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Concrete Buildings Scheme Design Manual (Eurocode 2 edition)
Corrections due to Amendment 1 of the UK National Annex
The following are the technical updates applicable to the Nov 2009 revision of Concrete Buildings Scheme
Design Manual.
Location Original Amendment
Page 46, 3. As,prov/As,req’d ≤ 1.5 (UK National Annex)
section
3.6
Page 47, This is figure is no longer required (but it may be

useful)
Figure
3.3
Page 60, Insert new text At the basic control perimeter check vEd ≤
top of 2vRd,c
page
Page 29, Determine Factor 3 (F3) Determine Factor 3 (F3)
Figure 6, F3 = 310/σs F3 = As,prov/As,req’d ≤ 1.5 (UK National Annex)
Where σs = Stress in reinforcement at serviceability
box 5.
limit state (see Figure 4)
σs may be assumed to be 310 MPa (i.e. F3 = 1.0)
Note: As,prov ≤ 1.5 As,req’d (UK National Annex)
Page 62, Length of perimeter = 4 x 350 + 2π x 500 = 4542 mm Length of perimeter = 4 x 350 + 2π x 500 = 4542 mm
Radial spacing sr = 0.75 x 250 = 188 mm VEd = 1.15 x 1238 x 103/(4542 x 250) = 1.25 ≤ 2 x
WE 4,
Asw = (vEd – 0.75 vRd,c)sr u1/(1.5 fywd,ef) 0.75 ∴OK
punchin = (1.15 x 1238 x 103/(4542 x 250))– 0.75 × 0.75) x 188 x 4542 /(1.5 Radial spacing sr = 0.75 x 250 = 188 mm
g shear x 313) Asw = (vEd – 0.75 vRd,c)sr u1/(1.5 fywd,ef)
= 1257 mm2/perimeter = (1.25 – 0.75 × 0.75) x 188 x 4542 /(1.5 x 313)
= 1257 mm2/perimeter
Page 63, Increase area of steel to reduce steel stress, assume H20 @ 225 Increase area of steel to reduce steel stress:
ctrs (1400 mm2) As,prov = As,req x (actual l/d)/(basic l/d)
WE 4,
Approximate steel stress at SLS = 236 MPa = 1243 x 34.6/24.4 = 1763 mm2
deflecti Therefore approximate steel stress, σs, when As,prov = 1400 mm2 ∴Use H20 @ 175 ctrs As,prov = 1800 mm2
on σs = 236 x 1243/1400 = 210 MPa
Increased basic l/d = 24.4 x 310/210 = 36 > 34.6 ∴OK
∴Use H20 @ 225 ctrs As,prov = 1400 mm2
\\tccdata\tcc\users\obrooker\Small tasks\Changes due to Amd 1 of UK NA\CBSDM corrections due to Amd 1 of UK NA.doc Revision 1/5 March 2010
Page 1 of 1
All advice or information from The Concrete Centre is intended for those who will evaluate the significance and limitations of its
contents and take responsibility for its use and application. No liability (including that for negligence) for any loss resulting from such
advise or information is accepted by The Concrete Centre or their subcontractors, suppliers or advisors.
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Since its publication in 2006, the Concrete building scheme design manual has proved a popular
publication and this update is intended to assist the transition to Eurocode 2 for the design of
concrete structures by showing how to carry out initial design to the Code. As before it will greatly
assist candidates for the Institution of Structural Engineers chartered membership examination
by drawing together in one place useful information including design aids that are specifically
prepared for Eurocodes.
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Andrew Minson was the originator of the concept for this book, but the final format and content
have evolved over time with input gratefully received by the author, Owen Brooker, from a
number of people. The book contains some new material but many of the ideas and much of the
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have commented or made useful contributions in more specialised areas.
Gillian Bond, Issy Harvey, Sally Huish and Michael Burbridge Ltd have also made essential
contributions to the production of this handbook.
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All advice or information from MPA –The Concrete Centre is intended only for use in the UK by those who will evaluate
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Printed by Michael Burbridge Ltd, Maidenhead, UK.

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1
*', The examination

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Ma^^qZfbgZmbhgblabàerk^`Zk]^]makhnàhnmma^phke]Zg]ikhob]^lZ\aZee^g`bg`m^lm_hkma^
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:mma^mbf^h_pkbmbg`!+))2"ma^\Zg]b]Zm^bl^qi^\m^]mhZglp^khg^jn^lmbhghnmh_^bàm'
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jn^lmbhgl_heehplZk^`neZkiZmm^kg3
*' Lm^ê[nbe]bg` .' <hg\k^m^[nbe]bg`
+' Lm^ê[nbe]bg` /' @^g^kZelmkn\mnk^
,' ;kb]`^ 0' H__lahk^lmkn\mnk^
-' <hg\k^m^[nbe]bg` 1' Lmkn\mnkZe]rgZfb\l
Dghpbg`maZmZlhenmbhgmhZiZkmb\neZkjn^lmbhgbl^qi^\m^]mhnl^Z\^kmZbgfZm^kbZefZre^Z]
ma^\Zg]b]Zm^mh\hglb]^klhenmbhglbgmaZmfZm^kbZehger'Ahpô^k%ZlhenmbhgbgZghma^kfZm^kbZe
fZr[^^jnZeerZiieb\Z[e^Zg]bg]^^]ma^kâZo^[^^gh\\ZlbhglbgmaîZlmpa^k^ZgZem^kgZmbo^
fZm^kbZeaZl[^^gfhk^ZiikhikbZm^'Ma^\Zg]b]Zm^lahne]ma^k^_hkâZo^Zghi^gfbg]4ma^k^bl
ghlbgè^lhenmbhgmhZgrh_ma^jn^lmbhgl'
*'- Timing
Ma^^qZfbgZmbhgeZlml_hklô^gahnkl%ienlaZe_Zgahnk_hkeng\a'Ma^k^Zk^*))fZkdlZoZbeZ[e^
Zg]ma^\Zg]b]Zm^llahne]ieZgma^bkmbf^lhmaZmZeel^\mbhglZk^\hfie^m^]'Ma^k^blghln[lmbmnm^
_hk^qi^kb^g\^%Zg]lbmmbg`Zfh\d^qZfbgZmbhgpbee^gZ[e^ma^\Zg]b]Zm^mhZiik^\bZm^paZm\Zg
[^Z\abô^]bgma^lô^gahnklZoZbeZ[e^'B_ma^mbf^ZoZbeZ[e^_hk^Z\al^\mbhgblZeeh\Zm^]bg
ikhihkmbhgmhma^fZkdlZoZbeZ[e^%ma^_heehpbg`mbf^mZ[e^\Zg[^_heehp^]3
)23,) l^\mbhg*Z!-)fZkdl"
*+3+) l^\mbhg*[!*)fZkdl"
*,3)) Eng\a
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*03)) ?bgbla
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*'. Further information

Ma^k^ bl ie^gmr h_ nl^_ne bg_hkfZmbhg Z[hnm ma^ ^qZfbgZmbhg maZm bl _k^êr ZoZbeZ[e^ _khf
ma^Bglmbmnmbhgh_Lmkn\mnkZe>g`bg^^kÃlp^[lbm^T/V'<Zg]b]Zm^lZk^Z]obl^]mh]hpgehZ]mabl
bg_hkfZmbhgZg]lmn]rbm'
2
+ Development of solutions (section 1)

+'* Viable structural solutions
<Zg]b]Zm^lZk^k^jnbk^]mhikîZk^Z]^lb`gZiikZblZeh_two]blmbg\mZg]obZ[e^lhenmbhgl_hk
ma^[kb^_'BmblbfihkmZgmmaZmmphlhenmbhglZkîk^l^gm^]4h__^kbg`hgerhg^lhenmbhgblebdêr
mhk^lnembgZ_Zbenk^';hmalhenmbhgllahne][îkîZk^]mhma^lZfêôêh_]^mZbe'<Zg]b]Zm^l
lahne]]^fhglmkZm^mhma^^qZfbg^kma^Z[bebmrmh\hg\^bo^Zg]ik^l^gm]blmbg\mhimbhgl_hk
maîkhihl^]lmkn\mnk^l'
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b]^gmbË^]'
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■ Kh[nlmg^ll ■ ;nbe]bg`fho^f^gml
■ =nkZ[bebmr ■ ?bk^k^lblmZg\^
■ Lbm^\hglmkZbgml
+'+ Functional framing

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maZm lahpl ma^ mri^ h_ \hgg^\mbhgl% ma^ lmb__g^ll h_ ma^ ê^f^gml Zg](hk lmkn\mnk^ Zg] ma^
gZmnk^ h_ ma^ _hng]Zmbhgl Zg] Zgr k^mZbgbg` lmkn\mnk^l' >qZfie^l h_ ZiikhikbZm^ _ng\mbhgZe
_kZfbg`]bZ`kZflZk^lahpgbg?b`nk^+'*'
+', Load transfer

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Ziieb\Zmbhg mh ma^ lniihkmbg` `khng]4 Z`Zbg mabl bl fhlm \e^Zker \hgo^r^] makhnà Z ld^m\a'
>qZfie^l Zk^ `bo^g bg ?b`nk^ +'+'Ma^ ehZ] mkZgl_^k ]bZ`kZf beenlmkZm^l ma^ pZr ma^ ]^lb`g^k
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■ LhbeehZ]l%pab\a\ZgaZo^^bma^ko^kmb\ZehkahkbshgmZe\hfihg^gml'
Ma^\Zg]b]Zm^lahne][^Z[e^mhjnb\der]^m^kfbg^ma^\kbmb\Ze\hf[bgZmbhgh_ma^lêhZ]l%[Zl^]
hgmaîZkmbZe_Z\mhkl`bo^gbg:gg^q:*h_;L>G*22)T0V'
3
Long-span roof
Stiff floor Load-bearing

concrete
block wall
Upstand
beam
Column
Transfer beam
Shear Column
wall GL GL
Raft
a) Building section b) Gable shear wall
Flat slab (min. 3 bays)
Slender
columns
Retaining
wall
Floor slab ‘on grade’
c) Reservoir
Tie/strut
Pilecap
Pile
d) Precast concrete terracing
?b`nk^+'*
>qZfie^_ng\mbhgZe_kZfbg`]bZ`kZfl
=bZ`kZfl3;h[Pbelhg
4
Partition load
Uniform load
Deflection, bending
and shear in beam
leads to reactions
at the end of the
beam Wall reaction
Load from beam

= load on wall
Reinforced
concrete column Brickwork wall
Foundation reaction Foundation reaction
Load on pilecap Foundation load
Pile cap
Pile reaction Ground reaction
Pile load Load onto ground

s = bearing
pressure
B
Pile
Friction reaction
1.5B
End reaction Bulb of pressure

for s /5
Load on rock
Load
Stress =
Area
a) Vertical loads
?b`nk^+'+!\hgmbgn^]ho^ke^Z_"
>qZfieêhZ]mkZgl_^k]bZ`kZfl
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5
Tension
Wind
b) Plan view of diaphragm action
n
tio
ac
e
Walls Ti
displaced
Hogging
Floor sag
Support
removed
Extra compression Tension

with bending
c) Effect of accidental impact
Surcharge
GL
W1
Soil at rest
W2
GWL
Water load
GL
Passive
resistance
Bearing pressures
d) Retaining wall
?b`nk^+'+\hgmbgn^]
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6
+'- Stability
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blebdêrmh_Zbeb_ma^lmZ[bebmrh_ma^lmkn\mnk^blghmZ]^jnZmêr]^fhglmkZm^]'Ma^k^Zk^mph
lmZ[bebmr\kbm^kbZmh\hglb]^k4eZm^kZelmZ[bebmrZg]nieb_m]n^mhpZm^kik^llnk^'
+'-'* Lateral stability

Ma^_heehpbg`Zk^^qZfie^lh_ehZ]lmaZmfZrbfihlêZm^kZe_hk\^lhgma^lmkn\mnk^3
■ Pbg]ehZ]l'
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■ EZm^kZeehZ]l]n^mh`^hf^mkb\bfi^k_^\mbhgl'
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lehibg`lbm^l'"
■ :\\b]^gmZeehZ]l'
Ma^lmkn\mnk^lahne][^]^lb`g^]mhk^lblmma^lêhZ]lbgmphhkmah`hgZe]bk^\mbhgl'?hkZfnemb&
lmhk^r[nbe]bg`mabl\Zg[^Z\abô^][rnlbg`3
■ La^ZkpZeel!b'^'Z[kZ\^][nbe]bg`"hk4
■ Fhf^gm&k^lblmbg`_kZf^l!b'^'lpZr_kZf^"'
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ma^ho^kmnkgbg`_hk\^l!l^^?b`nk^+',"'B_mablblghmihllb[e^%mpblmbg`fhf^gmlpbeeZelhh\\nkZg]
ma^Z]]bmbhgZe_hk\^lmaZmk^lnemlahne][^Z]]^]mhma^hma^k_hk\^lbg^Z\ala^ZkpZee'?nkma^k
`nb]Zg\^hg\Ze\neZmbg`ma^la^Zk\^gmk^Zg]mpblmbg`fhf^gmlbl`bo^gbgL^\mbhg,'*1'
a) Walls resist bending in one plane,

frame action in other plane.
Good tortional stiffness.
b) Walls resist bending in both planes.

c) Core resists bending in both

planes. Poor tortional behaviour
due to eccentricity.
d) Cores resist bending in both planes.

Movement
joint e) Cores resist bending on each section of the
building independently. Relative shear
displacement at movement joint.
?b`nk^+',
Mrib\Zela^ZkpZeeeZrhnml
=bZ`kZf3<bkbZKîhkm*)+ 1
T V
7
Ma^nl^h_la^ZkpZeelZllnf^lmaZmma^ÌhhkpbeeZ\mZlZahkbshgmZe]bZiakZ`fmhmkZgl_^kehZ]l
mhma^la^ZkpZeel'?hkbg&lbmn\hg\k^m^[nbe]bg`lmabl\ZgghkfZeer[^Zllnf^]Zg]ghhma^k
\a^\dlZk^g^\^llZkr'Ahpô^k%_nkma^k\hglb]^kZmbhgh_ahpmaêZm^kZeehZ]lZk^mkZgl_^kk^]mh
ma^la^ZkpZeelfZr[^k^jnbk^]Zllahpgbgma^_heehpbg`^qZfie^l3
■ Pa^kîk^\Zlm\hg\k^m^ÌhhkngbmlZk^nl^]%^li^\bZeerpa^k^ma^k^blghlmkn\mnkZemhiibg`%
^'`'\ZkiZkd]^\dhkng]^kZkZbl^]Ìhhk'
■ Pa^k^maêhZ]lZk^mkZgl_^kk^]Z\khllZkêZmboêrgZkkhplmkbi%^'`'pZedpZrebgdbg`mph
iZkmlh_ma^[nbe]bg`'
■ Pa^k^maê^g`mah_ÌhhkieZm^\hgg^\m^]]bk^\mermhma^la^ZkpZeelbllahkm'Mabl\Zgh\\nk
b_ma^k^ZkêZk`^l^kob\^lkbl^klZ]cZ\^gmmhma^la^ZkpZeel'
+'-'+ Uplift
Pa^k^ma^lmkn\mnk^k^jnbk^l^q\ZoZmbhgbg`khng]maZmaZlZabàpZm^kmZ[e^%ma^pZm^kik^llnk^
fZr \Znl^ nieb_m ![nhrZg\r" h_ ma^ lmkn\mnk^'Ma^ \Zg]b]Zm^ lahne] ^glnk^ ma^k^ bl lnbmZ[e^
k^lblmZg\^ mh ma^ nieb_m _hk\^l bg ma^ ËgZe \hg]bmbhg% Zg] Zelh ]^m^kfbg^ paZm f^Zlnk^l Zk^
k^jnbk^]]nkbg`\hglmkn\mbhgmhZohb]nieb_m'
+'. Concrete frame options

K^bg_hk\^] \hg\k^m^ bl Z o^klZmbe^ fZm^kbZe maZm \Zg [^ _hkf^] bg fZgr ]b__^k^gm laZi^l Zg]
_hkfl'?b`nk^+'-`bo^llbsbg`bg_hkfZmbhg_hkma^fhk^\hffhglhenmbhgl_hkÌhhkl'MZ[e^+'*
`bo^lZlnffZkrh_ma^\hffhg_hkflh_\hg\k^m^\hglmkn\mbhgmaZmZk^nl^]%Zg]ik^l^gml
ma^bkZ]oZgmZ`^lZg]]blZ]oZgmZ`^l'
+'/ Foundations and retaining structures

+'/'* Ground-bearing slabs
@khng]&[^Zkbg`leZ[lZk^ZihineZkZg]^\hghfb\pZrmhlniihkmmaêhZ]lZmmaêhp^lmeôê
bgma^[nbe]bg`'Ahpô^k%bgma^_heehpbg`lbmnZmbhgl%lnli^g]^]leZ[lhk`khng]bfikho^f^gm
m^\agbjn^lfZr[^k^jnbk^]mhk^]n\^l^mme^f^gm3
■ LeZ[llniihkmbgàbàehZ]l%^'`'bg]nlmkbZeÌhhkl'
■ BgZk^Zlpa^k^ma^`khng]\hg]bmbhglbg\en]^Ëee'
■ BgZk^Zlpbmalh_m\eZr'
■ Hglehibg`lbm^l%^li^\bZeerpa^k^ma^leZ[phne][^lniihkm^]hgoZkrbg``khng]
\hg]bmbhgl'
■ Pa^k^mk^^l\hne]\Zg\Znl^l^mme^f^gmhka^Zo^'
+'/'+ Foundation solutions

Lê^\mbg` ma^ \hkk^\m _hng]Zmbhg lhenmbhg bl Zg bfihkmZgm iZkm h_ ma^ ^qZfbgZmbhg4MZ[e^ +'+
`bo^lZiikhikbZm^_hng]Zmbhgl_hkZoZkb^mrh_lhbe\hg]bmbhgl'Ma^l^Zk^`^g^kZeblZmbhgl_hkmrib\Ze
[nbe]bg`lZg]Zk^ghmbgm^g]^]mh[^Zln[lmbmnm^_hk^qi^kb^g\^'D^r\hglb]^kZmbhglZm\hg\îm
lmZ`^Zk^3
■ @khng]pZm^k¾Zabà`khng]pZm^keôêpbeek^jnbk^li^\bZef^Zlnk^l]nkbg`\hglmkn\mbhg
Zg]fZr\Znl^[nhrZg\rh_ma^Ëgbla^]lmkn\mnk^'
■ LaZeehp_hng]Zmbhgllahne][^cnlmmaZm¾laZeehp'>q\ZoZmbg`]^î^kmaZg,fblnlnZeerghm
^\hghfb\'
8
600
500
400
Depth in mm
300
200
100
4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15
Span in m
a) Imposed load Qk = 2.5 kN/m 2
600
500
400
Depth in mm
300
200
100
4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15
Span in m
b) Imposed load Qk = 5.0 kN/m2
600
500
400
Depth in mm
300
200
100
4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15
Span in m
c) Imposed load Qk = 7.5 kN/m2
Key
Troughed slab Flat slab One-way slab
P/T flat slab Hybrid hollowcore and topping
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9
MZ[e^+'*
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Bga^k^gmkh[nlmg^llh__kZf^
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=bZiakZ`fZ\mbhgh_Ìhhk
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ik^lmk^ll^]\hg\'
Ing\abg`la^Zk\ZiZ\bmr
?e^qb[bebmr_hkiZkmbmbhgl
Ihlm&m^glbhg^]
Fbgbfbl^llê_&p^bàm
Li^^]h_\hglmkn\mbhg
K^bg_hk\^]hk
Lh_Ëm\Zg[^^qihl^]
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=^Ì^\mbhg\hgmkhe
\hg\k^m^
>\hghfr
Fbg
FZq
Fbg
FZq
?eZmleZ[l
Solid flat slab (Continuity improves economy) - *) 0 *, ✓✓ ✓✓ ✓✓ ✓✓ ✓✓ H H H H ✓✓ ✓✓ ✓✓ ✓✓ ✗
Solid flat slab with drops - *+ 0 *- ✓ ✓ ✓ ✓ ✓✓ H ✓ ✓ ✓ H ✓✓ ✓✓ ✓✓ ✗
Solid flat slab with column heads (Forming column head - *) 0 *, ✓ ✓ ✓ ✓✓ ✓✓ H ✓ H H ✓✓ ✓✓ ✓✓ ✓✓ ✗
disrupts cycle times and interferes with holes adjacent to
columns)
Waffle slab 2 *+ 2 *- H H ✓✓ ✓ H ✓ ✓ ✓✓ ✓✓ ✓✓ ✓✓ ✓✓ ✓✓ ✗
Biaxial voided slab (Can be used with in-situ or with - *- 0 */ ✓✓ ✓ ✓✓ ✓✓ ✓✓ H H H ✓✓ ✓✓ ✓✓ ✓✓ ✓✓ ✓
precast soffit slab, which would act as permanent
formwork)
Hg^&pZrleZ[l
Solid one-way slab with beams - *+ / *- ✓ H H H H ✓✓ ✗ ✓✓ ✓✓ H ✓✓ ✓✓ ✓✓ ✗
Solid slab with band beams 0 *+ 0 *, ✓✓ ✓ ✓ ✓ ✓ ✓ ✓ ✓ ✓ H ✓✓ ✓✓ ✓✓ ✗
Ribbed slab with beams 0 ** 1 *+ H H ✓ ✓ H ✓ ✗ ✓✓ ✓✓ ✓ ✓✓ ✓✓ ✓✓ ✗
Ribbed slab with integral band beams / ** 1 *+ H ✓ ✓✓ ✓ H ✓ ✓ ✓ ✓ ✓✓ ✓✓ ✓✓ ✓✓ ✗
Tunnel form (One-way slab on walls) a - *) ✗ ✗ ✓✓ ✓✓ ✓✓ ✓✓ ✗ ✓✓ ✗ ✓✓ ✓✓ ✓✓ ✗ ✓✓ ✓✓ ✗
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Precast hollowcore slab - *- ✗ ✗ ✓✓ ✓ H H ✓✓ ✓ ✗ ✓✓ ✓✓ H ✓✓ H H ✓✓
Composite precast slab - *. ✗ ✗ ✓✓ ✓ H H ✓✓ ✓ ✗ ✓ ✓✓ H ✓✓ ✓ H ✓
Precast double ‘T’ units / *2 ✗ ✗ ✓✓ ✓ H H H ✓ ✗ ✓✓ ✓✓ ✓ ✓✓ H H ✓✓
Precast crosswall and solid prestressed slab - 0'. ✗ ✗ ✓✓ ✓ ✓✓ ✓✓ ✗ ✓ ✗ ✓✓ ✓ ✓✓ ✗ ✓✓ ✓✓ ∏
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Waffle slab with integral beams / ** ✗ ✗ H H ✓✓ ✓ H ✓ ✓ ✓✓ ✓ ✓✓ ✓✓ ✓✓ ✓✓ ✗
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in-situ infill and topping
Precast columns and edge beams with in-situ floor - *) / *+ ✓✓ ✓✓ ✓✓ ✓✓ ✓✓ ✓ H ✓✓ H ✓ ✓✓ ✓✓ H ✓
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Precast columns and floor units with in-situ beams b - *- ✗ ✗ ✓✓ ✓ ✓✓ ✓✓ ✓✓ ✓ ✗ ✓✓ ✓✓ H ✓✓ ✓ ✓ ✓✓
In-situ columns and beams with precast floor units b - *- ✗ ✗ ✓✓ ✓ ✓✓ ✓✓ ✓✓ ✓ ✗ ✓✓ ✓✓ H H ✓ ✓ ✓✓
In-situ columns and floor topping with precast - 0'. ✗ ✗ ✓✓ ✓ H H ✓ ✓ ✗ ✓✓ ✓✓ H H ✓ ✓ ✓
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15
+'/'/ Remediation using soil stabilisation/solidification

