Assessment Cover Sheet

Complete and attach this cover sheet to your assessment before submitting

Assessment Title Assignment 1

Programme Title: BILM

Course No.: TL7201

Course Title: International Air Cargo

Student Name: Shooq Ali

Student ID: 201600097

Tutor: Nahed Bahman

Due Date: 12-04-2018 Date submitted:

By submitting this assessment for marking, either electronically or as hard copy, I confirm the
following:
 This assignment is my own work.
 Any information used has been properly referenced.
 I understand that a copy of my work may be used for moderation.
 I have kept a copy of this assignment.

Do not write below this line. For Polytechnic use only.

Assessor: Nahed Bahman Date of Marking: 22/04/2018

Grade/Mark: 73

Comments:

Shooq’s paper overall answered the assignment questions with acceptable level of knowledge and use
of resources. The paper could have been improved if there was consistency in using terminologies. For
example, the section about “weak spots” was discussed in terms of “risks” within the cool chain rather
than specific weak spots within cool chain air cargo operations. There was good level of information in
the technology section and also good application of NETS to a certain extent.
2
 Assignment 1 – Report (Individual)

Marks available: 100 (Final mark awarded as %)

Course weighting: 35
Learning outcomes assessed: 1 & 2 (See Course Descriptor)
Submission deadline: Thursday 12 April 2018 @ 11.55pm (Moodle)

You are required to write a 3000-word report (+/- 10%) on the following topic:

Air freight has traditionally been viewed as the weak link within cool chain.
1. With specific reference to pharmaceuticals (LO1) explain in detail (a) what is the cool chain
and how the cool chain functions, (b) identify those areas of air cargo operations (LO1)
where the chain is most likely to break and (c) the technologies that are used by the
aviation industry to ensure compliance with cool chain requirements.
2. IATA recently launched CEIV Pharma as a “concerted effort to improve the level of
competency, operational and technical preparedness”. Describe in detail (a) why this
programme is required, (b) what this programme entails, and (c) the impact and effect it
will have on agents, airlines and airport service providers in improving the cool chain
performance of the aviation industry, (LO1).

Apply NETS theory to cool chain air cargo operations, listing and discussing the various networks
which apply to cool chain air cargo operations (LO2).

Your report must be in the following format:

 Purpose – Why you are writing this report

 Introduction – A brief background and/or overview of the topic / An overview of what your report will
be covering
 Findings – It is strongly suggested that you use the bullet points as different sub-sections of your
findings / Relate your findings to the transport and logistics industry
 Conclusion – Summarise your main points and make any concluding comments

To score well in this assignment you should cover all the bullet points and expand on them in full including
clear explanations and examples where appropriate. The reason for writing anything, including a report, is to
communicate your message effectively and failure to do this will result in a loss of marks. You must make sure
that you relate your findings to the transport and logistics industry to demonstrate how theory can translate
into effective risk management. Finally, your report should be professionally written and presented as is
expected in an industry setting. Errors such as typos, spelling mistakes and poor formatting do not meet the
expected industry requirements.

This assignment should be written on this document (a Microsoft Word document - do not PDF the file) and
appropriately formatted; headings and subheadings should be used, you should use either Calibri or Arial font
(size 11 – excluding headings and subheadings), your work should be double-spaced, and pages should be
numbered. Remember to reference your work (including in-text referencing) at all times using the APA format.

Submissions – Use this document as the template for your submission! Please submit the whole document
including cover page, instructions, your report and the rubric via Moodle. All assignments will be checked for
plagiarism and originality using Turnitin. All submissions must be saved using the following naming convention
(failure to do this may result in your assignment not being marked):
 First Name ID number Assignment 1
 e.g. Ahmed 20109090 Assignment 1

