ADAMA SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY

UNIVERSITY
SCHOOL OF CIVIL AND
ARCHITECTURALENGINEERING
DEPARTMENT OF CIVIL ENGINEERING

Structural Design of B+G+8 Mixed-Use

A thesis submitted to the School of Civil and

Architectural engineering in partial fulfillment of the
requirements for the degree of science in civil engineering
 APPROVED BY

1. _____________________ ___________________

Advisor Signature Date

2. _______________ ________________________ ______________________

Chair Coordinator Signature Date

 Structural stream
Team members Id. No. Signature
1. Shewangzaw Alemu 3335/06
2. Tesfaye Hailu 3404/06
3. Mussie Tewolde 3284/06
4. Mulugeta kefelew 3281/06
5. Mulugeta Zewdie 3272/06

Advisor: TsegayeKassa
Acknowledgement
First, we would like to express our heartfelt thanks and gratitude to our advisor
AtoTsegayeKassa(Msc.) for he gave us fundamental project work on the structural design of B+
G+8 Mixed-use building. We also want to thank him for his dedication and time devotion on
guiding us how to proceed and for his uninterrupted advice during the progress of the project
work. Our work could have been in vain in his absence. We have also grasped a good exposure
of the practical world during the course of his advice.
Finally, we are indebted to the department of civil engineering on providing us the
necessary materials and computer rooms to accomplish our project in advance and properly.
Abstract
This project deals about the structural analysis and design of a B+ G+8 Mixed-use building
considering all the external and external effects according to EBCS, 1995. It has 12 chapters and
the contents and the duties accomplished in each chapter is explained below.
The first chapter deals about introduction of the primary aim of all structural design is to insure
that the structure will performs satisfactorily during its design
The second chapter deals about the wind load analysis and design on roofs and flat slabs. The
external wind pressure coming from different directions were collected and transferred to
frames according to EBCS, 1995.
The third&fourth chapter focuses on the analysis and design of slabs& stair.The slabs
are solids&ribed and two-way slabs. The depths of all the slabs are made the same for
construction simplicity and reinforcement of each is determined using EBCS2, 1995.
The fifth chapter is about the calculation of lateral forces particularly earthquakes loads.
The weight of the building was computed by considering all elements from small to large.
The center of mass and center of stiffness were computed by assuming preliminary sections.
Finally, by accounting the tensional effects, the lateral forces were distributed to each floor and
subsequently to frame joints according to their stiffness.
The sixth chapter deals on the analysis and design of the frame of the structure. It was analyzed
using ETAPSv9 as space frame taking seven combinations for the existing lateral and vertical
loads. Therefore, the beams and columns were designed using the loads obtained from analysis
by taking the worst effect.
Finally, the last chapter focuses on foundation& shear wall design of the structure. We took the
design bearing capacity of the weathered rock from EBCS-7 recommended for different soils
and rocks. It was designed as isolated footing& strap footing by considering two worst load
combinations to support and safely distribute all the actions coming from the super structure.
 Chapter 1
INTRODUCTION
1.0 General
The primary aim of all structural design is to insure that the structure will performs
satisfactorily during its design life. Specifically, the design must check that the structure is
capable of carrying the loads safely and that it will not deform excessively due to the applied
loads. This requires the designer to make realistic estimates of the strengths of the materials
composing the structure and the loading to which it may be subjected during its design life.
Furthermore, the designer will need a basic understanding of structural behavior. The designer
must make an assessment of the future likely level of loading, including self-weight, to which
the structure may be subjected during its design life. Using computer methods or hand
calculations the design loads acting on individual elements can be then be evaluated. The
design loads are used to calculate the bending moments, shear forces and deflections at critical
points along the elements. Finally, suitable dimensions for the element can be determined.
Building structure is a structure which is composed of both structural and non-structural
elements. The primary purpose of structural members is to build up and maintains its shape
under a considerable load action to have adequate stability strength and stiffness. Not only
safety but it also fulfills the requirement of serviceability as well as it should be economical.
Regarding safety it requires that the strength of the structure should be adequate for all the
loads which are reasonably considered.
When we come to the serviceability, it requires that all kinds of loads likely to occur during use,
everything should be satisfactory, for example excessive deflection should be adequately small;
vibration should be within the tolerable limit, the maximum width of crack also should not be
greater than the specified limit etc. The structure also should be economical keeping its safety
against to collapse.
Generally; the building structure to serve its purpose, it must be safe against collapse,
economical to user and gives its serviceability in use (functional)
1.1 Basic structural components
All structures are composed of a number of inter connected elements such as; slabs, beams,
columns, walls and foundations. Collectively, they enable the internal and external loads acting
on the structure to be safely transmitted down to the ground. The actual way that this is
achieved is difficult to model and many simplifying, but conservative assumptions have to be
made. The structural components can be classified as; Super- Structure and Sub-Structure
Super structure is a structural component above ground level and its main components in
ordinary building are; the connections (point elements) or joint, the linear members of beams &
columns and surface elements such as slabs.

I. Joints: the connection of every building component could be in b/n beam & column, column
& ground or beam with roof etc…
II. Beams: are structural elements carrying external loads that causes bending moments,
shear forces and torsion moments along their length. The beams can be; singly or doubly
reinforced, and simply supported, fixed or continuous. The structural detail of such beams must
resist bending, diagonal tension, shear and torsion, and must be such as to transmit forces
through a bond without causing internal cracks. The detaile must be able to optimize the
behavior of the beams under load.
III. Columns: are vertical members which transfer the load from beam to foundation, usually
under compression and they are classified as short, long columns and slender columns. Long
columns are liable to buckle under axial loads.
IV. Slabs: Slab is a two dimensional structural member, it also called a surface element which
transfers the loads to the beams or column in case of flat slab. The type of slab is depends on
support condition, arrangement and load transfer mechanism etc. Slabs may be simply
supported or continuous over one or more supports and are classified according to the method
of supports as follows; spanning one-way b/n beams or walls, spanning two-way b/n the
support beams or walls and flat slabs carried on columns and edge beams or walls or with no
interior beams. Slabs may be solid of uniform thickness or ribbed with ribs running in one or
two directions.
V. Foundation: is the part of the structure that is usually placed below the surface of the
ground and that transmits the load to the underlying soil or rock. All soils compress noticeably
when loaded and causes the supported structure to settle.
The two essentialDesign of B+ G+8Building Using coefficient and Strip requirements in the
design of foundations are that the total settlement of the structure be limited to a tolerably
small amount and the differential settlement of the various parts of the structure be eliminated
as nearly as possible.