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16
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18
+'0', Buildability
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bgZ``k^llbo^^gobkhgf^gml';L1.))T*1Vblma^lmZm^&h_&ma^&ZkmlmZg]Zk]hg]nkZ[bebmrZg]`bo^l
Z]ob\^_hkoZkbhnl^gobkhgf^gml!l^^L^\mbhg,',_hkfhk^bg_hkfZmbhg"'
+'0'/ Site constraints

Maêh\Zmbhgh_ma^lbm^fZrbfihl^\hglmkZbgmlmaZm_Zohnkhg^lhenmbhgho^kZghma^k'Ma^l^
k^lmkZbgml\hne]bg\en]^3
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■ Lbs^h_ma^lbm^Zg]phkdbg`liZ\^%pab\afZrebfbmma^liZ\^_hklbm^h_Ë\^lZg]lmhkZ`^
Zk^Zl'
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ma^lbm^'
■ K^fhm^g^llh_ma^lbm^%pab\afZrieZ\êbfbmZmbhglhgma^ZoZbeZ[e^fZm^kbZel%eZ[hnk%ieZgm
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■ K^lmkb\mbhglhgphkdbgàhnkl'
■ >__^\mh_lbmîkh\^ll^lhgg^bà[hnklZg]`^g^kZein[eb\^'`'ma^^__^\mlh_ghbl^Zg]
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■ :oZbeZ[bebmrh_fZm^kbZel'<hg\k^m^blma^fhlmpb]êrnl^]\hglmkn\mbhgfZm^kbZebgma^phke]
Zg]ma^^ll^gmbZebg`k^]b^gmlZk^Zelh_hng]makhnàhnmma^phke]'
19
+'0'0 Speed of construction

Bmblh_m^gZllnf^]maZmZlm^ê_kZf^pbeeh__^kZ_Zlm^k_hkfh_\hglmkn\mbhgmaZgZ\hg\k^m^
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h_m^ghgerËo^p^^dl%lhphkd\Zgh_m^glmZkmhglbm^fhk^jnb\der%pa^k^ZlZlm^ê_kZf^fZr
aZo^Ze^Z]&bgmbf^h_*+p^^dl'Pa^k^ma^k^blmbf^_hkik^&ieZggbg`%]^lb`gZg]ik^\Zlmbg`%Z
ik^\Zlm\hg\k^m^_kZf^\Zg[^^k^\m^]jnb\der';nbe]bg`T*2VfZ`Zsbg^k^`neZkerni]Zm^lbg_hkfZmbhg
hge^Z]&bgmbf^l'
: d^r ]Zm^ hg Zgr ikh`kZff^ _hk Z [nbe]bg` bl ma^ ]Zm^ maZm bm bl p^Zma^kikhh_':emahnà Z
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g^\^llZkber_heehpmaZmma^]Zm^ma^[nbe]bg`bll^Ze^]pbee[^^Zkeb^k'Mablkêb^lhg_heehp&hgmkZ]^l%
iZkmb\neZkerma^\eZ]]bg`%pab\afZr[^Z[e^mhikh`k^llbgiZkZeeêpbmaZgbg&lbmn\hg\k^m^_kZf^%
[nmpab\afZr[^]êZr^]ngmbema^ÌhhklZk^\hfie^m^]_hkhma^kmri^lh__kZf^'
PbmaZgbg&lbmn_kZf^%bglmZeeZmbhgh_l^kob\^lfZr[^\hff^g\^]^Zkeb^kbgmaîkh`kZff^Zl
ma^ÌhhklZk^nlnZeer\Zlmpbmama^_kZf^%`bobg`Zgbff^]bZm^ln[lmkZm^mhpab\ama^l^kob\^l
\Zg[^Ëq^]'B_ÌZmlh_ËmlZk^nl^]%maîkh`kZff^\Zg[^k^]n\^][^\Znl^ma^bglmZeeZmbhgbl
lbfie^k'
<Zg]b]Zm^lpbeeg^^]mhfZd^ma^bkhpgZll^llf^gmh_ma^kêZmbo^li^^]h_\hglmkn\mbhg_hkma^bk
lhenmbhgl%Zg]pa^ma^kbmblZgbfihkmZgm\kbm^kbhg_hkma^\eb^gm'?nkma^k`nb]Zg\^hg\hglmkn\mbhg
i^kbh]lbl`bo^gbgL^\mbhg.'
+'0'1 Aesthetics
<hg\k^m^\Zgh__^kZie^Zlbg`Z^lma^mb\lhenmbhg%Zg]mabl\Zg[^Z\abô^]pbma^bma^kik^\Zlmhkbg&
lbmn\hg\k^m^'<hg\k^mîkhob]^lma^hiihkmngbmrmh\k^Zm^ngnlnZelaZi^lZmZlfZee\hlmik^fbnf'
Mabl\Zg[îZkmb\neZker[^g^Ë\bZeb_\bk\neZk\henfglZk^k^jnbk^]_hkZ^lma^mb\k^Zlhglhkpa^k^
\henfglg^^]mh[^\hgmZbg^]bgpZeel%^'`'_hkZiZkmf^gml'<hg\k^m^\ZgZelh[^nl^]_hk\nko^]
[^Zfl%ngnlnZeieZglaZi^lZg]laêelmkn\mnk^l'MaêZrhnmh_maô^kmb\Zelmkn\mnk^\Zg[^ZkkZg`^]
mhlnbmma^nl^h_ma^[nbe]bg`kZma^kmaZgaZobg`mhkb`b]er_heehpZlmkn\mnkZe`kb]'
+'0'2 Acoustics
<hg\k^m^ bl Z o^kr `hh] lhng] bglneZmhk% ô^g pa^g ma^ lhnk\^ h_ ghbl^ bl Zg bfiZ\m hg ma^
_Z\^ h_ ma^ \hg\k^m^' ?hk mabl k^Zlhg \hg\k^m^ Ìhhkl Zg] pZeel Zk^ h_m^g nl^] bg k^lb]^gmbZe
Z\\hffh]Zmbhg%bg\en]bg`ÌZml%ahmêlZg]lmn]^gmk^lb]^g\^l%mhikô^gmmaîZllZ`^h_lhng]
[^mp^^gngbml'
<hg\k^m^\ZgZelh[^nl^]mhikô^gmmaîZllZ`^h_lhng]bgmhhkhnmh_Z[nbe]bg`':`hh]
^qZfie^phne][^ma^nl^h_\hg\k^m^Ìhhkl[^g^ZmaieZgmhgma^khh_h_Z[nbe]bg`mhikô^gm
ma^ghblî^g^mkZmbg`maâZ[bmZ[e^Zk^Zl'
+'0'*) Footfall-induced vibration

?hklhf^mri^lh_[nbe]bg`lma^\hgmkheh_ob[kZmbhglbg]n\^][ri^hie^pZedbg`Z\khllma^Ìhhk
ieZm^Zk^bfihkmZgm'MablbliZkmb\neZkerma^\Zl^_hkahlibmZelZg]eZ[hkZmhkb^l\hgmZbgbg`l^glbmbo^
^jnbif^gm%[nmô^gbgh_Ë\^lehg`le^g]^kliZgl\Zg\Znl^^q\^llboôb[kZmbhg'
Ma^bga^k^gmfZllh_\hg\k^m^f^ZglmaZm\hg\k^m^Ìhhkl`^g^kZeerf^^mob[kZmbhg\kbm^kbZZm
gh^qmkZ\hlmZlma^r]hghmk^jnbk^Z]]bmbhgZelmb__^gbg`'?hkfhk^lmkbg`^gm\kbm^kbZ%ln\aZl_hk
eZ[hkZmhkb^lhkahlibmZehi^kZmbg`ma^Zmk^l%ma^Z]]bmbhgZe\hlmmhf^^mob[kZmbhg\kbm^kbZbllfZee
\hfiZk^]pbmahma^klmkn\mnkZefZm^kbZel'
:gbg]î^g]^gmlmn]rT+)Vbgmhmaôb[kZmbhgi^k_hkfZg\^h_]b__^k^gmlmkn\mnkZe_hkflbgahlibmZel
aZl \hgËkf^] maZm \hg\k^m^ \Zg ghkfZeer [^ ^Zlber ]^lb`g^] _hk ma^ fhlm \hfie^m^ \hgmkhe
h_ob[kZmbhgho^kpahe^Zk^Zl%pbmahnmma^g^^]_hklb`gbË\Zgmermab\d^kÌhhkleZ[lmaZgmahl^
20
nl^] _hk Z [Zlb\Âh_Ë\^Ã lmkn\mnk^'Mabl `bo^l `k^Zm Ì^qb[bebmr _hk \aZg`^ bg nl^ Zg] Zohb]l ma^
\hlm i^gZemb^l h_ ikhob]bg` mabl ^qmkZ fZll Zg] lmb__g^ll' Ma^ Ëg]bg`l Zk^ lnffZkbl^] bg
MZ[e^+'1%pab\a\hne][^nl^]ZlZgbgbmbZe`nb]^Zlmhahpfn\ama^]îmah_ZÌhhkphne]
aZo^ mh [^ bg\k^Zl^] mh \hgmkhe ob[kZmbhg bg Z ahlibmZe' EZ[hkZmhkb^l Zk^ ebdêr mh aZo^ fhk^
lmkbg`^gm\kbm^kbZ'
MZ[e^+'1
Bg]b\Zmbhgh_mrib\Zelmkn\mnkZe]îmalmh\hgmkheob[kZmbhgT+)V
<hg\k^m^ Lm^ê
?eZmleZ[ Ihlm&m^glbhg^] <hfihlbm^ Lebf]^d
leZ[
Ho^kZee]îma mm % change mm % change mm % change mm % change
H_Ë\^Zk^Zl ,)) ) ++) ) .,/ ) ,*/ )
GbàmpZk] ,,) *) +.) *- 0,, ,0 -+- ,-
Hi^kZmbg` ,.) *0 +2) ,+ 01, -/ -0) -2
ma^Zmk^
FZll kg/m2 % change kg/m2 % change kg/m2 % change kg/m2 % change
H_Ë\^Zk^Zl 0., ) .,/ ) ++0 ) --2 )
GbàmpZk] 1+) 2 /)1 *, .+. *,* 0*. .2
Hi^kZmbg` 1/1 *. 0)+ ,* /-- *1, 1*1 1+
ma^Zmk^
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K^lneml[Zl^]hgZgZgZerlblh_[Zrl0'.fq0'.fbg*.q+[ZreZrhnm'
+'0'** Thermal mass

<hg\k^mâZlZabàma^kfZefZll%pab\afZd^lbmb]^Zemhnl^ZliZkmh_Z_Z[kb\^g^k`rlmhkZ`^
!?>L"lrlm^f'?>Lnmbebl^lma^ma^kfZefZllh_\hg\k^m^mhZ[lhk[bgm^kgZea^Zm`Zbgl]nkbg`Z
lnff^kÃl]Zrmhaêiikô^gmho^ka^Zmbg`Zg]ikhob]bg`Zfhk^lmZ[e^bgm^kgZem^fi^kZmnk^'
Gbàm \hhebg` ink`^l ma^ Z\\nfneZm^] a^Zm _khf ma^ leZ[% ikîZkbg` bm _hk ma^ g^qm ]Zr' ?>L
\Zg[^nl^]hgbmlhpghkZliZkmh_Zfbq^]fh]^lrlm^fmhk^]n\^ma^^g^k`rk^jnbk^f^gml'
Ma^bfihkmZgmk^jnbk^f^gmblmh^qihl^ma^lh_Ëmh_ma^leZ[%hkZme^ZlmZeehpma^Zbk_khfma^
khhfmhÌhpbg\hgmZ\mpbmama^\hg\k^m^'MablbfiZ\mlhgma^lmkn\mnkZelhenmbhgZg]lahne][^
\hglb]^k^]Zmma^^ZkerlmZ`^lh_Zikhc^\m'Ma^kfZefZll\ZgZelh[^nl^]mhfZbgmZbgpZkfma
bgZ[nbe]bg`]nkbg`ma^pbgm^k'
=^lb`glhenmbhglmaZmZeehpma^lh_Ëmmh[^^qihl^]bgZgZ^lma^mb\Zeerie^Zlbg`pZrZg]ikhob]^
_hk\hhebg`Zk^lahpgbg?b`nk^+'/'
+'0'*+ Sustainability
LnlmZbgZ[bebmrblghmcnlmZ[hnmk^]n\bg`^gobkhgf^gmZebfiZ\m4bmblËg]bg`Z[ZeZg\^[^mp^^g
lh\bZe%^\hghfb\Zg]^gobkhgf^gmZe\hlmlZg][^g^Ëml%[hmaghpZg]bgmaêhg`m^kf'
:\hkk^\mer]^mZbe^]Zg]\hglmkn\m^]\hg\k^m^_kZf^][nbe]bg`pbeeeZlmZme^Zlm*))r^Zkl%Zg]
lahne] eZlm \hglb]^kZ[er ehg`^k' Ahpô^k% ma^ lmkn\mnkZe _kZf^ pbee aZo^ mh ikhob]^ Z Ì^qb[e^
eZrhnm_hkma^[nbe]bg`b_bmblmh[înmmhZoZkb^mrh_nl^lho^kbmleb_^mbf^':lfZeebg\k^Zl^bg
^qi^g]bmnk^mhikhob]^\e^ZkliZglghpfZraZo^Zlb`gbË\Zgm[^g^Ëmbg^gobkhgf^gmZeZg]\hlm
m^kflbgma^_nmnk^'PbmabmlkêZmboêrabàlê_&p^bàm%Z\hg\k^m^_kZf^\Zg^Zlber[^Z]Zim^]
mhhma^knl^lmaZmfZrk^jnbk^Za^Zob^kbfihl^]ehZ]'Ahe^l\Zg[^\nmmakhnàleZ[lZg]pZeel
kêZmboêrlbfier%Zg]ma^k^Zk^f^mah]lmhlmk^g`ma^gma^_kZf^b_k^jnbk^]'
Pbmak^`Zk]mhma^^f[h]b^]\Zk[hg]bhqb]^\hgm^gm!b'^'ma^\Zk[hg]bhqb]îkh]n\^]bgma^
fZgn_Z\mnk^Zg]\hglmkn\mbhgh_ma^lmkn\mnk^"%mablbl`^g^kZeero^krlfZee\hfiZk^]pbmama^
\Zk[hg]bhqb]îkh]n\^]bga^Zmbg`Zg]ebàmbg`ma^[nbe]bg`]nkbg`bmleb_^mbf^'Maêhg`^kma^
[nbe]bgèZlmlmaê^lllb`gbË\Zgmma^^f[h]b^]\Zk[hg]bhqb]^[^\hf^l'
21
GZmnkZeo^gmbeZmbhgpbma^qihl^]lh_Ëml Ng]^k&Ìhhko^gmbeZmbhgpbma^qihl^]lh_Ëml
>qihl^]aheehp\hk^leZ[lpbmaf^\aZgb\Zeo^gmbeZmbhg I^kf^Z[e^\^bebg`l
<abee^][^Zflpbma^qihl^]hkiZkmbZeer^qihl^]lh_Ëml PZm^k&\hhe^]leZ[l
?b`nk^+'/
Mrib\Ze\hg\k^m^ÌhhkllnbmZ[e^_hknl^pbma_Z[kb\^g^k`rlmhkZ`^
22
Ma^ ^g^k`r nl^] bg a^Zmbg` Zg] \hhebg` ma^ [nbe]bg` \Zg [^ ln[lmZgmbZeer k^]n\^] [r nlbg`
_Z[kb\ ^g^k`r lmhkZ`^ !l^^ L^\mbhg +'0'**"'Ma^ fZll h_ ma^ lmkn\mnk^ h_ Z ikboZm^ ahnl^ \Zg
aZo^Z\hglb]^kZ[e^bfiZ\mhgma^^g^k`rk^jnbk^f^gmlh_d^îbg`maâhnl^ZmZ\hf_hkmZ[e^
m^fi^kZmnkêôê!l^^?b`nk^+'0"'
Cumulative CO2 emissions

200
180
CO2 produced (tonnes)
160
140
CO2 in use
120
100
80
60
40
Embodied CO2
20
0
2000 2010 2020 2030 2040 2050 2060 2070 2080 2090 2100
Year
Key
Heavy (cavity walls, precast concrete floors, dense block partitions)
Medium-heavy (cavity walls, precast concrete floors, block partitions)
Medium (cavity walls, timber floors, lightweight partitions)
Light (timber frame & floors, lightweight partitions)
Note
This graph assumes solar shading used and air-conditioning will be installed in homes when
temperatures become uncomfortable, but will be used with natural ventilation whenever possible.
?b`nk^+'0
Ik^]b\m^]\nfneZmbo^<H+^fbllbhgl_hk]b__^k^gmahnlbg`mri^lT+*V
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Ma^\^f^gmbgmabl\hg\k^m^pbeeZelhaZo^[^^gikh]n\^]_khfeh\Zeerlhnk\^]fZm^kbZel'Ik^\Zlm
\hg\k^m^pbeeg^\^llZkbermkZoê`k^Zm^k]blmZg\^Zg]ma^Zo^kZ`^]blmZg\^blcnlmho^k*))fbe^l'
Fn\ah_ma^\hg\k^m^lniieb^]bgma^NDpbee\hglblmh_^bma^k`khng]`kZgneZm^][eZlm_nkgZ\^
leZ`hkÌrZlaZlZkîeZ\^f^gm_hk<>FB!IhkmeZg]<^f^gm"'Ma^l^Zk^[r&ikh]n\ml_khfhma^k
bg]nlmkb^l Zg] aZo^ ma^ [^g^Ëm h_ k^]n\bg` ma^ ^f[h]b^] <H+ h_ ma^ \hg\k^m^ Zg] nlnZeer
bfikhobg`ma^]nkZ[bebmr'Ma^jnZgmbmb^lh_ma^lîkh]n\ml\Zg[^bg\k^Zl^]makhnàma^\hg\k^m^
li^\bË\Zmbhg%Zemahnàma^lb]^^__^\mblmaZmma^\nkbg`mbf^lfZr[^bg\k^Zl^]'
Bg k^bg_hk\^f^gm ikh]n\mbhg% *)) h_ ND&ikh]n\^] k^bg_hk\^f^gm _hk \hg\k^m^ bl ikh]n\^]
_khfNDl\kZilm^ê4mablZ\\hngml_hkmph&mabk]lh_Zeema^k^bg_hk\^f^gmnl^]bgma^ND'
:mma^^g]h_Z[nbe]bg`Ãleb_^Zeema^fZm^kbZelnl^]bgZ\hg\k^m^_kZf^\Zg[^k^\r\e^]'
Ma^ln[c^\mh_lnlmZbgZ[bebmrblZ\hfie^qhg^Zg]ma^]^[Zm^bl]ôêhibg`ho^kmbf^'MaêZm^lm
bg_hkfZmbhgZg]]ZmZ\Zg[^_hng]obZMa^<hg\k^m^<^gmk^p^[lbm^'
+'0'*, Building movements

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23
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MZ[e^+'2
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[nbe]bg`lZk^_hng]^]hgoZkrbg``khng]\hg]bmbhglma^^__^\mh_l^mme^f^gmlahne][^\hglb]^k^]
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Ma^ ^__^\m h_ \k^î \Zg [^ bfihkmZgm bg ma^ ]^lb`g h_ ihlm&m^glbhg^] lmkn\mnk^l Zg] bg mZee
lmkn\mnk^lpa^k^ma^lahkm^gbg`h_\hg\k^m^\henfgllahne][^\hglb]^k^]bgma^]^lb`gh_ma^
\eZ]]bg`lrlm^f'
+'0'*- Fire resistance