3
 BILM Assignments – Rules & Guidelines
ACADEMIC INTEGRITY & HONESTY: When submitting an assignment, you are confirming that you have adhered to
Bahrain Polytechnic’s policy on academic integrity and honesty including using APA referencing appropriately. Any
violation of this will be dealt with as stipulated in the policy.
LATE SUBMISSIONS: Late assignments are deducted 5 marks from your achieved mark for each 24-hour period after the
due date. For example, an assessment which has been graded as 73% will be reduced to 68% for the first 24 hours late,
and to 63% if late for a further 24 hours and so on. This applies to every day of the week including the weekend and all
public holidays. Assignments which receive a negative mark will receive a final mark of zero.
EXTENSIONS: On application, in writing, tutors may approve an extension up to a maximum of two (2) days (including the
weekend and public holidays) for an individual assignment. Applications for extensions must be received no later than 72
hours (3 days) before the due date. Only one extension per course will be given. Extensions will not be given for group
work, tests or exams.
WORD LIMIT: All assignments have a required word limit which we permit a variation of +/-10%. For example, an
assignment with a 3000-word limit means that you can submit between 2700 to 3300 words. These words come from the
main body of your writing i.e. your introduction to your conclusion. We do not include title pages, contents pages,
reference lists or appendices. In-text referencing is included in the word count. Submissions which are substantially under
the word limit will receive a low mark for failing to answer the question fully. If a submission is over the word limit, the
tutor will stop marking at that point where it is 10% over (e.g. 3300 words for an assignment with a 3000-word limit). You
will not receive any marks for work that is submitted outside of the maximum word limit.
GROUP WORK: The tutor reserves the right to ask students to attend an oral group defence in cases where there is doubt
over how well the group has functioned or whether all members of the group have contributed equally. During the
defence, each member of the group is asked questions relating to the group’s submission. It is expected that all members
of the group have a thorough understanding of the whole assignment. Only the person asked the question may respond
until the tutor invites others to expand on the initial response. Failure to attend the defence will result in an automatic
mark of zero for the assignment unless extreme circumstances apply. Based on your performance, you will receive an
individual ‘adjusted’ mark for the assignment based on the following criteria:
 Displays a thorough understanding and knowledge of the contents of the assignment
 Is able to expand on the responses of other members of the group x1
 Has clearly been a key member of the group
 Displays a good understanding and knowledge of the contents of the assignment although there may
be minor gaps
x 0.9
 Is usually able to expand on the responses of other members of the group
 Has clearly been a contributory member of the group
 Displays some understanding and knowledge of the contents of the assignment although gaps are
noticeable
x 0.75
 Is sometimes unable to expand on the responses of other members of the group
 Appears to have been a contributory but peripheral member of the group
 Displays a poor understanding and knowledge of the contents of the assignment
 Is frequently unable to expand on the responses of other members of the group or offers unhelpful
x 0.5
contributions
 Has clearly offered little to the group as a whole
 Displays no understanding or knowledge of the contents of the assignment
 Is unable to expand on the responses of other members of the group and any contributions are
x 0.1
unhelpful or unrelated
 Has clearly not contributed to the group
For example, following the defence, individual marks for a group assignment which was awarded a final mark of 85% may
be adjusted as follows: Student A: 85 x 1 = 85% / Student B: 85 x 0.75 = 63.75% / Student C: 85 x 0.1 = 8.5%
GHOST WRITERS / ESSAY MILLS: In cases where there is strong concern over the authorship of your submission (i.e. we
suspect someone has written it for you), you will be required to attend a meeting with your tutor and PM or HoS to
‘defend’ your work. If you are unable to satisfy all parties that the work is yours by displaying a thorough knowledge of
the contents, concepts, terminology etc, a full academic misconduct investigation will be carried out. Due to the severity
of this, a possible outcome is your permanent exclusion from the Polytechnic.
Please refer to the generic Course Guide or your tutor is you require further clarification of the above points.

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 Report (Assignment 1)

International Air Cargo

Please write your assignment here

Table of Contents
INTRODUCTION: ......................................................................................................................................... 6

COOL CHAIN IN REFERENCE TO PHARMACEUTICALS:.................................................................................... 6

HOW COOL CHAIN FUNCTIONS:................................................................................................................... 7

ORIGIN: .................................................................................................................................................................7
DESTINATION: .........................................................................................................................................................7

THE POSSIBLE RISKS: ................................................................................................................................... 8

1- THE EXPOSURE TO ATMOSPHERIC CONDITIONS: .........................................................................................................8
2- BEING COST-EFFECTIVE:.........................................................................................................................................8
3- HUMAN ERRORS: .................................................................................................................................................8
4- DISTRIBUTION RISK:..............................................................................................................................................8

