Research 1 Audio Visual Actuators 2

CH.01 CH.02 CH.03 CH.04 CH.05 CH.06 CH.07 CH.08 CH.
09
Audio-Visual Actuation: light and

sound
LEDs
The most popular visual actuator is the Light

Emitting Diode(LED). These lights come in various
different forms. The image on the right shows single
color 8 mm LEDs. There are different sizes - 3mm,
5mm, 8mm and 10mm.
www.elechouse.com
8 mm single color LEDs
The LEDs are sometimes mounted on a board

and arranged into grids. The image on the right shows
a 32mm 8*8 square matrix. Such boards come in vari-
ous sized and the lights can be different colors.
www.elechouse.com
32mm 8*8 Square Matrix

CH.01 CH.02 CH.03 CH.04 CH.05 CH.06 CH.07 CH.08 CH.09
Audio - Visual Actuation: light and

sound
LEDs
Besides single color LEDs, most sources of-

fer RGB LEDs. These light bulbs have all three color
components (red, green, and blue) and are able to
produce any desired color. They are bigger in size.
www.detail.en.china.cn/
RGB LED
The image on the right shows IR (infrered) LED

transmitter and receiver. These two lights come in
pairs and can be used in many different conditions.
An example of their use is to detect motion. The trans-
mitter LED is constantly sending a signal to the re-
ceiver. Once the signal is interrupted ( by the presence
of something or somebody), the system detects the
change.
www.elechouse.com
IR transmitter + receiver

sound
LEDs
LEDs can also be mounted on different sur-

faces. This particular image show a 10 segment bar
graph. It can be plugged into a breadboard and con-
nected to Arduino. The different bars light up when
electricity is sent to them.
www.sparkfun.com
LED bar graph
Dimension Engineering sinewinder lights are
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=vjvlZ9NcVcI
easy to plug into arduino and have an interesting ef-
fect. There are 12 LEDs that scan from one side to the
other and leave a slight trail behind.
www.robotshop.com
DE sinewinder lights

sound
Displays
The moving message display on the right has

seven segments each connected to a different LED
and lights up when electricity is sent to it. Such dis-
plays can be used for moving message boards, bank-
ing boards, score boards and any other display that
used the system for writing information. They come in
different colors and sizes.
www.elechouse.com
Moving Message Display
LCDs (liquid crystal displays) come in different

sizes and colors. The colors of the display background
and characters varies as well. There are displays with
different number of rows and characters.
www.elechouse.com
LCD 16*4 characters


sound
lasers + solar cells
Laser module emitters can be found in different

colors - RGB. They produce a intense and concen-
trated beam of light that can travel long distance.
www.elechouse.com
5mW Laser Module Emitter
Solar cells are becoming widely used to collect

solar power. They can either be used to collect and
store the power or to power devices as they collect
the sunlight. They come in different sizes depending
on the necessary power.
www.directindustry.com
Solar Cell

sound
light actuators
There are some devices that are able to detect

light and generate light. The image on the right com-
bines an RGB LED, light sensor, and a micro controller
that can be used as ambient light detector and color
generator.
www.pololu.com
Parallax ColorPal
ShiftBrite is a high brightness LED light that has

all three color components and therefore can produce
any desired color. It can fit on a breadboard and can
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=C7aUaMiqoIE
be powered by 5.5 - 9 volt supply. ShiftBrite is usually
used for larger and brighter displays.
www.macetech.com
ShiftBrite

sound
physical pixels + holograms
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=BZysu9QcceM
An interesting approach to visual actuation is
the use of physical objects to create images. The in-
stallation shown on the right is Daniel Rozin’s Weave
http://www.smoothware.com/danny/
Mirror. It uses C-shaped strips with a grey gradient.
The strips are controlled by a motor and react to a
camera to rotate to the necessary gradient in order to
recreate an image.
Daniel Rozin - Weave Mirror
http://picasaweb.google.com/lh/photo/7a9DWV1JTuFjp6NnDUiJOA
This installation of the flag uses different panels
to create a hologram. Depending on what side of the
installation a person is standing, the image changes.
The panels also rotate in order to reveal several im-
ages.
Flag Hologram, Ellis Island


sound
projectors
In order to play images or videos, the market

offers a large variety of projectors. The image on the
right shows the Pico projector which is a small size
projector that can be connected to various devices in
order to project and image. The Pico is usually used to
project on surfaces that are very close to the projector
itself.
www.diytrade.com
Pico Projector
The image on the right shows a SONY projector

that is highly used in institutions and businesses for
http://www.slipperybrick.com/page/970/
presentations and installations. Projectors similar to
this can be found at many online sources and stores.
Projector