<hg\k^m^blbga^k^gmerËk^k^lblmZgm'Bmblghg&\hf[nlmb[e^Zg]aZlZlehpkZm^h_a^ZmmkZgl_^k%
pab\afZd^lbmZabàer^__^\mbo^[Zkkb^kmhma^lik^Z]h_Ëk^'Ma^k^\hff^g]Zmbhgl_hk\ho^k
mh k^bg_hk\^f^gm bg ;L >G *22+¾*¾+T+V lahne] [^ _heehp^] mh ^glnk^ Ëk^ ikhm^\mbhg _hk ma^
li^\bË^]i^kbh]l!?b`nk^,'*hgiZ`^-0"%l^^L^\mbhgl,'2mh,'*-'
24
a) Favourable layout of restraining walls (low restraint)
b) Unfavourable layout of restraining walls (high restraint)
?b`nk^+'1
Mrib\ZeÌhhkeZrhnml
=bZ`kZf3<hg\k^m^Lh\b^mrM^\agb\ZeKîhkm-, +,
T V
+'1 Typical loads

Ma^k^blh_m^glhf^`nb]Zg\îkhob]^]bgma^jn^lmbhghgbfihl^]ehZ]l'Ahpô^k%\Zg]b]Zm^l
fZr pêe aZo^ mh fZd^ ma^bk hpg Zll^llf^gm h_ lê_&p^bàm Zg] hma^k ]^Z] ehZ]l' Lhf^
bg_hkfZmbhghgp^bàmlh_fZm^kbZelZg]mrib\ZeehZ][nbe]&nilbl`bo^gbgMZ[e^l+'*)mh+'*+'
MZ[e^+'*)Z
;nedehZ]l_hklhbel
FZm^kbZe ;ned]^glbmr FZm^kbZe ;ned]^glbmr

!dG(f," !dG(f,"
<aZed ++ @kZgneZk¾f^]bnf]^gl^ *1¾*2
<eZr */¾++ @kZgneZk¾]^gl^ *2¾+*
<eZr¾lmb__ *2¾++ @kZgneZk¾o^kr]^gl^ +*
<eZr¾Ëkf *0¾+) I^Zm **
<eZr¾lh_m */¾*2 Lbemr\eZr */¾+)
@kZgneZk¾o^krehhl^ 5*/ LZg]r\eZr */¾+)
@kZgneZk¾ehhl^ */¾*1
25
MZ[e^+'*)[
;nedehZ]l_hkfZm^kbZel
FZm^kbZe ;ned]^glbmr FZm^kbZe ;ned]^glbmr
!dG(f," !dG(f,"
:enfbgbnf +0'+ @eZll +.'/
:liaZem ++'. @he] *2-')
;eh\dl¾Z^kZm^]\hg\k^m^!fbg" .') @kZgbm^ +0',
;eh\dl¾Z^kZm^]\hg\k^m^!fZq" 2') AZk]\hk^ *2')
;eh\dl¾]^gl^Z``k^`Zm^ +)') Bkhg 00')
;eh\dl¾ebàmp^bàm *-') E^Z] ***'*
;hhdl¾[nedlmhkZ`^ 1¾** Ebf^lmhg^!;Zmalmhg^¾ebàmp^bàm" +)'-
;hhdlhglaêo^l 0') Ebf^lmhg^!IhkmeZg]lmhg^¾f^]p^bàm" ++')
;kZll¾\Zlm 1.') Ebf^lmhg^!fZk[e^¾a^Zorp^bàm" +/'0
;kb\dphkd¾[en^ +-') FZ\Z]ZfiZobg` +*')
;kb\dphkd¾^g`bg^^kbg` ++') F=? 1')
;kb\dphkd¾Ì^mmhg *1') IeZlm^k *-'*
;kb\dphkd¾Ehg]hglmh\d *2') Ierphh] /',
;kb\dphkd¾lZg]ebf^ +*') LZg]lmhg^ +,'.
;khgs^¾\Zlm 1,') L\k^^]¾lZg](\^f^gm ++')
<abi[hZk] /'2 Lm^ê 00')
<hZe 2') M^kkZ\hmmZ +)'0
<hg\k^m^¾Z^kZm^] *)') Mbf[^k¾=hnèZlËk .'+
<hg\k^m^¾ebàmp^bàm *1') Mbf[^k¾>nkhi^Zg[^^\a(hZd 0'*
<hg\k^m^¾ghkfZe&p^bàm%ngk^bg_hk\^] +-') Mbf[^k¾@kZ]^<*/ ,'/
<hg\k^m^¾ghkfZe&p^bàm%k^bg_hk\^] +.') Mbf[^k¾@kZ]^<+- -'*
<hii^k 10') Mbf[^k¾Bkhdh(m^Zd /'-
MZ[e^+'*)\
Mrib\Zelê_&p^bàmlh_\hg\k^m^Ìhhkl
FZm^kbZe :k^ZehZ] FZm^kbZe :k^ZehZ]
!dG(f+" !dG(f+"
Ik^\Zlm\hg\k^m^lheb]ngbml!*))ff" +'-) Kb[[^]leZ[!,+.ff" -'-)
Ik^\Zlm\hg\k^mâheehp\hk^ngbml!*.)ff" +'-) Kb[[^]leZ[!,.)ff" -'0)
Ik^\Zlm\hg\k^mâheehp\hk^ngbml!+))ff" +'10 Kb[[^]leZ[!-))ff" .'))
Ik^\Zlm\hg\k^mâheehp\hk^ngbml!+.)ff" ,'// Kb[[^]leZ[!-.)ff" .',)
Ik^\Zlm\hg\k^mâheehp\hk^ngbml!,))ff" -')0 Kb[[^]leZ[!.))ff" .'0)
Ik^\Zlm\hg\k^mâheehp\hk^ngbml!,.)ff" -'-. PZ_Ì^leZ[¾lmZg]Zk]fhne]l!,+.ff" /'))
Ik^\Zlm\hg\k^mâheehp\hk^ngbml!-))ff" -'1- PZ_Ì^leZ[¾lmZg]Zk]fhne]l!,.)ff" /'-)
Ik^\Zlm\hg\k^mâheehp\hk^ngbml!-.)ff" .'.) PZ_Ì^leZ[¾lmZg]Zk]fhne]l!-+.ff" 0',)
Kb[[^]leZ[!+.)ff" -')) PZ_Ì^leZ[¾lmZg]Zk]fhne]l!-.)ff" 0'0)
Kb[[^]leZ[!+0.ff" -'+) PZ_Ì^leZ[¾lmZg]Zk]fhne]l!.+.ff" 1'/)
Kb[[^]leZ[!,))ff" -',)
26
MZ[e^+'*)]
:k^ZehZ]lZg]ehZ]lh_la^^mfZm^kbZel
FZm^kbZe :k^ZehZ] FZm^kbZe :k^ZehZ]
!dG(f+" !dG(f+"
:enfbgbnf!\hkkn`Zm^]" )')- IeZlm^kldbf\hZm )').
:liaZem!+)ff" )'-/ IeZlm^k[hZk]!2'.ff" )')0
<Zki^m )'), IeZlm^k[hZk]!*+'.ff" )')2
<Zki^mZg]ng]^keZr )'). IeZlm^k[hZk]!*.ff" )'**
<abi[hZk]!*1ff" )'*+ IeZlm^k[hZk]!*2ff" )'*.
<abi[hZk]!++ff" )'*. IeZlm^k^][kb\d*)+$+q*,ff +'/)
=krebgbg`hglmn]!+)ff" )'*. IeZlm^k^]f^]bnf]^glbmr[eh\d +'))
?Zel^\^bebg`¾lm^ê_kZfbg` )'*) IeZlmb\!\hkkn`Zm^]" )')-
?êm!,&eZr^k"Zg]\abiibg`l )',. Ierphh]!*+'.ff" )')1
@eZll¾]hn[e^èZsbg` )'.+ Ierphh]!*.'.ff" )'*)
@eZll¾lbgè^èZsbg` )',) Ierphh]!*2ff" )'*+
@eZllË[k^!.)ff" )')* JnZkkrmbe^lbg\en]bg`fhkmZk[^]]bg` )',+
@eZllphhe!*))ff" )')* KZbl^]Ìhhk¾a^Zor]nmr )'.)
@eZsbg`¾iZm^gm!bg\e'[Zkl" )',) KZbl^]Ìhhk¾f^]bnfp^bàm )'-)
AZk]phh]iZkjn^m!*)ff" )')1 KZbl^]Ìhhk¾ebàmp^bàm )',)
BglneZmbhg¾èZllË[k^!*))ff" )')+ K^g]^k!*,ff" )',)
BglneZmbhg¾èZllË[k^!*.)ff" )'), Kh\dphhe!+.ff" )')*
BglneZmbhg¾iherlmrk^g^ )')- L\k^^]¾.)ff *'*.
E^Z]la^^m¾\h]^,!*',+ff" )'*. L\k^^]¾ebàmp^bàm!+.ff" )'-.
E^Z]la^^m¾\h]^-!*'1)ff" )'+) La^^mobgre )'),
E^Z]la^^m¾\h]^.!+'+-ff" )'+. LmZbge^lllm^êkhhËg`!)'-ff" )').
E^Z]la^^m¾\h]^/!+'/.ff" )'+2 Lm^ê!\hkkn`Zm^]" )'*.
E^Z]la^^m¾\h]^0!,'*.ff" )',. Lnli^g]^]\^bebg`¾Zenfbgbnf )').
E^Z]la^^m¾\h]^1!,'..ff" )',2 Lnli^g]^]\^bebg`¾lm^ê )'*)
Ebghe^nf!,'+ff" )'). Lnli^g]^]Ë[k^[hZk]mbe^l )').
IZobg`lmhg^l!.)ff" *'+) M@[hZk]l!*.'.ff" )')2
I^kli^q\hkkn`Zm^]la^^ml )'). M@[hZk]l!++ff" )'*+
IeZlm^k&mph\hZm`rilnf!*+ff" )'+* Mbe^l¾\^kZfb\Ìhhkhg[^] *'))
IeZlm^k[hZk]hgmbf[^klmn] )',.
MZ[e^+'*)^ MZ[e^+'*)_
Khh_ehZ]l :k^ZehZ]lh_iZkmbmbhgl
FZm^kbZe :k^ZehZ] IZkmbmbhglZlZk^ZehZ]l :k^ZehZ]
!dG(f+" !dG(f+"
;Zmm^gl_hkleZmbg`Zg]mbebg` )'), Ebàmp^bàm *'))
F^mZekhh_\eZ]]bg` )')0 A^Zorp^bàm ,'))
MaZm\a!,))ff" )'-.
Mbe^l¾\eZrkhh_!fZq" )'/0
Mbe^l¾\eZrkhh_!fbg" )'-,
Mbe^l¾gZmnkZeleZm^!mab\d" )'/.
Mbe^l¾gZmnkZeleZm^!mabg" )',.
Mbe^l¾bgm^keh\dbg`\hg\k^m^ )'..
Mbe^l¾ieZbg\hg\k^m^ )'0.
Sbg\khhËg`!)'1ff" )')/
27
MZ[e^+'**
Mrib\ZeZk^ZehZ]l_hk\eZ]]bg`Zg]pZeel!dG(f+"
<ZobmrpZee Ik^\Zlm\hg\k^m^\eZ]]bg`
*)+'.ff[kb\dphkd
*)+'.ff[kb\dphkd +'-)
+'-) ?Z\bg` *'))
.)ffbglneZmbhg
.)ffbglneZmbhg )')+
)')+ Ik^\ZlmiZgê!*))ff" +'.)
*))ff[eh\dphkd
*))ff[eh\dphkd *'-)
*'-) BglneZmbhg )').
IeZlm^k
IeZlm^k )'+*
)'+* =krebgbg`hglmn] )'*.
Total 4.0 Total 3.6
Ebàmp^bàm\eZ]]bg` ;kb\dphkd
BglneZm^]iZgê
BglneZm^]iZgê )'+)
)'+) *)+'.ff[kb\dphkd +'-)
Inkebgl
Inkebgl )').
)'). IeZlm^kq+ )'-+
=krebgbg`hglmn]
=krebgbg`hglmn] )'*.
)'*. Total 2.8
Total
Total 0.4
0.4 ;eh\dphkd¾]^gl^
<nkmZbgpZeebg` *))ff]^gl^[eh\dphkd +'))
:eehp
:eehp *'))
*')) IeZlm^kq+ )'-+
BglneZmbg`\hg\k^m^_hkfphkd
BglneZmbg`\hg\k^m^_hkfphkd Total 2.4
K^g]^k
K^g]^k )'/)
)'/) ;eh\dphkd¾ebàmp^bàm
BglneZmbg`_hkfphkd
BglneZmbg`_hkfphkd )'*)
)'*) *))ffebàmp^bàm[eh\dphkd *'-)
FZll\hg\k^m^!+))ff"
<hg\k^m^!+))ff" -'1)
-'1) IeZlm^kq+ )'-+
IeZlm^k
IeZlm^k )'+*
)'+* Total 1.8
MhmZe
MhmZe .'0
.'0 ;eh\dphkd¾Z^kZm^]
Mbf[^k\eZ]]bg` *))ffZ^kZm^][eh\dphkd )'.)
;hZk]bg`!+.ff"
;hZk]bg`!+.ff" )'+)
)'+) IeZlm^kq+ )'-+
;Zmm^gl
;Zmm^gl )').
)'). Total 0.9
Ier!*+'.ff"
Ier!*+'.ff" )')1
)')1 =krebgbg`
Lmn]l!*.)q.)ff"
Lmn]l!*.)q.)ff" )'+,
)'+, F^mZelmn]l )').
BglneZmbhg
BglneZmbhg )').
)'). IeZlm^k[hZk]Zg]ldbfq+ )'-)
Ier!*+'.ff"
Ier!*+'.ff" )')1
)')1 Total 0.5
=krebgbg`hglmn] )'*.
=krebgbg`hglmn] )'*. Mbf[^klmn]pZee
Total 0.8
Total 2.40 Mbf[^klmn]l )'*)
IeZlm^k[hZk]Zg]ldbfq+ )'-)
Total 0.5
MZ[e^+'*+
Mrib\ZeZk^ZehZ]l!dG(f+"
H_Ë\^Ìhhk
Bg&lbmnÌZmleZ[mab\dg^ll!ff" ¾ ++. +.) +0. ,)) ,+.
<Zki^m )'), )'), )'), )'), )'), )'),
KZbl^]Ìhhk )',) )',) )',) )',) )',) )',)
Lê_&p^bàmh_leZ[ ¾ .'/, /'+. /'11 0'. 1'*,
Lnli^g]^]\^bebg` )'*. )'*. )'*. )'*. )'*. )'*.
L^kob\^l )',) )',) )',) )',) )',) )',)
MhmZe )'1 /'- 0') 0'0 1', 1'2
H_Ë\^\hk^Zk^Z
Mbe^l[^]]bg`!Zeehp" *')) *')) *')) *')) *')) *'))
L\k^^] +'+) +'+) +'+) +'+) +'+) +'+)
Lê_&p^bàmh_leZ[ ¾ .'/, /'+. /'11 0'. 1'*,
Lnli^g]^]\^bebg` )'*. )'*. )'*. )'*. )'*. )'*.
L^kob\^l )',) )',) )',) )',) )',) )',)
MhmZe ,'0 2', 2'2 *)'. **'+ **'1
28
MZ[e^+'*+\hgmbgn^]'''
K^lb]^gmbZeÌhhk
Bg&lbmnÌZmleZ[mab\dg^ll!ff" ¾ +)) ++. +.) +0.
<Zki^m )'). )'). )'). )'). )').
?ehZmbg`Ìhhk )'*. )'*. )'*. )'*. )'*.
Lê_&p^bàmh_leZ[ ¾ .')) .'/, /'+. /'11
Lnli^g]^]\^bebg` )'+) )'+) )'+) )'+) )'+)
L^kob\^l )'*) )'*) )'*) )'*) )'*)
MhmZe )'. .'. /'* /'1 0'-
L\ahheÌhhk
Bg&lbmnÌZmleZ[mab\dg^ll!ff" ¾ ++. +.) +0. ,))
<Zki^m(Ìhhkbg` )'). )'). )'). )'). )').
Lê_&p^bàmh_leZ[ ¾ .'/, /'+. /'1 0'.
Lnli^g]^]\^bebg` )'*. )'*. )'*. )'*. )'*.
L^kob\^l )'+) )'+) )'+) )'+) )'+)
MhmZe )'- /') /'/ 0'+ 0'2
AhlibmZeÌhhk
Bg&lbmnÌZmleZ[mab\dg^ll!ff" ¾ ++. +.) +0. ,))
?ehhkbg` )'). )'). )'). )'). )').
Lê_&p^bàmh_leZ[ ¾ .'/, /'+. /'11 0'.)
L\k^^] +'+) +'+) +'+) +'+) +'+)
Lnli^g]^]\^bebg` )'*. )'*. )'*. )'*. )'*.
L^kob\^l![nm\Zg[^`k^Zm^k" )'.) )'.) )'.) )'.) )'.)
MhmZe +'2 1'. 2'+ 2'1 *)'-
?eZmkhh_(^qm^kgZem^kkZ\^
IZobg`hk`kZoê!Zeehp" +'+) +'+) +'+) +'+) +'+) +'+)
PZm^kikhhËg` )'.) )'.) )'.) )'.) )'.) )'.)
BglneZmbhg )'*) )'*) )'*) )'*) )'*) )'*)
Lê_&p^bàmh_leZ[ ¾ .'/, /'+. /'11 0'. 1'*,
Lnli^g]^]\^bebg` )'*. )'*. )'*. )'*. )'*. )'*.
L^kob\^l )',) )',) )',) )',) )',) )',)
MhmZe ,', 1', 2'. *)'* *)'1 **'-
Mbf[^kibm\a^]khh_
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Mbe^l!kZg`^3)'.mh)'0.dG(f+" )'0. )'0. )'0. )'0.
;Zmm^gl )'). )'). )'). )').
?êm )'). )'). )'). )').
KZ_m^kl )'*. )'*. )'*. )'*.
BglneZmbhg )'). )'). )'). )').
IeZlm^k[hZk]Zg]ldbf )'*. )'*. )'*. )'*.
L^kob\^l )'*) )'*) )'*) )'*)
<^bebg`chblml )'*. )'*. )'*. )'*.
MhmZeehZ]hgieZg *'/ *'0 *'1 *'2
F^mZe]^\dbg`khh_
BglneZm^]iZgê )'+)
Inkebgl )'*)
Lm^êphkd )',)
L^kob\^l )'*)
MhmZe )'0
29
+'2 Typical spatial requirements

+'2'* Car parks
Ma^lmZg]Zk]\hgË`nkZmbhg_hk\ZkiZkdlbllahpgbg?b`nk^+'2'B]^Zeerma^Â[bgpb]maÃb'^'ma^
e^g`mah_mph\ZkiZkdliZ\^lZg]ma^Zble^lahne][^Z\e^ZkliZgh_*.'/f'MablblZghg^khnl
k^jnbk^f^gmZg]lhma^\henfgl\Zg[îeZ\^][^mp^^gliZ\^lZllahpgbg?b`nk^+'2'Ma^lbs^l
h_maîZkdbg`liZ\^lZk^lahpgbgMZ[e^+'*,'
B Interbin support zone

A
A: 0.46 m minimum
recommended minimum
0.8 m to 1.0 m
preferred range
3 bins
3 x 2.4 m B: 3.3 m minimum

bays * 3.6 m desirable
Acceptable
support positions
4.8 m 6.0 m 4.8 m * Typical bay

dimensions
Bin width
?b`nk^+'2
Mrib\Ze\ZkiZkdeZrhnm
=bZ`kZf3BLmkn\m> +-
T V
MZ[e^+'*,
<ZkiZkdliZ\^k^jnbk^f^gml
Mri^h_iZkdbg` E^g`ma!f" Pb]ma!f" <hff^gm
Fbq^]nl^ -'1 +'- Fbq^]h\\niZg\r
LahkmlmZr -'1 +'. 5+ahnkl
Ehg`lmZr -'1 +', Hg^fho^f^gmi^k]Zr
=blZ[e^]nl^k -'1 ,'/ ¾
IZk^gm(\abe] -'1 ,'+ ¾
+'2'+ Services
Mrib\ZeZkkZg`^f^gml_hkbgm^`kZmbhgh_lmkn\mnk^Zg]l^kob\^lZk^`bo^gbg?b`nk^+'*)'
+'*) Preliminary sizing

Bmbllmkhgèrk^\hff^g]^]maZm>\hghfb\\hg\k^m^_kZf^ê^f^gmlT.Vblk^_^kk^]mh_hkikêbfbgZkr
lbsbg` h_ \hg\k^m^ _kZf^] lmkn\mnk^l' Ahpô^k% Zl Z ikêbfbgZkr `nb]^% ma^ liZg&mh&^__^\mbo^&
]îmakZmbhl[êhp\Zg[^nl^]'
<Zg]b]Zm^lZk^^qi^\m^]mhlahplhf^\Ze\neZmbhglbgL^\mbhg*Zh_ma^^qZfbgZmbhg%^li^\bZeer
_hk bm^fl ln\a Zl mkZgl_^k [^Zfl Zg] _hng]Zmbhgl' Bg]^^] \Zg]b]Zm^l pbee aZo^ mh ]h lhf^
\Ze\neZmbhgZmmabllmZ`^mhZohb]nlbg`bgZiikhikbZm^lbs^l'
30
Structural
zone A
C B
Services E
D
zone
Floor to
ceiling
height G
FFL
Raised
H
floor
a) Flat soffit
Duct leaving riser / core

consider universal
VAV terminal box
columns as beams
A
B
500 C E
400 D
Below deep beams Main duct run-outs

final terminal device only below normal
maximum beam size
G
FFL
b) Downstand beams
Key
A Structural zone
B 50 mm deflection and tolerance
C Approx. 500 mm HVAC duct or terminal device
D 50 mm support and tolerance
E 5 150 mm sprinkler zone (if required)
F 150 mm lighting and ceiling zone
G Floor to ceiling height
H Raised floor
?b`nk^+'*)
Mrib\Zel^kob\^shg^l
31
+'*)'* Beams
Ma^liZg&mh&]îmakZmbhlbgMZ[e^+'*-\Zg[^nl^]'
MZ[e^+'*-
LiZg&mh&]îmakZmbhl_hk[^Zfl
<hg]bmbhg LiZg&mh&]îmakZmbh
Simply supported *.
End-bay *0
Cantilever /
+'*)'+ Transfer beams

