Factors That Affect Body Mass Index (BMI) of Students Age 16

of Grade 10-Sapphire at Silway-8 National High School

(A Classroom-Based Research)

INTRODUCTION:
During adolescence, several physiological and social factors influence this
period as one of increased physical growth and nutritional requirements. This
makes the adolescent girls vulnerable to nutritional problems. Though studies in
this area are scarce, there is increased incidence of iron deficiency anemia among
all socio-economic groups. Inadequate energy intake led to underweight in a
greater percentage of these girls. Obesity prevalence has also increased in this
age group. This will result in chronic diseases such as heart disease, diabetes and
hypertension in the near future.

Adolescence is a critical period of growth and development, so good

nutrition is essential. During adolescence, the need for most nutrients including
energy, protein, vitamins and minerals increases. As appetite is also likely to
increase, it is important that food choices are made carefully. It can be tempting
at this time to increase the intake of snack foods and fast foods that are high in
fat, sugar and salt.

STATEMENT OF THE PROBLEM:

The aim of the study is to determine the factors that contribute to the body
mass index (BMI) of students and evaluate their eating habits.
ABSTRACT:
The study was conducted on 49 students of Grade 10-Sapphire at Silway-8
National High School whose ages were ranging from 15 to 17 (16±1 year). The
identified factors are the following:

a) Age
- The age bracket range of the subjects is rather low, having the mean age
of 16. As adolescents, they do tend to gain weight as they age if they are
not living a healthy lifestyle. And that would alter BMI.

b) Genetics
- Heritability of BMI was estimated to be 0.58–0.69 among 11–12 and 14-
year-old boys and girls, 0.83 among 17-year-old boys and 0.74 among
girls. Common environmental effects shared by siblings were 0.15–0.24
among 11–12 and 14-year-old boys and girls but no longer discernible at
year 17. The genetic contribution to BMI is strong during adolescence,
and it mainly explains BMI phenotypic correlations across adolescence.

c) Race/Ethnicity
- The relationship of BMI to percent body fat is also affected by race/
ethnicity. Whether there are racial/ethnic differences in response to the
various components of weight management is a legitimate research
question that has been explored to only a moderate extent.

d) Physical Activity
- While recent studies point to the importance of genetic factors in the
etiology of obesity, the rapid rise in the prevalence of overweight and
obesity in the last 20 years likely reflects major environmental shifts in
exercise habits and food availability, which can be controlled.
e) Sleeping Duration
- There was a significant interaction with age for both continuous and
categorical sleep duration. A pseudo-linear relationship is seen among
the youngest respondents, with the highest BMI associated with the
shortest sleepers and the lowest BMI associated with the longest
sleepers.

f) Educational Status
- Our study highlighted that decline in cognitive function is associated
with increasing BMI, especially in overweight and obese women with a
high educational level. Previous studies support a hypothesis of early life
obesity and its relationship with poor cognitive performance. Although
more research is needed to understand the mechanisms and
relationship between obesity and cognition, treatments aimed at
correcting possible deficits could be undertaken as a test of this
hypothesis.

g) Food Consumption
- Consuming a diet high in fruit, vegetables, reduced-fat dairy, and whole
grains and low in red and processed meat, fast food, and soda was
associated with smaller gains in BMI and waist circumference. Because
foods are not consumed in isolation, dietary pattern research based on
natural eating behaviour may be useful in understanding dietary causes
of obesity and in helping individuals trying to control their weight.

h) Environmental Factors
- Environmental factors shared by co-twins affect BMI in childhood, but
little evidence for their contribution was found in late adolescence. Our
results suggest that genetic factors play a major role in the variation of
BMI in adolescence among populations of different ethnicities exposed
to different environmental factors related to obesity. Cigarette smoking
increases metabolic rate and may limit food intake, and weight gain is a
common consequence of smoking cessation.
i) Meal Patterns and Eating Habits
- Eating patterns that are appropriate for an active lifestyle may continue
after the individual changes to a more sedentary lifestyle. Individuals for
whom this observation has been made include athletes and a large
percentage of people with increasing age and changing occupational
responsibilities. Athletes who are in training expend large amounts of
energy each day and, for many organized sports, are encouraged to eat
large quantities to maintain their weight at an artificially high level.
When activity declines, the eating pattern established during training
may not be adjusted to meet the new lower energy needs.

