530274421317

able2extract

http://www.csulb.edu/~txie/online.htm

Conversion Tables

To Convert Multiply By To Obtain

Acres 43,560 Sq. feet

Acres 0.00405 Sq. kilometer
Acres 4047 Sq. meter
Acres 4840 Sq. yards
Acre-feet 325,851 Sq. feet
Acre-feet 43560 Cu. feet
Acre-feet 1233.5 m (cubed)
Bar 14.5 Lb/sq.in.
Bar 1019.7 g/cm (cubed)
Bar 29.53 inches Hg at 0 degrees C
Bushels (dry) 0.03524 msquared
Centimeters (cm) 0.03281 Feet
Centimeters 0.3937 Inches
Centimeters 0.1094 Yards
Centimeters 0.01 Meters
Centimeters 10 Millimeters (ml)
cm/sec 1.9685 ft/min
cm/sec 0.0223694 MPH
cm (cubed) 0.0610237 inch (cubed)
Cubic feet 0.0283 Cu. meter
Cubic feet 7.4805 Gallons
Cubic feet 1728 Cubic inches
Cubic feet 0.037 Cubic yards
Cup 8 fl oz
Feet (ft) 30.48 Centimeters
Feet 0.3048 Meters
Feet per minute 0.01136 MPH
Feet head of water 0.433 PSI
Foot candle 10.764 Lux
Gallons (gal) 3.785 Liters
Gal 3785 Millimeters
Gal 128 Ounces (liquid)
Gal/acre 9.354 Liters/hectare
Gal/acre 2.938 Oz/1000 ftsquared (liquid)
Gal/1000 ftsquared 4.0746 L/100 msquared
Gal/minute 2.228 x 10 (-3) Cubic feet/second
Grams (g) 0.002205 Pounds
Gram 0.035274 oz
G/ha 0.000893 lbs/a
Grams per liter 1000 PPM
Grams per liter 10 Percent
Grams/sq.meter 0.00020481 lb/sq.feet
G/cm (cubed) 0.036127 lb/in (cubed)
G/cm (cubed) 62.428 lb/ft (cubed)
Hectares (ha) 2.471 Acres
Inches 2.540 Centimeters
Inches 0.0254 Meters
Inches 25.40 Millimeters
Insquared 6.4516 cmsquared
In (cubed) 16.3871 cm (cubed)

Kilograms (kg) 2.2046 Pounds

Kg/hectare 0.892 Pounds/acre
Kg/ha 0.02048 lb/1000 ftsquared
Kg/L 8.3454 lb/gal
Kilometers (Km) 100,000 Centimeters
Kilometers 3281 Feet
Kilometers 1000 Meters
Kilometers 0.6214 Miles
Kilometers 1094 Yards
Km/h 0.62137 MPH
Km/h 54.6807 ft/min
Kilopascals (kPa) 0.145 Pounds/sq.in. (psi)
Liters (l) 0.2642 Gallons
Liters 33.814 Ounces
Liters 2.113 Pints
Liters 1.057 Quarts
L/100 msquared 0.2454 gal/1000 ftsquared
Liters/hectare 0.107 Gallons/acre
Meters (m) 3.281 Feet
Meters 39.37 Inches
Meters 1.094 yards
Meters 100 Centimeters
Meters 0.001 Kilometers
Meters 1000 Millimeters
Meters/sec 2.2369 MPH
Msquared 10.764 ftsquared
M (cubed) 35.3147 ft (cubed)
M (cubed) 1.30795 yd (cubed)
Miles (statute) 160,900 Centimeters
Miles 5280 Feet
Miles 1.609 Kilometers
Miles 1760 Yards
Miles/hour (mph) 1.467 Feet/second
Miles/hour 88 Feet/minute
Miles/hour 1.61 Kilometers/hour
Miles/hour 0.447 meter/second
Milliliters (ml) 0.0338 Ounces (fluid)
Milliliters 0.0002642 Gallons
Millimeters (mm) 0.03937 Inches
1 mm Hg @ 0 C 0.13332 kPa
Ounces (fluid) 0.02957 Liters
Ounces (fluid) 29.573 Milliliters
Ounces (weight) 28.35 Grams
Parts per million (ppm) 2.719 lb ai/acre foot of water
PPM 0.001 Grams/l
PPM 8.34 Lb/million gal
PPM 1 mg/kg
PPM 0.013 Ounces/100 gal of water
PPM 0.3295 Gal/acre-foot of water
PPM 8.345 lbs/million gal of water
Percent (%) 10 g/kg
Pint 0.473 liter
pt/A 1.1692 L/ha
pt/A 0.3673 oz/1000 ftsquared