sound
projections
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=p7Oz-cOKQzI
The image on the right is captured from a video
that shows an example of projecting on a moving sur-
face. With the help of tracking the moving object and
mapping the desired image on it, the projection follows
the object. This method is used in many installations
and interactive exhibitions.
moving surface projection
Interactive installations allow for many different

effects. In this particular image, the person is inter-
acting with the screen projection. The system detects
the presence and particular movements of the person
and replicates them on the screen adding different ef-
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=pc2sSWdo25I
fects.
ice + water effects on screen

http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=_5dDAn6pWyA&p=81B7DF0555955
sound
projections
Projections can be very interesting when the

environment is creative. In this case, the video is be-
ing projected on fog/smoke and the interaction with
the viewer is quite different. The image seems three-
dimensional and yet transparent since the surface is
B2E&playnext=1&index=15
actually fog.
fog projection
Another interesting approach to projections is
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Nl-DkF2AjOA&feature=related
showing a three-dimensional movie on a two-dimen-
sional surface. The video on the right shows how a
wall can be transformed into a moving matrix of boxes.
The surface is actually becoming a three-dimensional
object.
3D projection on 2D

sound
projections
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=gCZUyY305Oo
Images and videos can also be projected on a
three-dimensional object. This example shows a cube
that takes information from three different projectors to
create this effect. The images can be used to create
various effects.
Multi-screen displays are usually used in large

events and exhibitions. Many concerts and games use
this technique in order to enlarge the desired image.
The displays work by separating the image into differ-
ent parts and sending each part to a different display.
projecting on 3D object
There are different ways for presenting the same

image on several screens/displays. One approach is
to use software that divides the image into the desired
number of parts and sends it to those screens. An-
http://videohive.net/item/multi-screen-display/115258
other way of using many screens is to send the same
image to several screens at the same time.
If one wants to show the same image on sever-
al screens, there is an external card (VGA distributor)
that connects to a computer and allows for connection
of multiple screens.
http://www.realtimesoft.com/multimon/
products.asp#MultiMonLaptops
If the same image is to be divided, there is soft-
ware that performs the necessary steps.
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Multi-monitor
multi-screen projection
http://www.iconographystudios.net/products/indoor-signs/back-lit-
sound
projections
Backlit projections can be used in interactive

installations when the interaction happens in front of
the screen. This technology allows for avoiding inter-
ruptions caused by shadows. There are screens and
projector displays that can be used.
displays/
backlit display projection
Transparent displays are also available for pro-

jections. They are mostly used for movie effects, store-
fronts, and many high-traffic areas as display boards.
The image is projected from the back or front or side.
http://www.bridgat.com/index.php?page=search&s_
res=AND&cid=6&off=2&lang=&s_by=hits
transparent display projection


sound
UDP
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/User_Datagram_Protocol
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Ox8D2YBRIrQ
User Datagram Protocol (UDP) is one of the
main protocols in the Internet Protocol Suite, a set of
network protocols for the internet. UDP is used to send
messages, or datagrams, to other hosts without prior
set up of transmission channels or data paths.
It is a simple transmission model and useful for
sending information fast and easy. However, it is not
a reliable service and datagrams may “arrive out of
order, appear duplicated or go missing without a no-
tice.”
It provides for a connection less transmission
of data and many users prefer it over TCP - Trans- Sending information
mission Control Protocol, which is designed to secure
the sending and receiving data in the exact desired
manner.
http://en.wikibooks.org/wiki/Computer_Networks/UDP
UDP header structure
http://aquamarinediscovery.blogspot.com/2008/10/dinoflagellates-
sound
photo luminescent organisms
There are organisms that produce light when

agitated or treated with photo luminescent chemicals.
The images show a person creating light by moving
into water and bacteria colonies that have been treat-
ed with glow in the dark DNA. Such effects can be in-
bioluminescent-algae.html
corporated into interactive installations that somehow
enhance the environment.
algae
http://www.flickr.com/photos/imagined_horizons/4327903307/
bacteria
http://www.coolest-gadgets.com/20060629/color-changing-paint/
sound
paint + glass
Visual actuators can be different reactive paints.