Ma^ ^qi^kb^g\^] ^g`bg^^k pbee ng]^klmZg] maZm bm bl ghm Z]oblZ[e^ mh ]^m^kfbg^ ma^ l^\mbhg lbs^
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`ho^kgbg`\kbm^kbZ_hkZk^bg_hk\^]\hg\k^m^mkZgl_^k[^Zf'?khf>nkh\h]^+%o>]6O>](!)'2[p]"Zg]
lahne][ê^llmaZgoK]%fZq!l^^MZ[e^+'*-"'B_ma^l^\mbhgblghmmh[^\hf^\hg`^lm^]pbmala^Zk
k^bg_hk\^f^gmbmblZ]oblZ[e^mhebfbmo>]mh+G(ff+'Ahpô^k%bmfZr[^g^\^llZkrmhbg\k^Zl^
mablmh-G(ff+':pêeikhihkmbhg^][^ZfaZlZpb]ma%[%ZlaZe_bml]îma'
Maâ^Z]khhfng]^kma^[^Zflahne][^\a^\d^]Zg]\hglb]^kZmbhg`bo^gmhma^\hgg^\mbhg
bgmhma^\henfg'=^Ì^\mbhgZg]Ì^qnkZelmk^g`malahne]Zelh[^\hglb]^k^][^\Znl^ma^rfZr
`ho^kgma^]^lb`g'
MZ[e^+'*.
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oK]%fZq!FIZ" ,'/1 -'.) -'20 .'+1 .'.1 /')+ /'0+ 0',1 1'))
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32
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33
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34
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36
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37
Engineering Consultants
99 High Street
Newtown
NW9 9AA
Your ref:
Our ref: 1099/OB/1.01/21-11-06 21 November 2006
FAO Mr J Client
Dear Mr Client
Call Centre – Implications of Recent Minor Seismic Activity
As we are sure you are aware there has recently been a minor earthquake in the region of the recently completed Call Centre.
We would like to address the concerns you may have regarding the strength of your building if faced with a similar event.
Initially we would like to confirm that the structure has been designed to the latest Building Regulations and Codes of
Practice. There is no requirement to explicitly consider the effects of seismic activity because historically the most significant
horizontal forces on structures in this region are wind forces, rather than forces arising from seismic activity.
We would suggest that, before making any decisions about strengthening the structure, we wait for a consensus amongst the
experts as to whether this type of event is likely to occur more frequently in the area and what they recommend as the design
requirements. We would expect that, if changes are necessary, the Building Regulations will be revised and that clear guidance
will emerge on whether existing buildings should be strengthened. The Call Centre is just one of many buildings that could be
affected by a similar earthquake in this region.
In the meantime, we would like to reassure you that the building as it stands will have reasonable strength to resist to a
minor seismic event. It has been designed with ties to ensure that ‘progressive collapse’ does not occur and these will act to
strengthen the building in the event of an earthquake. There are, however, a number of specific areas where localised damage
could occur as a result of a small earthquake; these are detailed below.
s !NEARTHQUAKE RESISTANTBUILDINGSHOULDBEABLETOCARRYTHELATERALLOADSIMPOSEDTOASTABILITYCORE)NTHISCASETHE
precast units and topping screed are designed to act as a stiff diaphragm. However, depending on the intensity of the
earthquake, this system may have insufficient strength to carry the forces. A design check can be carried out when
there is agreement on the design forces that should be used for an earthquake in this region.
s 4HECURRENTBUILDINGISDIVIDEDINTOTWODISCRETESTRUCTURESWITHASMALLMOVEMENTJOINTBETWEENTHEM$URINGAN
earthquake the structures will move laterally and the width of the joint is unlikely to be sufficient to prevent the two
structures from making contact. We think there are two options for overcoming this; either the joint could be made
wider by making alterations to the existing structure, or the lateral stiffness of the building could be increased by
incorporating more stability walls. The latter would reduce the sideways sway during a seismic event. It may also be
the preferred solution if the floor diaphragm requires strengthening. We will need to have a discussion so we can find an
acceptable solution that provides minimal disruption to your business and the minimum effect on the architecture.
s 4HEBUILDINGISFOUNDEDONWEATHEREDROCKWHICHSHOULDBESUFlCIENTLYROBUSTINTHEEVENTOFANEARTHQUAKE(OWEVER
we will need to review the strength of the foundations to resist lateral forces, for which they were not designed. The
building has a suspended ground floor, which means that there are beams tying the foundations together. This is
beneficial in the event of an earthquake, because it prevents the foundations moving apart possibly causing major
damage to the frame.
s 4HE BEAM TO COLUMN CONNECTIONS ARE A CAUSE FOR CONCERN 4HERE ARE MANY WAYS TO FORM A CONNECTION AND THIS IS
generally left to the precast manufacturer to design. This is usually beneficial because he can carry out the work more
efficiently and to suit his working methods. On this project the manufacturer has used a ‘billet’ type connection, which
is perfectly adequate for the job it was designed to do. However, it offers less spare capacity to resist the forces from
an earthquake and strengthening may be required.
s 4HETWO STOREYGLAZEDENTRANCEAREAWILLREQUIRESOMESTRENGTHENINGMEASURES4HELATERALMOVEMENTTHATWILLOCCUR
during an earthquake is almost certain to damage the glazing. The current glazing is laminated glass, which means
that it will not break into small pieces. However, there is a risk that whole panes will come away from their fixings with
the potential to cause loss of life. To overcome this, strengthening of the column–to-roof beam connections will be
necessary to reduce lateral sway.
We cannot be certain about how design guidance will change as a result of the earthquake, but the above comments should
give you an appreciation of the preventive measures that are likely to be necessary. If you would like to discuss the situation
further then please contact us.
Yours sincerely
?b`nk^+'*/
>qZfieê^mm^k
38
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39
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40
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hkK<+)(+.
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hkK<+.(,)
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XXX <-)(.)%)'-.%,-) <,)(,0%)'..%,)) <+1(,.%)'/)%+1) 555 555 555 555
hkK<-)(.) hkK<,)(,0 hkK<+1(,.
XXX <-)(.)%)'-.%,-) ` 555 555 555 555 555 555
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XXX XXX XXX XXX XXX L^^;L1.)) <-)(.)%)'-)%,1) <,.(-.%)'-.%,/)
XXX XXX XXX XXX XXX <,+(-)%)'-)%,1) <+1(,.%)'-.%,/) <+.(,)%)'.)%,-)
XXX XXX XXX XXX XXX <,.(-.%)'-)%,1) <,+(-)%)'-.%,/) <,+(-)%)'.)%,-)
XXX XXX XXX XXX XXX L^^;L1.)) <-)(.)%)'-)%,1) <,.(-.%)'-.%,/)
XXX XXX XXX XXX XXX <,+(-)%)'-)%,1) <,+(-)%)'-.%,/) <,+(-)%)'.)%,-)
XXX XXX XXX XXX XXX L^^;L1.)) <-)(.)%)'-)%,1)` 555
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41
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42
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44
=^lb`g\Ze\neZmbhgl
,'.'+ Beams
;^Zfllahne][îkhob]^]pbmala^Zkk^bg_hk\^f^gmZg]maôZkbZ[e^lmknmbg\ebgZmbhgf^mah]h_
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_hkZiierbg`mablf^mah]bl`bo^gbg?b`nk^,'*'
START
Determine vEd where:

vEd = design shear stress [vEd = VEd/(bw z) = VEd/(0.9 bwd)]
Determine the concrete strut capacity vRd,max cot y = 2.5

from Table 3. 7
Is No Is No
vEd < vRd,max cot y = 2.5? vEd < vRd,max cot y = 1.0? Redesign
(see Table 3.7) section
Yes (cot y = 2.5) Yes
Determine y from:
vEd
y = 0.5 sin-1
0.20 fck (1 – fck/250)
Asw vEd bw
Calculate area of shear reinforcement: =
s fywd cot y
Check maximum spacing for vertical shear reinforcement: sl,max = 0.75 d
?b`nk^,'*
Procedure for determining vertical shear reinforcement
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45
,'/ Deflection
Nlbg` ma^ ]^^f^]&mh&lZmbl_r f^mah] h_ >nkh\h]^ +% ma^ [Zlb\ liZg&mh&^__^\mbo^ ]îma kZmbh%
pab\a oZkb^l ]î^g]bg` hg ma^ Zk^Z h_ k^bg_hk\^f^gm Zg] ma^ \hg\k^m^ lmk^g`ma'Mabl \Zg [^
h[mZbg^]_khf?b`nk^,'+'
36
34
fck = 50
32
fck = 45
30 fck = 40
fck = 35
28 fck = 32
Span to depth ratio (l/d)
fck = 30
26 fck = 28
fck = 25
24
fck = 20
22
20
18
16
14
12
0.40% 0.60% 0.80% 1.00% 1.20% 1.40% 1.60% 1.30% 2.00%
Percentage of tension reinforcement (As,req /bd)
Notes
1 For two-way spanning slabs, the check 4 Curves based on the following expressions:
should be carried out on the basis of the 1.5
1.5 fck r 0 r0
shorter span.
2 This graph assumes simply supported span
l
d [
= K 11 +
r
+ 3.2 fck
( )]
r
–1
condition (K = 1.0). where r ≤ r0

K = 1.5 for interior span condition and
K = 1.3 for end span condition
1.5 fck r 0 r'
K = 1.2 for flat slabs
K = 0.4 for cantilevers
l
d [
= K 11 +
( r – r ')
+
fck
12 r0 ]
3 Compression reinforcement, r', where r > r0
has been taken as 0.
?b`nk^,'+
Basic span-to-effective-depth ratios
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nl^)'1"'
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46
=^lb`g\Ze\neZmbhgl
MZ[e^,'1
=^_e^\mbhg_Z\mhkmhmZd^Z\\hngmh__eZg`^]l^\mbhgl
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600 )'1) )'1, )'1/ )'2) )'2, )'2. )'21 *'))

750 )'1) )'1) )'1) )'1. )'12 )'2* )'2. )'21
900 )'1) )'1) )'1) )'1) )'1- )'11 )'2+ )'2.
1200 )'1) )'1) )'1) )'1) )'1) )'1) )'1/ )'2)
1500 )'1) )'1) )'1) )'1) )'1) )'1) )'1) )'1.
2000 )'1) )'1) )'1) )'1) )'1) )'1) )'1) )'1)
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Beams and slabs *') )'2, )'11 )'1+ )'01 )'0) )'/- )'.1 )'-0
Flat slabs ¾ ¾ ¾ *')) )'2- )'1. )'00 )'0* )'.0
320
Approximate steel stress at SLS for As,req, ssu
300
280
260
240
220
200
180
1.0 2.0 3.0 4.0
Ratio Gk/Qk
c2 = 0.8, gG = 1.35 c2 = 0.6, gG = 1.25
c2 = 0.6, gG = 1.35 c2 = 0.3, gG = 1.25
c2 = 0.3, gG = 1.35 c2 = 0.2, gG = 1.25
c2 = 0.2, gG = 1.35
To determine stress in the provided reinforcement (ss ), calculate the ratio Gk/Qk,
read up the graph to the appropriate curve and read across to determine ssu.
As,req 1
ss can be calculated from the expression: ss = ssu f pf p
As,prov d
?b`nk^,',
Determination of steel stress
47
,'0 Estimating reinforcement quantities

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h_ma^\hg\k^m^ê^f^gm'
,'1 Detailing
,'1'* Maximum and minimum areas of reinforcement
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ma^`khll\khll&l^\mbhgZeZk^Zh_ma^\hg\k^m^4mabl\Zg[^bg\k^Zl^]mh1ZmeZil'Ma^fbgbfnf
i^k\^gmZ`^lZk^`bo^gbgMZ[e^;'-!l^^:ii^g]bq;"'
,'1'+ Minimum spacing of bars

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[Zklbs^%pab\aô^kblma^`k^Zm^k'?hk+)ffZ``k^`Zm^Zg][Zklh_+.ffbg]bZf^m^kZg]ho^k%
ma^fZqbfnfgnf[^kh_[ZklbgZeZr^kbl3
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48
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MZ[e^,'**
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+. ,+ -) +. ,+ -) +. ,+ -)
300 - , + - , + , , +
350 . - , . - , - , ,
400 / - , / . - . - ,
450 0 . - 0 . - / . -
500 1 / . 1 / . 0 / -
550 2 0 . 2 0 . 1 / .
600 *) 1 / *) 1 / 2 0 /
650 ** 1 0 ** 1 0 *) 1 /
700 *+ 2 0 *+ 2 0 ** 2 0
750 *, *) 1 *, *) 1 *+ *) 1
800 *- ** 1 *- ** 2 *, *) 1
900 */ *+ *) */ *+ *) *. *+ 2
1000 *1 *- ** *1 *- ** *0 *, **
1100 +) *. *+ +) */ *+ *2 *. *+
1200 ++ *0 *, ++ *0 *- +* *0 *,
1300 +- *2 *. +- *2 *. +, *1 *-
1400 +/ +) */ +/ +) */ +. +) */
1500 +1 ++ *0 +1 ++ *0 +0 +* *0
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Ma^lôZen^lZk^lnbmZ[e^_hkZebgd]bZf^m^kh_nimh*/ff'
,'1', Maximum spacing of bars

Ma^fZqbfnfliZ\bg`bl`bo^gbgmZ[e^0',h_>nkh\h]^+!l^^MZ[e^;',bg:ii^g]bq;"'
La^Zkebgdllahne][^ZmZliZ\bg`h_ghfhk^maZg)'0.]%Zg]ghehg`bmn]bgZe[Zklahne][^fhk^
maZg*.)ffhk]_khfZo^kmb\Zee^`'
,'2 Design of beams

,'2'* Governing criteria
NlnZeerma^`ho^kgbg`\kbm^kbhgblma^[^g]bg`lmk^g`ma'=^Ì^\mbhgfZr[^\hf^\kbmb\Ze_hkehg`
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ehZ]^]lahkmliZgl'
49
,'2'+ Analysis
Pa^kô^kihllb[e^%nl^ma^\h^_Ë\b^gmlik^l^gm^]bgMZ[e^,'*+'
MZ[e^,'*+
;^g]bg`fhf^gmZg]la^Zk\h^__b\b^gml_hk[^Zfl
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* K^]blmkb[nmbhgh_lniihkmfhf^gml[r*.aZl[^^gbg\en]^]'
+ :iieb\Z[e^mh,hkfhk^liZglhgerZg]pa^k^Jd©@d'
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,'2', Flanged beams

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,'2'- Fire resistance

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50
=^lb`g\Ze\neZmbhgl
Ikhc^\m]^mZbel <Ze\neZm^][r Ch[gh'

OB CCIP - 018
Worked example 1 <a^\d^][r La^^mgh'
Transfer beam MS TB1
<eb^gm =Zm^
TCC Aug 09
Gk = 1500 kN, Qk = 1000 kN
1.5 m 9.0 m
Initial sizing Shear stress not to exceed 4 N/mm2

(to avoid reinforcement congestion).
Ultimate load = 1.35 x 1500 + 1.5 x 1000 = 3525 kN
(ignoring self-weight)
Take b = 600
V 3
=d = Ed = 3525 x 10 = 1469 mm Section 2.10.2
vEdb 4 x 600
Take overall depth as 1650 mm (d = 1550)
Bending Mmax = 3525 x 1.5 = 5288 kNm
For Mmax = 5288, b = 600, d = 1550, fck = 32 N/mm2
K = 0.115, As = 8858 mm2 (z = 1297 mm)
Use 8 H40 (10100 mm2) in 2 layers.
Shear vEd = 3525 x 103/(0.9 x 600 x 1550) = 4.21 MPa Figure 3.1
Assuming the strut is at 45° Slab Table 3.7

8H40bars reinforcement
Asw ≥ 4.21 x 600
s 435 x cot 45°
≥ 5.81 mm
Try H12 links

s = 452/5.81 = 78 mm
1650
Figure 3.1
Say 4 H12 links @ 75 mm ctrs
4 H12 links
@ 75 ctrs
600
Comments Remember to check headroom beneath the beam

H40 bars will be heavy; if there is no reasonable alternative, ensure
that the contractor is aware so he may take steps to safeguard
the health and safety of the steel fixers.
51
,'*) One-way spanning slabs

,'*)'* Governing criteria
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,'*)'+ Analysis
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,'*)', Fire resistance

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52
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OB CCIP - 018
MS OW1
One-way slab
<eb^gm =Zm^
TCC Aug 09
Imposed load = 2.5 kN/m2

Superimposed dead load
6000 6000 6000 6000 = 1.5 kN/m2
Concrete class C28/35
cnom = 25 mm
Initial sizing From Economic concrete frame elements – 167 Section 2.10
or 6000/32 = 187.5, say 200 mm
Loading ULS = 1.35 (0.2 x 25 + 1.5) + 1.5 x 2.5 = 12.5 kN/m2
Bending Check first support from end
M = – 0.086Fl Table 3.14
= – 0.086 x 12.5 x 62
= – 38.7 kNm
For b = 1000, d = 200 − 25 − 10 = 165, fck = 28
Then K = 0.051, As, req = 567 mm2 (z = 157 mm)
Use H12 @ 175 ctrs (As,prov = 646 mm2)
Shear VEd = 0.6F = 0.6 x 12.5 x 6 = 45.0 kN Table 3.14
V 45.0 x 103
vEd = Ed = = 0.27 N/mm2
bd 1000 x 165
100 As = 100 x 646 = 0.39

bd 1000 x 165
= vRd,c = 0.57 Table 3.6
vEd < vRd,c = no shear links required
Deflection Maximum sagging moment = 0.075 Fl Table 3.14
= 0.075 x 12.5 x 62 = 33.75 kNm
For fck = 28, d = 165, b = 1000
Then K = 0.044, As,req = 494 mm2 (z = 157 mm)
r = As,req/bd = 494 x 100/(1000 x 165) = 0.30%
Basic l/d = 35.2 x 1.3 = 45.8 (K = 1.3 for end span condition) Figure 3.2
actual l/d = 6000/165 = 36.4 =OK
=Use H16 @ 200 ctrs As,prov = 566 mm2
,'** Two-way spanning slabs

,'**'* Governing criteria
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56
=^lb`g\Ze\neZmbhgl

OB CCIP - 018
MS TW1
Two-way slab
<eb^gm =Zm^
TCC Aug 09
Superimposed dead load = 1.5 kN/m2
9000
Imposed load = 5 kN/m2
cnom = 25 mm
l y = 9000
l x =7200 7200 7200 7200
Initial sizing From Economic concrete frame elements: 213 mm Section 2.10
or 9000/36 = 250 mm say 250 mm
Loads n = 1.35 (1.5 + 6.25) + 1.5 x 5 = 18.0 kN/m2 (ULS)
Check short span d = 250 − 25 − 8 = 217 mm
ly 9.0
= = 1.3
lx 7.2
bsx = – 0.069 and bsx = 0.051 Table 3.17
Support moment msx = bsx n lx = – 0.069 x 18.0 x
2 7.22
= – 64.4 kNm/m
critical in bending For msx = 64.4, b = 1000, d = 217, fck = 28
Then As = 718 mm2/m (K = 0.049 & z = 206 mm)
Use H12s @ 150 ctrs (As,prov = 754 mm2/m)
Shear bvx = 0.50 Table 3.18
Vsx = bvx n lx
= 0.5 x 18.0 x 7.2
= 64.8 kN/m width
V 3
vEd = Ed = 64.8 x 10 = 0.30 N/mm2
bd 1000 x 217
100 As = 100 x 754 = 0.35
bd 1000 x 217
= vRd.c = 0.57 N/mm2 > 0.30 = no shear links required Table 3.6
Deflection Maximum sagging moment = 0.051 x 18.0 x 7.22 = 47.6 kN/m
For b = 1000, d = 217, fck = 28
Then K = 0.036, As req = 531 mm2 (z = 206 mm)
r = As,req/bd = 531 x 100/(1000 x 217) = 0.24%
Basic l/d = 35.2 x 1.3 = 45.8 (K = 1.3 for end span condition) Figure 3.2
actual l/d = 7200/217 = 33.2 =OK
57
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,'*,'* Governing criteria
,'*,'+ Geometry
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61

OB CCIP - 018
MS FS1
Flat slab
<eb^gm =Zm^
TCC Aug 09

7000

= 1.5 kN/m2
7000
cnom = 30 mm
Supported by 350 mm
9000 9000 9000 9000
square columns
Initial sizing Using Economic concrete frame elements: 284 mm

Or 8000/26 = 307 mm, say 300 mm Section 2.1
Loading ULS = 1.35 (1.5 + 0.3 x 25) + 1.5 x 5 = 19.65 kN/m2
Bending Check long span end bay condition
M = – 0.086Fl = – 0.086 x 19.65 x 7 x 92 = – 958 kNm Table 3.20
Centre strip Design moment = 0.75 x 958 = 718 kNm Table 3.21
critical
For b = 3500, d = 300 − 30 − 10 = 260 mm, fck = 28
Then K = 0.108, As = 7110 mm2
Centre column strip = 4740 mm2 (2708 mm2/m)
Use T20 @ 100 ctrs (As,prov = 3140 mm2/m)
Outer column strip = 2370 mm2 (1354 mm2/m)
Use T20 @ 200 ctrs (As,prov = 1570 mm2/m)
Punching shear VEd = 19.65 x 7.0 x 9.0 = 1238 kN
bV 1.15 x 1238 x 103 Table 3.22
At column face, vEd = u d Ed = = 4.07 < 4.98
i eff 4 x 350 x 250
100 As 100 x 3140