Pounds 0.4536 Kilograms

Pounds 453.6 Grams
Pounds/acre 1.12 Kg/hectare
Pounds/A 0.02296 lb/1000 ftsquared
Pounds/sq.ft. 4883 Grams/sq.meter
Pounds/1000 ftsquared 43.5597 lb/A
Pounds/yd (cubed) 0.0005937 G/cm (cubed)
Pounds/gallon 0.12 Kg/liter
PSI (lbs/sq.in.) 6.9 Kilopascals
PSI 0.06895 Bar
PSI 0.068046 atm
PSI 2.31 feet head of water
 PSI 6.89 kPa
Quarts 0.9463 Liters
Qt/A 2.3385 L/ha
Qt/A 0.7346 oz/1000 ftsquared
Sq. centimeters 0.001076 Sq. feet
Sq. centimeters 0.1550 Sq. inches
Sq. feet 929 Sq. centimeters
Sq. feet 0.0929 Sq. meters
Sq. feet 9.294 x 10 (-6) Hectares
Sq. inch 6.452 Sq. centimeters
Ton (2000 lbs) 907 kg
Yards 91.44 Centimeters
Yards 0.9144 Meters
Yards 914.4 Millimeters
yd (cubed) 27 ft (cubed)
yd (cubed) 0.7645 m (cubed)

Area Equivalents
1 acre = 43,560 ft squared = 4840 yd 2 = 0.4047 hectares = 160 rods squared = 4047 m 2 = 0.0016 sq. mile
1 acre-inch = 102.8 m 3 = 27,154 gal = 3630 ft 3
1 hectare (ha) = 10,000 m 2 = 100 are = 2.471 acres = 107,639 ft squared
1 cubic foot (ft 3 ) = 1728 in 3 = 0.037 yd 3 = 0.02832 m 3 = 28,320 cm 3
1 square foot (ft 2 ) = 144 in 2 = 929.03 cm 2 = 0.09290 m 2
1 square yard (yd 2 ) = 9 ft 2 = 0.836 m 2
1 cubic yard (yd 3 ) = 27 ft 3 = 0.765 m 3

Units Sq. In. Sq. Ft. Sq Yd. Sq. cm Sq. m

Sq. In. 1 0.006944 0.0007716 6.452 0.000645

Sq. Ft. 144 1 0.1111 929 0.0929

Sq Yd. 1296 9 1 8361 0.8361

Sq. cm 0.155 0.001076 0.0001196 1 0.0001

Sq. m 1550 10.76 1.196 10,000 1

Liquid Equivalents
1 ft (cubed) of water = 7.5 gal = 62.4 lbs. = 28.3 liters
1 acre-inch of water = 27,154 gal = 3630 ft 3
1 liter (l) = 2.113 pts. = 1000 ml = 1.057 qts. = 33.8 fl.oz. = 0.26 gal
1 US gallon=4 qt.=8 pt. = 16 cups = 128 fl.oz. = 8.337 lbs of water = 3.785 L = 3785 ml = 231 in 3 = 256 tbs
0.1337 ft3
1 quart = 0.9463 liters = 2 pt. = 32 fl. oz. = 4 cups = 64 tablespoons (tbsp.)=57.75 in 3 = 0.25 gal = 946.4 ml
1 pint = 16 fl. oz. = 2 cups = 473.2 ml = 32 level tablespoons = 0.125 gal = 0.5 qt
1 cup = 8 fl. oz. = = ½ pt. = 16 tablespoons = 236.6 ml
1 tablespoon = 14.8 ml = 3 teaspoons (tsp.) = 0.5 fl.oz.
1 milliliter (ml) = 1 cm 3 = 0.34 fl.oz. = 0.002 pts
1 teaspoon = 4.93 ml = 0.1667 fl. oz. = 80 drops
1 US fluid ounce = 29.57 ml = 2 tablespoons = 6 tsp. = 0.03125 qt

Temperature Equivalents
degrees Centigrade = (°F-32)x5/9
degrees Fahrenheit = (°Cx9/5)+32

Pressure Equivalents
1 lb per square inch (PSI) = 6.9 kilopascal (kPa)
1 PSI = 2.31 feet head of water

Units Dyne Lb. Newton

Dyne 1 2.248x10-6 10-5

Lb. 444,823 1 4.448

Newton 100,000 0.2248 1

Length Equivalents
centimeter (cm) = 0.3937 inch = 0.01 m = 0.03281 ft.
meter (m) = 3.28 feet = 39.4 inches = 100 cm = 1.094 yds = 1000 mm
kilometer = 0.621 statute mile = 1000 meters = 100,000 cm = 3281 ft = 39,370 in.
inch = 2.54 cm = 25.4 mm = 0.0254 m = 0.08333 ft.
foot = 0.3048 meters = 30.48 cm = 12 inches
yard = 0.9144 meters = 3 feet = 36 inches = 91.44 cm
statute mile = 1760 yards = 5280 feet = 1.61 kilometers = 1609 meters

Mixture Ratios
1 mg/g = 1000 ppm
1 fl.oz./gal = 7490 ppm
1 fl.oz./100 gal = 75 ppm
1 pt/100 gal = 1 teaspoons/1gal
1 qt/100 gal = 2 tablespoons/1 gal

