information.

Information that stands out from the status que or norm. The first being rooted in the sub theme

of money related issues. One of which that caused on occasion homeless individuals being

turned away because of space limitations. “It’s in making the tough choices of who we can help

because of our size. Who you have to turn away on a cold or hot night due to space restrictions”

(Homeless Organization One, Leader One, 2017, October 10). Lacking proper funding showed

surprising information about staffing situations. “You must find the individuals who can

overlook the pay issue and work in some of the hardest conditions. It’s a tough sell” (Homeless

Organization Two, Leader Two, 2017, October 10).

Sub Theme Services

Another discovery was a sub theme of surprising information. This involved the vast

amount of services offered to the homeless. These services ranged from consoling, to nutrition.

“I was provided help and guidance. More than just a place to stay. Help to get out from the need”

(Homeless Organization Three, Leader One, 2017, October 10). Another example of the services

offered came from the question, “Define success”. “I have been able to get many programs up

and running to help the homeless. Some of which are nutrition services and substance abuse

programs. Each one helping individuals achieve a wholistic healing experience” (Homeless

Organization One, Leader One, 2017, October 10).

Expected information

Another theme that came from the interviews was expected information. This is the

opposite of surprising information and needs to be included to show the stark differences. One of
Final Research Paper 20

the expected things going into the study was knowing the passion that people have for helping

the homeless. It emerged in the interviews that individuals in this field of work are not there by

accident. Rather a mindful and deliberate choice to help others. “Where do you see yourself in

four years? Right here” (Homeless Organization Four, Leader One, 2017, October 10). To build

upon this theme the idea of a hard worker is expected. “My greatest strength is that I’m a hard

worker” (Homeless Organization Three, Leader One, 2017, October 10). This is also displayed

by the amount that the individuals want to help others. “The most common trend is having a

passion for helping people. Making this a temporary home for people. Somewhere they can feel

safe and loved. This is the trend” (Homeless Organization Two, Leader Two, 2017, October 10).

Personality traits are ways in which the individual discloses how they want to be perceived.

“Strong, independent caregivers. We all look to make people’s lives better. Each of us has

different backgrounds and experience that enables us to give unique help to those visiting us”

(Homeless Organization Two, Leader One, 2017, October 10).

Standards for Validation and Evaluation

Validity and evaluation of qualitative research is concerned with the accuracy of the

findings as well as consistency with other researchers. This all adds up to the overall reliability

of the research. “Writers have searched for and found qualitative equivalents that parallel

traditional quantitative approaches to validation.” (Creswell & Poth, 2018, p. 254)

Research can easily show skewed results if the researcher is not careful to fully

understand their own personal stance. It can become a self for filling prophecy in which the

researcher overlooks information or highlights things that might steer the research into the
Final Research Paper 21

outcome he or she is wanting. To validate the findings of my research after completion of a

rough draft. I used member checking, in which I went back to the participants in the study to

ensure that the findings of the study are what was reflected in the research outcome. I also made

sure that the answers given in the moment were updated as the study progressed, and I received

extra feedback. Two ways of making sure is to use peer reviews and triangulation method.

Triangulation method being one of validation. “Triangulation of data, sources, methods, and

investigators to establish credibility.” (Creswell & Poth, 2018, p. 256) Other validation strategies

include “Clarifying researcher bias, member checking, rich, thick description, and external

audits” (Goertzen, 2017) Making sure that the data and outcome is repeatable or at least in line

with other studies conducted determines if the research is reliable. The strength of the study was

based upon the sample size and location. This can also be viewed as a limiting factor or

weakness of the study as well. With the small sample size and limited field time the results can

vary in a larger study. Also, the area was limited to one metroplex and could be a micro

reflection of the area rather than a macro reflection of leadership challenges in homeless shelters.

Discussion and Conclusions

Several themes emerged from the research which were teaming, obstacles to success,

success of leadership, surprising information, and expected information. Each of these themes

helps better answer the research question, “What are some key leadership challenges facing

personnel of a metro-area homeless shelter?” Each theme offering up a piece to the question.