1.2 Slab design and analysis approaches

Slab can be analyzed in different methods of analysis, such as:-Coefficient method, Yield line
method and Strip method
Coefficient method: is a method of slab analysis using empirical formula and standards which
are formulated using experimental tests, experiences, etc.
Yield line method: is a powerful procedure of for the design of slabs. It is an ultimate load
method of analysis and design developed by Johansen that is based on plastic yielding of an
under-reinforced concrete slab sections. As the load is increased the slab cracks with the
reinforcement yielding at the points of high moment. As the deflection increases the cracks or
yield lines propagate until the slab is broken into a number of portions at collapse.
Strip method: The strip method of analysis for reinforced concrete slabs was first proposed by
Hillerborg (1956). It was further developed (1959). It is a design method based on lower bound
theory of plasticity approach base on satisfaction of equilibrium requirements every where in
the slab and a moment field is first determined that fulfills equilibrium requirement, after which
the reinforcement in the slab at each point is designed for this moment.
The task of the structural engineer is to design a structure which satisfies the needs of the client
and the user. Specifically the structure should be safe, economical to build and maintain and
aesthetically pleasing. Design in civil and structural engineering is entire planning process for a
new building structure from outline concepts and feasibility studies through mathematical
Calculation to working drawing which could show every last nut and bolt in the project.
1.4 Lay out of the report
This senor project is prepared in fulfillment for the B.Sc. in civil engineering. The project is a
Structural design of B+ G+8building by strip method and coefficient method of analysis and
design of slab which is a mixed-use purpose to be constructed in Addis Ababa.
The structural design is including; design of roof, design of slab, design of structural frame,
design of beam and column, design of foundation and Bill of quantity. Limit state design
method has been adopted for the whole components. Ethiopia building code of
standards EBCS-1, EBCS-2, EBCS-7, and EBCS-8 are referred for the design of the building.
The roof slab, slab and frame are analyzed using SAP2000 v 9.0& ETABSv9 for different
combination of
loads. The working drawing with detail for slab, beam, column, and footing also prepared.
Many in puts in to the engineering design process; Client brief, site investigation, economical
factors, experience, model and laboratory tests, environmental factors and imagination.

1.3 Objective of the project

The main objective of this senior project is to be more familiarizing with analysis and design of
structural building using coefficient method as well as strip method of slab analysis and
Design

1.4 General Design constant

Specification
Purpose – Mixed-use building
Approach- Limit state design method
Material – Concrete – 30,Concrete – 25, class – I works
Steel S – 400,S – 300 deformed bars
Partial safety factors – concrete Ύc=1.5
Steel Ύs=1.15
Unit weight of concrete Ύc=24KN/m3
Supporting ground condition = sandy gravel with bearing capacity of 3ooKPa
Design Data and Materials
Concrete
fck = 0.8*25MPa =20MPa
fctk= 0.21*fck2/3 =1.547MPa
0.85∗fctk
fcd= = 11.33𝑀𝑝𝑎
Ύc
fctk
fctd= = 1.032𝑀𝑝𝑎
Ύc

Steel
fyk= 300MPa and fyk= 400MPa
fyd= 260.87MPa and fyd= 347.8MPa
Design loads
Fd= Ύf*Fk
Where
Fk = characteristics loads
Ύf = partial safety factor for loads
= 1.3 for dead loads
= 1.6 for live loads
Seismic zone
Addis Ababa – Zone 2
 UNIT-2
ROOF DESIGN AND DESIGN
Introduction
Wind actions fluctuate with time and act directly as pressures on the external surfaces of enclosed
structures. It Is represented by a simplified set of pressures or forces whose effects are equivalent to the
extreme effects of the turbulent wind.

Wind forces are variable loads which act directly on the internal and external surfaces of
structures.Intensity of wind related to the square of the wind velocity and geometry of the structure
resisting the wind.

Wind velocity is dependent on geographical location, the height of the structure, the
topography of the area and the roughness of the surrounding terrain.

Wind load analysis

There are two methods for wind load analysis, namely, the quasi-static method and detailed
dynamic analysis. The former is applied to structures whose structural properties do not make them
susceptible to dynamic exaltation. The latter is applied to structures which are likely to be susceptible to
dynamic excitation.

The choice of the above two methods depends on the value of the structure of their dynamic
coefficient. The dynamic coefficient depends on the type of structure, the height of the structure and its
breadth. The quasi-static method is used for structures whose C d value is less or equal to 1.2.
Figure 2.1 Cd value for Concrete and Masonry Buildings

For our case, the building variables are; Height of building =27.9 m and Width of building =
32.55m, from figure 3.7 of EBCS-1, 1995, the value of the dynamic coefficient of this building is; Cd=0.93
that is Cd< 1.2 and height of the building is less than 200m, this implies that the simple procedure of
EBCS (quasi-static) method of analysis the appropriate method.