Flow
1 gpm = 0.134 ft 3 /minute
1 ft (cubed) /min. (cfm) = 449 gal/hr. (gph) = 7.481 gal/min.
Weight Equivalents
1 ton (US) = 2000 lb = 0.907 metric tons = 907.2 kg
1 metric ton = 10 6 g = 1000 kg = 2205 lb
1 lb = 16 oz = 453.6 grams (g) = 0.4536 kg
1 oz (weight) = 28.35 g = 0.0625 lb
1 gram = 1000 mg = 0.0353 oz = 0.001 kg = 0.002205 lb
milligrams (mg) = 0.001 grams
1 kilogram (kg) = 1000 grams = 35.3 oz = 2.205 lbs
microgram (mg) = 10 -6 grams = 0.001 mg
nanogram (ng) = 10 -9 grams = 0.001 micrograms (mg)
picogram = 10 -12 grams
1 ppm= 0.0001%= 0.013 fl oz in 100 gal =1 mg/kg=1 mg/L=1 mg/g= 0.379 g in 100 gal water= 8.34 x 10 -6
lb/gal=1ml/l
10 ppm = 0.001% = 10 mg/L 100 ppm = 0.01% = 100 mg/L1000 ppm = 1mg/g = 0.1% = 1000 mg/L
1 ppb = 1 ug/kg or 1 ug/L or 1 ng/g
1 ppt = 1 picogram/g
1 % = 10,000 ppm = 10g/L = 1g/100ml = 10g/kg = 1.33 oz by weight/gal water = 8.34 lbs/100 gal water

Leather Substance
The measurement of the thickness of a finished leather, in
millimeters (1 mm. = 0.03937 inch),
irons (1 iron = 1/48 inch),
ounces (1 ounce = 1/64 inch):

Inch Ounces Irons Millimeters

1/64 1 0.75 0.4

1/32 2 1.5 0.8
3/64 3 2.25 1.2
1/16 4 3.0 1.6
5/64 5 3.75 2.0
3/32 6 4.5 2.4
7/64 7 5.25 2.8
1/8 8 6.0 3.2
9/64 9 6.75 3.6
5/32 10 7.5 4.0
11/64 11 8.25 4.4
3/16 12 9.0 4.8
13/64 13 9.75 5.2
7/32 14 10.5 5.6
15/64 15 11.25 6.0
1/4 16 12.0 6.4
17/64 17 12.75 6.8
 9/32 18 13.5 7.2

ppm
Parts per million - ppm - is commonly used as a measure of small levels of pollutants in
air, water, body fluids, etc. Parts per million is the mass ratio between the pollutant
component and the solution and ppm is defined as

ppm = 1,000,000 mc / ms (1)

where

mc = mass of component (kg, lbm)

ms = mass of solution (kg, lbm)

In the metric system ppm can be expressed in terms of milligram versus kg where

 1 mg/kg = 1 part per million

Alternatively mass related units to measure very small concentration levels used are

 ppb - parts per billion (1 / 1,000,000,000)

 ppt - parts per trillion (1 / 1,000,000,000,000)

An alternatively mass related unit to measure larger concentration levels are weight
percent which can be expressed like

weight percent = 100 mc / ms (2)

1 ppm

= 2.72 pounds per acre-foot

= 1,233 grams per acre-foot

= 1.233 kilograms per acre-foot

 = 0.0283 grams per cubic foot

= 0.0000624 pounds per cubic foot

= 0.0038 grams per US gallon

= 0.058419 grains per US gallon

= 0.07016 grains per Imperial gallon

= 1 milligram per liter

= 1 microlitre ( μL ) per liter

= 0.001 gram per litre

= 8.345 pounds per million gallons of water

ppm = parts per million

ppm is a term used in chemistry to denote a very, very low concentration of a solution. One gram
in 1000 ml is 1000 ppm and one thousandth of a gram (0.001g) in 1000 ml is one ppm.

One thousanth of a gram is one milligram and 1000 ml is one liter, so that 1 ppm = 1 mg per liter
= mg/Liter.
ppm is derived from the fact that the density of water is taken as 1kg/L = 1,000,000 mg/L, and
1mg/L is 1mg/1,000,000mg or one part in one million.

OBSERVE THE FOLLOWING UNITS

1 ppm = 1mg/l = 1ug /ml = 1000ug/L

ppm = ug/g =ug/ml = ng/mg = pg/ug = 10 -6
ppm = mg/litres of water

1 gram pure element disolved in 1000ml = 1000 ppm

-9
PPB = Parts per billion = ug/L = ng/g = ng/ml = pg/mg = 10

Making up 1000 ppm solutions

1. From the pure metal : weigh out accurately 1.000g of metal, dissolve in 1 : 1 conc. nitric or
hydrochloric acid, and make up to the mark in 1 liter volume deionised water.

2. From a salt of the metal :

e.g. Make a 1000 ppm standard of Na using the salt NaCl.

FW of salt = 58.44g.
At. wt. of Na = 23
1g Na in relation to FW of salt = 58.44 / 23 = 2.542g.
Hence, weigh out 2.542g NaCl and dissolve in 1 liter volume to make a 1000 ppm Na standard.

3. From an acidic radical of the salt :

e.g. Make a 1000 ppm phosphate standard using the salt KH 2PO4

FW of salt = 136.09
FW of radical PO4 = 95
1g PO4 in relation to FW of salt = 136.09 / 95 = 1.432g.
Hence, weigh out 1.432g KH2PO4 and dissolve in 1 liter volume to make a 1000 ppm PO 4
standard.
Click this link for Atomic absorption standards

Dilution Formula = M1V1 = M2V2

req is the required value you want.

req ppm x req vol

-------------------------- = no of mls for req vol
stock

e.g. Make up 50 mls vol of 25 ppm from 100 ppm

25 x 50 / 100 = 12.5 mls. i.e. 12.5 mls of 100 ppm in 50 ml volume will give a 25 ppm solution

Serial dilutions

Making up 10-1 M to 10-5 M solutions from a 1M stock solution.

