Breakdown of the Recent Auditory Attack in Cuba

Prepared by Zachariah Peterson

Introduction
Recent reports of auditory attacks on US Embassies in Cuba and Uzbekistan have raised
speculation as to the veracity and source of the phenomenon. While these reports raise suspicion
among conspiracy theorist-types, the reported phenomena has been known to occur within the
microwave community since the early 1960’s. As such, some investigators have posited that the
attacks reported by US Embassy in Cuba and Uzbekistan were caused by some kind of microwave
emitter.
This article will comprise a review of the news reports of auditory attacks, perform a
comparative analysis with reports in the scientific literature, and explore the feasibility of
executing the reported attacks. This will be prefaced with a thorough review of the Frey effect,
better known as the microwave auditory effect (MAE). The initial literature review will examine
the work of Allan H. Frey and his successors and examine the essential equipment required to
produce the MAE. Once the technical requirements have been outlined, the feasibility of eliciting
the MAE with today’s technology will be examined. Further attention will focus on the recent
attacks reported by the news media, including an examination of the claims made by victims and
a comparison between those claims and accepted reports in the scientific literature.

The microwave auditory effect

The work of Allan H. Frey
Frey pioneered a number of experiments demonstrating the existence of the MAE. Frey
would also publish two notable papers on the effect, titled “Auditory System Response to Radio
Frequency Energy” [1] and “Human Auditory System Response to Modulated Electromagnetic
Energy” [2]. By modulating the amplitude and frequency of the microwave signal, Frey was able
to induce the perception of audible sounds in human subjects. In one notable experiment, Frey
synchronized intense microwave pulses with the myocardial rhythm of a frog’s heart, causing the
heart to stop beating [3].
The microwave intensities required to cause these effects were still below a level that
would result in tissue damage due to extreme heating. The perception of auditory clicks and
buzzes by human test subjects is known to occur during exposure pulses of microwave radiation.
The minimum exposure power varies with frequency, however one reference threshold intensity
of 40 mW/cm2 at a frequency 2450 MHz has been quoted in the literature [4]. Frey reported that
the effect occurred at pulsed average power densities as low as 0.1 mW/cm2 [1,2]. The power
density required to stop the beating of a frog’s heart was also a rather low value of 60 mW/cm 2,
where 220 ms pulses were applied [3].
For continuous radiation exposure (i.e., the microwave source is not pulsed), Frey showed
that auditory signals can be induced at powers as low as 4 mW/cm2. Federal Communications
Commission (FCC) regulations specify the maximum permissible exposure to microwave
radiation for various frequencies; these values are shown in Table 1 below. Comparing the power
densities given in the above table, we see that Frey’s results were induced at power densities
that are comparable to the maximum permissible exposure.

Frequency Range Average Power Density Averaging Time

(MHz) (mW/cm2) (minutes)
0.3-3.0 100 6
3.0-30 900/f 6
30-300 1.0 6
300-1500 f/300 6
1500-100,000 5 6
Table 1: Maximum permissible power densities according to the FCC [5].

The FCC and research publications, particularly those focused on public health, often
quote exposure to radiation in units of specific absorption rate (SAR). This quantity measures the
electromagnetic power that is absorbed per unit of human body mass and is quoted in units of
W/kg. The MAE experiment cited above using pulsed microwave radiation showed that the
threshold for perceiving the MAE was 1600 W/kg. This level of absorption is 1000 times larger
than the maximum permissible SAR value for radiation from cellular phones (1.6 W/kg) [4] and
400 times larger than the maximum permissible SAR value for the entire human body (4 W/kg)
[6]. The values in Table 1 were set based on levels of microwave radiation that are known to
cause long term health effects.
Physiologically, it is known that the microwave radiation does not directly induce an
auditory signal by interacting with the auditory nerves or the neural pathways in the human
brain. Rather, the microwave signal is absorbed by the soft tissues in the human head. This
induces a thermoelastic acoustic wave that travels to the inner ear and activates the cochlear
receptors. The result is that the microwave signal is perceived as an audible sound by the human
brain [4]. It would be natural for one to assume that the perceived audible signal were caused by
an acoustic source rather than a microwave source.
“Designing” the induced auditory signal
The auditory signals perceived by subjects due to exposure to microwave radiation
depends upon the signal that is broadcast by the microwave transmitter. Frey’s experiments
showed that the auditory response due to a pulsed signal differed from a continuous wave signal
[4,7]. A pulsed microwave source induced a “clicking” sound [1,2,4] in subjects, while a
continuous wave microwave source or repeated pulses in quick succession induced a buzzing
sound [1]. Sharp and Grove [8] found that the appropriate modulation using of an electrical signal
sent to a microwave transmitter was able to induce the perception of speech. Sharp and Grove
used an audio recording of speech to modulate a microwave transmitter. The audio waveform
was converted to a digital signal in such a fashion that each time an analog speech wave crossed
the zero reference in the negative direction, a short pulse of microwave energy was emitted from
the transmitter. Subjects reported the perception of words contained in the audio waveform.
The figure below shows how the audio waveform was used to trigger the transmission of
microwave pulses.