Shear resistance without links: = = 1.26%
bd 1000 x 250
=vRd,c = 0.75 MPa
Area of steel at first control perimeter, 2d = 2 x 250 = 500 mm from column
face.
Length of perimeter = 4 x 350 + 2Q x 500 = 4542 mm
Radial spacing sr = 0.75 x 250 = 188 mm
Asw = (vEd – 0.75 vRd,c)sr u1/(1.5 fywd,ef)
3
= d1.15 x 1238 x 10 – 0.75 × 0.75m x 188 x 4542 /(1.5 x 313)
4542 x 250
=1257 mm2/perimeter
Using 10 mm dia. links, no of links = 1257/78.5 = 16,
spacing = 4542/16 = 284 < 1.5d
Deflection Maximum sagging moment = 0.075 Fl
= 0.075 x 19.65 x 7 x 92
= 836 kNm
62
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Centre strip Design moment = 0.55 x 836 = 460 kNm

critical
For b = 3500, d = 260 and fck = 28
K = 0.069, As = 4351 mm2 Or As = 1243 mm2/m
r = As,req/bd = 1243 x 100/(1000 x 260) = 0.48%

Basic l/d = 20.3 x 1.2 = 24.4 (K = 1.2 for flat slab condition) Figure 3.2
actual l/d = 9000 / 260 = 34.6
Increase area of steel to reduce steel stress, assume H20 @ 225 ctrs (1400 mm2)
Approximate steel stress at SLS = 236 MPa Figure 3.3
Therefore approximate steel stress, ss, when As,prov = 1400 mm2
ss = 236 x 1243/1400 = 210 MPa
Increased basic l/d = 24.4 x 310/210 = 36 > 34.6 =OK

Comments 1. The design in the orthogonal direction has not been included.
2. For the design of the strips across two panels only, coefficients from
Table 3.20 are not appropriate.
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OB CCIP - 018
MS RS1
Ribbed slab
<eb^gm =Zm^
TCC Aug 09

Superimposed load
= 1.5 kN/m2
750 Concrete class: C28/35

cnom = 26 mm
Topping thickness = 100 mm
1000
7200
Initial sizing Using Economic concrete frame elements: 255 mm

or 7200/29 = 248 mm, say 250 mm
Assume self-weight = 4.0 kN/m2 Table 2.9c
Loading ULS = 1.35 (4.0 + 1.5) + 1.5 (2.5) = 11.2 kN/m2
Bending Check sagging moment in end bay

d = 250 – 26 – 6 – 8 = 210 mm
BS EN 1992-1-1:
Effective length = 6.2 + 2 x 1/2 x 0.210 = 6.41 m Fig 5.4
M = 0.075Fl = 0.075 x 11.2 x 6.412 x 0.75 = 25.9 kN/m per rib Table 3.20
For b = 750, d = 210, fck = 28
K = 0.030, As,req = 291 mm2 (z = 200 mm)
x = 2.5 (210 – 200) = 25 mm
= N.A. in flange – design as rectangular section
Deflection r = As,req/Ac = 291 x 100/(125 x 110 + 750 x 100) = 0.33%

Reduction factor for flanged section = 1 – 0.1 x ((750/125) – 1) = 0.5 = use 0.8. Table 3.25
Basic l/d = 0.8 x 33 x 1.3 = 34.3 (K = 1.3 for end span condition)
actual l/d = 7200 / 210 = 34.3 =OK
A142 mesh
100
150
H6
H16
10 125 10
65
,'*- Waffle slabs

,'*-'* Governing criteria
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,'*/'* Restraint
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,'*/'+ Load balancing

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68
=^lb`g\Ze\neZmbhgl

OB CCIP - 018
MS WS1
Waffle slab
<eb^gm =Zm^
TCC Aug 09

Superimposed load
7200 = 1.5 kN/m2
Concrete class: C28/35
cnom = 26 mm
9000
Initial sizing Using Economic concrete frame elements: 425 mm thick

(i.e. 325 moulds + 100 topping)
or 9000/20 = 450, say 425 thick Section 2.9
Assume self-weight = 7.3 kN/m2 Table 2.9c
Ultimate load n = 1.35 (7.3 + 1.5) + 1.5 (2.5) = 15.6 kN/ m2
There is a substantial beam along the column strips, which can therefore
resist torsion at the corners. Design as a two-way spanning slab.
ly 9.0
= = 1.25
lx 7.2
Interpolating for a corner panel
Hogging moments bsx = − 0.066, Sagging moments bsx = 0.049 Table 3.17
Bending at support Msx = bsx nlx2 = − 0.066 x 15.6 x 7.22 = − 53.4 kN/m width
For ribs @ 900 ctrs
M = 53.4 x 0.9 = 48.0 kNm/rib
For d = 425 − 26 − 6 − 8 = 385 mm, b = 900, fck = 28
Then As,req = 299 mm2 (Taking z = 0.95d and therefore N.A. is in flange)
Deflection r = As,req/Ac = 299 x 100/(180 x 285 + 900 x 100) = 0.21%
Deflection not critical by inspection Figure 3.2
Use 2 x H16 per rib (As,prov = 402)
,'*/', Stresses
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69
a) Proposed
loading
b) Unstressed
slab
c) Prestressed
slab
d) Final
condition

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Cover
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70
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,'*/'/ Initial design

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71

OB CCIP - 018
MS PT1
Post-tensioned slab
<eb^gm =Zm^
TCC Aug 09

7000

= 1.25 kN/m2
7000
9000 9000 9000 9000
Initial sizing 9000/36 = 250 mm thick (Economic concrete frame elements: 249 mm) Table 2.22
Geometry Area of concrete, Ac = 7000 x 250 = 1750 x 103 mm2
Second moment of area, Ic = 7000 x 2503/12 = 9.11 x 109 mm4
Distance to extreme fibres from neutral axis, yb = yt = 125 mm
Section modulus, Zb = Zt = 9.11 x 109/125 = 72.9 x 106
Strand diameter = 12.9 mm 60
125
Minimum cover = 20 mm
a
Distance to centre of strand = 60 mm 125
Tendon profile for end span (most critical):
60
Idealised tendon
shape for initial a = 250 – 60– 60 – 65 = 98
2
design only
Number of Characteristic value of maximum force, 186 kN Table 3.29
strands required Initial prestress = 0.8 x 186 = 149 kN (allow for 80% of characteristic force)
Prestress in service condition = 0.7 x 149 = 104 kN (allow for 10% loss
at transfer and 20% loss at service, check in detailed design)
Balance dead loads with prestressing
P = ws2/(8a) = 7 x 6 x 92/(8 x 0.098) = 4339 kN Section 3.16.2
=No. of tendons required = 4339/104 = 41.7, try 9 x 5 strands per duct
Total force = 4680 kN
Moments (SLS) Applied loads wa = 7 x (6.25 + 1.25 + 5) = 87.5 kN/m
Balancing load wb = 8aP/s2 = 8 x 0.098 x 4160 / 92 = 40.2 kN/m
Balanced moment M ≈ (wa – wb) l2/10 = (87.5 – 40.2) x 92/10 = 383.1 kNm
Mid-span stresses P + M = 4680 x 103 + 383.1 x 106 = 2.7 + 5.3 = 8.0 N/mm2
st = Section 3.16.3
Act Zt 1750 x 103 72.9 x 106
For class C32/40 allowable compressive stress is 12.8 N/mm2 = OK Table 3.30
P – M = 4680 x 103 – 383.1 x 106 = 2.7 – 5.3 = – 2.6 N/mm2
sb = Section 3.16.3
Act Zb 1750 x 103 72.9 x 106
For class C32/40 allowable tensile stress is 2.7 N/mm2 = OK Table 3.30
Comments Stresses at the support and punching shear should also be checked
at this stage for a flat slab (see 3.12.3)
It is assumed that deflection, the ULS requirements and transfer
requirements can be met with passive reinforcement in detailed design,
as is usually the case.
72
=^lb`g\Ze\neZmbhgl
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74
=^lb`g\Ze\neZmbhgl

OB CCIP - 018
MS C1
Column
<eb^gm =Zm^
TCC Aug 09

7500
300 Superimposed load

= 1.5 kN/m2
Concrete class: C32/40
cnom = 35 mm
7500
Column
9000 9000
Loads Column supports 4 storeys

Ultimate load per floor = 1.35 (0.3 x 25 + 1.5) + 1.5 x 5 = 19.7 kN/m2
Total ultimate axial load = 4 x 19.7 x 7 x 9
N = 4952 kN
Initial sizing Using Economic concrete frame elements – 450 mm square
Column design NEd/bhfck = 4952 x 103/(4502 x 32) = 0.76
Take minimum moment as 4952 x 0.02 = 99 kNm (assume column is

not slender)
MEd/bh2fck = 99 x 106/(4503 x 32) = 0.03
d2 = 35 + 8 +16 = 59 mm
d2/h = 59/450 = 0.13
Use column graph for d2/h = 0.15

Asfyk/bhfck = 0.35
As = 0.35 x 4502 x 32/500 = 4536 mm2
Use 6 H32 (As,prov = 4830 mm2)
H8 links
@ 300 ctrs
450
H25
450
75
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,'*1 Shear walls

,'*1'* Design issues
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,'*1'+ Walls with unequal stiffness

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centre
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y e Lateral load La^Zk\^gmk^_hk
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77

OB CCIP - 018
MS SW1
Shear walls
<eb^gm =Zm^
TCC Aug 09
Q k,w Assume critical combination is 1.0 Gk + 1.5 Qk,w where Qk,w is

wind load.
40 kN gk = 35 kN/m
Assuming the floor load is 4000 kN supported on
3.0 m 8 columns, the horizontal action due to imperfections
= 0.25% x 4000 = 10 kN
75 kN gk = 35 kN/m
ft =N − M
Lt (tL2/6)
3.0 m
N = 1.0 x 35 x 4 x 2.5 + 0.200 x 12 x 2.5 x 25 = 500 kN
75 kN gk = 35 kN/m MEd = 1.5((40 + 10) x 12 + (75 + 10)(9 + 6 + 3)) = 3195 kNm
500 x 103 − 3195 x 106
3.0 m ft =
2500 x 200 (200 x 25002/6) ?b`nk^,'**
gk = 35 kN/m La^Zk\^gmk^_hk
75 kN = 1.0 − 15.3 lmZ[bebmrpZeel
= − 14.3 N/mm2
3.0 m 200 mm
thick wall Assume that the tension is resisted by 1 m at the end of the wall.
0.5 ft Lt t
As =
2.5 m fyd
= 0.5 x 14.3 x 1000 x 200 = 3287 mm2 or 1644 mm2/face

435
Use T20s @ 175 ctrs (1800 mm2/face)

Comment This design assumes that the base is sufficient to resist overturning. When designing the base
for overturning the EQU category should be used rather than STR as used here.
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,'*1'- Fire resistance

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78
=^lb`g\Ze\neZmbhgl

OB CCIP - 018
JB SW2
Shear walls with varying stiffness
<eb^gm =Zm^
TCC Dec 06
60.0
y 5.0 Floor-to-floor height = 3.6 m
W4 8.0
Shear W2
centre
25.0
W1
10.0
W3
5.0 e
Wind force, take as 1.0 kN/m2
The relative stiffness of the walls can be calculated as follows (note as the
walls are rectangular and the same thickness we can use the depth only)
W1 = 103 = 1000 m3
W2 = 83 = 512 m3
Total = 1512 m3
y = 0.1 x 1000 + 59.9 x 512 = 20.3 m

1512
Eccentricity, e = 30 – 20.3 = 9.7 m
Twisting moment, Mt = 9.7 x 1.0 x 60 x 3.6 = 2095 kNm per floor
In the worst case this moment can be resisted by the walls W3 and W4 only,
the force (F) in each wall is:
F = 2095/24.8 = 84.5 kN per floor
To check for the critical case the direct design force on the walls W3 and W4
from the wind parallel to these walls = 1.0 x 3.6 x 25/2 = 45 kN, and
therefore the forces imposed by the twisting action are more onerous and
should be used for design.
Comments This layout is not particularly eccentric and yet still imposes
large torsional forces.
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,'*2 Ground-bearing slabs

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,'+)'* Key considerations
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700
600
Allowable bearing pressure (kN/m2)
Very dense
to limit settlement to 25 mm
500
Dense
N = 50
400
N = 40
300
N = 30
Medium dense
200
N = 20
100
Loose N = 10
0
0 1 2 3 4 5 6
Foundation width (m)
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,'+* Piled foundations

,'+*'* Pilecap design
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82
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The force in pil e ‘a’ is given by :

a
a
ya ±
a

where
N = number of pi le s in g roup
P = t otal lo ad appli ed
M = bendi ng moment a ppli ed
y = local di stan ce of the pi l e
fr om the n eutral axis of the group
ya = loc al di stan ce of pi l e ‘a’
from the n eutral axis of the g roup
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,'+*'+ Piles in cohesive material

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OB CCIP - 018
JB BP1
Bored pile in clay
<eb^gm =Zm^
TCC Dec 06
2
Find safe working load of a 450 mm diameter bored pile in clay
0m c u = 70 kN/m
Qf = ac As + cu Nc Ab
gs gb
Qf = 0.45 (70 + 170)/2 p x 0.45 x 10 + 170 x 9 x p x 0.2252
3.0 2.5
= 254 + 97.3
2
= 351 kN
10 m c u = 170 kN/m
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=^lb`g\Ze\neZmbhgl

OB CCIP - 018
JB BP2
Bored pile in sand
<eb^gm =Zm^
TCC Dec 06
Find safe working load of a 450 mm diameter bored pile in sand

0m Nq* Ab qo´ + As qo´,mean ks tand
Qa =
gf
Take h´ = 33°, l/d = 10000/450 = 22.2
Medium = Nq* ≈ 41
dense
sand 41 x p x 0.2252 x 18 x 10 + p x 0.45 x 10 x 18 x 5 x 0.387 x tan 33
Qa =
3
1174 + 320
Qa =
3
10 m = 498 kN
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90
-Plans, sections, elevations and critical

details (section 2d)
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■ Lnli^g]^]Ìhhkl
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hgerZihkmbhgg^^]lmh[^]kZpgZehg`pbmaZ\e^Zkghm^'Ma^]kZpbg`llahne][^]kZpghg
ma^:,`kZiaiZi^kikhob]^]4ma^rlahne]ehhdikh_^llbhgZeZg]bg\en]^]bf^glbhglZg]ma^
lmkn\mnkZe`kb]':_neea^bàm\khll&l^\mbhgbl`^g^kZeer^ll^gmbZeZg]lhf^mbf^lZehg`bmn]bgZe
l^\mbhgblk^jnbk^]mhh':gêôZmbhglahne][^bg\en]^]pa^k^bmbl`hbg`mh\hgo^rZ]]bmbhgZe
bg_hkfZmbhgln\aZlma^\eZ]]bg`lniihkml'
Ma^k^blZmfhlm1.fbgnm^lmhZglp^kmabll^\mbhg%lhma^\Zg]b]Zm^pbeeg^^]mhphkdlpb_mer
mh\hfie^m^ma^]kZpbg`lZg]ma^k^blghln[lmbmnm^_hk^qi^kb^g\^'HgeraZe_ma^fZkdlpbee
[^ZpZk]^]_hkmaîeZgl%lhZohb]ma^mkZih_li^g]bg`mhhfn\ambf^hgmaîeZglZmma^
^qi^gl^h_ma^hma^kk^jnbk^f^gml'
-'* Plans, sections and elevations

:mrib\Ze^qZfie^h_ZÌhhkieZgZg]l^\mbhg_hkZk^bg_hk\^]\hg\k^m^[nbe]bg`bllahpgbg?b`nk^-'*'
IeZglZg]\khll&l^\mbhgl_hk_hng]Zmbhgllahne][^lahpgbgZlbfbeZkeôêh_]^mZbe'
Bm bl Zllnf^] maZm Z \hlm ^lmbfZm^ pbee [^ ikîZk^] nlbg` ma^ ]kZpbg`l Zg] lh ma^ _heehpbg`
bg_hkfZmbhglahne][îkhob]^]hgmaîeZgl3
■ <hg\k^m^\eZll
■ K^bg_hk\^f^gm^lmbfZm^l_hkZeeê^f^gml%^li^\bZeerngnlnZeê^f^gml
■ Mri^h_k^bg_hk\^f^gm
■ <hg\k^m^Ëgbla^l
■ =bf^glbhglmh`kb]lZg]lmkn\mnkZelbs^l
■ <eZ]]bg`lniihkml
■ Fho^f^gmchbgml
■ PZm^kikhhËg`]^mZbel%bg\en]bg`\hglmkn\mbhgchbgml_hkpZm^kmbàm\hg\k^m^
■ :grhma^kbg_hkfZmbhgk^jnbk^]mh^gZ[e^Z\hlm^lmbfZm^mh[îkîZk^]
-'+ Critical details

Ma^\kbmb\Ze]^mZbelikhob]^]a^k^Zk^[rghf^Zglma^\hfie^m^kZg`^h_]^mZbelmaZmfZr
[^^g\hngm^k^]'F^kêrkîkh]n\bg`ma^l^bgma^^qZfbgZmbhgpbeeghm]^fhglmkZm^
rhnk \hfi^m^g\r mh ma^ ^qZfbg^kl4 ma^ ]^mZbel pbee g^^] mh [^ Z]Zim^] mh ma^
iZkmb\neZk\bk\nflmZg\^lh_rhnk]^lb`g'Ma^jn^lmbhgnlnZeerghm^lma^\kbmb\Ze]^mZbel
Zk^ _hk ^lmbfZmbg` inkihl^l4 lh bg ma^ mbf^ ZoZbeZ[e^ rhn lahne] ^glnk^ maZm rhn ikhob]^
ma^]^mZbelmaZmpbeeaZo^ma^fhlm^__^\mhgma^\hlmh_maîkhc^\m%ghmma^]^mZbelmaZmZk^
^Zlb^lmmhikh]n\^'
91
A B C
150 3750 4250 150

150
600 dp x 300
1
250
500
150
200
400 dp x 300
600 dp x 300
150
7000
300 dp x 250
3450
200 1650
150
wall
600 dp x 300
SFL = 112.150
Up Down
1100
150
X X
2
400 dp x 300 Column
500 x 300
600 dp x 300
3000
150
150
600 dp x 300
3
150
FLOOR LAYOUT
All columns 300 x 300, centred on grid unless noted otherwise
SFL = 112.150
600 600 600

150
300
SECTION X - X
?b`nk^-'*
>qZfie^h_`^g^kZeZkkZg`^f^gm]kZpbg`_hkZ\hg\k^m^lmkn\mnk^
92
IeZgl%l^\mbhgl%êôZmbhglZg]\kbmb\Ze]^mZbel
-'+'* Foundations
MZ[e^-'*
Mrib\Zeibe^\Zilbs^l!ff"
=bZf^m^k =îma E^g`ma%E +&ibe^ ,&ibe^ZkkZg`^f^gm
ZkkZg`^f^gm
;k^Z]ma%; Q R S
[k^Z]ma%;
,)) 0)) *.)) /)) *-)) ..) /)) ./)
-.) *))) +*)) 0.) *2)) 0)) 0.) 0/)
/)) *-)) +0)) 2)) +-.) 1.) 2)) 20)
0.) *1)) ,,)) *).) ,))) *))) *).) **0)
2)) ++)) ,2)) *+)) ,..) **.) *+)) *,0)
*+)) ,))) .*)) *.)) -.2) *-.) *.)) *01)
*.)) ,1)) /,)) *1)) .//) *0.) *1)) +*2)
Ghm^
=bf^glbhglE%;%Q%RZg]SZk^`bo^gbg?b`nk^-'+'
B L
B
Z
X
L
L L
?b`nk^-'+
Mrib\Zeibe^\ZieZrhnml
L-bars to provide anchorage,

attached to pile reinforcement
with couplers
Top of Pile cut down to
pilecap cut-off level
Damp-proof
membrane
75 mm Blinding 75 mm
Pile reinforcement
a) Pile and pilecap connection b) Pile and pilecap connection for

large diameter bars
?b`nk^-',
Ibe^Zg]ibe^\Zi\hgg^\mbhgl
:]Zimma^l^]bZ`kZflmhlnbm&=HGÃMcnlmkîkh]n\^ma^f'@bo^]bf^glbhglpa^k^ZiikhikbZm^'
93
Internal wall
In-situ concrete
Screed
Mesh reinforcement Damp-proof
FFL course Insulation
In-situ RC
slab Damp-proof
Insulation membrane
Blinding Blinding
Damp-proof Well compacted

membrane Well compacted
sub-base sub-base
Blinding
Blinding
a) Internal strip foundation b) Perimeter strip foundation
Façade Facade
In-situ screed
In-situ RC slab on sub-base
Damp-proof Reinforcement
course TOC
Insulation
Damp-proof
Top of pilecap course
Damp-proof 100 mm
membrane Precast hollowcore unit
Blinding
Well compacted
Blinding Concrete strip foundation
sub-base
Blinding
c) Typical perimeter pile cap and ground bearing d) Strip foundation supporting pre-cast unit
slab interface
Existing New RC column

column
Resin-anchored starter bars
RC slab
Damp-proof
membrane
Blinding 450
Sub-base min 75
Existing New concrete Resin-anchored dowel
concrete foundation bars
foundation
e) Strengthening existing foundation f) Connection of column to pad foundation
?b`nk^-'-
LaZeehp_hng]Zmbhgl*
94
Longitudinal joint
Reinforced Reinforced concrete
concrete column Outline of column Proprietary joint sealant 20 mm wide
base below slab
Transverse joint Isolation joint