According to EBCS1, Art 3.5.2, the wind pressure acting on the external surface of a structure shall be:

𝑊𝑒 = 𝑞𝑟𝑒𝑓 ∗ 𝐶𝑒(𝑍𝑒) ∗ 𝐶𝑝𝑒

And the internal pressure acting on the internal surfaces becomes,

𝑊𝑖 = 𝑞𝑟𝑒𝑓 ∗ 𝐶𝑒(𝑍𝑖) ∗ 𝐶𝑝𝑖

Where:

 qref=reference mean wind velocity

 Ce(Ze)= exposure coefficients for external pressure
 Ce(Zi)=exposure coefficients for internal pressure
  Ze,Zi= reference height defined in Appendix A of EBCS1

Reference wind pressure

The reference mean wind velocity pressure is given by

1
𝑞𝑟𝑒𝑓 = 2 ∗ 𝜌 ∗ 𝑉𝑟𝑒𝑓 2 EBCS-1 Section 3.7.1

Where:

 ρ is the air density. For Addis Ababa, with an altitude of 2000m above sea level ρ=0.94m3/sec
 Vrefis the reference wind velocity and is defined as
𝑉𝑟𝑒𝑓 = 𝐶𝐷𝐼𝑅 ∗ 𝐶𝑇𝐸𝑀 ∗ 𝐶𝐴𝐿𝑇 ∗ 𝑉𝑟𝑒𝑓,𝑜

Where:

 Vref, o is the basic reference wind velocity 10m above sea level
 CDIR directional factor and allows for the orientation of the structure in relation to the direction
of the prevailing wind.
 CTEM Seasonal variation factor – may be applied to structures of a temporary nature which are
exposed to wind for only part of a given year.
 CALT Altitude factor – allows for the altitude of the site on which the structure is located.

CDIR = 1.0 CTEM =1.0 CALT =1.0 Vref, o= 22m/sec

Thus: Vref = 1.0 * 1.0 * 1.0 * 22m/sec = 22m/sec

1
𝑞𝑟𝑒𝑓 = ∗ 0.94 ∗ 222 = 227.48𝑁/𝑚2
2
Exposure coefficient
The exposure coefficient, Ce(Z) considers the effects of terrain roughness, topography and
height above ground on the mean wind speed and truculence. It is defined by:

7𝐾𝑡
𝐶𝑒 (𝑍) = 𝐶𝑟 2 (𝑍) ∗ 𝐶𝑡 2 (𝑍) ∗ [1 + 𝐶 ] EBCS-1 Equation 3.15
𝑟 (𝑍)∗𝐶𝑡 (𝑍)

Cr(Z): roughness coefficient, accounts for the variability of mean wind velocity at the site of the
structure due to the height above ground level and the roughness of the terrain depending on the wind
direction.

The roughness coefficient at height Z is defined by the logarithmic profile:

 𝑧
𝐶𝑟 (𝑧) = 𝐾𝑡 ln(𝑧 ) for 𝑧𝑚𝑖𝑛 ≤ 𝑧 ≤ 200𝑚 EBCS:1 equation 3.10
𝑜

𝐶𝑟 (𝑧) = 𝐶𝑟 (𝑧𝑚𝑖𝑛 ) for 𝑧 < 𝑧𝑚𝑖𝑛 EBCS:1 equation 3.11

Where: 𝐾𝑡 is the terrain factor

𝑧𝑜 is the roughness length

𝑧𝑚𝑖𝑛 is the minimum height

According to EBCS:1 table 3.2 Addis Ababa is under Terrain category IV

For Terrain category IV

Kt = 0.24, Zo = 1 and Zmin = 16

Since 16𝑚 ≤ 27.9𝑚 ≤ 200𝑚, equation 3.11 must be used. Therefore, the roughness
coefficient becomes:

𝑧 27.9
𝐶𝑟 (𝑧) = 𝐾𝑡 ln ( ) = 0.24 ∗ ln ( ) = 0.799
𝑧𝑜 1

Ct(Z): Topography coefficient, accounts for the increase of mean wind speed over isolated hills
and escarpments (not undulating and mountainous regions). It is related to the wind velocity at the base
of the hill or escarpment.

For flat terrain ∅< 0.05, Ct = 1.0 EBCS 1, 1995 sections 3.8.4
7𝐾𝑡 7 ∗ 0.24
𝐶𝑒 (𝑍) = 𝐶𝑟 2 (𝑍) ∗ 𝐶𝑡 2 (𝑍) ∗ [1 + ] = 0.7992 ∗ 12 ∗ [1 + ] = 1.981
𝐶𝑟 (𝑍) ∗ 𝐶𝑡 (𝑍) 0.799 ∗ 1.0

External Pressure Coefficient

Cpe is the external pressure coefficient for buildings and individual parts of buildings depend on
the size of the loaded area A. Loaded are is the area of the structure, which produces the wind action in
the section to be calculated.
Figure 2.1 Key for Flat Roofs

When the wind direction is in the long direction.

e = min (32.55m, 2 ∗ 27.9m) = 32.55m
𝑒 32.55
= = 8.137𝑚
4 4
𝑒 32.55
= = 16.275𝑚
2 2
𝑒
= 3.255𝑚
10
Area(F)=26.49m2>10 m2

Area(G)=52.98 m2 >10 m2
Area(H)=423.80 m2>10 m2

Area(I)=529.75 m2>10 m2

Internal Pressure coefficient

For closed buildings with internal partitions and openings

𝐶𝑝𝑖 = 0.8 𝑜𝑟 – 0.5

Net pressure𝑊𝑛𝑒𝑡 = 𝑊𝑒 − 𝑊𝑖

= 𝑞𝑟𝑒𝑓 ∗ 𝐶𝑒(𝑧) ∗ [𝐶𝑝𝑒 − 𝐶𝑝𝑖]

= 0.22748 ∗ 1.95 ∗ [𝐶𝑝𝑒 − 𝐶𝑝𝑖]

= 0.4719 ∗ [𝐶𝑝𝑒 − 𝐶𝑝𝑖]

Table 2.1 Net wind pressure calculation

Zone F G H I
𝐶𝑝𝑒 -1.8 -1.2 -0.7 -0.2 0.2
𝐶𝑝𝑖 0.8 0.8 0.8 0.8 -0.5
𝐶𝑝𝑒 − 𝐶𝑝𝑖 -2.6 -2 -1.5 -1 0.7

𝑊𝑛𝑒𝑡 -1.17 -0.9 -0.675 -0.45 0.315

Maximum suction pressure& positive pressure will be taken for design.