Figure 1. Modulation scheme in the experiments of Sharp and Grove. Image retrieved from [9].

These results show that it is possible to design a microwave transmission that can elicit a
specific perceived audio response in a test subject. For the more mathematically inclined, this
can be defined in terms of a Fourier transform of the electrical signal that is sent to the microwave
transmitter. The inner ear and the cochlear receptors can be regarded as a kind of filter with its
own transfer function. In essence, a transfer function for a filter defines how the signal in the
receiver (i.e., the cochlear receptors) is related to the signal that was sent from the microwave
transmitter. One can describe this relationship with the equation

𝑅(𝑡) = IFT[𝐹̃ (𝜔)𝑇̃(𝜔)],

where 𝑅(𝑡) is the waveform corresponding to the audio signal perceived by the test subject, and
IFT denotes the inverse Fourier transform operation. 𝐹̃ (𝜔) is the transfer function and 𝑇̃(𝜔) is
the Fourier transform of the transmitted microwave signal 𝑇(𝑡). This equation defines a
framework that allows a researcher to determine how the transmitted microwave signal will be
perceived by a test subject. By choosing a transmitted signal and measuring the perceived audio
signal, an experimenter can calculate the transfer function with the equation

𝑅̃ (𝜔)
𝐹̃ (𝜔) = ,
𝑇̃(𝜔)
where 𝑅̃ (𝜔) is the Fourier transform of 𝑅(𝑡). This allows one to “design” a transmitted
microwave signal that can produce a specific audio signal that will be perceived by the test
subject. Once the experimenter knows the transfer function for the human auditory system, they
can choose which audio signal they would like a test subject to perceive. Once this is chosen, they
can then calculate the electrical signal that must be sent to the microwave transmitter.
One should note that all humans have slightly different auditory systems, and the signals
perceived by two different subjects will be slightly different. One would expect, however, that
two different people would describe similar perceived sounds elicited by the MAE. This is
consistent from experimental work, as well the reports from victims in the US Embassy attack.