(where provided) (See Section
A A below) DPC Sub-base
Compressible filler board 20 mm wide
a) Isolation joint around concrete column: plan d) Wall isolation joint
RC wall
Existing
masonry Concrete foundation
Longitudinal joint
wall
Outline of base
below slab
Damp-proof
membrane
A A
Transverse joint
Blinding
Isolation joint (where provided)
Assumed foundation Mass concrete

to existing wall
b) Isolation joint at steel stanchion: plan e) New structure allowed to load existing building
foundations
Existing
Concrete surround to 20 mm soft joint masonry wall
Compressible filler board stanchion baseplate
Foundation
20 mm wide, joint sealed constructed to finished
with proprietary sealant floor level Compressible
Damp-proof material
membrane
Mass concrete
Blinding
Mass concrete
Sub-base Damp-proof
membrane 50 mm soft joint
filled with
Blinding compressible
material Assumed foundation
to existing wall
c) Section A A f) New structure isolated from existing building
foundations
?b`nk^-'.
LaZeehp_hng]Zmbhgl+
95
-'+'+ Retaining walls
300 mm wide
granular backfill
Water-bar
Weep hole
Drainage pipe
Large radius bend Large radius bend

if required if required
a) Reinforced concrete cantilever wall b) Reinforced concrete basement wall
y x
Precast concrete
Mass concrete
In-situ concrete
base d
c) Precast concrete crib wall d) Mass concrete gravity wall
?b`nk^-'/
K^mZbgbg`lmkn\mnk^l
96
-'+', Basement walls

Superstructure
Ground floor slab Superstructure
Reinforced
concrete King post
ground beam Ground floor slab
Reinforced concrete
column
X X
In-situ concrete to give Y Y

Secant pile
flush surface for Reinforced concrete
wall
waterproofing system basement wall
Waterproofing to internal or
Precast concrete
external surface of basement
lagging panels
wall as required
Basement slab Basement slab
Pile
Connection between basement slab

and secant wall if required
a) Secant pile wall used as part of permanent structure c) Temporary king post wall
In-situ concrete
Superstructure Secant pile
wall
Reinforced
concrete Ground floor slab
capping beam
Section X X
Reinforced concrete
column
Z Z
Reinforced Waterproofing to internal
concrete or external surface of
basement wall basement wall as
required
Contiguous Section Y Y
pile wall
Basement slab
In-situ
concrete
infill
Pile
b) Temporary contiguous pile wall Section Z Z

?b`nk^-'0
;Zl^f^gmpZeel :]Zimma^l^]bZ`kZflmhlnbm&=HGÃMcnlmkîkh]n\^ma^f'@bo^]bf^glbhglpa^k^ZiikhikbZm^'
97
-'+'- Waterproofing
External In-situ
concrete concrete Bitumen sheeting
wall wall
Masonry wall or protective Fillet
board
DPM applied to inner
face of external wall Structural wall
and floor
600 mm zone
50 protective
of selected screed
Concrete floor
backfill
300 mm
zone of
selected 150 min sealed
backfill overlap
Horizontal DPM protected
with 50 screed Concrete
base
Graded
drainage 225 min Sub-base
Fillet material
Drainage pipe
Drainage
pipe
c) Externally applied bitumen sheet tanking
Blinding
DPM concrete
Sub-base
Graded drainage
material
a) Internal damp proof membrane
In-situ concrete wall

40 space flushed
up with mortar
20 min render mortar
Masonry wall
or protective
board
DPM applied to
mortar render 50 protective screed
Outer
on insulating layer
600 mm zone wall
In-situ concrete floor
backfilled with
selected fill Horizontal DPM
protected with Asphalt
50 screed
Blinding concrete
Graded
drainage
material
Fillet
Sub-base
d) Internally applied asphalt tanking:

200
Drainage pipe vertical loading with masonry
min Fillet
b) Example of damp proof membrane applied externally
?b`nk^-'1
MZgd^]pZm^kikhhËg`himbhgl
!Mri^:" :]Zimma^l^]bZ`kZflmhlnbm&=HGÃMcnlmkîkh]n\^ma^f'@bo^]bf^glbhglpa^k^ZiikhikbZm^'
98
Protection
Tanking
Fillet
Fillet
150
Stabilising beam
Pile cap
Isolated pile groups
?b`nk^-'2
MZgd^]\hg\k^m^[Zl^f^gm\Zkkb^]hgibe^l
Slab reinforcement
Column Cavity drain former
50 Blockwork wall
Cavity former cut Screed Cavity drainage former
around columns
TOC Screed
SSL
Reinforced 100 mm min.
Laid to falls concrete wall
Foundation
Pile
Drainage gulley
a)Cavity system at column position b)Junction of floor and wall cavitiy systems
?b`nk^-'*)
Mrib\Ze\Zobmr]kZbgZ`^!Mri^<"
Drainage channel
Floor finishes
Reinforced in-situ
concrete
Blinding
Waterproof
render Chamfer at internal
and external corners
Selected backfill
Tanked waterproofing
system
Blinding Drainage pipe
Graded drainage material
?b`nk^-'**
LpbffbgìhhepZm^kikhhËg`
99
-'+'. Cladding
Horizontal restraint
brackets
Cladding
panel
Shims
RC frame
Fixing between bracket
and RC frame
Precast
concrete
panel
Shims for vertical
tolerance
Horizontal restraint
bracket
Steel angle supporting cladding
panel fixed to RC frame
a) Cladding panel fixed to reinforced concrete upstand b) Precast concrete cladding supported by concrete beam
Serrated face for vertical

adjustment
Cladding bracket allows
for vertical and horizontal
Precast concrete adjustment Cladding bracket
cladding panels
Precast concrete
cladding panels
RC concrete
Cast-in socket
with cross pin Expansion anchor or cast-in
(or vertical cast-in channel) Soft joint channel and serrated cleat,
and plate washer for lateral
adjustment
c) Horizontal fixing for precast concrete cladding d) Load bearing and horizontal restraint fixing
panel for precast cladding panels
In-situ concrete frame

In-situ concrete frame
Adjustment
Cladding
Cladding bracket panel
Range of
Precast concrete movement
cladding panel
e) Cladding bracket with three degrees of adjustment f) Fixing detail to allow movement
Note: any steel connected to external elements should be galvanised or, more durably, stainless steel.
?b`nk^-'*+
Mrib\ZeËqbg`]^mZbel_hk
ik^\Zlm\hg\k^mîZgêl :]Zimma^l^]bZ`kZflmhlnbm&=HGÃMcnlmkîkh]n\^ma^f'@bo^]bf^glbhglpa^k^ZiikhikbZm^'
100
In-situ concrete
Insulation Insulation
In-situ concrete
Tie
Retained
façade
Fixing to
RC frame
Cavity tray
Lateral Soft joint
restraint Lateral
fixing Continuous formed
angle brickwork restraint fixing
Soft joint support system
(stainless steel) Fixing to frame allows
vertical movement
Tie into
brickwork
a) Brickwork supported at floor level b) Retained façade
?b`nk^-'*,
?bqbg`h_fZlhgkr_ZZ]^l
-'+'/ Waterstops
Outside Inside
Blinding
a) Construction floor joint b) Construction wall joint

with external waterstop with external waterstop
Recess cast in
concrete
Hydrophilic
strip
c) Construction joint with d) Floor-to-wall joint with

hydrophilic strip external waterstop
?b`nk^-'*-
Mrib\ZeZiieb\Zmbhglh_pZm^klmhil
101
-'+'0 Movement joints

Non-absorbent
Sealing compound joint filter
No steel
continuity
Shear connector
Expansion type Initial gap for
waterstop expansion
a) Expansion joint d) Movement joint in a suspended slab with shear transfer
Joint sealing No concrete continuity

compound and no initial gap
Reinforced
concrete
column
No steel
continuity
Soft joint
Waterstop
Sealant
b) Complete contraction joint e) Movement joint at column location
Joint sealing No concrete continuity Expansion joint suitable

compound and no initial gap for traffic
Sealant
Steel
continuity Sealant
50% Soft joint
Waterstop
Waterstop
c) Partial contraction joint f) Movement joint suitable for traffic
?b`nk^-'*.
Fho^f^gmchbgml
102
-'+'1 Superstructure
a) Reinforced beam to column connection b) Transfer beam connection
Screed
New RC slab
X X
Existing column
15 mm soft joint
New reinforced
10 mm steel plate concrete slab
Plan Section X X
c) Detailing to avoid new slab loading existing column
Structural topping
Reinforcement projecting from
Hollowcore unit in-situ beam bent down into
structural topping
Minimum 100 mm Reinforcement to

bearing 2 cores per unit
In-situ beam
d) Precast unit supported on in-situ beam (hybrid construction)
?b`nk^-'*/
Lni^klmkn\mnk^]^mZbel
103
. Method statement and programme

(section 2e)
.'* Method statement
Ma^ f^mah] lmZm^f^gm lahne] [^ pkbmm^g _hk ma^ iZkmb\neZk \bk\nflmZg\^l h_ ma^ ikhc^\m4
ma^ ^qZfbg^kl Zk^ ehhdbg` _hk f^mah] lmZm^f^gml maZm ]^fhglmkZm^ Zg ng]^klmZg]bg` h_
ma^\hglmkn\mbhgikh\^llZg]ahpmh[nbe]lZ_êr'Ma^f^mah]lmZm^f^gmZg]ikh`kZff^
mh`^ma^k Zk^ phkma cnlm *) h_ ma^ fZkdl% lh ma^k^ bl `^g^kZeer ghm fn\a mbf^ ZoZbeZ[e^
mh\hfie^m^mabliZkmh_ma^jn^lmbhg'<Zg]b]Zm^lm^g]mhknglahkmh_mbf^Zmma^^g]h_
ma^^qZfbgZmbhgZg]lhmabliZkmblnlnZeerghmpêe^q^\nm^]'Gô^kmaê^llma^k^Zk^fZkdl
ZoZbeZ[e^Zg]ô^kr^__hkmlahne][^fZ]^mhikhob]^Z\e^Zkf^mah]lmZm^f^gm'
.'*'* General contents of the method statement

Ma^f^mah]lmZm^f^gmlahne]]^l\kb[âhpma^\Zg]b]Zm^\hglb]^klmaZmma^li^\bË\[nbe]bg`bg
ma^jn^lmbhg\Zg[^lZ_êr\hglmkn\m^]'Ma^_heehpbg`hnmebg^fZrikho^nl^_ne3
IkêbfbgZkb^l
Ma^lbm^l^m&nilahne][^hnmebg^]4iZkmb\neZkblln^lmh\hglb]^kZk^3
■ Bgm^k_Z\^lpbmamaîn[eb\
■ Bgm^k_Z\^lpbmaZ]cZ\^gmikhi^kmb^l
■ Lbmêh`blmb\l
■ AZg]ebg`h_fZm^kbZel
■ IeZgmZg]^jnbif^gmmh[îkhob]^]%^'`'\kZg^l
L^jn^g\^h_phkd
■ B]^gmb_rma^l^jn^g\^h_phkdZg]ma^]î^g]^g\b^l[^mp^^g^Z\aZ\mbobmr
■ ;kb^Ìr]^l\kb[^^Z\aZ\mbobmr
■ Eblmma^Z\mbobmb^lbgZeh`b\Zehk]^k
■ Abàebàmd^rk^lmkZbgmlZg]ahpma^r\Zg[^ho^k\hf^
■ L^\mbhg+'0'*abàebàm^]ahpa^ZemaZg]lZ_^mrkbldllahne][^fbgbfbl^]'F^mah]l_hk
k^]n\bg`Zgrk^fZbgbg`kbldllahne][^bg\en]bgà^k^
.'*'+ Detailed considerations

Ma^]^lb`g^k\ZgbgÌn^g\^maâ^ZemaZg]lZ_^mrkbldlhgZikhc^\m[r\hglb]^kbg`ma^blln^lZmZg
^ZkerlmZ`^4ma^_heehpbgèblmblZgbg]b\Zmbhgh_Zk^Zlpa^k^]^lb`g^kl\ZgaZo^ZgbgÌn^g\^3
■ K^]n\^ma^k^jnbk^f^gmmhwork at height'
■ K^]n\^ma^k^jnbk^f^gmmhphkdbgexcavationsZg]confined spaces%^'`'fbgbfbl^ma^
]îmalh__hng]Zmbhgl'
■ :ohb]ma^li^\bË\Zmbhgh_fZm^kbZelmaZmZk^difficult to handle^'`'ehgè^g`malh_-)ff
]bZf^m^kk^bg_hk\bg`[Zk'
■ <e^Zker\hgo^rmaêZm^kZestability requirements_hkmaî^kfZg^gmphkdl'
■ :ohb]ma^li^\bË\Zmbhgh_m^\agbjn^lmaZm`^g^kZm^noise'
■ Fbgbfbl^ma^nl^h_m^\agbjn^lmaZm\Znl^vibration'
■ <hglb]^kma^]îmah_ma^groundwaterbgma^]^lb`g'
■ K^]n\^ma^kbldh_\hgmZ\mpbmacontaminants^'`'li^\b_rmahkhnàlbm^bgo^lmb`Zmbhgb_
ma^k^blZkbldh_\hgmZfbgZmbhgb]^gmbË^]bgZ]^ldlmn]r'
■ B]^gmb_rmaêh\Zmbhgh_utility services'
■ <hglb]^kbuoyancy]nkbg`\hglmkn\mbhg'
104
F^mah]lmZm^f^gmZg]ikh`kZff^
■ <hglmkn\mbhg\ehl^mh adjacent properties'

■ Refurbishment h_^qblmbgìkhi^kmb^l'
■ Weight of elements mh[êb_m^]'
■ Mri^lh_lifting equipment ^goblZ`^]_hkmaîkhc^\m'
■ Temporary propping k^jnbk^f^gml'
.'+ Programme
:lpbmaf^mah]lmZm^f^gml%ma^\Zg]b]Zm^blnlnZeerng]^kmbfîk^llnk^ZmmabllmZ`^h_ma^
^qZfbgZmbhg[nm%Z`Zbg%bmblZghiihkmngbmrmh]^fhglmkZm^rhnkdghpe^]`^'Ma^bg_hkfZmbhg
ikhob]^] a^k^ bl k^Zeer bgm^g]^] _hk bgbmbZe ikh`kZffbg` hger% not Zl Z ]^mZbe^] `nb]^ hg
\hglmkn\mbhgi^kbh]l'
Mrib\Ze\hglmkn\mbhgkZm^l\Zg[^h[mZbg^]_khfMZ[e^.'*hk?b`nk^.'*'
MZ[e^.'*
Mrib\Ze\hglmkn\mbhgkZm^l
<hglmkn\mbhgmri^ <hglmkn\mbhgkZm^
>lmZ[eblalbm^ +p^^dl
;hk^](<?:ibe^]!/))ff]bZ'q,)f 0i^k]Zr
ehg`"
=kbo^gik^\Zlmibe^l ?khf+))f(]ZraZk]`khng]mh*)))f(]Zrlh_m`khng]
Ghm^
KZm^l`bo^gZk^`^g^kb\Zg]bgm^g]^]hger_hk`nb]Zg\^'
Start
on site
Lead-in time (weeks) Speed on site (weeks/1000 m2/crane)
12 11 10 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1 1 2 3 4
Column/slab construction
Flat slab
Ribbed slab
Waffle slab
One-way slab and band beam
Two-way beam and slab
P/T flat slab If designed by P/T contractor
Hybrid beam and slab

Wall/slab construction
Hybrid twin wall
Precast crosswall
Tunnel form
?b`nk^.'*
E^Z]&bgmbf^lZg]li^^]h_\hglmkn\mbhg
105
.'+'* Example programmes

?b`nk^l.'+mh.'-lahpmaêZrhnmZg]\hglmkn\mbhgikh`kZff^l_hkma^lmkn\mnkZehimbhgl_hkZ
\hff^k\bZe[nbe]bg`maZmaZo^[^^gmZd^g_khf<hff^k\bZe[nbe]bg`l&\hlmfh]êlmn]rT*,V'
Ma^[nbe]bg`blmak^^lmhk^rlabàZg]eh\Zm^]hgZ`k^^g&Ëê]lbm^%bmaZl[^^gZllnf^]maZmhg^
\kZgâZl[^^gnl^]_hkmabl\hglmkn\mbhg'
A B C D
7500 7500 7500
1
7500
2 E F G H I
7500
7500 7500 7500 7500 7500
3
7500
4
7500
5
7500
?b`nk^.'+
IeZgh_,&lmhk^r\hff^k\bZe[nbe]bg`
Activity Duration 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22
Site set up 2 weeks
Substructure 8 weeks
Remove topsoil and reduced level dig 2 weeks
Pad foundations 4 weeks
Underslab drainage 3 weeks
Ground floor slab 3 weeks
Superstructure 10 weeks
Walls/columns grd to 1st 3 weeks
1st floor slab 4 weeks
Walls/columns 1st to 2nd 3 weeks
2nd floor slab 4 weeks
Walls/columns 2nd to 3rd 3 weeks
3rd floor slab 3 weeks
Roof upstands and bases 2 weeks
?b`nk^.',
<hglmkn\mbhgikh`kZff^_hkZÌZmleZ[lhenmbhg
106
F^mah]lmZm^f^gmZg]ikh`kZff^
Activity Duration 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22
Site set up 2 weeks
Substructure 8 weeks
Remove topsoil and reduced level dig 2 weeks
Pad foundations 4 weeks
Underslab drainage 3 weeks
Ground floor slab 3 weeks
Superstructure 13 weeks
Walls/columns grd to 1st 2 weeks
1st floor RC beams 2 weeks
1st floor PC planks 1 week
Walls/columns 1st to 2nd 2 weeks
2nd floor RC beams 2 weeks
2nd floor PC planks 1 week
Walls/columns 2nd to 3rd 2 weeks
3rd floor RC beams 2 weeks
3rd floor PC planks 1 week
Roof upstands and bases 2 weeks
?b`nk^.'-
<hglmkn\mbhgikh`kZff^_hkZar[kb]\hg\k^m^lhenmbhg
107
:ii^g]bq:3 Robustness requirements

for precast concrete frames
Ma^k^jnbk^f^gml_hkZkh[nlmik^\Zlm\hg\k^m^_kZf^\Zg[^f^m[r]^lb`gbg`_hkma^fbgbfnf
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Floor ties either uniformaly

distributed or collected
at columns
Continuous
peripheral
Internal ties gable tie
Continuity tie
Ties anchored into

columns where
continuity cannot
be provided
Perimeter floor ties Continuous

(everywhere) peripheral
tie(s)
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:'+ Vertical ties

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108
:ii^g]bq:3Kh[nlmg^ll
Concrete topping
Support Precast hollowcore

unit
Note
Not suitable for Class 2B and Class 3 buildings in accordance ?b`nk^:'+
with Approved Document A [36] Bgm^kgZeÌhhkmb^lpbmabg
\hg\k^m^mhiibg`
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?b`nk^:',
Bgm^kgZeÌhhkmb^lpbmabgaheehp\hk^ngbmlT,*V
In-situ
concrete
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109
Floor
Gable
beam
slab
Tie bar In-situ
concrete
Reinforcement anchored
into precast column
Edge beam
using alternatives shown
in Figure A.9 ?b`nk^:'.
=^mZbebg`Zm\hkg^k\henfglT,*V
In-situ concrete Minimum + 2Hagg + 10 mm
?b`nk^:'/
Tie bar diameter
Ihlbmbhgh_Ìhhkmb^pbmabg
ehg`bmn]bgZechbgmlh_
aheehp\hk^ngbml
Gable beam Projecting bars
In-situ
infill
At least one (often two) core(s)

opened for approximately 300 m m
Plug in open cores

a) Plan b) Section
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110
:ii^g]bq:3Kh[nlmg^ll
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cast-in-socket
Grouted sleeve
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111
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*'0) )'2- )'2* )'12 )'10 )'1. )'1+ )'1) )'01 )'0/ )'0- )'0*
*'0. )'2. )'2+ )'2) )'11 )'1/ )'1, )'1* )'02 )'00 )'0. )'0+
*'1) )'2. )'2, )'2) )'11 )'10 )'1- )'1+ )'1) )'01 )'0. )'0+
*'1. )'2/ )'2- )'2* )'12 )'11 )'1. )'1+ )'1) )'02 )'0/ )'0,
*'2) )'20 )'2- )'2+ )'2) )'11 )'1. )'1, )'1* )'02 )'00 )'0-
*'2. )'21 )'2. )'2, )'2* )'12 )'1/ )'1- )'1+ )'1) )'00 )'0-
+')) )'22 )'2/ )'2- )'2+ )'2) )'10 )'1- )'1+ )'1* )'01 )'0.
116
MZ[e^;'*)
=^lb`gfhf^gm_Z\mhkl_hk\hgmbgnhnl[^ZflpbmaZiikhqbfZmêr^jnZeliZgl
EhZ] =^Z]ehZ]!ZeeliZglehZ]^]" Bfihl^]ehZ]!fZqbfnfh_Zem^kgZm^liZglehZ]^]hk

ZeeliZglehZ]^]"
0.125 0.125
0.070 0.070 0.096 0.096
Uniformly distributed
0.100 0.100 0.117 0.117

0.080 0.025 0.080 0.101 0.075 0.101
0.107 0.071 0.107 0.121 0.107 0.121

0.077 0.036 0.036 0.077 0.099 0.081 0.081 0.099
0.105 0.079 0.079 0.105 0.120 0.111 0.111 0.120

0.078 0.033 0.046 0.033 0.078 0.100 0.079 0.086 0.079 0.100
0.156 0.156
0.095 0.095 0.129 0.129
0.5l
0.125 0.125 0.146 0.146

0.108 0.042 0.108 0.136 0.104 0.136
0.134 0.089 0.134 0.151 0.134 0.151

0.5l
0.104 0.056 0.056 0.104 0.134 0.111 0.111 0.134
0.132 0.099 0.099 0.132 0.150 0.139 0.139 0.150

0.105 0.051 0.068 0.051 0.105 0.135 0.109 0.117 0.109 0.135
0.188 0.188
Concentrated at mid span
0.156 0.156 0.203 0.203
0.150 0.150 0.175 0.175