The critical suction wind pressure is found to be:

𝑊𝑛𝑒𝑡(−𝑣𝑒) = −1.17𝐾𝑁/𝑚2

𝐾𝑁
𝑊𝑛𝑒𝑡(+𝑣𝑒) = 0.315
𝑚2

When the wind direction is in the shorter direction

e = min (7.76m, 2 ∗ 27.9m) = 7.76m
𝑒 7.76
= = 1.94
4 4
𝑒 7.76
= = 3.88𝑚
2 2
7.76
= 0.776𝑚
10
Area(F)=1.94*0.776=1.5m2 1<Area<10 m2

Area(G)=3.88*0.776=3.01 m2 1<Area<10 m2

Area(H)=3.88*7.76=30.1 m2>10 m2

Area(I)=28.67*7.76=222.48 m2>10 m2

Internal Pressure coefficient

For closed buildings with internal partitions and openings

𝐶𝑝𝑖 = 0.8 𝑜𝑟 – 0.5

Net pressure𝑊𝑛𝑒𝑡 = 𝑊𝑒 − 𝑊𝑖

= 𝑞𝑟𝑒𝑓 ∗ 𝐶𝑒(𝑧) ∗ [𝐶𝑝𝑒 − 𝐶𝑝𝑖]

= 0.22748 ∗ 1.95 ∗ [𝐶𝑝𝑒 − 𝐶𝑝𝑖]

= 0.4719 ∗ [𝐶𝑝𝑒 − 𝐶𝑝𝑖]

For the regions F and G we interpolate to get 𝐶𝑝𝑒 using

𝐶𝑝𝑒𝐹 = 𝐶𝑝𝑒1 + (𝐶𝑝𝑒10 − 𝐶𝑝𝑒1)𝑙𝑜𝑔𝐴𝑟𝑒𝑎
𝐶𝑝𝑒𝐺 = 𝐶𝑝𝑒1 + (𝐶𝑝𝑒10 − 𝐶𝑝𝑒1)𝑙𝑜𝑔𝐴𝑟𝑒

Zone F G H I
𝐶𝑝𝑒 -2.38 -1.62 -0.7 -0.2 0.2
𝐶𝑝𝑖 0.8 0.8 0.8 0.8 -0.5
𝐶𝑝𝑒 − 𝐶𝑝𝑖 -3.18 -2.42 -1.5 -1 0.7
-0.675 -0.45 0.315
𝑊𝑛𝑒𝑡 -1.5 -1.14

Maximum suction pressure& positive pressure will be taken for design.The critical suction wind pressure
𝐾𝑁
is found to be: 𝑊𝑛𝑒𝑡(−𝑣𝑒) = −1.5 𝑚2

𝐾𝑁
𝑊𝑛𝑒𝑡(+𝑣𝑒) = 0.330
𝑚2

For the last design we take:

 𝐾𝑁
𝑊𝑛𝑒𝑡(−𝑣𝑒) = −1.5
𝑚2

𝐾𝑁
𝑊𝑛𝑒𝑡(+𝑣𝑒) = 0.330
𝑚2

Debth determination

The minimum effective depth from servicibility

𝑓𝑦𝑘 𝐿𝑒
𝑑 ≥ [0.4 + 0.6 ∗ ]∗
400 𝛽𝑎

Fyk=300Mpa
300 𝐿
𝑑 ≥ [0.4 + 0.6 ∗
400
] ∗ 𝛽𝑒
𝑎

𝐿
𝑑 ≥ 0.85 ∗ 𝛽𝑒
𝑎

Panel Le(m) Span ratio Span type Ba Effective

depth
S1 5000 1.4 Edge 41 103.69
S2 5000 1.2 Edge 43 99.00
S3 5000 1.2 Edge 43 99.00
S4 5000 1.2 Edge 43 99.00
S5 5000 1.45 Edge 40.5 105.38
CN1 1338 4.4 cantilever 12 94.78
CN2 1800 4.3 cantilever 12 127.5
CN3 1750 5.7 cantilever 12 123.96

ø 8
𝐷 = 𝑑 + 𝐶𝑜𝑣𝑒𝑟 + = 127.5 + 15 + = 146.5𝑚𝑚
2 2
Therefore, use overall depth, 𝐷 = 150𝑚𝑚 for architectural purpose.

d=150-15-4=131mm

DESIGN LOAD AND MOMENT CALCULATION

Panel 1
Ly = 7.04
Lx = 5
Pd = 9.66

Ddead Load
Own Weight = 0.15*25 3.75
Floor finishing = 0.005*21 0.11
cement Screed = 0.045*23 1.04
Partition wall = (0.15*14+0.04*23)*0*2.85/A 0.00
Plastering = 0.02*23 0.46
Total Dea Load 5.35

Live Load 0.5 KN/m2 windload 1.5

Moment Comptuation
αxs = 0.050 Mxs = 12.07
αxf = 0.037 Mxf = 8.93
αys = 0.032 Mys = 7.72
αyf = 0.024 Myf = 5.79

Panel 2
Ly = 6
Lx = 5
Pd = 9.66

Ddead Load
Own Weight = 0.15*25 3.75
Floor finishing = 0.005*21 0.11
cement Screed = 0.045*23 1.04
Partition wall = (0.15*14+0.04*23)*0*2.85/A 0.00
Plastering = 0.02*23 0.46
Total Dea Load 5.35

Live Load 0.5 KN/m2 Wind load 1.5

Moment Comptuation Load Transfer

αxs = 0.042 Mxs = 10.14
αxf = 0.032 Mxf = 7.72
αys = 0.032 Mys = 7.72
αyf = 0.024 Myf = 5.79
Panel 3
Ly = 6
Lx = 5
Pd = 9.66