TECHNOLOGY USED IN AVIATION INDUSTRY: .............................................................................................. 9

CEIV PHARMA:.......................................................................................................................................... 10

NETS THEORY: .......................................................................................................................................... 12

NETS 1: TRANSPORT INFRASTRUCTURES. ..................................................................................................................13
NETS 2: TRAFFIC NETWORKS...................................................................................................................................13
NETS 3: REGULATORY NETWORKS. ..........................................................................................................................13
NETS 4: COMMUNICATION NETWORKS.....................................................................................................................14
NETS 5: AUXILIARY SERVICES PROVIDERS (ASPS)........................................................................................................14
NETS 6: SKILLS NETWORKS. ....................................................................................................................................14

CONCLUSION: ........................................................................................................................................... 14

REFERENCES: ............................................................................................................................................ 15
BOOKS: ................................................................................................................................................................15
WEBSITES:............................................................................................................................................................15

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Introduction:
Cool chains are one of the supply chain types that take care of shipping and handling time sensitive and
perishable goods. In this report, the first part will discuss in depth how pharmaceuticals functions in the cool
chain, what it consists of and what are the possible risks that can occur. Also, the used cool chain technologies
in aviation industry.

The second part will talk about the CEIV Pharma initiative and will details what it entails and what are the
effects and advantages of this program.

The last part of the report will focus on The Network Enabling Transport Systems (NETS) theory and how it is
used in the air cargo and cool chain operations.

Cool chain in reference to Pharmaceuticals:

Selecting the appropriate mode of transport while shipping products are vital, as each product requires
different handling methods and different environments. Pharmaceuticals are one of the perishable goods that
need special care. Therefore, using airfreight will be the right form of transport as it is one of the fastest and
more reliable modes of transport. Also, the possibility of having damaged goods is lower when choosing
airfreight, as the overall cargo handling is less ("Modes of Transportation: What method is best for cargo and
freight?", 2018). To ensure the pharmaceuticals quality, it has to be controlled by a cool chain.

The cool chain is one of the supply chain types that ensure providing the suitable temperature for the sensitive
product such as perishable goods. Cool chains are usually used for pharmaceuticals products to make sure that
the drug reached to the end customer with the required quality. If the drug temperature was not controlled
efficiently while storing or transporting them, the drug will defect which can cause adverse consequences to
the patients (Tennermann, 2012).

Pharmaceuticals must be stored and transported in a certain temperature range. The World Health
Organization (WHO) is responsible for determining the required temperature range. For example, vaccines
required a controlled range of temperature from +2 to +8 degrees Celsius (°C). One of the main responsibilities
for the World Health Organization in the cool chain is to ensure that all the pharmaceuticals reach to the end
customer without getting defective by low or high-temperature degrees (Russell-Weisz, 2018).

6
How cool chain functions:

The cool chain functions are the steps that cool chains compromised of. The functions consist of activities,
stakeholders and facilities that complete each other throughout the chain. If something went wrong in one of
the functions, they cool chain will be broken.

The pharmaceuticals cool chain functions can be divided into two parts: Origin and Destination (De Valck,
2017).

Origin:

1- from the manufacturer to the freight forwarders: the pharmaceutical products heads from the
manufacturer to the freight forwarders warehouse by truck. Freight forwarders can be DHL, FedEx, etc. The
trucks and the warehouse are both temperature controlled. Also, the truck unloads the pharmaceutical
products to the warehouse directly, which has a low level of risk.

2- from freight forwarders to the airline cargo handler: here, the pharmaceuticals are picked from the
warehouse to the airport. While cargo is shipped into the plane, there are high chances of possible risk.

3- travels by air to the destination: when the pharmaceutical products are on the plane, their temperature
range is a bit more stable than the other functions. Also, there are low-risk possibilities until it is delivered to
the destination’s airport.

Destination:

1- Airline cargo handles: when the pharmaceuticals reach the destination, there are high-risk possibilities, as
the products will be offloaded, moved from the aircraft to the storing station or warehouse.

2- regulatory authority: In this stage, the products are checked and the officers make sure to complete the
required documentation. The pharmaceuticals might get a medium risk chance if the employees or officers
delayed the movement of the products.