Microwave radiation and health effects

James C. Lin performed a thorough review of the health effects microwave radiation in
the late 1970’s after the work of Frey and his successors generated significant interest in the MAE
[10]. In particular, he examined the health effects resulting from exposure to large doses of
microwave radiation in mammals by reviewing and synthesizing information from previously
published work in well-respected peer reviewed publications. The majority of the prior
experiments were performed on small mammals.
It had been hypothesized in prior work that exposure to large doses of pulsed microwave
radiation, similar to that used to induce the MAE, would alter the permeability of the blood-brain
barrier in mammals. This barrier regulates the movement of blood into the brain and acts as a
filter for toxic chemicals. Experiments on rats confirmed that exposure to 1200 MHz microwave
pulses would increase the permeability of the blood-brain barrier. In these experiments, rats
were injected with a fluorescent dye and were later irradiated with microwave pulses. A separate
control group of rats were injected with the same dye and were not irradiated with microwaves.
The peak pulse power in these experiments was 2.1 mW/cm2. After irradiation, the rats were
later exsanguinated, and their brains were examined post-mortem. The brains of the rats
exposed to microwave pulses exhibited much higher concentrations of fluorescent dye compared
to the control group. The only way to explain this result is that microwave pulses changed the
permeability of the blood-brain barrier, and the blood-brain barrier allowed the fluorescent dye
to enter the brains of the rats.
Further experiments focused on the permeability of other chemicals through the blood-
brain barrier. Doses of curare-like drugs were periodically injected in rats, and on group of rats
were subjected to 3000 MHz pulsed microwave radiation with peak intensity of 5 W/cm 2. The
rats that were subjected to pulsed microwaves showed significantly higher mortality rates. The
rats exposed to microwave radiation also showed a higher incidence of paralysis. In addition, the
mortality rates in the irradiated rats increased over time compared. The higher mortality rates
can be explained in the same manner as the experiments with fluorescent dyes, namely, that the
blood-brain barrier allows a larger amount of toxic chemicals to enter the brain after the rats
were irradiated with microwaves.
These results show that the application of microwave pulses does not directly cause
health effects in mammals. Rather, the application of microwave pulses is known to alter the
permeability of the blood-brain barrier. Any resulting health effects would accumulate over time.
The National Institutes of Health (NIH) has performed extensive reviews on the health
effects associated with exposure to microwave radiation. They cite a number of peer reviewed
publications that note adverse biological and physiological effects due to exposure to large doses
of microwave radiation. Among the many health effects associated with exposure to microwave
radiation, the authors note that the “damaging effects of MW radiation on the brain include brain
dysfunction and brain structural damage” [11].
Glial cells exposed to microwave radiation showed a significant increase in cytoplasmic
calcium ion (Ca2+) immediately after radiation. There are several types of glial cells, and all of
them perform various supporting functions for neurons in the human brain. In one experiment
[11], primary cultures of glial cells were exposed to 2450 MHz for 2 hours per day over a 3 day
period at an average power density of 4 mW/cm2. An increased intracellular free Ca2+ was also
found in the exposed cells. It is known that excessive Ca2+ leads to brain energy metabolism
disorders.
At very high microwave powers and high frequencies (greater than those used in MAE
experiments), thermal effects start to dominate and can cause damage to biological tissues.
Water molecules efficiently absorb microwave radiation, where the vibrational and rotational
modes of water molecules are excited. The result is an increase in temperature of the water
molecules inside the tissues. However, thermal effects are not expected to occur at powers and
frequencies that are used to elicit the MAE, nor were these effects observed during MAE
experiments.
The results highlighted by Lin [10] and the review from the NIH [11] show that microwave
radiation can have a direct and indirect impact on brain activity and even lead to brain damage.
Other health disorders due to pathogens crossing the blood brain barrier are unpredictable.
Reports of the MAE from the field
World War 2 and beyond
MAE was first reported by Americans working near microwave radar stations during
World War 2. The workers reported hearing buzzing and clicking sounds, which was later
confirmed in experiments by Frey and his successors. Many fundamental experiments would be
performed in the following decades, many of them under the direction or supervision of the US
military.
Frey conducted much of his work under contract with the US Government during the Cold
War and is responsible for laying the foundations for future research into the MAE. His successors
also conducted groundbreaking experiments that were outlined in the previous section. A small
research community continues to study and publish papers on the MAE. One notable researcher
in this community is James C. Lin, who even published a book containing a thorough review on
the subject [10].
The US military has contracted with private companies in attempts to weaponize the MAE
for crowd control applications. One notable example is the work of WaveBand Corp. In 2003-04,
the company worked towards designing a riot control device under a contract with the US Navy.
The company called the product MEDUSA (Mob Excess Deterrent Using Silent Audio), and the
contract would later be taken over by a different company. Scientists who have published
research papers on the MAE have discounted the effectiveness of the device, and in the process,
they have effectively contradicted their own work on the subject, as well as eyewitnesses who
have provided direct evidence of the effect. One legitimate criticism of the device is that the
intended debilitating effects do not manifest themselves immediately. Instead, the physical
symptoms manifest themselves over an extended timeframe. Acoustic devices are more suitable
for these applications as their debilitating effects are immediate.

