Math 2451
(b) Here,
Z Z2
xdx + ydy = (cos t) (sin t) dt + (cos t) (sin t) dt = 0:
c 0
where c1 is the straightl ine path from (1; 0; 0) to (0; 1; 0) and c2 is the straight
line path from (0; 1; 0) to (0; 0; 1). We can parameterize c1 by c1 (t) = (1 t; t; 0) ; t 2
[0; 1]; and c2 by c2 (t) = (0; 1 t; t) ; t 2 [0; 1]. Therefore,
Z Z
yzdx + xzdy + xydz = 0 = yzdx + xzdy + xydz
c1 c2
and Z
yzdx + xzdy + xydz = 0:
c
1
4. (a) If F is perpendicular to c0 (t) at c (t) then
Z Zb
F ds = F (c (t)) c0 (t) dt = 0:
c a
(b) If F is parallel to c0 (t) at c (t) then F (c (t)) = (t) c0 (t) where (t) > 0.
Since (t) > 0,
kF (c (t))k = k (t) c0 (t)k = (t) kc0 (t)k
and
Z Zb Zb Zb
2
F ds = F (c (t)) c0 (t) dt = (t) c0 (t) c0 (t) dt = (t) kc0 (t)k dt
c a a a
Zb Zb Z
0 0 0
= ( (t) kc (t)k) (kc (t)k dt) = kF (c (t))k kc (t)k dt = kFk ds:
a a c
10. Suppose c1 ; c2 : [a; b] ! R3 are piecewise smooth curves with the same
endpoints. If c is a parameterized curve then
Z Z
F ds = F ds
c copp
We see that Z Z Z
F ds = 0 , F ds = F ds:
C c1 c2
0
11. Let c : [a; b] ! R3 be a piecewise smooth path. Since T = kcc0 (t)k
(t)
we
have
Z Zb 0 Zb 0 2 Zb
c (t) 0 kc (t)k
T ds = c (t) dt = dt = kc0 (t)k dt = l (c) .
kc0 (t)k kc0 (t)k
c a a a
2
12. First we observe that the squre with given vertices is not unit. Clearly
our square is a simple closed curve C. Let c : [a; b] ! R3 be piecewise smooth
and parameterize C. Then c (a) = c (b) since C is closed. Since
f (B) f (A) = 2 :
For the last part of the question we observe that the path followed is
p p
c (t) = 2 t cos t; 2 t sin t; t