0.175 0.100 0.175 0.213 0.175 0.213
0.161 0.107 0.161 0.181 0.161 0.181

0.170 0.116 0.116 0.170 0.210 0.183 0.183 0.210
0.158 0.118 0.118 0.158 0.179 0.167 0.167 0.179

0.171 0.112 0.132 0.112 0.171 0.211 0.181 0.191 0.181 0.211
Concentrated at third points
0.167 0.167
0.111 0.111 0.139 0.139
0.133 0.133 0.156 0.156

0.122 0.033 0.122 0.144 0.100 0.144
0.143 0.095 0.143 0.160 0.144 0.160

0.119 0.056 0.056 0.119 0.143 0.111 0.111 0.143
0.140 0.105 0.105 0.140 0.159 0.148 0.148 0.159

0.120 0.050 0.061 0.050 0.120 0.144 0.108 0.115 0.108 0.144
Ghm^l
*;^g]bg`fhf^gm6!\h^_Ë\b^gm"q!mhmZeehZ]hgliZg"q!liZg"' ,<h^_Ë\b^gmlZiierpa^gZeeliZglZk^^jnZe!oZkbZmbhglbgma^liZg
+;^g]bg`fhf^gm\h^_Ë\b^gm3 e^g`mafnlmghm^q\^^]*.h_maêhg`^lm"'
:Z[hoêbg^Ziiermhg^`Zmbo^[^g]bg`fhf^gmZmlniihkml' -EhZ]lhg^Z\aehZ]^]liZgZk^^jnZe'
;[êhpebg^Ziiermhihlbmbo^[^g]bg`fhf^gmbgliZg' .Fhf^gmh_bg^kmbZlZf^makhnàhnmZeeliZgl'
117
MZ[e^;'**
=^lb`gla^Zk_hk\^_Z\mhkl_hk\hgmbgnhnl[^ZflpbmaZiikhqbfZmêr^jnZeliZgl
ZeeliZglehZ]^]"
0.375 0.625 0.438 0.625

0.625 0.375 0.625 0.438
0.400 0.500 0.600 0.450 0.583 0.617

0.600 0.500 0.400 0.617 0.583 0.450
0.393 0.536 0.464 0.607 0.446 0.603 0.571 0.621

0.607 0.464 0.536 0.393 0.621 0.571 0.603 0.446
0.395 0.526 0.500 0.474 0.605 0.447 0.598 0.591 0.576 0.620
0.605 0.474 0.500 0.526 0.395 0.620 0.576 0.591 0.598 0.447
0.344 0.656 0.422 0.656

Triangularly distributed
0.656 0.344 0.656 0.422
0.375 0.500 0.625 0.437 0.605 0.646

0.625 0.500 0.375 0.646 0.605 0.437
0.366 0.545 0.455 0.634 0.433 0.628 0.589 0.651

0.634 0.455 0.545 0.366 0.651 0.589 0.628 0.433
0.369 0.532 0.500 0.468 0.631 0.434 0.622 0.614 0.595 0.649
0.631 0.468 0.500 0.532 0.369 0.649 0.595 0.614 0.622 0.434
0.313 0.688 0.406 0.688

Concentrated at midspan
0.688 0.313 0.688 0.406
0.350 0.500 0.650 0.425 0.625 0.675

0.650 0.500 0.350 0.675 0.625 0.425
0.339 0.554 0.446 0.661 0.420 0.654 0.607 0.681

0.661 0.446 0.554 0.339 0.681 0.607 0.654 0.420
0.342 0.540 0.500 0.460 0.658 0.421 0.647 0.636 0.615 0.679
0.658 0.460 0.500 0.540 0.342 0.679 0.615 0.636 0.647 0.421
0.333 0.667 0.417 0.667

Concentrated at third points
0.667 0.333 0.667 0.417
0.367 0.500 0.633 0.433 0.611 0.656

0.633 0.500 0.367 0.656 0.611 0.433
0.357 0.548 0.452 0.643 0.429 0.637 0.595 0.661

0.643 0.452 0.548 0.357 0.661 0.595 0.637 0.429
0.360 0.535 0.500 0.465 0.640 0.430 0.631 0.621 0.602 0.659
0.640 0.465 0.500 0.535 0.360 0.659 0.602 0.621 0.631 0.480
Ghm^
La^Zk_hk\^6!\h^_Ë\b^gm"q!mhmZeehZ]hghg^liZg"'
118
MZ[e^;'*+
=^lb`gfhf^gmZg]la^Zk_hk\^_Z\mhkl_hkliZglh_ng^jnZee^g`ma
ZeeliZglehZ]^]"
Moment
0.277 0.277 0.277 0.277

0.025 0.223 0.025 0.109 0.257 0.109
l 2l l l 2l l
Shear
0.223 1.000 0.777 0.466 1.000 0.534

0.777 1.000 0.223 0.534 1.000 0.466
Moment
0.311
0.311 0.311 0.311

0.357 0.186 0.357 0.373 0.273 0373
2l l 2l 2l l 2l
Shear
0.845 0.500 1.155 0.864 0.500 1.136
1.155 0.500 0.845 1.136 0.500 0.864
Ghm^l
*;^g]bg`fhf^gm6!\h^_Ë\b^gm"q!ehZ]i^kngbme^g`ma"q!e+"'
+La^Zk_hk\^6!\h^_Ë\b^gm"q!ehZ]i^kngbme^g`ma"q!e"'
,;^g]bg`fhf^gm\h^_Ë\b^gm3
:Z[hoêbg^Ziiermhg^`Zmbo^[^g]bg`fhf^gmZmlniihkml'
;[êhpebg^Ziiermhihlbmbo^[^g]bg`fhf^gmbgliZg!g^`ZmboôZen^bg]b\Zm^lg^`Zmbo^[^g]bg`fhf^gm"'
119
l a w 2 2
RA = V A = (l a )
2l
2
RB = V B 1 + V B2 = w (l + a)
2l
A Loading B C V B1 = w a
V B2 = w (l + a )
2 2
V B2 2l
w 2 2
V1 Msag, max = 2 (l + a) (l a)
8l
Shear V B1
2
wa
Mhog, max=
2
wa 2 3 3
Moment
Mhog,max dC = (4a l l3 + 3a3)
24EI
Msag, max
a) Beam overhanging one support - uniformly distributed load
l a 2
wa
RA = VA =
2l
wa
C R B= VA + V B = (2l + a )
A Loading B 2l
V B = wa
VB 2
wa
VA Mmax =
2
Shear 3
wa
dC = (4 l + 3 a)
Mmax 24EI
Moment
b) Beam overhanging one support - uniformly distributed load on overhang
l a
P Pa
RA = VA =
l
A C P (l + a)
Loading B RB = VA + V B =
l
VB = P
VB
VA Mmax = Pa
2
Shear
dC = Pa (l + a)
3EI
Mmax
Moment
c) Beam overhanging one support - concentrated load at end of overhang
?b`nk^;'*
;^g]bg`fhf^gml%la^Zk_hk\^lZg]]^Ì^\mbhgl_hk\Zgmbeô^kl
120
Deflected
h shape
Assumed pin
connection
b b
a) Frame and deflections
F1
F1 F1 F1
F1 4 F1 2 F1 4
4 2 4
F2
F1 + F2 F1 + F2 F1 + F2
F1 + F2 4 F1 + F2 2 F1 + F2 4
4 2 4
F3
F1 + F2 + F3 F1 + F2 + F3 F1 + F2 + F3
/F 4 /F 2 /F 4
4 2 4
/F /F /F
4 2 4
(3F 1 +2 F 2 + F 3 )h 0 (3F 1 + 2 F 2 + F 3 )h
2b 2b
b) Forces
MA MA
MA MB
MA M A = F1 h / 8
MA M B = F1 h /4
MC MD MD M C = ( F1 + F2 ) h /4
2 MC MC M D = (2 F1 + F2) h /8
MA MB MA 2 M E = (F + F + F )h /4
1 2 3
MD M F = (2 F1+ 2 F 2 + F3 )h / 8
MD MF
ME MF
2 ME ME
MC MC MC 2
2 2
MF MF
c) Moments
Note
Columns and beams have equal stiffness
?b`nk^;'+
:iikhqbfZm^fhf^gml_hkZfnemb&lmhk^r_kZf^
121
0.25
Compression reinforcement required
0.20
Compression reinforcement often advised (x/d > 0.45)
0.15
MEd /bd2fck
Key
–– 25 fck
–– 30 fck
0.10 –– 35 fck
–– 40 fck b
–– 50 fck
x
0.05 d
z < 0.95d
As
0.00
0.0 0.5 1.0 1.5 2.0
100 As/bd
?b`nk^;',
=^lb`g\aZkm_hklbgèrk^bg_hk\^][^Zf
*',
D k 6)'+ KZmbh] + (a 6)').
*'+
\d
)', a_
*'* ([ a(+
_l r d
: a
*') )'-
*')
)'2 ]+
)'2 )'1 <^gmkhb]h_[Zklbg
)'.
)'0 aZe_l^\mbhg
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)'. )'/
G>] ([a_\d
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) )'). )'*) )'*. )'+) )'+. )',) )',. )'-) )'-.
F>]([a+_\d
?b`nk^;'-Z
K^\mZg`neZk\henfgl! _\d©.)FIZ%_rd6.))FIZ"]+(a6)').
122
*',
D k 6)'+
KZmbh] + (a 6)'*)
*'+
\d
)',
a_
d([
a(+
*'*
l _r
a
:
*') )'-
*')
)'2 ]+
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)'. <^gmkhb]h_[Zklbg
)'0 aZe_l^\mbhg
)'1 )'/
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G>] ([a_\d
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)'-
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D k 6*
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)
) )'). )'*) )'*. )'+) )'+. )',) )',. )'-) )'-.
F>] ([a+_\d
?b`nk^;'-[
K^\mZg`neZk\henfgl!_\d©.)FIZ%_rd6.))FIZ"]+(a6)'*)
*',
D k 6)'+
KZmbh] + (a 6)'*.
*'+
\d
)',
a_
a(+
([
*'*
rd
a
_
l
:
*') *')
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G>] ([a_\d
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F>] ([a+_\d
?b`nk^;'-\
K^\mZg`neZk\henfgl!_\d©.)FIZ%_rd6.))FIZ"]+(a6)'*.
123
*',
D k 6)'+
KZmbh] + (a 6)'+)
*'+
\d
a_
([
)', a(+
d
*'*
_r l
:
a
*') *')
)'- ]+
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)'0 )'. aZe_l^\mbhg
)'1 )'/
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G>] ([a_\d
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)
) )'). )'*) )'*. )'+) )'+. )',) )',.
F>] ([a+_\d
?b`nk^;'-]
K^\mZg`neZk\henfgl!_\d©.)FIZ%_rd6.))FIZ"]+(a6)'+)
*',
D k 6)'+ KZmbh] + (a 6)'+.
*'+
)', a(+
\d
*'*
a_
([
a
d
_r
*')
l
:
*') ]+
)'-
)'2 )'2
<^gmkhb]h_[Zklbg
)' 1 aZe_l^\mbhg
)'1 )'0
)'.
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G>] ([a_\d
)'0 )'.
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)'+
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)
)'-
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D k 6*
)
) )'). )'*) )'*. )'+) )'+. )',)
F>] ([a+_\d
?b`nk^;'-^
K^\mZg`neZk\henfgl!_\d©.)FIZ%_rd6.))FIZ"]+(a6)'+.
124
1.2
0.3 As fyk/h2fck Ratio d/h = 0.5
1.1
0.4 d
1.0 h
1.0 0.9 0.5
0.8 0.6
0.9
0.7 0.7
0.8 0.6 0.8
0.5
NEd /h2fck
0.7
0.9
0.4
0.6
0.3 Kr = 1
0.5 0.2
0.1
0.4 0
0.3
0.2
0.1
0
0 0.005 0.010 0.015 0.020 0.025 0.030 0.035 0.040 0.045 0.050
MEd /h3fck
?b`nk^;'.Z
<bk\neZk\henfgl! _\d5.)FIZ%_rd6.))FIZ"](a6)'.
*'+
:l _rd(a+_\d KZmbh](a 6)'/
)'+
*'*
*') ]
)', a
*') )'2
)'1 )'-
)'2
)'0
)'1 )'.
)'/
)'0 )'.
)'/
G>] (a+_\d
)'-
)'/ )', )'0
)'+
)'.
)'* )'1
)'- )
)', )'2
)'+
Dk6*
)'*
)
) )')* )')+ )'), )')- )'). )')/ )')0
F>] (a,_\d
?b`nk^;'.[
<bk\neZk\henfgl!_\d©.)FIZ%_rd6.))FIZ"](a6)'/
125
*'+
)'+ KZmbh](a 6)'0
*'* :l _rd (a+_\d
]
*') a
*')
)',
)'2
)'2 )'1
)'-
)'0
)'1
)'/
)'0 )'.
)'.
G>] (a+_\d
)'-
)'/
)',
)'/
)'. )'+
)'*
)'0
)'- )
)',
)'1
)'+
Dk6*
)'*
)
) )')+ )')- )')/ )')1 )'*) )'*+
F>] (a,_\d
?b`nk^;'.\
<bk\neZk\henfgl!_\d©.)FIZ%_rd6.))FIZ"](a6)'0
*'+
)'+ KZmbh](a 6)'1
*'* :l _rd (a+_\d
]
*') )', a
*')
)'2
)'2 )'1
)'-
)'0
)'1
)'/
)'.
)'0 )'.
)'-
G>] (a+_\d
)'/ )', )'/
)'. )'+
)'* )'0
)'- )
)'1
)',
)'+ )'2
)'*
Dk6*
)
) )')+ )')- )')/ )')1 )'*) )'*+ )'*- )'*/ )'*1 )'+)
F>] ( a,_\d
?b`nk^;'.]
126
*'+
KZmbh](a 6)'1.
)'+ :l _rd (a+_\d
*'*
] a
*') *') )',
)'2
)'2 )'1
)'-
)'0
)'1
)'/
)'0 )'. )'.
)'-
G>] (a+_\d
)'/
)', )'/
)'. )'+
)'* )'0
)'- )
)', )'1
)'+
)'2
)'*
Dk6*