Ddead Load
Own Weight = 0.15*25 3.75
Floor finishing = 0.005*21 0.11
cement Screed = 0.045*23 1.04
Partition wall = (0.15*14+0.04*23)*0*2.85/A 0.00
Plastering = 0.02*23 0.46
Total Dea Load 5.35

Live Load 0.5 KN/m2 windload 1.5

Moment Comptuation Load Transfer

αxs = 0.042 Mxs = 10.14
αxf = 0.032 Mxf = 7.72
αys = 0.032 Mys = 7.72
αyf = 0.024 Myf = 5.79
Panel 4
Ly = 6.00
Lx = 5.00
Pd = 9.66

Ddead Load
Own Weight = 0.15*25 3.75
Floor finishing = 0.005*21 0.11
cement Screed = 0.045*23 1.04
Partition wall = (0.15*14+0.04*23)*0*2.85/A 0.00
Plastering = 0.02*23 0.46
Total Dea Load 5.35

Live Load 0.5 KN/m2 windload 1.5

Moment Comptuation Load Transfer

αxs = 0.056 Mxs = 13.52
αxf = 0.042 Mxf = 10.14
αys = 0.039 Mys = 9.41
αyf = 0.030 Myf = 7.24
Panel 5
Ly = 7.23
Lx = 5
Pd = 9.66

Ddead Load
Own Weight = 0.15*25 3.75
Floor finishing = 0.005*21 0.11
cement Screed = 0.045*23 1.04
Partition wall = (0.15*14+0.04*23)*0*2.85/A 0.00
Plastering = 0.02*23 0.46
Total Dea Load 5.35

Live Load 0.5 KN/m2 windload 1.5

Moment Comptuation
αxs = 0.052 Mxs = 12.55
αxf = 0.038 Mxf = 9.17
αys = 0.032 Mys = 7.72
αyf = 0.024 Myf = 5.79

LAYOUT OF ROOF SLAB

SUPPORT MOMENT ADJUSTMENT

Roof
Panels ML MS (ML-MS)*100/Ml Method DF,L Madj
PANEL 1 PANEL 2 7.37 7.37 0 Average 0 7.37
PANEL 2 PANEL 3 7.37 7.37 0 Average 0 7.37
Panel 3 Panel 4 8.98 7.37 17.93 Average 0 8.18
Panel 4 Panel 5 8.98 7.37 17.93 Average 0 8.18

Canttiliver Panel 3 49.93 10.14 larger 49.93

1.3.4 Design of Solid Slab
From the adjusted support and span moments, we can now proceed to the design of the solid
slab. For the design of the slab system maximum support and span moments has been taken.

𝑨𝒔Calculation
0.5 0.5
𝜌𝑚𝑖𝑛 = = = 0.00167
𝑓𝑦𝑘 300

As,min = 𝜌𝑚𝑖𝑛 ∗ 𝑏 ∗ 𝑑 = 0.00167 ∗ 1000 ∗ 130 = 218.77𝑚𝑚2

𝐴𝑠 = 𝜌 ∗ 𝑏 ∗ 𝑑

2𝑀𝑢 𝑓𝑐𝑑
𝜌 = (1 − √(1 − 2
)) ∗
𝑏𝑑 𝑓𝑐𝑑 𝑓𝑦𝑑

Spacing Calculation
350,
𝑆𝑚𝑎𝑥 = { = 300𝑚𝑚
2ℎ = 2 ∗ 150 = 300
𝑎𝑠∗𝑏
𝑆= 𝐴𝑠

For Support Moment

Roof
Panels Msd ρ As Spacing Remark

Panel 1 Panel 2 7.37 0.001679 219.9112 228.57 Use ø10C/C200

Panel 2 Panel 3 7.37 0.001679 219.9112 228.57 Use ø10C/C200
Panel 3 Panel 4 8.18 0.001866 244.4694 205.61 Use ø10C/C200

Panel 4 Panel 5 8.18 0.001866 244.4694 205.61 Use ø10C/C200

cantiliver 49.93 0.001666 219.3251 515.91 Use ø10C/C300

For span moment

Roof
 Panels Msd ρ As Spacing Remark
X-dir 8.52 0.001978 257.0832 305.50 Use ø 10 C/C 300
Panel 1
Y-dir 5.53 0.001273 165.4891 474.59 Use ø 10 C/C 300
X-dir 7.37 0.001705 221.6717 354.31 Use ø 10 C/C 300
Panel 2
Y-dir 5.53 0.001273 165.4891 474.59 Use ø 10 C/C 300
X-dir 7.37 0.001705 221.6717 354.31 Use ø 10 C/C 300
Panel 3
Y-dir 5.53 0.001273 165.4891 474.59 Use ø 10 C/C 300
X-dir 9.67 0.002252 292.729 268.30 Use ø 10 C/C 260
Panel 4
Y-dir 6.91 0.001597 207.5716 378.38 Use ø 10 C/C 300
X-dir 8.75 0.002032 264.1935 297.28 Use ø 10 C/C 290
Panel 5
Y-dir 5.53 0.001273 165.4891 474.59 Use ø 10 C/C 300

Check for shear resistance

Load transfer
Vi
Panel DL LL WL Pd Lx βi
DL LL WL Pd
βxc 0.43 11.50 1.08 3.23 20.77
Panel βxd 0 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00
5.35 0.5 1.5 9.66 5
1 βyc 0.33 8.83 0.83 2.48 15.94
βyd 0 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00
βxc 0.39 10.43 0.98 2.93 18.84
Panel βxd 0 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00
5.35 0.5 1.5 9.66 5
2 βyc 0.33 8.83 0.83 2.48 15.94
βyd 0 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00
Panel βxc 0.39 10.43 0.98 2.93 18.84
5.35 0.5 1.5 9.66 5
3 βxd 0 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00
 βyc 0.33 8.83 0.83 2.48 15.94
βyd 0 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00
βxc 0.39 10.43 0.98 2.93 18.84
Panel βxd 0 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00
5.35 0.5 1.5 9.66 5
4 βyc 0.33 8.83 0.83 2.48 15.94
βyd 0 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00
βxc 0.44 11.77 1.10 3.30 21.25
Panel βxd 0 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00
5.35 0.5 1.5 9.66 5
5 βyc 0.33 8.83 0.83 2.48 15.94
βyd 0 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00

