Brian Streit

Math 2451

Section 3.5 Selected Solutions

2. Given xy + z + 3xz 5 = 4 we de…ne an implicit function

F (x; y; z) = xy + z + 3xz 5 4 = 0:

Since we want to write z as a function of (x; y) near (1; 0; 1), we compute

@F
@z (1; 0; 1). We …nd
@F
= 1 + 15xz 4
@z
so that
@F
(1; 0; 1) = 1 + 15 = 16:
@z
Since @F@z (1; 0; 1) 6= 0, by the Implicit Function Theorem, F (x; y; z) = 0 is
solvable for z as a function of (x; y) near (1; 0; 1). Now, keeping in mind that
z is a function of x and y, we compute
@F @z @z
=y+ + 3z 5 + 15xz 4 :
@x @x @x
@F
Since F = 0, @x = 0 and we …nd that

@F @z @z
(1; 0; 1) = 0 + + 3 + 15 =0
@x @x @x
@z
so 16 @x = 3 or
@z 3
= :
@x 16
Similarly,
@F @z @z
=x+ + 15xz 4 =0
@y @y @y
so
@F @z @z
(1; 0; 1) = 1 + + 15 =0
@y @y @y
or
@z 1
= :
@y 16

6. Given the system

8
< 3x + 2y + z 2 + u + v 2 = 0
4x + 3y + z + u2 + v + w + 2 = 0 ;
:
x + z + w + u2 + 2 = 0

1
we de…ne implicit functions

F1 (x; y; z; u; v) = 3x + 2y + z 2 + u + v 2 = 0
F2 (x; y; z; u; v) = 4x + 3y + z + u2 + v + w + 2 = 0 :
F3 (x; y; z; u; v) = x + z + w + u2 + 2 = 0

Since we would like to solve for u; v; w in terms of x; y; z we compute

@F1 @F1 @F1
@u @v @w 1 2v 0
@(F1 ; F2 ; F3 ) @F2 @F2 @F2 1 1 2u 1
= @u @v @w
= 2u 1 1 =1 2v
@(u; v; w) @F3 @F3 @F3 0 1 2u 1
@u @v @w
2u 0 1

by expanding across the …rst row. But

2u 1
= 2u 2u = 0
2u 1

and
1 1
=1
0 1

so @(F 1 ;F2 ;F3 )

@(u;v;w) = 1 6= 0. We conclude by the Implicit Function Theorem that
our system is solvable for u; v; and w in terms of x; y; and z, irrespective of the
given point.

8. Given the system

8
< u(x; y; z) = x + xyz
v(x; y; z) = y + xy ;
:
w(x; y; z) = z + 2x + 3z 2

to check for solvability of x; y; z in terms of u; v; w near (x; y; z) = (0; 0; 0) we

compute @(u;v;w)
@(x;y;z) at (x; y; z) = (0; 0; 0). We …nd that

1 + yz xz xy
@(u; v; w)
= y 1+x 0
@(x; y; z)
2 0 1 + 6z

so by evaluating at the given point and expanding along the …rst row we get

1 0 0
@(u; v; w) 1 0
j(x;y;z)=(0;0;0) = 0 1 0 =1 = 1:
@(x; y; z) 0 1
2 0 1

Since @(u;v;w)
@(x;y;z) j(x;y;z)=(0;0;0) = 1 6= 0, solvability of our system for x; y; and z
in terms of u; v; and w near (x; y; z) = (0; 0; 0) is guaranteed by the Implicit
Function Theorem.

2
 10. a) If x (r; ) = r cos and y (r; ) = r sin then

@(x; y) cos r sin

j(r ; 0)
= j(r0 ; 0)
= r cos2 + r sin2 j(r0 ; 0)
= r0 :
@(r; ) 0 sin r cos

b) By the inverse function theorem, we can …nd a local smooth inverse

function (r (x; y) ; (x; y)) when r0 6= 0. Unfortunately there is no smooth global
inverse or, in other words, no single smooth inverse function that works for every
(x; y) 6= (0; 0). However, for some r > 0 and su¢ ciently small, we can …nd a
smooth inverse function that works in

Br (x0 ; y0 ) = (x; y) 2 R2 : x20 + y02 < r2 :

Such
p a smooth inverse function is called a local smooth inverse. Let r (x; y) =
x2 + y 2 and observe that this function is smooth away from the origin. We
need to be careful when de…ning (x; y) as our choice of function will depend
on the values of x0 and y0 . If x0 < 0 when y0 = 0, that is, (x0 ; y0 ) does not
lie on the non-negative x-axis, then we choose r small so that Br (x0 ; y0 ) lies
entirely in one of the half planes y > 0, x < 0 or y < 0. We de…ne
8
>
> tan 1 xy for x0 > 0 and y0 > 0
>
>
< 2 for x0 = 0 and y0 > 0
(x; y) = tan 1 xy + for x0 < 0 :
>
> 3
>
> 2 for x0 = 0 and y0 < 0
:
tan 1 xy + 2 for x0 > 0 and y0 < 0

We observe that 0 < (x; y) < 2 . The above function is well-de…ned and
smooth away from the non-negative x-axis and is therefore a smooth inverse on
Br (x0 ; y0 ). If (x0 ; y0 ) lies on the positive x-axis then we should de…ne (x; y)
similar to the above de…nition but with modi…cations so that < (x; y) < .
Such a (x; y) will be well-de…ned and smooth away from the non-positive x-
axis.
c) Given x ( ; '; ) = sin ' cos ; y ( ; '; ) = sin ' sin ; and z ( ; '; ) =
cos ' we compute

sin ' cos cos ' cos sin ' sin

@(x; y; z)
= sin ' sin cos ' sin sin ' cos :
@( ; '; )
cos ' sin ' 0

Expanding about the last row yields

cos ' cos sin ' sin sin ' cos sin ' sin
= cos ' + sin '
cos ' sin sin ' cos sin ' sin sin ' cos
= cos ' 2
cos ' sin ' cos2 + 2
cos ' sin ' sin2
+ sin ' sin2 ' cos2 + sin2 ' sin2
= 2
cos2 ' sin ' + 2
sin3 ' = 2
sin ':

3
 d) By the inverse function theorem, we can solve for ; '; and in terms of
x; y; and z when 6= 0 and ' 6= k where k 2 Z.

12. Consider the system

xy 2 + xzu + yv 2 = 3
:
u3 yz + 2xv u2 v 2 = 2

We would like to solve it for u(x; y; z) and v(x; y; z) near (x; y; z) = (1; 1; 1);
(u; v) = (1; 1). De…ne implicit functions

F1 (x; y; z; u; v) = xy 2 + xzu + yv 2 3 = 0
F2 (x; y; z; u; v) = u3 yz + 2xv u2 v 2 2 = 0

So, we compute

@(F1 ; F2 ) xz 2yv
=
@(u; v) 3u2 yz 2uv 2 2x 2vu2

at (x; y; z; u; v) = (1; 1; 1; 1; 1) to obtain

1 2
= 2 6= 0.
1 0

By the Implicit Function Theorem we may solve for x; y; and z in terms of u;

v; and w near (x; y; z) = (0; 0; 0). Now, we compute

@F1 @u @v
= 2xy + xz + v 2 + 2yv =0
@y @y @y
and
@F2 @u @v @u @v
= 3u2 yz + u3 z + 2x 2uv 2 2u2 v = 0:
@y @y @y @y @y
@u @v @u 1 @v 4
So at (1; 1; 1; 1; 1) we have @y + 2 @y = 3 and @y = 3 thus @y (1; 1; 1) = 3.