j) Physiological Factors
- A number of phenotypic characteristics have been associated with the
risk of weight gain, notably alterations in nonvolitional components of
energy expenditure. Energy expenditure can be divided into three main
components: Resting metabolic rate (RMR), the rate of energy expended
at rest, under thermo-neutral conditions, and in a post-absorptive state.
Thermic effect of feeding, the incremental increase in energy
expenditure after a meal is consumed due to the energy costs of
absorption and the transport of nutrients, as well as the synthesis and
storage of protein, fat, and CHO. Some of the thermic effect of feeding
may be mediated by sympathetic nervous system activity. Energy
expended for physical activity, including involuntary movements
associated with shivering, fidgeting, and postural control.

k) Family and Ethnicity

- Eating is an intensely social activity, and many eating habits are acquired
in a familial or ethnic setting. People tend to imitate the eating habits of
their parents, so quantity and quality of foods eaten and meal patterns
tends to be established early. Traditions that arise around eating
patterns in a more agrarian or active society may favor excess
 consumption. Ethnic groups differ in their perceptions about
appropriate body size and what constitutes overweight.

DATA:
This are the garnered data obtained from 49 students of Grade 10-
Sapphire at Silway-8 National High School.
Height Age Body
Birthday Weight Height2
Names mm/dd/yyyy (kg)
( Sex
(m2)
Mass Nutritional Status Height-For-Age
meters) y , m Index
1 . Abao, Erick Jay M. 4-Mar-01 45 1.54 M 2.3716 16 , 3 18.90 Normal Stunted
2 . Bactong, Gian Mile C. 15-Nov-01 42.5 1.53 M 2.3409 15 , 7 18.10 Normal Stunted
3 . Barrientos, Thomas Jon A. 13-Jul-02 56.5 1.67 M 2.7889 14 , 11 20.20 Normal Normal
4 . Belluga, Richmond Dyle T. 11-Dec-01 73 1.52 M 2.3104 15 , 6 31.50 Overweight Stunted
5 . Caga, Cosme 17-Dec-00 39.5 1.46 M 2.1316 16 , 5 18.50 Normal Severely Stunted
6 . Cosep, John Paul V. 8-Sep-01 57 1.51 M 2.2801 15 , 9 24.90 Normal Stunted
7 . Deniega, Dave S. 16-Sep-01 45 1.58 M 2.4964 15 , 8 18.00 Normal Normal
8 . Derong, Karl Patrick 12-Jul-02 40 1.52 M 2.3104 14 , 11 17.30 Normal Stunted
9 . Doroteo, Raymond V. 19-Feb-99 44 1.54 M 2.3716 18 , 3 18.50 Normal Stunted
10 . Ganade, Ralph John R. 1-Apr-02 63 1.65 M 2.7225 15 , 2 23.10 Normal Normal
11 . Hilogo, Red Reev A. 18-Oct-01 42.5 1.57 M 2.4649 15 , 7 17.20 Normal Normal
12 . Javier, Bob Denzeil K. 26-Aug-01 40 1.51 M 2.2801 15 , 9 17.50 Normal Stunted
13 . Lardizabal, Jave A. 31-Mar-00 46 1.55 M 2.4025 17 , 2 19.10 Normal Stunted
14 . Liquit, John Carlo U. 17-Nov-00 61 1.63 M 2.6569 16 , 6 22.90 Normal Normal
15 . Macapas, Lhoen Jay 17-Jul-01 43.5 1.64 M 2.6896 15 , 10 16.10 Wasted Normal
16 . Pasin, Rogelio Jr. O. 22-Sep-01 75 1.62 M 2.6244 15 , 8 28.50 Overweight Normal
17 . Salila, Abosama A. 27-Oct-01 43 1.53 M 2.3409 15 , 7 18.30 Normal Stunted
18 . Sero, Renato Jr. 22-Aug-01 38 1.45 M 2.1025 15 , 9 18.00 Normal Severely Stunted
19 . Suniega, Eduardo Jr. C. 24-Jan-02 42 1.65 M 2.7225 15 , 4 15.40 Wasted Normal