𝑉𝐶 = 0.25 ∗ 𝑓𝑐𝑡𝑑 ∗ 𝑘1 ∗ 𝑘2 ∗ 𝑏 ∗ 𝑑

Where: 𝑘1 = 1 + 50𝜌 < 2 𝑘1 = 1 + 50 ∗ 0.00225 = 1.113<2

𝑘2 = 1.6 − 𝑑 > 1, 𝑘2 = 1.6 − 0.13 = 1.47 > 1

𝐴𝑠
𝜌=
𝑏𝑤 ∗ 𝑑

292.729
𝜌= = 0.00225
1000 ∗ 130

𝑘2 = 1.6 − 𝑑 = 1.6 − 0.13 = 1.47

𝑉𝐶 = 0.25 ∗ 1.03 ∗ 1.113 ∗ 1.47 ∗ 1000 ∗ 130 = 54.768KN/m.

Therefore maximum shear from the above design is

1.3*11.77+1.35(1.08+3.23)=21.12KN/m<54.768KN/m ……OK!
CHAPTER 3 SLAB ANALYSIS AND DESIGN

3.1 Introduction
A reinforced concrete slab is abroad, flat plate, usually horizontal, with top and bottom surface
parallel or nearly so. It is used to provide flat surface mainly for roofs and floors of building parking lots,
air fields, road ways, bridges etc. It may be supported by reinforced concrete beam, by masonry or
reinforced concrete walls, by structural steel members, directly by columns, or continuously by the
ground. But we are intended to design beam supported floor and roofs solid slabs of the building
according to EBCS-1995.

Beam support slab can be classified as one-way slab and two-way slab based on the longer to
shorter length ratio.

A. One way slabs: - main reinforcement in each element runs in one direction only. The slab is one way
if the slab panel longer length to shorter length ratio is greater than two (i.e. Ly/Lx > 2).

B. Two-way slab:-main reinforcement runs in both directions where ratio of long to short span is less
than two (i.e.LY/LX ≤2).

Panel selection

Before proceeding to the analysis and design of solid slab we should select type of panel. The
selection of panels is dependent on:

Boundary condition
Shorter (Lx) and longer(Ly) length of the panel
Function of panel.

To make the analysis and design process easier, each panel must be given an identity (name). For
this case, the panels are named as follows.
 Figure 3.1 Panel and Stair Naming

3.2 Basement Floor Analysis and Design

Since the basement floor slab is directly supported by hard core and the soil, there is no need of
analysis calculation. However, minimum reinforcement shall be provided to avoid crack due to thermal
expansion and contraction.

3.2.1 𝐀𝐬, 𝐦𝐢𝐧Calculation

0.5 0.5
𝜌𝑚𝑖𝑛 = = = 0.00167
𝑓𝑦𝑘 300

As,min = 𝜌𝑚𝑖𝑛 ∗ 𝑏 ∗ 𝑑 = 0.00167 ∗ 1000 ∗ 117 = 195.39𝑚𝑚2

3.2.2 Spacing Calculation
Spacing:-the spacing between main bars for slabs shall not exceed the smaller of 2h or 350mm
and the spacing between secondary bars shall not exceed 400mm. [EBCS2 sec 7.2.2.2]

350,
𝑆𝑚𝑎𝑥 = { = 300𝑚𝑚
2ℎ = 2 ∗ 150 = 300
Using ∅8 rebar,

122
𝑎𝑠 = 𝜋 ∗ = 50.26𝑚𝑚2
4

𝑎𝑠 ∗ 𝑏 50.26𝑚𝑚2 ∗ 1000
𝑆= = = 257𝑚𝑚 < 300𝑚𝑚
𝐴𝑠 195.39𝑚𝑚2

Therefore, USE∅8 C/C 250mm

3.3 Solid Slab Analysis and Design
3.3.1 Depth determination
𝑓𝑦𝑘 𝐿𝑒
𝑑 ≥ [0.4 + 0.6 ∗ ]∗
400 𝛽𝑎

For most panels, the dimension is 5m by 6m. Therefore, 𝐿𝑦/𝐿𝑥 = 1.2

For End Spans, 𝛽𝑎 = 38

300 5000
𝑑 ≥ [0.4 + 0.6 ∗ ]∗ = 111.84
400 38
For Interior Spans, 𝛽𝑎 = 43
300 5000
𝑑 ≥ [0.4 + 0.6 ∗ ]∗ = 98.8
400 43
For Cantilever, 𝛽𝑎 = 12
300 1650
𝑑 ≥ [0.4 + 0.6 ∗ ]∗ = 116.875
400 12
ø 10
𝐷 = 𝑑 + 𝐶𝑜𝑣𝑒𝑟 + = 116.875 + 15 + = 136.875𝑚𝑚
2 2
Therefore, use overall depth, 𝐷 = 150𝑚𝑚 for architectural purpose.

3.3.3 Analysis of Solid Slab

3.3.3.1 Moment Computation
Moment Calculation for two-way slab using coefficient method
The first stage of design is to determine support and span moments for all panels.

The support and span moments are calculated as

Mi = αi ∗ Pd ∗ Lx 2 EBCS-2, 1995 Section A-1

Where

 Mi.= Design moment per unite width of reference

 𝑃𝑑=Uniformly Distributed Design Load
 𝛼i=Coefficient given in table A-1of EBCS-2, 1995 as a function of ratio Ly/Lx and Support
condition.
 Lx =effective shorter length of panel.