3- by truck Moved to the freight forwarders warehouse in the required destination: The pharmaceuticals will
be shipped to the fright forwarders warehouse by a temperature-controlled truck that will have a minimum or
low chances of risk.

4- shipped by truck to the consignee: after all these stages and activities, the pharmaceuticals will be moved
by truck to the person who requested the pharmaceutical products that are called consignee.

7
The possible risks:

There are some possible risks that any cool chain can face: Commented [NB1]: We need to focus on the "weak spots"
rather than "risks". I understand that you are referring most
probably to the same thing but consistency is key. We need to use
the same terminology given in the question so the reader can
follow your answers.
1- the exposure to atmospheric conditions:

Having pharmaceutical product getting exposed to air, sun, and humidity might affect the product’s
effectiveness or lifespan. The Pharmaceutical products must be stored or shipped with a specific temperature,
light and humidity requirements (Sainathan, 2018).

2- being cost-effective:

Some companies might fail to provide the suitable environment to move or store the pharmaceuticals because
the required equipment is too expensive (Sainathan, 2018).

3- Human errors:

It can happen in many ways such as, employees might not be trained to use the new temperature controlled
equipment. Also, it is the employee’s responsibility to move the pharmaceutical products from the storage
area to the airplane and from the vehicle back to the temperature controlled areas. These processes and
movements are the weakest links of in the cool chain. Therefore, any mistake by the employee will affect the
pharmaceutical products and can cause a break in the cool chain (Sainathan, 2018).

4- Distribution risk:

Storing and Transporting are the two main activates that occurs in the distribution process. There are several
risks that can happen during the distribution process. First, temperature-controlling equipment might get
damaged. Also, having problems with the shipping vehicle. This can result in delays in the shipment. Commented [NB2]: Good.

Therefore, the pharmaceuticals might get damaged or defected. Moreover, if the pharmaceutical products
were not packed in a suitable way, they would not be of good quality that can be given to the end customer. In
addition, suitable temperature controlled equipment shortage (Sainathan, 2018).

Commented [NB3]: You did not mention specifically where are

the "weak spots" within the cool chain, i.e. the airport operation in
terms on tarmac activities, loading/unloading, airport delays, etc.

8
Technology used in aviation industry:

The growth in technology helps in improving and affecting all industries. Aviation is one of these industries.
The improved technology is used in aviation to assure the best services quality. Also, it makes the aviation
industry in a specific country compete with the aviation industry in other countries (Te Hau, 2017). Commented [NB4]: Confusing introduction. We need to focus
on pharmaceuticals and stay away from very general statements.

Not only the airports are using high-tech, the airlines are improving as well. Emirates Airlines is using advanced
technology to improve the pharmaceuticals shipment process by providing the required temperature, light,
pressure and humidity range. They provide three options for shipping the pharmaceuticals. The first option is
Emirates Pharma, which handles less temperature-sensitive drugs. The second option is Emirates Pharma Plus, Commented [NB5]: It is not clear for the reader whether this is
a "program" or "equipment" or "technology"?
which takes care of pharmaceuticals that are high temperature-sensitive. Also, Emirates Airlines provides
Emirates Pharma Active that is mainly used for the highly temperature-sensitive pharmaceuticals. Each of the
three types provides different temperature ranges that suite the products. For example, Emirates Pharma
offers temperature ranges of 2-8oC and 15-25oC ("Emirates Pharma - Emirates SkyCargo", 2018).

Emirates Sky Pharma uses cool dollies to protect the pharmaceuticals products from getting defected while Commented [NB6]: Good. This is a technology.

loading the products and unloading them from the aircraft. Also, they use white cover to protect the Commented [NB7]: Dollies are used to move cargo from and to
aircraft.
pharmaceuticals products from heat and water ("ULD & Special Equipment - White Cover - Emirates
SkyCargo", 2018).