Starting with Teaming related an overarching link between good teaming behavior and

successful organizational performance. A further reaching study could be conducted in the area

of inquiry connecting teaming focused homeless shelters to shelter size and effectiveness.
Final Research Paper 22

The second prevalent theme was the obstacles to success. This theme is somewhat of an

inverse to the success of leadership. In which it shows the challenges faced by the leadership.

The study reviled that a large portion of the issues was an underlying result of funding issues.

This then branched out into complex issues dealing with staffing, space, training and resources.

A future study could measure the impact of various funding levels compared to effectiveness and

quality.

The theme of success of leadership was broken down into two sub themes. One being

relationships and the other being how well others are served. Defining success at a qualitative

level leaves the question to prospective. From the prospective of the interviewed individuals the

theme was clear that a measure of success was in relation to how well others were served. This

also influenced the sub theme of building long lasting relationships with the homeless.

What the various themes showed was a basic understanding of what success is. Then

some themes show what can be done to improve success. While others show what needs to be

done to avoid success. The themes are much like ingredients for a recipe of success. This

research unveiled the teaming aspect to success and has answered some questions in the field of

inquiry. While answering some it has also discovered several others. Benefitable further research

in connecting teaming focused homeless shelters to shelter size and effectiveness, and the impact

of various funding levels compared to effectiveness and quality. The research can be used to

effectively see how current homeless shelters could improve their leadership effectiveness and

thus improve their impact on the homeless situation.

Final Research Paper 23

References,

Homeless Organization One, Leader One [Interview by Charlie. K. Pregler]. (2017, October 10).

Retrieved from Interview Transcript

Homeless Organization One, Leader Two [Interview by Charlie. K. Pregler]. (2017, October 10).

Retrieved from Interview Transcript

Homeless Organization Two, Leader One [Interview by Charlie. K. Pregler]. (2017, October 10).

Retrieved from Interview Transcript

Homeless Organization Two, Leader Two [Interview by Charlie. K. Pregler]. (2017, October

10). Retrieved from Interview Transcript

Homeless Organization Three, Leader One [Interview by Charlie. K. Pregler]. (2017, October

10). Retrieved from Interview Transcript

Homeless Organization Three, Leader Two [Interview by Charlie. K. Pregler]. (2017, October

10). Retrieved from Interview Transcript

Homeless Organization Four, Leader One [Interview by Charlie. K. Pregler]. (2017, October 10).

Retrieved from Interview Transcript

Homeless Organization Four, Leader Two [Interview by Charlie. K. Pregler]. (2017, October

10). Retrieved from Interview Transcript

Goertzen, B. J. (2017, October 16). Standards of Validation and Evaluation Lecture. Lecture

presented at Week 9 in Kansas, Fort Hays

Final Research Paper 24

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Adolescent Social Work Journal

Brown, M., Mihelicova, M., Lyons, J., DeFonzo, J., Torello, S., Carrión, A., & Ponce, A. N.

(2017). Waiting for shelter: Perspectives on a homeless shelter's procedures. Journal Of

Community Psychology

Robertson, M. J., & Greenblatt, M. (2013). Homelessness: a national perspective. Place of

publication not identified: Springer.

Horner, K. (2006, Jan 22). Homeless population surges in Dallas county, city plans one-night

count. Knight Ridder Tribune Business News Retrieved from https://search-proquest-

com.ezproxy.fhsu.edu/docview/463049608?accountid=27424

Phelan, J. C., & Link, B. G. (1999). Who are "the homeless"? reconsidering the stability and

composition of the homeless population. American Journal of Public Health

Tsai, J., PhD, & Rosenheck, R. A., M.D. (2013). When health insurance is not a factor: National

comparison of homeless and nonhomeless US veterans who use veteran’s affairs

emergency departments. American Journal of Public Health

Rolfe, S., Tewksbury, R., & Schroeder, R. (2016). Homeless Shelters Policies on Sex Offenders:

Is This Another Collateral Consequence? International Journal of Offender Therapy and

Comparative Criminology, International Journal of Offender Therapy and Comparative

Criminology, 03/21/2016
Final Research Paper 25

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a homeless shelter: Attitudes and effects. Addictive Behaviors, 40, 51-56.

