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What is a Swara?
A swara is a musical note (or tones) in an octave. Think of it as a building with floors. The ground level is our
starting point, and that musical note is called the Tonic or the Shadja. A certain distances (or heights) away from
this starting point, we have the positions of the remaining notes. Check this post out, if you don’t understand the
concept of the tonic. Swaras are like alphabets of a language. Each Swara has its unique sound, and by
combining those sounds we get melody. Just as you would get words when you combine letters.

What are the Sapta Swaras?

There are 7 musical notes in Carnatic Music, called the Sapta (seven) Swaras (musical notes). These are the
following (The full names of the notes follows the sound with which it is sung) :

1. Sa – Shadjama (Tonic)
2. Ri – Rishabha
3. Ga – Gandhara
4. Ma – Madhyama
5. Pa – Panchama (Perfect Fifth)
6. Da – Dhaivata
7. Ni – Nishada

The notes Sa (tonic) and Pa (Perfect Fifth) are always fixed once we decide on a Tonic (according to the Shruti).
The remaining 5 notes have 2 varieties each. So we have 2 + (5X2) = 12 musical positions of notes. We shall
explore in future videos what these 12 positions are.

What are the positions of Swaras?

As for now, it is adequate if one knows that there are 2 positional varieties of the 5 Swaras Ri, Ga, Ma, Da and
Ni, i.e. the lower and higher variety. So you can right-away see that, by permutation and combination, we get
many varieties of the Sapta Swaras. At a crude level, combinations of musical notes can be called a Raga. Today
we shall explore 2 such combinations (Ragas) of seven notes. Lower case letters refer to lower varieties of
Swaras and vice versa.

Mayamalavagowla:

Traditionally speaking, this is the raga in which the basics of Carnatic music are taught. It is called the Double
harmonic scale in western music theory. The intervals of these music notes are difficult to grasp for people who
don’t listen to the Carnatic form of music often.

Ascending: S r G m P d N Ṡ

Descending: Ṡ N d P m G r S

Shankarabharanam:

This is much easier scale to learn the basics in, and it corresponds to the major scale in western classical music.
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Ascending: S R G m P D N Ṡ

Descending: Ṡ N D P m G R S

Learning the basics of Carnatic Music:

Frankly speaking, the basics of Carnatic music can be learnt in any scale with 7 notes. But tradition dictates that
it should be taught in Mayamalavagowla. So try to attempt to learn the swaras in this scale (raga). If you aren’t
able to locate the positions of swaras in this scale, then move on to Shankarabharanam. It isn’t a big deal at all.
Ultimately, learning most musical forms around the world would require that you grasp with ease all the 12
places for notes in an octave. When starting out, you shouldn’t be too caught up with struggling to find positions
of notes. That will leave you frustrated. The basics of Carnatic music will also exercise other skills such as
perfecting the recognition of the tonic, proper tone production (be it singing or playing an instrument), sense of
rhythm (laya), etc.

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