20 . Tambasacan, John Lester D. 3-May-01 59 1.67 M 2.7889 16 , 1 21.10 Normal Normal
21 . Torreon, Jason S. 14-Jun-99 42.5 1.55 M 2.4025 18 , 0 17.60 Normal Stunted
22 . Tormon, Ryan Shane S. 24-Aug-00 44.5 1.45 M 2.1025 16 , 9 21.10 Normal Severely Stunted
23 . Usman, JR G. 24-Aug-98 47.5 1.64 M 2.6896 18 , 9 17.60 Normal Normal
24 . Wahing, Grizkvil Joshua 24-Jul-01 42.5 1.59 M 2.5281 15 , 10 16.80 Normal Normal
25 . Ygoǹa, Benz G. 27-Oct-01 54 1.67 M 2.7889 15 , 7 19.30 Normal Normal
26 . Brobo, Jovy Y. 19-Aug-01 48 1.46 F 2.1316 15 , 9 22.50 Normal Stunted
27 . Caballero, Kris P. 1-Jul-02 38 1.5 F 2.2500 14 , 11 16.80 Normal Normal
28 . Carreon, Johoney E. 2-Jul-01 46 1.44 F 2.0736 15 , 11 22.10 Normal Stunted
29 . Catandijan, Ina B. 16-Mar-01 50 1.55 F 2.4025 16 , 2 20.80 Normal Normal
30 . Cerna, Jovie P. 17-Sep-01 60 1.48 F 2.1904 15 , 8 27.30 Normal Stunted
31 . Dela Cruz, Mary Jane D. 3-Dec-00 48 1.54 F 2.3716 16 , 6 20.20 Normal Normal
32 . Egagamao, Jocelyn B. 4-Mar-99 46 1.44 F 2.0736 18 , 3 22.10 Normal Stunted
33 . Escote, Irene Diane C. 19-Oct-01 41.5 1.59 F 2.5281 15 , 7 16.40 Normal Normal
34 . Filipinas, Beverly B. 13-Jul-01 50 1.54 F 2.3716 15 , 11 21.00 Normal Normal
35 . Goder, Regine B. 10-Aug-02 42.5 1.46 F 2.1316 14 , 10 19.90 Normal Stunted
36 . Goder, Rovelyn B. 14-Jul-01 42.5 1.48 F 2.1904 15 , 11 19.40 Normal Stunted
37 . Jabasa, Mary Rose 7-Oct-00 40 1.47 F 2.1609 16 , 8 18.50 Normal Stunted
38 . Lanciola, Ferly M. 9-Feb-02 41 1.43 F 2.0449 15 , 4 20.00 Normal Stunted
39 . Magallanes, Joyce Ann F. 2-Jun-02 42.5 1.41 F 1.9881 15 , 0 21.30 Normal Stunted
40 . Malbino, Analie A. 9-Jun-99 47 1.51 F 2.2801 18 , 0 20.60 Normal Normal
41 . Maloloy-on, Baby Jane A. 6-Nov-00 59 1.68 F 2.8224 16 , 7 20.90 Normal Normal
42 . Manulat, Mica B. 23-Jan-00 45 1.54 F 2.3716 17 , 4 18.90 Normal Normal
43 . Ocampo, Ivy R. 24-Apr-01 55.5 1.65 F 2.7225 16 , 1 20.30 Normal Normal
44 . Panding, Vanessa M. 9-Aug-01 31 1.42 F 2.0164 15 , 10 15.30 Wasted Stunted
45 . Perales, Joylyn V. 30-May-02 34.5 1.43 F 2.0449 15 , 0 16.80 Normal Stunted
46 . Sobrio, Jhona Mae S. 30-Apr-02 55 1.65 F 2.7225 15 , 1 20.20 Normal Normal
47 . Tocoyo, Jay Ann Mae M. 29-Jan-01 42 1.53 F 2.3409 16 , 4 17.90 Normal Normal
48 . Torlao, Julia Faye 20-Aug-01 55 1.52 F 2.3104 15 , 9 23.80 Normal Normal
49 . Vaflor, Maila R. 9-Aug-01 49.5 1.57 F 2.4649 15 , 10 20.00 Normal Normal
Body Mass Index M F T HFA M F TOTAL
No. of
No. of Cases 25 24 49 25 24 49
Cases
Severely
Severely Wasted 0 0 0 3 0 3
Stunted
Wasted 2 1 3 Stunted 10 11 21
Normal 21 23 44 Normal 12 13 25
Overweight 2 0 2 Tall 0 0 0

CONCLUSION:

Therefore, the factors influencing body weight presented in this study

demonstrates that maintaining a healthy body weight is an extremely complex
issue. Maintenance of fitness and appropriate body-fat standards by a student is
affected by each individual's genetics, developmental history, physiology, age,
physical activity level, environment, diet, ethnicity, and social background.
Factors That Affect Body Mass Index (BMI) of Students Age 16
of Grade 10-Sapphire at Silway-8 National High School
(A Classroom-Based Research)

Prepared By:

AILEN B. SOLIS
Teacher I