Lynn, Cynthia J., Acri, Mary C., Goldstein, Leah, Bannon, William, Beharie, Nisha, & McKay,

Mary M. (2014). Improving youth mental health through family-based prevention in

family homeless shelters. Children and Youth Services Review,44, 243

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Hodge Jr., J. G., DiPietro, B., & Horton-Newell, A. E. (2017). Homelessness and the Public’s

Health: Legal Responses. Journal Of Law, Medicine & Ethics

To, M. J., Palepu, A., Aubry, T., Nisenbaum, R., Gogosis, E., Gadermann, A., &. Hwang, S. W.

(2016). Predictors of homelessness among vulnerably housed adults in 3 Canadian

cities: a prospective cohort study. BMC Public Health, 16(1), 1-12. doi:10.1186/s12889-

016-3711-8

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Final Research Paper 26

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not a factor: National comparison of homeless and nonhomeless US veterans who use

veteran’s affairs emergency departments. American Journal of Public Health

Phelan, J. C., & Link, B. G. (1999). Who are "the homeless"? reconsidering the stability and

composition of the homeless population. American Journal of Public Health

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count. Knight Ridder Tribune Business News Retrieved from https://search-proquest-

com.ezproxy.fhsu.edu/docview/463049608?accountid=27424

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Youth in Agency and Community Settings: A Grounded Theory Approach. Child &

Adolescent Social Work Journal

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surviving shelter.(Report). Journal of Sociology & Social Welfare, 37(1), 115-136.

Final Research Paper 27

Di Renzi, S., Tomao, P., Martini, A., Capanna, S., Rubino, L., D'Amico, W.,Vonesch, N. (2012).

Screening for tuberculosis among homeless shelter staff. American Journal of Infection

Control, 40(5), 459-61.

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the Literacy Development of Children Living in Homeless Shelters. Reading

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Appendix:

Research database(s) used;

Academic Search Premier, “A popular resource found in many scholarly settings

worldwide, Academic Search Premier is a leading multidisciplinary research database. It

provides acclaimed full-text journals, magazines and other valuable resources.” Keywords used,

homeless leadership, homeless nonprofit, homeless causes, homelessness.

Google Scholar, “Google Scholar provides a simple way to broadly search for scholarly

literature. From one place, you can search across many disciplines and sources: articles, theses,

books, abstracts and court opinions, from academic publishers, professional societies, online
Final Research Paper 28

repositories, universities and other web sites.” Keywords used, homeless leadership, homeless

nonprofit, homeless causes, homelessness, homeless success, overcoming homeless, urban

homeless, homeless in America, shelters.

Psych Info, “A world-class resource for abstracts and citations of behavioral and social science

research” Keywords used, homeless leadership, homeless nonprofit, homeless causes,

homelessness, homeless success, overcoming homeless, urban homeless, Shelters.

JSTOR, “Is a digital library for scholars, researchers, and students.” Keywords used, Homeless

leadership, homeless nonprofit, homeless causes, homelessness, homeless success, overcoming

homeless, urban homeless, homeless in America, Shelters.

FHSU Library, “Library is a university partner in delivering accessible quality education and

developing engaged global citizens and leaders.” Keywords used, homeless leadership, homeless

nonprofit, homeless causes, homelessness, homeless success.

ABI/ INFORM, “The collection features thousands of full-text journals, dissertations, working

papers.” Keywords used, homeless leadership, homeless nonprofit, homeless causes,

homelessness, homeless success, overcoming homeless, homeless in America, shelters.

Final Research Paper 29