)
) )'). )'*) )'*. )'+) )'+.
F>] ( a,_\d
?b`nk^;'.^
<bk\neZk\henfgl!_\d©.)FIZ%_rd6.))FIZ"](a6)'1.
*'+
)'+ KZmbh](a 6)'2
:l _rd (a+_\d
*'*
*') )', ] a
*')
)'2
)'2 )'1 )'-
)'0
)'1
)'/
)'.
)'0 )'.
)'-
G>] (a+_\d
)'/ )'/
)',
)'. )'+
)'* )'0
)'- )
)'1
)',
)'+ )'2
)'* Dk6*
)
) )'). )'*) )'*. )'+) )'+. )',)
F>] (a,_\d
?b`nk^;'._
127
References
* ;KBMBLALM:G=:K=LBGLMBMNMBHG';L>G*22+¾*¾*3=^lb`gh_<hg\k^m^lmkn\mnk^l¾IZkm
*¾*3@^g^kZekne^lZg]kne^l_hk[nbe]bg`l';LB%+))/'
+ ;KBMBLALM:G=:K=LBGLMBMNMBHG';L>G*22+¾*¾+3=^lb`gh_<hg\k^m^lmkn\mnk^l¾IZkm
*¾+3Lmkn\mnkZeËk^]^lb`g';LB%+))/'
, ;KBMBLALM:G=:K=LBGLMBMNMBHG';L1**)3Ma^lmkn\mnkZenl^h_\hg\k^m^';LB*220'
- MA><HG<K>M><>GMK>'<hg\k^m^[nbe]bg`ll\a^f^]^lb`gfZgnZe'<<BI&)*1'M<<%+))/'
. @HH=<ABE=%<A'P>;LM>K%KF>EEBHMM%DL'>\hghfb\\hg\k^m^_kZf^ê^f^gml'
Ma^<hg\k^m^<^gmk^%+))2'
/ BGLMBMNMBHGH?LMKN<MNK:E>G@BG>>KL'P^[iZ`^
ammi3((ppp'blmkn\m^'hk`'nd(^qZfl(bg]^q'Zli
0 ;KBMBLALM:G=:K=LBGLMBMNMBHG';L>G*22)>nkh\h]^¾;Zlblh_lmkn\mnkZe]^lb`g'
;LB%+))+'
1 <BKB:'Kîhkm*)+'=^lb`gh_la^ZkpZeelbg[nbe]bg`l'<BKB:%*21-'
2 GA;<LmZg]Zk]l'<aZim^k-'+3;nbe]bg`g^Zkmk^^l'GA;<%+)),!bg\e':ikbe+)).
Zf^g]f^gm"'
*) <A:KE>L%C:'@^hm^\agb\l_hk[nbe]bgìkh_^llbhgZel';K>%+)).'
** <BKB:'Li^\bZein[eb\Zmbhg*)03K^f^]bZemk^Zmf^gm_hk\hgmZfbgZm^]eZg]'<BKB:%*22.'
*+ ;KBMBLA<>F>GM:LLH<B:MBHG'K^f^]bZmbhgh_[khpgËê]eZg]';<:%+))-'
*, MA><HG<K>M><>GMK>'<hlmfh]êlmn]r¾<hff^k\bZe[nbe]bg`l%<<BI¾)*)'M<<%+))0'
*- MA><HG<K>M><>GMK>'<hlmfh]êlmn]r¾L\ahhe[nbe]bg`l%<<BI¾)**'M<<%+))1'
*. MA><HG<K>M><>GMK>'<hlmfh]êlmn]r¾AhlibmZe[nbe]bg`l%<<BI¾)*+'M<<%+))1'
*/ MA><HG<K>M><>GMK>'<hlmfh]êlmn]r¾Abàkbl^k^lb]^gmbZe[nbe]bg`l%<<BI¾)*,'M<<%
bgikîZkZmbhg'
*0 <HFFNGBMB>L:G=EH<:E@HO>KGF>GM';nbe]bg`k^`neZmbhgl!>gèZg]Zg]PZe^l"
:iikho^]]h\nf^gmE'<E@%+))/'
*1 ;KBMBLALM:G=:K=BGLMBMNMBHG';L1.))%<hg\k^m^¾<hfie^f^gmZkr;kbmblaLmZg]Zk]mh
;L>G+)/¾*';LB%+))/'
*2 <FIBGM>KG:MBHG:EEM=';nbe]bg`fZ`Zsbg^%p^^der'
+) :KNI'AhlibmZeÌhhkob[kZmbhglmn]r'<hfiZkblhgh_ihllb[e^Ìhhklmkn\mnk^lpbmak^li^\mmh
GALob[kZmbhg\kbm^kbZ'K^l^Zk\akîhkm%:kni%+))-':oZbeZ[e^_hk]hpgehZ]_khfppp'
\hg\k^m^\^gmk^'\hf
+* A:<D>K%CG%=>L:NEE>L%MI%FBGLHG%:FZg]AHEF>L%FC'>f[h]b^]Zg]hi^kZmbhgZe
\Zk[hg]bhqb]^^fbllbhgl_khfahnlbg`3Z\Zl^lmn]rhgma^^__^\mlh_ma^kfZefZllZg]
\ebfZm^\aZg`^':oZbeZ[e^_hk]hpgehZ]_khfppp'\hg\k^m^\^gmk^'\hf'Ln[fbmm^]mh
>g^k`rZg];nbe]bg`%+))/'
++ <HG<K>M>LH<B>MR'M^\agb\ZeKîhkm/0'Fho^f^gm%k^lmkZbgmZg]\kZ\dbg`bg\hg\k^m^
lmkn\mnk^l'Ma^<hg\k^m^Lh\b^mr%+))1'
+, <HG<K>M>LH<B>MR'M^\agb\Zekîhkm-,3Ihlm&m^glbhg^]\hg\k^m^Ìhhkl]^lb`gaZg][hhd
!l^\hg]^]bmbhg"'<hg\k^m^Lh\b^mr%+)).'
+- MA>BGLMBMNMBHGH?LMKN<MNK:E>G@BG>>KL'=^lb`gk^\hff^g]Zmbhg_hkfnemb&lmhk^r
Zg]ng]^k`khng]\ZkiZkdl!,k]^]bmbhg"'BLmkn\m>%+))+'
+. ;NBE=BG@K>L>:K<A>LM:;EBLAF>GM%!;K>"%Li^\bZe]b`^lm*3+)).&<hg\k^m^bg
Z``k^llbo^`khng]!,k]^]bmbhg"';K>%+)).'
+/ BLmkn\m>(B<>'FZgnZe_hkma^]^lb`gh_k^bg_hk\^]\hg\k^m^[nbe]bg`lmkn\mnk^l'BLmkn\m>%*21.'
128
K^_^k^g\^l
+0 ;KHHD>K%H^mZe'Ahpmh]^lb`g\hg\k^m^lmkn\mnk^lnlbg`>nkh\h]^+%<<BI&))/'
Ma^<hg\k^m^<^gmk^%+))2'
+1 <HG<K>M>LH<B>MR'M^\agb\ZeKîhkm,-3<hg\k^m^bg]nlmkbZe`khng]Ìhhkl!,k]^]bmbhg"'
<hg\k^m^Lh\b^mr%+)),'
+2 ;KBMBLALM:G=:K=LBGLMBMNMBHG';L1))-3<h]^h_ikZ\mb\^_hk_hng]Zmbhgl';LB%*21/'
,) P:K=%PA%;NKE:G=%C;Zg]@:EEHBL%KP'@^hm^\agb\ZeZll^llf^gmh_Zlbm^Zm
Fng]_hk]%Ghk_hed_hkZeZk`îkhmhgZ\\ê^kZmhk'@^hm^\agbjn^%*1%ii',22¾-,*%*2/1'
,* <A:G=E>K%KC'Ma^^__^\mh_p^Zma^kbg`hgma^la^Zklmk^g`maikhi^kmb^lh_D^ni^kFZke'
@^hm^\agbjn^%+*%ii',+*¾,,-%*2/2'
,+ ;KBMBLALM:G=:K=LBGLMBMNMBHG';L1*)+%Ikhm^\mbhgh_lmkn\mnk^lZ`ZbglmpZm^k_khf
ma^`khng]';LB%*22)'
,, <BKB:'Kîhkm*,23PZm^k&k^lblmbg`[Zl^f^gml'<BKB:%*22.'
,- ;KBMBLALM:G=:K=LBGLMBMNMBHG';L>G*22+¾,3=^lb`gh_\hg\k^m^lmkn\mnk^lIZkm,
Ebjnb]k^mZbgbg`Zg]\hgmZbgf^gmlmkn\mnk^l';LB+))/'
,. >EEBHMM%DL'Fnemb&lmhk^rik^\Zlm\hg\k^m^_kZf^][nbe]bg`l';eZ\dpêeL\b^g\^%*22/'
,/ <HFFNGBMB>L:G=EH<:E@HO>KGF>GM';nbe]bg`k^`neZmbhgl!>gèZg]Zg]PZe^l"
:iikho^]]h\nf^gm:'<E@%+))/'
Further reading
■ :EE>G%:A'K^bg_hk\^]\hg\k^m^]^lb`gmh;L1**)¾lbfier^qieZbg^]'Lihg%*211'
■ :F;KHL>%CZg]O>K@NG%='LbfiebË^][nbe]bg`]^lb`g_hkpbg]Zg]^ZkmajnZd^_hk\^l
!,k]^]bmbhg"'ChagPbe^rZg]Lhgl%*22.'
■ ;:MMR%BZg]P>LM;KHHD%K'Ma^]^lb`gh_pZm^kk^mZbgbg`lmkn\mnk^l'Ehg`fZg%*22*'
■ ?:;>K%CZg]F>:=%?'Hl\Zk?Z[^kÃlk^bg_hk\^]\hg\k^m^'Lihg%*2/0'
■ C>:KR%:'=^lb`g^kÃl`nb]^mhma^]rgZfb\k^lihgl^h_lmkn\mnk^l'Lihg%*220'
■ F:<@BGE>R%MCZg]<AHH%;L'K^bg_hk\^]\hg\k^m^]^lb`gma^hkrZg]^qZfie^l'Lihg%*22)'
■ HKMHG%:'Ma^pZrp^[nbe]ghp¾_hkf%l\Ze^Zg]m^\agbjn^'Lihg%*22*'
■ I:KD%KZg]I:NE>R%M'K^bg_hk\^]\hg\k^m^lmkn\mnk^l'ChagPbe^rZg]Lhgl%*20.'
■ K>RGHE=L%<AZg]LM>>=F:G%C<'K^bg_hk\^]\hg\k^m^]^lb`g^klfZgnZe'Lihg%*211'
■ MHFEBGLHG%FC'?hng]Zmbhg]^lb`gZg]\hglmkn\mbhg'IbmfZg%*20.'
■ P>LM;KHHD%KZg]P:ED>K%='Lmkn\mnkZe^g`bg^^kbg`]^lb`gbgikZ\mb\^!,k]^]bmbhg"'
Ehg`fZg%*22/'
129
Index
:\hnlmb\l +) ?kZf^ 1%*)1%*+*
:^lma^mb\l +) ?kZfbg`¾_ng\mbhgZe ,¾-
:bkmbàmg^ll *1 @khng][^Zkbg` 1%1)
:gZerlbl .)%.+¾.,%./%/,%// @khng]\hg]bmbhgl -*¾-+
:qbl]blmZg\^ .)%.+%./%/*%/-%/0%0/%01¾02 @khng]bfikho^f^gm *+%*.
;Zl^f^gmpZeel 11¾2)%2/¾20 @khng]pZm^k 1%*+%1)%*)-
;^Zfl ,+%,-%-.%-2¾.*%**0¾**2 @khnm%`khnmbg` *.%*0
;^Zkbgìk^llnk^ .%/%1)¾1+ A^Zo^ 1%*.%,2%1)
;^g]bg` .¾0%-,%-2¾./%.1%/*%/,%// Aheehp\hk^ngbml +/%,.%*)1¾**)
;nbe]Z[e^%[nbe]Z[bebmr *2 E^Z]&bgmbf^ +)%*).
;nhrZg\r 1%1)!Zelhl^^nieb_m" Ebàmp^bàm\hg\k^m^ +/
<Zgmbeô^kl ,+%2/%*+) EhZ]l +.¾+2%**0¾**2
<Zk[hg]bhqb]^ +*%+, EhZ][ZeZg\bg` /1%0)
<ZkiZkd +-%,)%-)%2) EhZ]mkZgl_^k ,%.¾/%1
<aZed *+%+.%1)¾1*%10¾11 F^mah]lmZm^f^gm *)-
<eZ]]bg` *1%+)%+0¾+1%*)) Fhf^gml -,%.)%.+%.-¾..%.1%/)%
<henfgl ,/%0,¾0/%*++¾*+0 **0¾**2%*+)¾*+*
<henfgl¾le^g]^k -%,/%0, Fho^f^gmchbgml 0%+-%1)%*)+
<hfihlbm^ *)¾**%+*%,. Himbhgl 1%*)¾*-%*1%21
<hfik^llbo^lmk^g`ma 0, IZkmbmbhgl *1%+/%-0
<hglmkn\mbhg%^\hghfrh_ *)%*1 Ibe^l .%*,¾*-%1+¾12
<hglmkn\mbhg%li^^]h_ *)%+)%*).¾*)0 Ibe^\Zi -¾.%1+¾1,%2,
<hgmZfbgZgml%\hgmZfbgZm^] *.¾*0 IeZgl 2*
<hlm *1 Ihlm&m^glbhg^] ,-%/1¾0+
=Zfi&ikhh_f^f[kZg^ 2,¾2.%21 Ik^\Zlm +/%,.%/0¾/1%*))
=^Ì^\mbhg .%*)%-/¾-0 Ikbg\biZeê^f^gml ,2
=^lb`gZiikZblZe *0 Ikh`kZff^ *)-¾*)0
=^lb`g\a^fb\Ze\eZll -*%-+ Ing\abg`la^Zk *)%,,¾,-%.1%/)
=^mZbebg` -1%0-%01%*), KZ_m -%*+%-1
=^mZbel%\kbmb\Ze 2*¾*), K^bg_hk\^f^gm¾Zk^Z -,%-1%.-%/)%0-%00¾01
=bZ`kZfl -¾/%** K^bg_hk\^f^gm¾^lmbfZm^l -,%-.%-1%
/,%//¾/0
=bZiakZ`f /%1%*)%*-
K^bg_hk\^f^gm¾liZ\bg`h_[Zkl -1¾-2%**+
=kZbgZ`^ 2/%21¾22
K^lmkZbgm +*%/1%*))
=nkZ[e^%]nkZ[bebmr *2%-)
K^mZbgbg`pZee /%*,¾*-%2/
>eôZmbhgl 2*
Kh[nlm%kh[nlmg^ll *)%*2%*)1
>qihlnk^\eZll^l -)¾-*
Kh\d 11
?Z[kb\^g^k`rlmhkZ`^ +*¾+,
Khh_ +0%+2
?bee *+
LZ_^mr *0¾*1%1/%11
?bk^k^lblmZg\^ +-%-)%.)%.+%./%/*%/-%/0%
0/¾02 L^\mbhgl -%2*
?eZg`^][^Zfl .)%/,%// Lê_&p^bàm ,%*)%+/%/*¾//
?e^qnk^!l^^[^g]bg`" L^kob\^l *1%,)¾,*
?ehhkl *)¾**%++%+.¾+/%+1¾+2%,.%/0 L^mme^f^gm 1%*+%+-%1)%1+
?hkfphkd *2%+1 La^Zk --¾-.%.)%.+%..%.1¾.2%
?hng]Zmbhgl 1%*+¾*,%*1%-+%1)¾2)%2,¾2. **,¾**/%**1¾**2
130
Bg]^q
La^Zk\^gmk^ 0%0/¾01
La^ZkpZee -%0¾1%,/¾,0%0/¾02
Lbm^¾\hglmkZbgml *2
Lbm^¾lehibg` 0%1%*+
Lbsbg` 2%,)¾,/
LeZ[l¾ÌZm *)¾**%,,¾,-%./¾/+
LeZ[l¾hg^&pZr *)¾**%,+%.+¾.,
LeZ[l¾kb[[^] *)¾**%+/%,,%/*¾/.
LeZ[l¾mph&pZr *)¾**%,+%.,¾./
LeZ[l¾pZ_Ì^ *)¾**%+/%,,%//¾/0
Lhbe¾\eZr *+%*-%+.%1)¾1*%1-¾1/
Lhbe¾`kZgneZk +.%1)%1+%1/¾10
Lhbe¾lZg] *+%*-%1*%1-%12
Lhbefbqbg` *.
LhbelmZ[beblZmbhg *.¾*0
LiZg 2¾*)%,)%,+¾,-
LiZg&mh&]îmakZmbh 2%,)%,+¾,-%,/%-/
LmZ[bebmr 0¾1%0/¾00
Lmk^ll .%-.¾-0%/2¾0*%**+¾**,
Ln[&[Zl^ 1)%2-¾2.%21
Lne_Zm^ *.¾*/%-+
Lni^klmkn\mnk^ 20%*),
Lniihkm ,)%,/%,2%-,%.)%.+%0)%0.%
*)1%**0¾*+)
LnlmZbgZ[e^%lnlmZbgZ[bebmr +*%+,
MZgdbg` 11¾2)%21¾22
M^glbhg /%,/¾,0%0*%00%1,
Ma^kfZefZll +*
Mb^ -%/%*)*%*)1¾***
Mk^^l 1%*+¾*,%1)
Nieb_m 0¾1
Ob[kZmbhg +)¾+*
PZm^k /¾1%-+%11%2)
PZm^kik^llnk^ 0%1
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PZm^klmhil *)*¾*)+
P^bàm +.¾+2
Pbg] /¾0%00
131
132
L^\mbhgZeZk^Zlh_`khnilh_[Zkl!ff+"
;Zklbs^ Gnf[^kh_[Zkl
!ff"
* + , - . / 0 1 2 *)
8 .)', *)* *.* +)* +.* ,)+ ,.+ -)+ -.+ .),
10 01'. *.0 +,/ ,*- ,2, -0* ..) /+1 0)0 01.
12 **, ++/ ,,2 -.+ ./. /02 02+ 2). *)+) **,)
16 +)* -)+ /), 1)- *)*) *+*) *-*) */*) *1*) +)*)
20 ,*- /+1 2-+ *+/) *.0) *11) ++)) +.*) +1,) ,*-)
25 -2* 21+ *-0) *2/) +-.) +2.) ,--) ,2,) --+) -2*)
32 1)- */*) +-*) ,++) -)+) -1,) ./,) /-,) 0+-) 1)-)
40 *+/) +.*) ,00) .),) /+1) 0.-) 11)) *)*)) **,)) *+/))
L^\mbhgZeZk^Zli^kf^mk^pb]ma_hkoZkbhnlliZ\bg`lh_[Zkl!ff+"
;Zklbs^ LiZ\bg`h_[Zkl!ff " +
!ff"
0. *)) *+. *.) *0. +)) ++. +.) +0. ,))
8 /0) .), -)+ ,,. +10 +.* ++, +)* *1, */1
10 *).) 01. /+1 .+- --2 ,2, ,-2 ,*- +1/ +/+
12 *.*) **,) 2). 0.- /-/ ./. .), -.+ -** ,00
16 +/1) +)*) */*) *,-) **.) *)*) 12- 1)- 0,* /0)
20 -*2) ,*-) +.*) +)2) *1)) *.0) *-)) *+/) **-) *).)
25 /.-) -2*) ,2,) ,+0) +1)) +-.) +*1) *2/) *01) */-)
32 *)0)) 1)-) /-,) .,/) -/)) -)+) ,.0) ,++) +2+) +/1)
40 */1)) *+/)) *)*)) 1,1) 0*1) /+1) ..2) .),) -.0) -*2)
FZllh_`khnilh_[Zkl!dì^kf^mk^kng"
;Zklbs^ Gnf[^kh_[Zkl
!ff"
* + , - . / 0 1 2 *)
8 )',2. )'012 *'*1- *'.01 *'20, +',/1 +'0/+ ,'*.0 ,'..* ,'2-/
10 )'/*0 *'+,, *'1.) +'-// ,')1, ,'/22 -',*/ -'2,+ .'.-2 /'*/.
12 )'111 *'00/ +'//, ,'..* -'-,2 .',+0 /'+*. 0'*), 0'22) 1'101
16 *'.01 ,'*.0 -'0,. /',*, 0'12+ 2'-0) **')-1 *+'/+0 *-'+). *.'01,
20 +'-// -'2,+ 0',21 2'1/. *+',,* *-'020 *0'+/, *2'0+2 ++'*2. +-'//+
25 ,'1., 0'0)0 **'./) *.'-*, *2'+/0 +,'*+) +/'20- ,)'1+0 ,-'/1) ,1'.,-
32 /',*, *+'/+0 *1'2-) +.'+., ,*'./0 ,0'11) --'*2, .)'.)0 ./'1+) /,'*,,
40 2'1/. *2'0+2 +2'.2- ,2'-.1 -2',+, .2'*11 /2').+ 01'2*0 11'01* 21'/-/
FZll_hkoZkbhnlliZ\bg`lh_[Zkl!dì^kf+"
;Zklbs^ LiZ\bg`h_[Zkl!ff"
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0. *)) *+. *.) *0. +)) ++. +.) +0. ,))
8 .'+/* ,'2-/ ,'*.0 +'/,* +'+.. *'20, *'0.- *'.01 *'-,. *',*.
10 1'++* /'*/. -'2,+ -'**) ,'.+, ,')1, +'0-) +'-// +'+-+ +')..
12 **'1,1 1'101 0'*), .'2*2 .')0, -'-,2 ,'2-/ ,'..* ,'++1 +'2.2
16 +*')-- *.'01, *+'/+0 *)'.++ 2')*2 0'12+ 0')*. /',*, .'0,2 .'+/*
20 ,+'11+ +-'//+ *2'0+2 */'--* *-')2+ *+',,* *)'2/* 2'1/. 1'2/1 1'++*
25 .*',01 ,1'.,- ,)'1+0 +.'/12 ++')*2 *2'+/0 *0'*+/ *.'-*, *-')*+ *+'1-.
32 1-'*01 /,'*,, .)'.)0 -+')12 ,/')0/ ,*'./0 +1').2 +.'+., ++'2.1 +*')--
40 *,*'.+1 21'/-/ 01'2*0 /.'0/- ./',/2 -2',+, -,'1-, ,2'-.1 ,.'10* ,+'11+
,
<hg\k^m^;nbe]bg`lL\a^f^=^lb`gFZgnZe
MablaZg][hhdblbgm^g]^]mh[^Zjnb\dk^_^k^g\^ Hp^g;khhd^kbll^gbhk^g`bg^^k^]n\ZmbhgfZgZ`^k
`nb]^_hk\Zg]b]Zm^lmZdbg`ma^Bglmbmnmbhgh_ _hkMa^<hg\k^m^<^gmk^'A^blZnmahkh_Zgnf[^kh_pêe&
Lmkn\mnkZe>g`bg^^klÃ<aZkm^k^]F^f[^klabi k^\^bo^]in[eb\Zmbhglpkbmm^gli^\bË\Zeer_hkmaîkZ\mblbg`
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lhnk\^bgma^]^lb`gh_Ë\^' Zg]hg>nkh\h]^+'A^blZ\hglnemZgm[r[Z\d`khng]Zg]
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lê^\mbgòbZ[e^himbhgl%ZiikZblbg`ma^]^lb`gl%bgbmbZelbsbg`%
]^lb`g\Ze\neZmbhglZg]ikh]n\bg`]kZpbg`l%]^mZbel%f^mah]
lmZm^f^gmZg]ikh`kZff^l%Zg]bliZ\d^]pbmanl^_ne]^lb`g
]ZmZZg]\aZkml'
Mablg^p^]bmbhgaZl[^^g^qm^glboêrkôbl^]mh\ho^k
>nkh\h]^+Zg]bg\en]^lg^p]^lb`gZb]l_hkkZib]lbsbg`h_
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Licensed copy from CIS: heriotwatt, Heriot Watt University, 30/01/2017, Uncontrolled Copy.

A single copy of this document is licensed to

This is an uncontrolled copy. Ensure use of the

Page 47, This is figure is no longer required (but it may be

Printed by Michael Burbridge Ltd, Maidenhead, UK.

Symbols used in this handbook

*'* How to use this handbook

*', The examination

*'. Further information

+ Development of solutions (section 1)

+'+ Functional framing

+', Load transfer

Stiff floor Load-bearing

a) Building section b) Gable shear wall

Flat slab (min. 3 bays)

Floor slab ‘on grade’

d) Precast concrete terracing

Load from beam

Foundation reaction Foundation reaction

Load on pilecap Foundation load

Pile reaction Ground reaction

Pile load Load onto ground

End reaction Bulb of pressure

b) Plan view of diaphragm action

Extra compression Tension

c) Effect of accidental impact

+'-'* Lateral stability

a) Walls resist bending in one plane,

b) Walls resist bending in both planes.

c) Core resists bending in both

d) Cores resist bending in both planes.

+'. Concrete frame options

+'/ Foundations and retaining structures

+'/'+ Foundation solutions

Lheb]ÌZmleZ[ Lheb]ÌZmleZ[pbma]khil Lheb]ÌZmleZ[pbma\henfg PZ_Ì^leZ[ ;bZqbZeohb]^]leZ[

Lheb]hg^&pZrleZ[pbma Lheb]ÌZmleZ[pbma[Zg] Kb[[^]leZ[pbma[^Zfl Kb[[^]leZ[pbmabgm^`kZe Mngg^e_hkf!Hg^&pZr

<hfihlbm^eZmmb\^`bk]^k Ik^\Zlmaheehp\hk^leZ[ <hfihlbm^ik^\ZlmleZ[ Ik^\Zlm]hn[e^ÂMÃngbml Ik^\Zlm\khllpZeeZg]lheb]

Lheb]mph&pZrleZ[ Mph&pZrpZ_Ì^leZ[pbma PZ_Ì^leZ[pbmabgm^`kZe

Ik^\ZlmmpbgpZeeZg]eZmmb\^ Ik^\Zlm\henfglZg] Ik^\Zlm\henfglZg]Ìhhk Bg&lbmn\henfglZg][^Zfl Bg&lbmn\henfglZg]Ìhhk

+'/', Piling options

+'/'- Retaining walls

+'/'. Ground improvement

+'/'/ Remediation using soil stabilisation/solidiﬁcation

+'0 Design appraisal

+'0'/ Site constraints

+'0'0 Speed of construction

+'0'*) Footfall-induced vibration

+'0'** Thermal mass

Cumulative CO2 emissions

+'0'*, Building movements

Ia^ghf^ghg Fbgbfnf FZqbfnf

+'0'*- Fire resistance

a) Favourable layout of restraining walls (low restraint)

b) Unfavourable layout of restraining walls (high restraint)

+'1 Typical loads

FZm^kbZe ;ned]^glbmr FZm^kbZe ;ned]^glbmr

+'2 Typical spatial requirements

B Interbin support zone

3 x 2.4 m B: 3.3 m minimum

4.8 m 6.0 m 4.8 m * Typical bay

+'*) Preliminary sizing

Duct leaving riser / core

Below deep beams Main duct run-outs

' How to use this handbook

Lheb]ÌZmleZ[ Lheb]ÌZmleZ[pbma]khil Lheb]ÌZmleZ[pbma\henfg PZ_Ì^leZ[ ;bZqbZeohb]^]leZ[

Lheb]hg^&pZrleZ[pbma Lheb]ÌZmleZ[pbma[Zg] Kb[[^]leZ[pbma[^Zfl Kb[[^]leZ[pbmabgm^`kZe Mngg^e_hkf!Hg^&pZr

<hfihlbm^eZmmb\^`bk]^k Ik^\Zlmaheehp\hk^leZ[ <hfihlbm^ik^\ZlmleZ[ Ik^\Zlm]hn[e^ÂMÃngbml Ik^\Zlm\khllpZeeZg]lheb]

Lheb]mph&pZrleZ[ Mph&pZrpZ_Ì^leZ[pbma PZ_Ì^leZ[pbmabgm^`kZe

Ik^\ZlmmpbgpZeeZg]eZmmb\^ Ik^\Zlm\henfglZg] Ik^\Zlm\henfglZg]Ìhhk Bg&lbmn\henfglZg][^Zfl Bg&lbmn\henfglZg]Ìhhk

FZm^kbZe ;ned]^glbmr FZm^kbZe ;ned]^glbmr

Bfihl^] ?eZmleZ[ ?eZmleZ[pbma[Zg] Kb[[^] PZ_Ì^leZ[ Hg^&pZrleZ[hg

+'** The letter

,Design calculations (section 2c)

,'' Principal elements

Bgm^kgZefZll\hg\k^m^ X0 XXX :ee

Bgm^kgZe^e^f^gml!^q\^imanfb]eh\Zmbhgl" XC1 XXX :ee

;nkb^]\hg\k^m^bg:<&*`khng]\hg]bmbhgl^ XC2 AC-1 :ee

O^kmb\Zelnk_Z\^ikhm^\m^]_khf]bk^\mkZbg_Zee XC3XC4 XXX :ee^q\^imBO;

>qihl^]o^kmb\Zelnk_Z\^l XF1 :ee^q\^imBO;

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>e^f^gmlln[c^\mmhZbk[hkg^\aehkb]^lhger XD1_ XXX :ee

<ZkiZkd]^\dlZg]Zk^Zlln[c^\mmh]^&b\bg`likZr XD3_ BB;&O%BBB:

>qihl^]o^kmb\Zelnk_Z\^lg^Zk\hZlm XS1_ XF1 <>FB%BB:%BB;&L%LKI<

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