FedEx is developing their technology base for the pharmaceuticals as well. First, they increased the packaging
lifespan. For example, dry ice can work effectively for two to three continues days without getting charged
again. Also, the containers batteries can work up to 16 days. FedEx provides charter temperature-controlled
planes as well to make sure that the pharmaceutical products reaches to the destination without less chances
of getting defected. Also, using chartered temperature-controlled planes is cost-effective, speedily and
reduces risks. Moreover, FedEx gives the opportunity to get temperature-controlled containers by renting or
even buying. FedEx have refrigerated trucks that are used to move the pharmaceutical products from the
airport to the distribution centers or any other destinations. In addition, they provide cold storages for
temporary storage. They also make sure to place indicators that measure humidity, pressure, vibration, and
light. Moreover, they offer tracking systems to have the full knowledge about each product, where it is and
what are whether it is controlled well or not. DHL has developed these tracking systems in a way that it can
send notifications when the driver is not driving. (“Cool Chain Association | Air Cargo and the Cold Chain”,
n.d.).

9
CEIV Pharma:

IATA is an abbreviation for International Air Transport Association. It is a trade association that is managed by
the airlines. IATA helps aviation industry and issues regulations to solve the aviation problems. The IATA
members are airlines such as Emirates Airline, Saudi Arabian Airlines, Jordan aviation and DHL Air ("IATA -
About Us", 2018).

IATA provides several programs in different categories such as cargo, environment, aviation security and
passengers ("IATA - Programs", 2018).

Due to the sensitiveness of the pharmaceutical products, many failures occur while transporting through the
air. Therefore, organizations preferred sea freight to airfreight that affected the aviation economy. That is why
IATA thought of launching CEIV Pharma program to increase the number of pharmaceutical shipments by
airfreight.

CEIV Pharma is one of the cargo programs that IATA offers. The idea came in order to raise the usage of the
aviation industry in transporting pharmaceuticals. CEIV Pharma is a program that guarantees the shipment of Commented [NB8]: Good.

the pharmaceuticals to be efficient and speedily by setting up rules, regulations and specific lanes. These lanes
assure national and international agreements to protect the pharmaceutical products. The main objective of
CEIV Pharma is to be moral and honest about the quality of the pharmaceutical products, the staff’s efficiency,
avoid product issues and advance the handling methods. ("IATA - CEIV Pharma", 2018).

In order to be IATA CEIV Pharma certified, the following steps must be met.

1- preparation:
2- Assessment:
3- Validation:

10
Training is required in all the above. After getting the certification, additional training will be required.

The IATA Pharmaceutical training courses are a mixture of classroom lectures and eLearning. It focuses on
Operations and Quality and Risk Management of Temperature Controlled Cargo (Leger, 2017).

To enhance the efficiency of handling, Temperature Control Regulations are established. The Temperature
Control Regulation (TCR) acts as a model to ensure that the necessities are met successfully. Also, TCR consists
of the required labeling, packaging and documentation. Moreover, it contains the procedures that must be
followed while handling pharmaceutical products (IATA, n,d).

There are many airports that are CEIV Pharma certified such as Madrid, Miami, Paris, Singapore, and
Amsterdam ("IATA - CEIV Pharma", 2018). For example, Singapore airport uses Pharma Cool Chain. They offer
temperature-controlled containers to protect the pharmaceutical products. Also, they make sure to ship the
pharmaceutical products thru CEIV Pharma certified network. Having the CEIV certification makes the
consumers more relaxed and comfortable while working with this airline or airports as it builds a strong trust.
Moreover, Singapore airport makes sure to handle the pharmaceutical products in a CEIV Pharma certified
cool port to avoid the exposure to the elements or environments that would affect the product temperature
("Pharmaceutical Coolchain", 2018).

CEIV is used in the airport itself and the entire supply chain containing freight forwarders, trucking companies,
ground handlers, and airline. DHL is one of the CEIV Pharma certified freight forwards ("IATA - CEIV Pharma",
2018). DHL accomplished being CEIV certified in 2016 in many of their branches, the first one was Chicago,
following it the other branches such as Philadelphia, Los Angeles, and Puerto Rico. DHL Global Forwarding has
a worldwide network building that is used for pharmaceutical products. It contains two temperature-
controlled chambers that can carry different pharmaceutical products that require different temperature
range. Also, they have two docks that are assigned to trucks to avoid the chances of defecting the product
(Ltd, 2017).