Loading and moment on each floor at each panel has been computed using excel as shown in the
table below.

Ground Floor
First Floor
Second Floor
Third Floor
Eighth Floor
 Analysis of the Cantilever Slab
Loading

Own Weight = 0.15 ∗ 25 = 3.75 𝐾𝑁/𝑚2

Floor finishing = 0.005 ∗ 21 = 0.11𝐾𝑁/𝑚2

Cement Screed = 0.045 ∗ 23 = 1.04𝐾𝑁/𝑚2

Plastering = 0.02 ∗ 23 = 0.46𝐾𝑁/𝑚2

Total Dead load = 5.36𝐾𝑁/𝑚2

Partition wall = (0.15 ∗ 14 + 0.04 ∗ 23) ∗ 2.85 = 8.607𝐾𝑁/𝑚

Live load = 5𝐾𝑁/𝑚2

 Figure 3.3 Bending moment diagram of the cantilever

Stirp Method of Slab Analysis

Strip method of analysis is found to be necessary where it is difficult to use the coefficient method
of analysis. This method of analysis is mainly used for:

slabs with unsupported edges,

slabs with hole and
slabs with irregular shape.

In our case it has been found to be necessary to use the strip method of analysis for panel 3 and
panel 8 (slabs with holes).

Analysis of panel 3

Figure 3.2 Strip Method of Slab Analysis for Panel 3

Section A-A

Figure 3.3 Loading for Section A-A

Figure 3.4 Bending Moment Diagram for Section A-A

Section B-B

Figure 3.5 Loading for Section B-B

Figure 3.6 Bending Moment Diagram for Section B-B

Section C-C

Figure 3.7 Loading for Section C-C

 Figure 3.8 Bending Moment Diagram for Section C-C

Section D-D

Figure 3.9 Loading for Section D-D

Figure 3.10 Bending Moment Diagram for Section D-D

Reinforcement of pannel 3
strip Msd ρ As Spacing Remark
A-A 4.95 0.0012 218.77 758.65 Use ø 10 C/C 300
B-B 25.59 0.0064 820.51 137.84 Use ø 10 C/C 130
C-C 5.62 0.0013 218.77 666.97 Use ø 10 C/C 300
D-D 27.07 0.0068 872.31 129.65 Use ø 10 C/C 120
Mfd
A-A 1.19 0.0003 218.77 758.65 Use ø 10 C/C 300
B-B 24.50 0.0061 782.71 144.49 Use ø 10 C/C 140
C-C 0.91 0.0002 218.77 758.65 Use ø 10 C/C 300
 D-D 28.85 0.0073 935.38 120.91 Use ø 10 C/C 120

Analysis of panel 8

Figure 3.11 Strip Method of Slab Analysis for pa

Section A-A

Figure3.12 loading for Section A-A

Figure 3.13 Bending moment diagram for section A-A

Section B-B

Figure 3.14 loading for Section B-B

Figure 3.15 Bending moment diagram for section B-B

Section C-C
 Figure 3.16 loading for Section C-C

Figure 3.17 Bending moment diagram for section C-C

Section D-D

Figure 3.18 loading for Section D-D

Figure 3.19 Bending moment diagram for section D-D

Reinforcement of pannel
 strip Msd ρ As Spacing Remark
A-A 7.83 0.0018 237.72 475.76 Use ø 10 C/C 300
B-B 26.18 0.0065 841.09 134.46 Use ø 10 C/C 130
C-C 8.51 0.0020 258.86 436.90 Use ø 10 C/C 300
D-D 20.07 0.0049 632.05 178.94 Use ø 10 C/C 170
Mfd
A-A 1.57 0.0004 46.85 2414.05 Use ø 10 C/C 300
B-B 24.50 0.0061 782.71 144.49 Use ø 10 C/C 140
C-C 0.82 0.0002 24.42 4631.31 Use ø 10 C/C 300
D-D 28.85 0.0073 935.38 120.91 Use ø 10 C/C 120

3.3.3.2 Support Moment Adjustment

For each support over which the slab is continuous there will thus generally be two different support
moments. The difference may be distributed between the panels on either side of the support to
equalize their moments, as in the moment distribution method for frames.

Two methods of differing accuracy are given here for treating the effects of this redistribution
on moments away from the support.

Method I

Method 1 is used when

 When differences between initial support moments are less than 20 percent of the larger
moment, and
 only for internal structures where the live load does not exceed 2.5 times the permanent load
(qk ≤ 2.5gk) or 0.8 times the dead load for external structures(qk ≤ 0.8gk).

Method II
  In this method consideration of the effects of changes of support moments is limited to the
adjacent spans. Since no effects on neighboring support sections need be considered, only a
simple balancing operation is required at each edge and no iterative process is involved.
 The procedure for applying Method II, is as follows
2. Support and span moments are first calculated for individual panels by assuming each
panel to be fully loaded
3. The unbalanced moment is distributed using the moment distribution method. The
relative stiffness of each panel shall be taken proportional to its gross moment of inertia
divided by the smaller span.
4. If the support moment is decreased, the span moments 𝑚𝑥𝑓 and 𝑚𝑦𝑓 are then
increased to allow for the changes of support moments.

B/n panel 1 & 2

𝑀𝐿 − 𝑀𝑆 26.32 − 23.39
∗ 100% = ∗ 100% = 11.13% < 20%
𝑀𝐿 26.32

Therefore, moment adjustment for the two panels are using method I (Average).

26.32 + 23.39
𝑀𝑎𝑑𝑗 = = 24.855𝐾𝑁. 𝑚
2

B/n panel 4 & 5

𝑀𝐿 − 𝑀𝑆 15.78 − 11.85
∗ 100% = ∗ 100% = 24.9 > 20%
𝑀𝐿 15.78

Therefore, moment adjustment for the two panels are using method I I(moment redistribution).