Attack on the US Embassy in Cuba

A precise timeline for the attacks is still unclear. The attacks were first reported in
December 2016, when multiple embassy employees and a Canadian diplomat began complaining
of symptoms [12,13]. The sonic attacks are known to have occurred up to April 2017, and major
news organization started reporting on the health effects experienced by embassy employees in
August 2017.
During the attacks, officials were bombarded with some kind of disturbance in their
homes or hotel rooms. The victims described various auditory phenomena, ranging from buzzing
and grinding sounds, to chirping sounds resembling crickets. The sounds perceived by the victims
are consistent with the sounds induced by the MAE reported by others in the research literature,
particularly the reports from Frey [1,2,4,7,8]. The victims also report hearing the sounds only at
specific locations within the same room. One worker reported hearing the sound while lying in
bed, but was unable to hear the sound while standing just a few feet away. When the worker
climbed back into bed, the same sound was heard again [14].
The enthusiasm surrounding the MAE over the past several decades and the US
government’s role in supporting research and development towards weaponizing the MAE leads
many to believe that a foreign government may have been directly or indirectly responsible for
the reported attack at the US Embassy in Cuba. Given the extent of government involvement in
these projects and the similarity between eyewitness reports in Cuba and reports in the
literature, it is not unreasonable to suspect that the recent attack on the US Embassy in Cuba was
sponsored by a foreign government. The resulting health effects reported by eyewitnesses are
consistent with the health effects that are known to occur after exposure to intense microwave
radiation [10].
One country suspected of being in some way responsible for the Cuba attack is Russia.
This, in part, due to the fact that the Russians were known to be bombarding the US Embassy in
Moscow with microwave radiation for a period spanning over 20 years [14,15]. The State
Department initially denied press reports on the matter, and the information didn’t become
publicly known until 1976 as a result. Hundreds of employees from the US Embassy in Moscow
were medically evaluated after some complained of headaches, lethargy, and blood disorders.
Dr. Sam Koslov, a chief scientific adviser to the Navy on microwave radiation, would later
comment on the likely use of microwaves by the Soviets to CBS News Correspondent Mike
Wallace during a June 19, 1977 "60 Minutes" broadcast [14].
The health effects reported by employees working at the embassy in Moscow [14] are
consistent with those reported by employees at the embassy in Cuba [16-19]. One American
diplomat working at the Cuba embassy reported “hearing loss, and…speech problems” [16].
Doctors that examined the 24 American employees from the Cuban embassy attack report
“changes to white matter tracts in the brain”, as well as “damage to their hearing, vision, balance
and memory” [18]. The health effects from the Cuba attacks took some time to develop.
The AP was somehow able to obtain a recording of what they claim to be the sound heard
by embassy workers during the Cuba attack. How exactly they obtained this sound and what was
used to record the sound has not been revealed. However, one news outlet claims that one of
the victims in the attack positively identified the recording as the sound they heard during the
attack [20]. While one cannot immediately discount the recording as a hoax, the fact that the AP
has failed to reveal further technical details surrounding the recording does not lend credibility
to its authenticity.

Ultrasonic vs. microwave auditory stimulation

MAE detractors may bring up the argument that the prior reports of induced auditory
signals are due to an ultrasonic transducer rather than a microwave signal. Many news outlets
have made the assumption that the Cuba incident must have been caused by an acoustic source
simply because eyewitnesses reported the perception of auditory signals during the event
[12,14,15]. This use of ultrasonic transducer in the Cuba attacks is simply not the case.
The induction of a perceivable audio signal in humans via an ultrasonic wave requires a
technique known as down-conversion. Without complex electronic circuits built into the receiver
(i.e., built into the human ear), one way to down-convert the signal detected by a test subject is
exploit the Doppler effect. Most people are familiar with the Doppler effect when they listen to
a passing ambulance with its sirens blaring. As the ambulance moves towards an observer, the
sound of the sirens appears to have a higher pitch. As the ambulance passes and drives away
from the observer, the pitch sounds lower. This occurs despite the fact that the pitch of the sound
emitted by the siren does not change.
Ultrasonic waves can travel along one direction with little diffusion, and this makes them
desirable in many applications. In order for an ultrasonic signal to down-convert to the audible
range via the Doppler effect, the transmitter would need to be moving away from the observer
at an incredible rate of speed. This down-conversion to the audible range is not feasible in the
case of the US Embassy attack, nor is this consistent with the reports from others in the literature
and eye-witness reports.
In addition to the issues cited above, an ultrasonic transducer would need to be placed
much closer to the subject than a lower frequency transducer. The reason for has to do with the
viscosity of the medium which transmits a sound wave. As a sound wave travels through a fluid
(including air), the wave experiences attenuation, meaning that the intensity of the wave dies
out as it travels towards its target. Attenuation occurs due to the viscosity of the medium that
carries the wave. Attenuation also depends on the frequency of the wave: higher frequency
waves experience greater attenuation.
While the original news reports claim that this was a “sonic” (i.e., acoustic), ultrasonic and
infrasonic sound waves are not known to cause the health effects reported by the victims.
Ultrasound is used frequently in modern medicine, including in studies and therapies on the
brain. One physician commented on the use of an ultrasonic weapon in the Cuba attack by saying
“I would be very surprised...we never see white matter tract problems” [16].
It was noted in the previous section that the MAE has been weaponized for use as a crowd
control device. Acoustic weapons have also been developed for the same purpose. A number of
civilian cruise ships are equipped with acoustic weapons that project a deafening noise out to
300 meters in order to deter pirates. Israeli defense forces also use an acoustic weapon known
as “The Scream” that can be mounted on a vehicle [13]. The health effects of these acoustic
weapons are immediate, while the health effects from microwave attacks manifest themselves
gradually.
Based on the above issues involved in inducing perceived auditory signals in subjects using
a transducer, we can conclude that acoustic methods did not play a role in the US Embassy attack.
The resulting perceived auditory phenomena and health effects are more consistent with
exposure to large doses of microwave radiation [5,6,8,10,11]. It logically follows that the attack
on the US Embassy in Cuba was more likely to be a microwave attack than an acoustic attack.