The image on the right shows paint that changes when
it is heated. There are also paints that are only seen
under certain condition - an example would be black
lights.
heat reactive paint
Smart or intelligent glass is used for many office

environments. It is an “electrically switchable glass
or glazing which changes light transmission proper-
ties when voltage is applied.” The glass appears to
be frosted when electricity is running through it. Such
http://www.glassmanual.com/Smart_Glazing/
glass can be used for privacy in corporate environ-
ments or the home.
smart glass
http://tywkiwdbi.blogspot.com/2009/03/semi-transparent-concrete.html
sound
light conductivity
The image on the right shows semi-transparent

concrete. It is construction-grade concrete with optical
fibers embedded in it. The can fibers transmit light for
up to 50 feet, but do not take much of the space so the
structural integrity of the material is kept.
Semi-transparent Concrete
Optical fibers have been used in many light in-

stallations, lamps etc. They work by trapping the light
within and letting it out when there is a cut. The image
if the plexi-glass shown on the right uses the same
principle. The letters are engraved into the plexi and
an LED sends light through it. The letters glow be-
cause they are cuts (interruption) on the material.
http://lightmedia.ca/led-acrylic-sign.php
Fibers + LED lit Plexi


sound
natural light
http://www.gelighting.com/na/home_lighting/gela/
There are several important principles that de-
scribe the nature of light and how it travels. The first
image explains the light reflection when light hits a
students/science_reflecting.htm
reflective surface, in this case a mirror. The impor-
tant note to remember is that, the angle of incidence
equals the angle of reflection. This is important when
dealing with collection and distribution of light.
Light reflection
This image shows the polarization of light. Light

coming from the sun has waves that oscillate in planes
Relevant youtube video webaddress

in all different directions. If we have a screen that has
Relevant website of the provider

slits in only one direction, light waves oscillating only
in that plane are able to pass through. Therefore, we
are able to use polarizers to manipulate light.
Light polarization
http://www.passmyexams.co.uk/GCSE/physics/concave_&_convex.
sound
light lenses
Convex lenses are thicker at the middle. Rays

of light that pass through the lens are brought closer
together (they converge). A convex lens is a converg-
ing lens. When parallel rays of light pass through a
convex lens the refracted rays converge at one point
called the principal focus. The distance between the
principal focus and the centre of the lens is called the
focal length.
html
Convex lens
http://www.passmyexams.co.uk/GCSE/physics/concave_&_convex.
Convex lenses are thinner at the middle. Rays
of light that pass through the lens are spread out (they
diverge). A convex lens is a diverging lens. When par-
allel rays of light pass through a concave lens the re-
fracted rays diverge so that they appear to come from
one point called the principal focus. The distance be-
tween the principal focus and the centre of the lens is
called the focal length.
html
Concave lens
http://micro.magnet.fsu.edu/primer/lightandcolor/filtersintro.html
sound
filters + heliostats
Light filters can be used for different light ef-

fects. They consist of a thin film that is able to trap
some light and reflect other so that desired colors and
effects are perceived. Filters can be placed on cam-
eras, projectors, etc.
Light filters
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=5xDSueV45pg
Solar tracking is becoming more and more used
for solar power. The image on the right shows a de-
vice that follows the sun and collects the solar energy.
A system like this can be connected to arduino and
works with a simple program. It takes the light intensity
read from three photocells and a motor responds to
the readings.
Solar tracking heliostat

http://www.sparkfun.com/commerce/product_info.php?products_
sound
speakers
The image on the right shows a 12mm buzzer

that can be used to generate tones when attached to
arduino. It can be create simple music or user inter-
faces.
id=7950
Buzzer
http://www.lizarum.com/assignments/physical_computing/2009/piezo.
The piezo is an electronic device that can de-
tect and generate sound. It uses two metal plates that
vibrate when electricity is sent to them. The device
can be seen as shown at right or in a small black cov-
er. When connected to arduino, it can make simple
melodies.
html
Piezo speaker
http://www.sparkfun.com/commerce/product_info.php?products_
sound
audio modules
The image on the right is a SOMO-14D audio

module. It is a “tiny audio module that can play back
stored audio files from a micro-SD memory card. The
module supports 4-bit ADPCM audio files (.ad4) with
sample rates from 6kHz up to 36kHz. The compact
14-pin module takes up very minimal board space and
is ideal for any application that requires embedded au-
dio.”
There are several different types of audio mod-
ules that can be found on the market. Depending on
id=9534
what the device needs to do, there are different op-
tions. Audio module
http://www.elechouse.com/elechouse/index.php?main_page=product_
This audio device a little different from the one
above. It has built-in flash which has several advan-
tages: mechanical contact can be avoided, no loosen-
ing problem as with SD cards, no compatibility issues.
It is suitable for applications with vibrations. It supports
mp3 format and has a high quality stereo output.
Audio module info&cPath=168_170&products_id=623

ryID/38/List/0/Level/a/ProductID/482/Default.aspx?SortField=ProductN
Rhttp://www.parallax.com/Store/Accessories/Sound/tabid/164/Catego-
sound
audio devices
The image on the right shows SoundPAL which

is small device that can play canned and custom
sound sequences. It is completely self-contained and
includes a micro controller which creates sounds and
a small speaker to play them. It is very easy to connect
and the programs which it needs are very simple.
ame%2CProductName
SoundPAL
A sound actuator that is more known in every-