11
CEIV Pharma had so many effects and impacts on the industry, airlines and airport service providers.
First, they satisfied the customers by reaching their expectations with the high service quality. Also, airlines
gained the customers trust as the customers admit that they are in safe hands. CEIV Pharma gave the
companies chances to train their employees to reduce the number of human errors and being able to work
efficiently with the new temperature controlled types of equipment. Moreover, the program guarantees that
all the companies meet the international standard regulations. In addition, the pharmaceutical transportation
by air has increased (Aitken & Wielgus, 2016). Commented [NB9]: Brief but good.

NETS Theory:

The Network Enabling Transport Systems (NETS) is a tool that contains the main six networks that are used in
all modes of transport such as road, rail, air, and sea. The six networks are traffic, skills, infrastructure,
communication, auxiliary services and regulatory network. The various supply chain activities are formed as a
Rubik cube. Each mode of transport has its different network specifications. For example, road transport
infrastructure is different than the air transport infrastructure. If one of these networks is missing, the
shipment process will not occur (Tiffin & Kissling, 2007).

Bellow is The NETS model of transport.

12
NETS theory applies to the cool chain as well. Firstly, NETS identifies what is transported. They are the things
that need shipment from a place to another. It can be people or cargo. In cool chain operations, what is
transported can be one of the time sensitive products and perishable goods such as fruits, vegetables, roses,
frozen goods and pharmaceuticals (Tiffin & Kissling, 2007).

Secondly, clarifying the transport users. The transport users are the senders and receivers. They can also be
called consignor and consignee. The consignor is the person who sells the goods and ships them. However, the
consignee means the person who buys and receives the ordered goods (Admin, 2012).

Thirdly, transport service providers. The service providers are the people who take care of shipping the
products from the consignor to the consignee. They can be either drivers or pilots (Tiffin & Kissling, 2007).

NETS 1: Transport infrastructures. Commented [NB10]: How about warehouses and cargo
terminals? We need to focus this section on cool chain air cargo.
They are the vital installations that help the shipment process to occur. In cool chains, the main mode of
transport is air. The air mode requires airport, terminal buildings, runways and control towers. Also, road
transport is needed in order to deliver the goods from the airport to the final destination. Road transport
requires different infrastructure such as the road itself and signal lights ("Transport Infrastructure -
Securipedia", 2015).

NETS 2: Traffic networks.

They are the vehicles that use the different types of infrastructures such as aircraft, cars, and trains. In cool Commented [NB11]: Doesn't apply really in cool chain air
cargo.
chains, aircraft are the primary traffic network and trucks are the secondary traffic networks. The traffic
network requires the infrastructure and communications networks to work efficiently (Tiffin & Kissling, 2007).

NETS 3: Regulatory networks.

They are the guidelines to build and operate the infrastructure network. For example, the speed limits signs.
Cool chains regulatory networks can be the temperature, light and humidity range specifications that are
required for the perishable and time-sensitive products. The World Health Organization (WHO) is responsible
to set these specifications (Bishara, 2006). Commented [NB12]: Very good.

13
NETS 4: Communication networks. Commented [NB13]: How about pharmaceutical labels, AWB,
pouch, etc.
It is the network that delivers information about the regulations that must be applied, what are the risks that
can occur while using infrastructures and what are the accessible places and services. Transportation would
not be available if communication did not show where are the places and services (Tiffin & Kissling, 2007). The
communication can happen in two ways such as written and verbal communication (Kirigal, 2010). The
aviation and cool chain applies the communication network by using the radio in modern aeroplanes. These
radios give the pilots guidance to the traffic and where to go (Tiffin & Kissling, 2007). Also, the flight manuals
are one of the written communication tools that are commonly used in the aviation industry (Kirigal, 2010).

NETS 5: Auxiliary services providers (ASPs). Commented [NB14]: How about maintenance services for the
warehouses, ULDs, cool dollies, etc.
They are the stations or service providers that are vital for the transportation to be done. Also, they make sure
that all other networks are used in a right and effective way such as police, lifeboat, couriers and ambulance
(Tiffin & Kissling, 2007).
In cool chains, ground handlers, fuel and air ambulance are the auxiliary services providers (ASPs) ("Primo
Aviation Auxiliary Services", 2016).