Feasibility of a microwave attack

Given the reasonable conclusion that numerous microwave attacks occurred in Cuba from
late 2016 to mid-2017, it becomes necessary to analyze the technical capabilities required to
elicit the MAE in the targeted victims. As larger pulse energies induced the perception of a louder
auditory signal, the microwave signal reaching the victim must be significantly larger than the
MAE threshold. The primary requirement is the generation of a pulsed microwave signal with at
least ~100 mW/cm2 peak intensity incident upon the victim. This lower limit has been cited by
Lin in his seminal review of the MAE [10].
The peak power from an omnidirectional emitter will spread out over the surface of a
sphere, which reduces the output power based on the distance from the emitter. In order to
compensate the spreading from an omnidirectional emitter, the emitted beam can made
directional using a concave dish (essentially, a satellite dish). These are available in a variety of
sizes.
In addition, microwave pulses will experience attenuation as they travel from the emitter
to the subject. Different weather conditions cause different levels of attenuation, and
attenuation will be minimized in clear, dry weather conditions. Humidity has a major effect on
attenuation, as water shows strong absorption at some microwave frequencies. Aside from
judiciously choosing when to transmit a microwave signal based on weather conditions, the only
way to overcome attenuation is to increase the output power from the emitter.
The microwave engineering community uses a quantity called free space path loss to
describe the attenuation between two points in air when using line-of-sight communication. For
transmission between two points that are separated by a distance of 100 feet, the attenuation
at 1000 MHz and 2000 MHz is 62.12 dB and 68.14 dB, respectively. In order to deliver ~100
mW/cm2 of peak intensity to a subject located 100 feet away, the emitter should broadcast
between ~100 kW and 1 MW of power.
Microwave emitters can generally be classified into two types: solid-state and vacuum.
Solid-state devices tend to have lower power output compared to vacuum devices. One of the
highest power output vacuum emitters at 1000 to 2000 GHz is the Klystron vacuum tube.
Although this device was invented in 1937, a 400 kW version of it is currently used to
communicate with the Canberra Deep Space Communications Complex. This type of device is
also used a microwave source in several other applications, including weather radar. A
moderately sized Klystron-based emitter might be rather heavy and could stand several feet tall,
but it would not be too large to be concealed and moved by a small group of people as needed.
This device could even be concealed in a vehicle.
These devices could run off of the civilian power grid with no modification and do not
require a specialized power source. As the MAE was found to be effectively elicited using
microwave pulses, AC power from the grid would need to be converted to DC pulses. However,
the level of required technical expertise is not major, and the electronics required to accomplish
this are readily available. The required equipment can even be ordered over the internet.
A typical scenario could unfold as follows. Once the attackers have located their target,
they take time to locate a suitable location to execute an attack. If the emitter is mounted on a
vehicle, they only need to drive the vehicle to the attack location, aim the dish at their target,
and power on the emitter. If the device is so large that it cannot run for any appreciable length
of time on battery power, the attackers would be limited to locations that give them access to
the civilian power grid. However, in an urban area, access to civilian power is not a major barrier
to executing an attack.
Clearly, the construction, movement, and operation of a device that can broadcast the
microwave powers required to elicit the MAE in unwilling subjects is feasible given the
technology that is widely available today. The acquisition of this technology is not limited to
foreign governments. Terrorists or other political groups could obtain this technology and begin
constructing their own microwave emitter. Unfortunately, this does narrow the pool of suspects
that may have been involved in the Cuba incident. Rather, it shows the ease with which this type
of attack could be executed.
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