Math 2451
F (x; y; z) = xy + z + 3xz 5 4 = 0:
@F @z @z
(1; 0; 1) = 0 + + 3 + 15 =0
@x @x @x
@z
so 16 @x = 3 or
@z 3
= :
@x 16
Similarly,
@F @z @z
=x+ + 15xz 4 =0
@y @y @y
so
@F @z @z
(1; 0; 1) = 1 + + 15 =0
@y @y @y
or
@z 1
= :
@y 16
1
we de…ne implicit functions
F1 (x; y; z; u; v) = 3x + 2y + z 2 + u + v 2 = 0
F2 (x; y; z; u; v) = 4x + 3y + z + u2 + v + w + 2 = 0 :
F3 (x; y; z; u; v) = x + z + w + u2 + 2 = 0
2u 1
= 2u 2u = 0
2u 1
and
1 1
=1
0 1
1 + yz xz xy
@(u; v; w)
= y 1+x 0
@(x; y; z)
2 0 1 + 6z
so by evaluating at the given point and expanding along the …rst row we get
1 0 0
@(u; v; w) 1 0
j(x;y;z)=(0;0;0) = 0 1 0 =1 = 1:
@(x; y; z) 0 1
2 0 1
Since @(u;v;w)
@(x;y;z) j(x;y;z)=(0;0;0) = 1 6= 0, solvability of our system for x; y; and z
in terms of u; v; and w near (x; y; z) = (0; 0; 0) is guaranteed by the Implicit
Function Theorem.
2
10. a) If x (r; ) = r cos and y (r; ) = r sin then
Such
p a smooth inverse function is called a local smooth inverse. Let r (x; y) =
x2 + y 2 and observe that this function is smooth away from the origin. We
need to be careful when de…ning (x; y) as our choice of function will depend
on the values of x0 and y0 . If x0 < 0 when y0 = 0, that is, (x0 ; y0 ) does not
lie on the non-negative x-axis, then we choose r small so that Br (x0 ; y0 ) lies
entirely in one of the half planes y > 0, x < 0 or y < 0. We de…ne
8
>
> tan 1 xy for x0 > 0 and y0 > 0
>
>
< 2 for x0 = 0 and y0 > 0
(x; y) = tan 1 xy + for x0 < 0 :
>
> 3
>
> 2 for x0 = 0 and y0 < 0
:
tan 1 xy + 2 for x0 > 0 and y0 < 0
We observe that 0 < (x; y) < 2 . The above function is well-de…ned and
smooth away from the non-negative x-axis and is therefore a smooth inverse on
Br (x0 ; y0 ). If (x0 ; y0 ) lies on the positive x-axis then we should de…ne (x; y)
similar to the above de…nition but with modi…cations so that < (x; y) < .
Such a (x; y) will be well-de…ned and smooth away from the non-positive x-
axis.
c) Given x ( ; '; ) = sin ' cos ; y ( ; '; ) = sin ' sin ; and z ( ; '; ) =
cos ' we compute
cos ' cos sin ' sin sin ' cos sin ' sin
= cos ' + sin '
cos ' sin sin ' cos sin ' sin sin ' cos
= cos ' 2
cos ' sin ' cos2 + 2
cos ' sin ' sin2
+ sin ' sin2 ' cos2 + sin2 ' sin2
= 2
cos2 ' sin ' + 2
sin3 ' = 2
sin ':
3
d) By the inverse function theorem, we can solve for ; '; and in terms of
x; y; and z when 6= 0 and ' 6= k where k 2 Z.
xy 2 + xzu + yv 2 = 3
:
u3 yz + 2xv u2 v 2 = 2
We would like to solve it for u(x; y; z) and v(x; y; z) near (x; y; z) = (1; 1; 1);
(u; v) = (1; 1). De…ne implicit functions
F1 (x; y; z; u; v) = xy 2 + xzu + yv 2 3 = 0
F2 (x; y; z; u; v) = u3 yz + 2xv u2 v 2 2 = 0
So, we compute
@(F1 ; F2 ) xz 2yv
=
@(u; v) 3u2 yz 2uv 2 2x 2vu2
1 2
= 2 6= 0.
1 0
@F1 @u @v
= 2xy + xz + v 2 + 2yv =0
@y @y @y
and
@F2 @u @v @u @v
= 3u2 yz + u3 z + 2x 2uv 2 2u2 v = 0:
@y @y @y @y @y
@u @v @u 1 @v 4
So at (1; 1; 1; 1; 1) we have @y + 2 @y = 3 and @y = 3 thus @y (1; 1; 1) = 3.