Pipette 10 ml of the 1M stock into a 100 ml volumetric flask and make up to the mark to give a 10 -
1
M soln.
Now, pipette 10 ml of this 10-1 M soln. into another 100 ml flask and make up to the mark to give a
10-2 M soln.
Pipette again, 10 ml of this 10-2 M soln. into yet another 100 ml flask and make up to mark to give
a 10-3 M soln.
Pipette a 10 ml of this 10-3 M soln. into another 100 ml flask and make up to mark to give a 10 -4 M
soln.
And from this 10-4 M soln. pipette 10 ml into a 100 ml flask and make up to mark to give a final 10 -
5
M solution.
Example: In a typical microbiology exercise the students perform a three step 1:100
serial dilution of a bacterial culture (see figure below) in the process of quantifying the
number of viable bacteria in a culture (see figure below). Each step in this example uses
a 1 ml total volume. The initial step combines 1 unit volume of bacterial culture (10 ul)
with 99 unit volumes of broth (990 ul) = 1:100 dilution. In the second step, one unit
volume of the 1:100 dilution is combined with 99 unit volumes of broth now yielding a
total dilution of 1:100x100 = 1:10,000 dilution. Repeated again (the third step) the total
dilution would be 1:100x10,000 = 1:1,000,000 total dilution. The concentration of
bacteria is now one million times less than in the original sample.
Molarity to ppm

conc. in mg/l
Molarity = ------------------------
gram mol solute x 1000

Example : What is the Molarity of Ca in a 400 ppm solution of CaCO3.

Solute = 1 gram mole Ca = 40 (At. Wt.) = 40g/liter = 40 x 1000 = 40,000 mg/liter = 40,000 ppm.
Solution = 400ppm (given)
Hence Molarity = 400 divided by 40000 = 0.01M
And ppm is 0.01 x 40 x 1000 = 400 ppm.(cross multiply)

The FW of an ion species is equal to its concentration in ppm at 10 -3M. Fluoride has a FW of 19,
hence a 10-3M concentration is equal to 19ppm, 1M is equal to 19,000 ppm and 1ppm is equal to
5.2 x 10-5M.
Go here for ISE molarity/ppm conversions shown in Table III.

Ppm (parts per million) to % (parts per hundred)

Example:

1 ppm = 1/1,000,000 = 0.000001 = 0.0001%

10 ppm = 10/1,000,000 = 0.00001 = 0.001%
100 ppm = 100/1,000,000 = 0.0001 = 0.01%
200 ppn = 200/1,000,000 = 0.0002 = 0.02%
5000 ppm = 5000/1,000,000 = 0.005 = 0.5%
10,000 ppm = 10000/1,000,000 = 0.01 = 1.0%
20,000 ppm = 20000/1,000,000 = 0.02 = 2.0%
(Parts per hundred) % to ppm

Example:

0.01% = 0.0001
0.0001 x 1,000,000 = 100 ppm

Ppm (parts per million) to % (parts per hundred)

Example:

1 ppm = 1/1,000,000 = 0.000001 = 0.0001%

10 ppm = 10/1,000,000 = 0.00001 = 0.001%
100 ppm = 100/1,000,000 = 0.0001 = 0.01%
200 ppn = 200/1,000,000 = 0.0002 = 0.02%
5000 ppm = 5000/1,000,000 = 0.005 = 0.5%
10,000 ppm = 10000/1,000,000 = 0.01 = 1.0%
20,000 ppm = 20000/1,000,000 = 0.02 = 2.0%

CONCENTRATION UNITS
This handout will deal with units of concentration and how to convert from one
concentration unit to another. It will be important to understand a few terms
dealing with solutions, so let's define them:

Solution -- a mixture consisting of a solute and a solvent

Solute -- component of a solution present in the lesser amount
Solvent -- component of a solution present in the greater amount
Concentration -- amount of a solute present in a solution per standard amount of
solvent
There are numerous ways of expressing concentrations. It will be important to
know the units used to express each concentration, as these units essentially
define the concentration. Let's look at some ways to express concentration.
Weight/Weight Percent (w/w%): This unit of concentration is often used for
concentrated solutions, typically acids and bases. If you were to look on a bottle
of a concentrated acid or base solution the concentration expressed as a
weigh/weight percent. A weight/weight percent is defined as:
Molarity (M): This unit of concentration relates the moles of solute per liter of
solution.

Molarity is the most common concentration unit involved in calculations dealing

with volumetric stoichiometry.

Molality (m): This unit of concentration relates the moles of solute per kilogram
of solvent.