day life is the speaker. There are speakers in all differ-
ent shapes, colors, sizes and they can be connected
to an interactive system in order to amplify the sound
effect.
http://listverse.com/page/54/?s=als
Speakers
http://www.rockportpresentations.com/wow-directional-speakers.aspx
sound
directional speakers
Directional speakers allow sound to travel to a

specific location. The new Audio Spotlight range is a
revolutionary technology that creates sound in a nar-
row beam, just like light. Aim the flat, thin speaker disc
at your desired listening area, and provide all of the
sound with none of the noise.
directional speakers diagram
http://www.proaudio.com/product_info.php?products_id=4468
“FP Series Focus Point Speakers are the pro-
fessional’s choice for contained music and messaging.
Dual-Parabolic™ technology directs high-performance
sound-music, messaging, broadcast audio, sound ef-
fects, etc.-to an exact spot. New accessory modules
add motion-sensing, LED lighting, built-in amp power
and ScentAir capabilities.”
directional dome speaker

http://www.gizmag.com/laser-activated-nanotube-speakers/14503/
sound
embedded speakers
It is known that intense sound can be pro-

duced by electrically-powered nanotubes stretched
into sheets, but researchers from University of Texas
at Dallas (UT Dallas) have furthered this principle by
arranging sheets of carbon nanotubes into “forests”
which produce high-quality sound when struck with
lasers.
This is an exciting advancement in the field of
picture/112297/
acoustics since it is thought these forests could be
used to form invisible wireless speakers that could
be embedded into walls, windows, computer screens,
cars - the list is endless. nanotube speakers
Kaffe Matthews’ sonic bed contains a 12 chan-

nel sound system and a software interface that was
designed for it. The intention here is to compose mu-
sic specifically for the bed.
http://www.wileywiggins.com/blog/?p=2424
sonic bed
http://www.newlaunches.com/archives/morito_bone_aqua_bone_con-
sound
audio bone headphones
duction_headphones.php
audio bone headphones
http://www.newlaunches.com/archives/morito_bone_aqua_bone_con-
Audio Bone Headphones operate by conduct-
ing sound via the bones in your face directly to your in-
ner ear. This means you don’t actually insert anything
into your ears or place anything over your ears. These
headphones connect with the bones directly in front of
your ears.
audio bone headphones duction_headphones.php

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CH.01 CH.02 CH.03 CH.04 CH.05 CH.06 CH.07 CH.08 CH.

Audio-Visual Actuation: light and

The most popular visual actuator is the Light

The LEDs are sometimes mounted on a board

32mm 8*8 Square Matrix

Audio - Visual Actuation: light and

Besides single color LEDs, most sources of-

The image on the right shows IR (infrered) LED

Audio - Visual Actuation: light and

LEDs can also be mounted on different sur-

Dimension Engineering sinewinder lights are

Audio - Visual Actuation: light and

The moving message display on the right has

LCDs (liquid crystal displays) come in different

LCD 16*4 characters

Audio - Visual Actuation: light and

Laser module emitters can be found in different

Solar cells are becoming widely used to collect

Audio - Visual Actuation: light and

There are some devices that are able to detect

ShiftBrite is a high brightness LED light that has

Audio - Visual Actuation: light and

Daniel Rozin - Weave Mirror

Flag Hologram, Ellis Island

Audio - Visual Actuation: light and

In order to play images or videos, the market

The image on the right shows a SONY projector

Audio - Visual Actuation: light and

moving surface projection

Interactive installations allow for many different

ice + water effects on screen

Projections can be very interesting when the

Another interesting approach to projections is

Audio - Visual Actuation: light and

Multi-screen displays are usually used in large

There are different ways for presenting the same

Audio - Visual Actuation: light and

Backlit projections can be used in interactive

Transparent displays are also available for pro-

transparent display projection

Audio - Visual Actuation: light and

Audio - Visual Actuation: light and

There are organisms that produce light when

Audio - Visual Actuation: light and

Visual actuators can be different reactive paints.

heat reactive paint

Smart or intelligent glass is used for many office

The image on the right shows semi-transparent

Optical fibers have been used in many light in-

Fibers + LED lit Plexi

Audio - Visual Actuation: light and

This image shows the polarization of light. Light

Relevant youtube video webaddress

Relevant website of the provider

Convex lenses are thicker at the middle. Rays

Audio - Visual Actuation: light and

Light filters can be used for different light ef-

Solar tracking heliostat

Audio - Visual Actuation: light and

The image on the right shows a 12mm buzzer

Audio - Visual Actuation: light and

The image on the right is a SOMO-14D audio

Audio module info&cPath=168_170&products_id=623