NETS 6: Skills networks.

It is the required skills to move the vehicle in the required infrastructure following the rule and regulations and
having the full knowledge in order to communicate. This network gathers and combines all the other networks
with each other. In cool chains, the pilot is required to have the full knowledge of how to drive the aircraft. Commented [NB15]: Very generic. How about skill to handle
pharmaceuticals?
Skills network is vital. Without having the required skills to drive aircraft, the transportation will not occur.
Moreover, damages and risks might happen (Tiffin & Kissling, 2007).

Conclusion:
In conclusion, the aviation’s industry is growing again and increasing the number of pharmaceutical products
shipped by air. Moreover, airlines and companies are working more efficiently and the customers are having a
big trust and reliability in the aviation industry. In my opinion, the aviation industries will continue improving
and more pharmaceutical products will be shipped by air with fewer risks chances.

14
References:

Books:

Tiffin, J., & Kissling, C. (2007). Transport communications (Chapter 3). London: Kogan Page.

Websites:

Admin. (2012). Difference Between Consignor and Consignee. Difference Between. Retrieved from:
https://www.differencebetween.com/difference-between-consignor-and-vs-consignee/

Aitken, R., & Wielgus, M. (2016). CEIV Pharma: industry cooperation that is taking off. International Airport
Review. Retrieved from: https://www.internationalairportreview.com/article/21726/ceiv-pharma-industry-
cooperation-thats-taking-off/

Bishara, R. (2006). Cold Chain Management - An Essential Component of the Global Pharmaceutical Supply
Chain. Intelsius.com. Retrieved from: http://www.intelsius.com/wp-content/uploads/2011/10/Pharma-Cold-
Chain-Bishara_APR.pdf

Cool Chain Association | Air Cargo and the Cold Chain. (n,d). Coolchain.org. Retrieved from:
http://coolchain.org/air-cargo-and-the-cold-chain

De Valck, N. (2017). Brussels Airport. Iata.org. Retrieved from:

https://www.iata.org/events/wcs/Documents/WCS_2017/CEIV-Pharma-Workshop-Final.pdf

Emirates Pharma - Emirates SkyCargo. (2018). Skycargo.com. Retrieved from:

http://www.skycargo.com/english/products-and-services/emirates-pharma/

IATA - CEIV Pharma. (2018). Iata.org. Retrieved from:

http://www.iata.org/whatwedo/cargo/pharma/Pages/ceiv-pharma.aspx

IATA. IATA - Temperature Control Regulations. Iata.org. Retrieved from:

http://www.iata.org/publications/store/Pages/temperature-control-regulations.aspx

IATA - Programs. (2018). Iata.org. Retrieved from: http://www.iata.org/whatwedo/pages/index.aspx

Kirigal. (2010). IMPORTANCE OF COMMUNICATION IN AVIATION - AviationKnowledge. Aviation knowledge.

Retrieved from: http://aviationknowledge.wikidot.com/aviation:importance-of-communication-in-aviation

15
Leger, F. (2017). CEIV Pharma Workshop. Iata.org. Retrieved from:
https://www.iata.org/events/wcs/Documents/WCS_2017/CEIV-Pharma-Workshop-Final.pdf

Ltd, D. (2017). DHL achieves CEIV certification at six US stations. Air Cargo News. Retrieved from:
http://www.aircargonews.net/news/freight-forwarder/single-view/news/dhl-achieves-ceiv-certification-at-
seven-us-stations.html

Modes of Transportation: What method is best for cargo and freight?. (2018). Retrieved from:
https://freighthub.com/en/blog/modes-transportation-explained-best/

Pharmaceutical Coolchain. (2018). Siacargo.com. Retrieved from: http://www.siacargo.com/Coolchain.asp

Primo Aviation Auxiliary Services. (2016). Primo Aviation Auxiliary Services Pvt.Ltd.. Retrieved from:
http://www.primoaviation.com/

Russell-Weisz, D. (2018). Western Australian Government Medical Services Schedules Policy. Health WA.
Retrieved from: http://www.health.wa.gov.au/circularsnew/attachments/623.pdf