Molality is often used as the concentration unit involved in calculations dealing

with colligative properties, such as freezing point depression, boiling point
elevation and osmotic pressure.
Parts per million (ppm): This unit of concentration may be expressed in a number
of ways. It is often used to express the concentration of very dilute solutions. The
"technical" definition of parts per million is:

Since the amount of solute relative to the amount of solvent is typically very
small, the density of the solution is to a first approximation the same as the
density of the solvent. For this reason, parts per million may also be expressed in
the following two ways:

Parts per billion (ppb): This concentration unit is also used for very dilute
solutions. The "technical" definition is as follows:
Owing to the dilute nature of the solution, once again, the density of the solution
will be about the same as the density of the solvent. Thus, we may also express
parts per billion as:

Mole fraction (X) and mole percent (%X): A fraction is defined as a part over a
whole. Multiplying this fraction by 100 would give the percent. Thus, a mole
fraction involves knowing the moles of solute or component of interest over the
total moles of all components in the solution mixture:

You may find it necessary to be able to convert from one concentration unit to
another. The key to solving this type of problem is to realize that you may make
an assumption to get started. You may need to know the density of the solution,
which would be given in the problem. Then, by using dimensional analysis, you
try to get to the units of the concentration unit you are seeking to find. To get
started, assume the quanitity of solution found in the denominator unit of the
concentration unit you are trying to convert. For example, if you are trying to
convert weight/weight percent to molarity, assume 100 grams of solution. If you
are trying to convert molarity to weight/weight percent, assume 1 liter of solution.
Let's look at a typical example. Suppose you are given a concentrated solution of
HCl which is known to be 37.0% HCl and has a solution density of 1.19 g/mL.
What is the molarity, molality and mole fraction of HCl?
Begin with the assumption of 100 g of solution. With this assumption, you now
know a few other facts. In 100 g of solution, 37.0 g is due to HCl (grams of
solute) and 63.0 g is due to water (grams of solvent).
To find molarity, we need to determine the moles of HCl (solute) per liter of
solution. First, convert the known amount of HCl (37.0 g) to moles:
Next, convert the known mass of solution, 100 g solution, to liters of solution,
using the density of the solution:

Since the moles of solute (HCl) and volume of solution in liters is now know,
calculate the molarity (M) as the moles of solute per liter of solution:

From the information above, let's find the molality of the HCl solution. The moles
of solute is already known (1.01 mol HCl). We need to find the kilograms of
solvent:

Since molality (m) is defined as the moles of solute per kilogram solvent, it
becomes easy to find the molality:

Finally, let's tackle the mole fraction of HCl. The moles of HCl is known to be
1.01 mole. We need to find the moles of H2O:

Since the moles of solute (HCl) and moles of solvent (H2O) are known, the mole
fraction of HCl may be calculated:

This concludes the tutorial!

© Copyrght, 2001, L. Ladon. Permission is granted to use and duplicate these

materials for non-profit educational use, under the following conditions: No
changes or modifications will be made without written permission from the
author. Copyright registration marks and author acknowledgement must be
retained intact.
 Equivalent Measures of Length
1 meter (m) 39.37 inches (in.)
1 centimeter (cm) 0.39 in.
1 millimeter (mm) 0.039 in.
1 yard (yd) 91.44 centimeters (cm)
1 foot (ft) 30.48 cm
1 inch (in.) 2.54 cm
Household Measures (Approximate)
1 drop 1/20 mL
1 teaspoon 5 mL
1 tablespoon 15 mL
1 cup 250 mL
Weight and Apothecaries' Equivalents
1 milligram (mg) 1/65 grain (1/60)
1 gram (g) 15.43 grains (15)
1 kilogram (kg) 2.20 pounds (avoirdupois)
1 pound (avoirdupois) 453.6 grams
1 grain (gr) 0.065 gram (60 mg)
1 ounce (1/16 pound) 28.4 grams
Fluid Equivalents
1 fluid ounce (oz.) 29.57 mL (30)
1 pint (pt.) 16 fl. oz.) 473.2 mL (500)
1 pint, In the Imperial system 20 fluid ounces
1 quart (qt.) 946.4 mL (1000)
1 quart, In the Imperial system 40 fluid ounces
1 gallon (gal.) 3785.6 mL (4000)
1 gallon, In the Imperial system 160 fluid ounces
Metric System Weights and Measures
1 kilogram (kg) 1000 grams (103)
1 milligram (mg) 0.001 gram (10-3)
1 microgram (µg) 0.000001 gram (10-6)
1 liter (L) 1000 mL (103)
1 milliliter (mL) 0.001 L (10-3)
1 microliter (µL) 0.000001 L (10-6)
1 milliliter (ml) 1 cubic centimeter (cc)
Weight - Unit Conversion Factors
Units Given Units Wanted For Conversion Multiple By
lb g 453.6
lb kg 0.4536
oz g 28.35
kg lb 2.2046
kg mg 1,000,000
kg g 1,000
g mg 1,000
g µg 1,000,000
mg µg 1,000
mg/g mg/lb 453.6
mg/kg mg/lb 0.4536
µg/kg µg/lb 0.4536
Mcal kcal 1,000
kcal/kg kcal/lb 0.4536
kcal/lb kcal/kg 2.2046
ppm µg/g 1
ppm mg/kg 1
ppm mg/lb 0.4536
mg/kg % 0.0001
ppm % 0.0001
mg/g % 0.1
g/kg % 0.1

Conversion Formulas

Gallons into Pounds: Multiply the specific gravity of the liquid by 8.33* (weight in
pounds of 1 gallon of water); then multiply this result by the number of gallons, to obtain
the weight in pounds.
Pounds into Gallons: Multiply the specific gravity of the liquid by 8.33* (weight in
pounds of 1 gallon of water); then divide the number of pounds by the result, to obtain
the volume in gallons.