Sainathan, P. (2018). 10 Potential Risks in Cold Chain Management. roambee. Retrieved from:
https://blog.roambee.com/supply-chain-technology/10-potential-risks-in-cold-chain-management

Te Hau, P. (2017). Emerging Technology In The Airline Industry. Digitalist Magazine. Retrieved from:
http://www.digitalistmag.com/customer-experience/2017/08/14/emerging-technology-in-airline-industry-
05226935

Tennermann, J. (2012). Cold Chain for Beginners. Pharmaceuticals Processing. Retrieved from:
https://www.pharmpro.com/article/2012/06/cold-chain-beginners

Transport Infrastructure - Securipedia. (2015). Securipedia.eu. Retrieved from:

https://securipedia.eu/mediawiki/index.php/Transport_Infrastructure

ULD & Special Equipment - White Cover - Emirates SkyCargo. (2018). Skycargo.com. Retrieved from:
http://www.skycargo.com/english/about-us/unit-load-devices/?device=27

16
Marking Rubric for Assignment 1: Report (Individual)

Met criteria to an Met criteria to a very Met criteria to a Did not meet
Assignment excellent standard good standard satisfactory standard criteria
Weighting 35%
A B C F
(30 - 25.5) (25.4-21) (20.9 – 18) (17.9 – 0)
(20 – 17) (16.9 – 14) (13.9 – 12) (11.9 – 0)
(10 - 8.5) (8.49 - 7) (6.9 - 6) (5.9 - 0)

All elements are All elements are There is a basic There is little or no
(A) Explain in detail with specific reference to
comprehensively and concisely explained, with overview of the explanation of the
pharmaceuticals what the cool chain is, how it functions
clearly explained, with a a reasonable list of weak elements with some elements with some
and the weak spots
comprehensive list of spots identified. reference to weak information being
20 marks weak spots identified. spots. incorrect. References to
weak spots are vague
13 marks
and/or incorrect.

(B) Explain in detail the technologies that are used by All elements are All elements are There is a basic There is little or no
the aviation industry to ensure compliance with cool comprehensively and concisely explained, with overview of the explanation of the
chain requirements. clearly explained, with a a reasonable list of elements with some elements with some
comprehensive list of technologies used. reference to the information being
20 marks
technologies used. technologies used. incorrect. References to
16 marks technology are vague
and/or incorrect.
 All elements are All elements are There is a basic There is little or no
(C) The IATA CEIV Pharma scheme narrate why this comprehensively and concisely and clearly overview of all the explanation of the
programme is required; what it entails, and the impact clearly explained in explained with both the elements with some elements with some
and effect it will have on agents, airlines and airport detail with both the impact and effect this will narration of the information being
service providers in improving the cool chain impact and effect this have on the parties impact and effect this incorrect and
performance of the aviation industry will have on the parties involved being concisely will have on the references to the
involved being narrated. parties involved. impact and effect this
30 Marks
comprehensively will have on the parties
21 marks narrated. involved are vague
and/or incorrect.

Nets theory correctly Nets theory generally Nets theory is partially Nets theory is vaguely
applied to cool chain air correctly applied to cool applied to cool chain applied to cool chain air
(D) Nets theory applied to cool chain air cargo cargo operations with chain air cargo air cargo operations cargo operations with
operations, listing and discussing the various networks an excellent & operations with a concise with some discussion little or no discussion of
which apply to cool chain air cargo operations comprehensive discussion of the various of the various the various applicable
discussion of the various applicable networks. applicable networks. networks, some of
20 Marks
applicable networks. which are vague and/or
15 marks incorrect.

18
 Essay is of an extremely Essay is of a good Essay is of an Essay is poor does not
high standard and there standard with clear adequate standard follow the standard
is clarity of sentences sentences and and is sometimes well format. Information is
and paragraphs. The paragraphs. Ideas are presented. There is not well presented,
(E) Essay format and Layout ideas and arguments are mostly well presented, some flow of ideas does not flow
well organised and flow appropriately and and they are basically appropriately and
10 marks
coherent. The essay is can be clearly easy to understand. cannot be clearly
8 marks easy to read and understood. APA APA referencing understood. APA
logically set out. APA referencing mostly partially correct. referencing is absent or
style referencing correct. incorrect.
correctly used
throughout.

19