Milliliters into Grams: Multiply the specific gravity of the substance by the number of
milliliters, to obtain the weight in grams.

Grams into Milliliters: Divide the number of grams by the specific gravity of the
substance, to obtain the volume in milliliters.

Milliliters into Pounds: Multiply the number of milliliters by the specific gravity of the
substance; then divide the product by 453.59 (equivalent in grams of 1 avoirdupois
pound), to obtain the weight in pounds.

Pounds into Milliliters: Multiply the number of pounds by 453.59 (equivalent in grams of
1 avoirdupois pound); then divide the product by the specific gravity of the substance, to
obtain the volume in milliliters.

Milliliters into Ounces: Multiply the number of milliliters by the specific gravity of the
substance; then divide the product by 28.35 (equivalent in grams of 1 avoirdupois ounce),
to obtain the volume in ounces.

Ounces into Milliliters: Multiply the number of ounces by 28.35 (equivalent in grams of
1 avoirdupois ounce); then divide the product by the specific gravity of the substance, to
obtain the volume in milliliters.

Grains, Drams, and Ounces into Grams (or mL): 1) Divide the number of grains by 15; or
2) multiply the number of drams by 4; or 3) multiply the number of ounces by 28.35. The
result in each case equals the approximated number of grams (or mL).

Kilograms into Pounds: Multiply the number of kilograms by 2.2046, or multiply the
number of kilograms by 2 and add 10% to the product.

Pounds into Kilograms: Divide the number of pounds by 2.2046, or multiply by 0.4536

*10 for imperial gallons

 Conversions &
Formulas
[Length] [Weight] [Area] [Volume] [Concentration] [Flow Rate]
[Temperature] [Gallons in Tank] [Gallons in Pond] [Gravel in Tank]
[dKH]

Length:
1 millimeter (mm)

 = 0.04 inch

1 centimeter (cm)
 = .3937 inch

1 inch (in)
 = 2.54 cm

1 foot (ft)
 = 12 inch
 = 30.48 cm
 = .305 meter

1 yard (yd)
 = 3 foot
 = 36 inch
 = 91.44 cm
 = .914 meter

1 meter (m)
 = 3.28 ft
 = 39.37 inch
  = 100 cm

1 kilometer (km)
 = .62 mile

Weight:
1 dram (dr)

 = 1.772 gram

1 grain (gr)
 = 64.8 milligram
 = 0.065 gram
 = 0.35 ounce

1 microgram (mcg)
 = 0.001 milligram

1 milligram (mg)
 = 1000 microgram
 = 0.001 gram
 = 0.0154 gram

1 gram (g)
 = 15.432 grain
 = 0.0353 ounce
 = 0.034 fluid ounce (water)
 = 0.0022 pound
 = 0.002 pint (water)
 = 0.001 liter (water)
 = 1000 milligram
 = 0.001 kilogram

1 ounce (oz))
 = 480 grain
 = 28.35 gram
 = 0.0075 gallon
 = 0.03 quart
 = 0.06 pint
 = 0.0625 pound
 = 0.96 fuid ounce (water)

1 pound (avoirdupois) (lb)

 = 7000 grain
  = 453.6 gram
 = 16 ounce
 = 0.12 gallon (water)
 = 0.016 cubic foot (water)
 = 0.48 quart (water)
 = 0.96 pint (water)
 = 15.35 fluid ounce (water)
 = 27.68 cubic inch (water)
 = 453.59 cubic centimeter (water)
 = 453.59 milliliter (water)
 = 453.59 gram
 = 0.454 liter (water)

1 stone
 = 14 lb

1 hundredweight
 = 100 pound
 = 45.3592 kilogram

Area:
1 square foot (sq ft, ft2)

 = 144 square inch

 = 930 square centimeter

1 square meter (m2)

 = 10.764 square foot
 = 1550 square inch
 = 10,000 square centimeter

Volume:
1 cubic centimeter (cc, cm3)

 = 1 milliliter
 = 1 gram (water)
 = 0.061 cubic inch
 = 0.001 quart
 = 0.002 pint
 = 0.034 fluid ounce
1 cubic inch (cu in, in3)
 = 16.387 cc
 = 16.387 ml
 = 0.0043 gallon
 = 0.017 quart
 = 0.035 pint
 = 0.036 lb (water)
 = 0.576 oz. (water)
 = 0.554 fluid oz.
 = 0.00058 cubic foot
 = 0.0164 liter
 = 16.39 gram (water)

1 cubic foot (cu ft, ft3)

 = 7.481 gallon
 = 29.922 quart
 = 59.844 pint
 = 62.426 lb (water)
 = 998.816 oz. (water)
 = 28,355 gram (water)
 = 957.51 fluid oz.
 = 1728 cubic inch
 = 28.316 liter
 = 28,316 cubic centimeter
 = 28,316 milliliter

1 cubic meter (m3)

 = 35.314 cubic foot
 = 61,024 cubic inch
 = 1000 liter

1 teaspoon (tsp)
 = 5 milliliter
 = 5 cubic centimeter

1 tablespoon (tbs)
 = 3 teaspoon
 = 15 milliliter

1 fluid ounce (fl oz)

 = 6 teaspoon
 = 2 tablespoon
 = 0.0078 gallon
 = 0.031 quart
 = 29.57 gram (water)
 = 0.0062 pint
  = 0.065 pound (water)
 = 1.04 ounce (water)
 = 1.8 cubic inch
 = 29.57 cubic centimeter
 = 29.57 milliliter
 = 0.0296 liter

1 cup
 = 48 teaspoon
 = 16 tablespoon
 = 8 fluid ounce
 = 237 ml

1 pint (pt)
 = 2.0 cup
 = 0.5679 liter
 = 0.125 gallon
 = 0.5 quart
 = 1.043 pound (water)
 = 16.69 ounce (water)
 = 16 fluid ounce
 = 28.875 cubic inch
 = 0.0167 cubic foot
 = 473.18 cubic centimeter
 = 473.18 milliliter
 = 0.473 liter
 = 473.18 gram (water)

1 quart (qt)
 = 2.0 pint
 = 4.0 cup
 = 946.35 milliliter
 = 946.35 cubic centimeter
 = 946.35 gram (water)
 = 0.95 liter
 = 0.25 gallon
 = 2.0 pint
 = 2.085 pound (water)
 = 33.36 ounce (water)
 = 32 fluid ounce
 = 57.75 cubic inch
 = 0.0334 cubic foot

1 gallon (gal)
 = 4.0 quart
 = 8.0 pint
  = 16.0 cup
 = 3.785 liter
 = 0.1339 cubic foot
 = 231 cubic inch
 = 8.345 pound (water)
 = 3785.4 gram (water)
 = 4 quart
 = 8 pint
 = 135.52 ounce (water)
 = 128 fluid ounce
 = 3785.4 cubic centimeter
 = 3785.4 milliliter

1 Imperial gallon
 = 4.5459 liter
 = 0.1605 cubic foot
 = 277.42 cubic inch
 = 4.845 quart
 = 1.21 gallon

1 milliliter (ml)
 = 1 cubic centimeter
 = 20 drops (approx.)
 = 0.20 teaspoon
 = 0.061 cubic inch
 = 0.001 liter
 = 1 gram (water)
 = 0.002 lb (water)
 = 0.0003 gallon

1 liter (l)
 = 1000 milliliter
 = 1000 cubic centimeter
 = 1.7598 pint
 = 1.057 quart
 = 0.264 gallon
 = 203 teaspoon
 = 67.6 tablespoon
 = 35.28 ounce (water)
 = 33.8 fluid ounce
 = 4.23 cup
 = 2.1134 pint
 = 2.205 pound (water)
 = 61.025 cubic inch
 = 0.0353 cubic foot
 = 1000 gram (water)
  = 1 kilogram (water)

1 kiloliter (kl)
 = 1000 liter
 = 264.18 gallon
 = 35.315 cubic foot

Concentration:
1 grain/gallon (gr/gal)

 = 19.12 part per million

1 pound/million gallon
 = 0.1199 part per million

1 percent solution (%)

 = 38 gram/gallon
 = 1.3 ounce/gallon
 = 10 gram/1000 milliliter
 = 10 milliliter/1000 milliliter
 = 10 milliliter/liter
 = 38 milliliter/gallon
 = 1 gram/100 milliliter
 = 1 ounce/0.75 gallon
 = 4.53 gram/pound
 = 0.624 pound/cubic foot

1 percent in food (%)

 = 4.5 gram/pound
 = 0.2 ounce/pound
 = 83 grain/pound
 = 10,000 part per million

1 part per thousand

 = 1000 part per million

1 part per million (ppm)

 = 1 milligram/liter
 = 3.8 milligram/gallon
 = 2.7 pound/acre foot
 = 0.0038 gram/gallon
 = 0.0283 gram/cubic foot
 = 0.0000623 pound/cubic foot
 = 1233 gram/acre foot
  = 0.0586 gram/gallon
 = 8.34 pound/million gallon
 = 1 ounce/1000 cubic foot
 = 1 gram/264 gallon
 = 1 gram/cubic meter
 = 0.134 ounce/1000 gallon

1 milligram/liter (mg/l)
 = 1 part per million
 = 3.8 milligram/gallon
 = 2.7 pound/acre foot
 = 0.0038 gram/gallon
 = 0.0283 gram/cubic foot
 = 0.0000623 pound/cubic foot
 = 1233 gram/acre foot
 = 0.0586 gram/gallon
 = 8.34 pound/million gallon
 = 1 ounce/1000 cubic foot
 = 1 gram/264 gallon
 = 1 gram/cubic meter
 = 0.134 ounce/1000 gallon

Flow Rate:
1 gallon per hour (gph, gal/hr)

 = 3.785 liter per hour

1 gallon per minute (gpm)

 = 60 gallon per hour
 = 3.785 liter per minute
 = 227.1 liter per hour

1 liter per hour (l/hr)

 = 0.264 gallon per hour

1 liter per minute (l/min)

 = 0.264 gallon per minute
 = 15.8 gallon per hour

Temperature:
 degrees Celsius

 = 0.56 (degrees fahrenheit - 32)

degrees Fahrenheit
 = (1.8 x degrees Celsius) + 32

Gallons in Aquarium:
To determine the number of gallons in a rectangular aquarium:

 Length (in inches) x Width (in inches) x Height (in inches) / 231

Gallons in Pond:
To determine the number of gallons in a rectangular pond:

 Length (in feet) x Width (in feet) x Height (in feet) x 7.5

Gravel in Aquarium:
To determine the number of pounds of gravel required for a
rectangular aquarium:

 Length (in inches) x Width (in inches) x Desired Gravel Depth

(in inches) x .05

dKH
 To convert degrees of German hardness (dKH) to parts per
million (ppm), multiply by 17.

 To convert degrees of German hardness (dKH) to

milliequivalents per liter (meq/l), divide by 2.8.

Knowing how to brew your own stock solutions give you great control on what gets in
your tank and makes you save lot of money. Unfortunately, after two years without a
freshwater tank, I forgot how to do this. I searched the web looking for answers but all I
could find is a few calculators. Online calculators are great tools but who knows how
accurate they are? Anyway, I don’t want a calculator to tell what the answer is; I want to
know how to find it myself.

I found pieces of information here and there and decided to write this short summary of
what I’ve learn. I hope, this will help those who want to give that a try.
I asked a few folks from Futura Science Forum to have a look at my calculations. They
told me that was ok but I would appreciate if someone could double check everything
again and confirm the accuracy of my calculations.

Some Conversion Factors before to start

1) 1ppm = 1mg/L (one part per million = one milligram per liter)
2) 1 miligram = 1/1,000 of a gram (1,000 milligrams = 1 gram)

How to make a fertilizer solution for the planted aquarium

I am not sure how to explain this in a short answer so what I’ll do is to walk you through
the staps of making a Potassium Nitrate (KNO3) solution.
KNO3 will increase both No3 and K levels but to keep things easy, we will forget about
K for today.

Step 1
First, I need to find the mass (in percent) of each element in KNO3. Here it is:

Step 2
I now know there is only 13.854% of N in KNO3. Now I need to count how many grams
of KNO3 is needed to make 1 gram of N. The formula is the following:

100 X (1 ÷ mass of the element) = how much I need (in gram) to have 1 gram of the
element

Which make: 100 X (1 ÷ 13.85) = 7.218 gram of KNO3 to have 1 gram of N

Step 3
Now let’s mix that 7.218 gram of KNO3 with water to make a solution and see what we
get.
Since 1 liter of water weight 1000 gram (1,000,000 milligrams), if I pour in 1 gram (1000
mg) of N I will get:

1 gram of N in 1 liter of water.

Or
1 gram of N in 1,000 gram of water (1 liter = 1000 gram)
Or
1000 milligram of N in 1,000,000 milligram of water .
Or
1000 ppm of N (1 ppm = 1 part in 1,000,000 parts)

Step 4
Now, let’s see how much KNO3 I need to increase N by 1 mg in one liter (1 ppm). I use
the following formula:

For those who are unsure about how to use this formula, here it is, presented differently:
(1 X 7.218) ÷ 1000 = how much gram of KNO3 is needed to make 1 mg/l of no3 in one
liter of water.

The answer: 0.007218 gram of KNO3 in one liter = 1mg/L (1 ppm) of N.

Have you noticed something?? We’re almost back to step 2!

If I wouldn’t have multiplied by 100 in the formula (see step 2), I would have found how
much KNO3 I need to increase N by 1mg in one liter!

(1 ÷ 13.85) = 0.07218 gram of KNO3 to make 1 mg/L (1ppm) of N

Instead of
100 X (1 ÷ 13.85) = 7.218 gram of KNO3 to have 1 gram of N

I could have skipped a few step but I wanted to take the time to explain everything and
make sure you understand the process. From now end, you can forget about step 3 and 4.
Just remember not to multiply by 100 in step 2.

Step 5
I know how much KNO3 is needed to add 1 mg of N in one liter (1 ppm). Now, all I have
to do is to multiply that amount by the amount of liter in my tank.

I have a 100 liter tank so I will need 100 X 0.07218 = 0.7218 gram of KNO3 to rise N by
1 mg/L (1 ppm)

Step 6
There is no way I am going to weigh 0.7218 gram of KNO3 for each mg/L (ppm) I need.
This is why I need to make a solution with more KNO3 in it.

I dose 10 mg/L (ppm) of N per week in my 100 liter tank. Since I need 0.7218 gram of
KNO3 to get 1 mg/L of N in 100 liter, 10 X 0.7218 = 7.218 gram of KNO3 for a week.

If I mix the amount of KNO3 needed for a week with 10 ml of water, we could say that
10 ml of my solution add 10 mg/L (ppm) of N in 100 liters. If I want enough solution for
one month all I have to do is to multiply the amount of KNO3 AND the amount of water
by 4. Then, I would get a 40 ml KNO3 solution which I can use at a ratio of 10 ml for
every 10 mg/L (ppm) I want to add to my 100 gallon tank.

At this point, this is up to you to decide how you want it to be; more or less concentrated.

I tried to make things easy to understand but, when I do, sometime I make things more
complicated. I hope this isn’t the case today. If there is something you don’t understant,
please use the comment box bellow so I can help you and/or edit that post to make it
easier to follow.

Elements in common aquarium fertilizers

Here are details about some of the most common aquarium fertilizers.
Calculating fertilizer solutions for the planted tank5.051