𝑀𝐿 = 𝑀𝐿 − 𝐷𝐹 ∗ ∆𝑀 = 15.78 − 0.35 ∗ 3.93 = 14.40

𝑀𝑆 = 𝑀𝑆 + 𝐷𝐹 ∗ ∆𝑀 = 11.85 + 0.35 ∗ 3.93 = 14.40

For the rest of the panels moment adjustment is done using Excel as shown in the table below.

Table 3.4 Support Moment Adjustment

Ground Floor
𝑴𝑳 − 𝑴𝑺
∗ 𝟏𝟎𝟎%
Panels ML MS 𝑴𝑳 Method DF,L Madj
Panel 1 Panel 2 18.09 16.82 7.02 Average 17.46
Panel 4 Panel 5 15.78 11.85 24.90 moment redistribution 0.35 14.40
Panel 6 Panel 7 14.76 13.46 8.81 Average 14.11
Panel 9 Panel 10 14.74 13.46 8.68 Average 14.10
Panel 11 Panel 12 17.94 16.65 7.19 Average 17.30
Panel 13 Panel 14 17.88 16.77 6.21 Average 17.33
Panel 1 panel 6 18.46 9.52 48.43 moment redistribution 0.5 13.99
panel 2 panel 7 25.98 17.66 32.02 moment redistribution 0.5 21.82
panel 4 panel 9 22.66 17.66 22.07 moment redistribution 0.5 20.16
panel 5 panel 10 20.09 6.16 69.34 moment redistribution 0.5 13.13
panel 6 panel 11 22.18 18.46 16.77 Average 20.32
panel 7 panel 12 23.91 17.66 26.14 moment redistribution 0.5 20.79
panel 9 panel 13 24.08 17.66 26.66 moment redistribution 0.5 20.87
panel 10 panel 14 25.57 20.09 21.43 moment redistribution 0.5 22.83

First Floor
𝑴𝑳 − 𝑴𝑺
∗ 𝟏𝟎𝟎%
Panels ML MS 𝑴𝑳 Method DF,L Madj
Panel 1 Panel 2 18.09 16.82 7.02 Average 17.46
Panel 4 Panel 5 15.78 11.85 24.90 moment redistribution 0.35 14.40
Panel 6 Panel 7 15.56 12.81 17.67 Average 14.19
Panel 9 Panel 10 15.51 13.46 13.22 Average 14.49
Panel 11 Panel 12 15.91 13.02 18.16 Average 14.47
Panel 13 Panel 14 15.68 12.99 17.16 Average 14.34
Panel 1 panel 6 19.47 9.52 51.10 moment redistribution 0.5 14.50
panel 2 panel 7 25.98 16.82 35.26 moment redistribution 0.5 21.40
panel 4 panel 9 22.66 17.66 22.07 moment redistribution 0.5 20.16
panel 5 panel 10 21.13 6.16 70.85 moment redistribution 0.5 13.65
panel 6 panel 11 19.47 18.47 5.14 Average 18.97
panel 7 panel 12 17.09 16.82 1.58 Average 16.96
panel 9 panel 13 17.66 16.24 8.04 Average 16.95
panel 10 panel 14 21.13 20.4 3.45 Average 20.77

Second Floor
𝑴𝑳 − 𝑴𝑺
∗ 𝟏𝟎𝟎%
Panels ML MS 𝑴𝑳 Method DF,L Madj
Panel 1 Panel 2 18.09 16.82 7.02 Average 17.46
Panel 4 Panel 5 15.78 11.85 24.90 moment Redistribution 0.35 14.40
Panel 6 Panel 7 14.58 12.04 17.42 Average 13.31
Panel 9 Panel 10 12.38 11.96 3.39 Average 12.17
Panel 11 Panel 12 11.96 11.96 0.00 Average 11.96
panel 13 panel 14 18.69 14.96 19.96 Average 16.83
Panel 1 panel 6 18.24 9.52 47.81 moment Redistribution 0.5 13.88
panel 2 panel 7 25.98 15.8 39.18 moment Redistribution 0.5 20.89
panel 4 panel 9 22.69 15.7 30.81 moment Redistribution 0.5 19.20
panel 5 panel 10 18.32 6.16 66.38 moment Redistribution 0.5 12.24
panel 6 panel 11 18.24 14.43 20.89 moment Redistribution 0.5 16.34
panel 7 panel 12 15.8 15.7 0.63 Average 15.75
panel 9 panel 13 15.7 14.96 4.71 Average 15.33
panel 10 panel 14 18.69 18.32 1.98 Average 18.51

Third Floor
𝑴𝑳 − 𝑴𝑺
∗ 𝟏𝟎𝟎%
Panels ML MS 𝑴𝑳 Method DF,L Madj
Panel 1 Panel 2 18.09 16.82 7.02 Average 17.46
Panel 4 Panel 5 16.4 11.85 27.74 moment redistribution 0.35 14.80
Panel 6 Panel 7 15.97 13.47 15.65 Average 14.72
Panel 9 Panel 10 13.22 13.08 1.06 Average 13.15
Panel 11 Panel 12 13.34 13.05 2.17 Average 13.20
Panel 13 Panel 14 13.42 12.81 4.55 Average 13.12
Panel 1 panel 6 19.98 9.52 52.35 moment redistribution 0.5 14.75
panel 2 panel 7 25.98 17.68 31.95 moment redistribution 0.5 21.83
panel 4 panel 9 23.55 17.35 26.33 moment redistribution 0.5 20.45
panel 5 panel 10 20.01 6.16 69.22 moment redistribution 0.5 13.09
panel 6 panel 11 19.98 16.1 19.42 Average 18.04
panel 7 panel 12 17.68 17.13 3.11 Average 17.41
panel 9 panel 13 17.35 16.02 7.67 Average 16.69
panel 10 panel 14 20.01 18.76 6.25 Average 19.39

Eighth Floor
𝑴𝑳 − 𝑴𝑺
∗ 𝟏𝟎𝟎%
Panels ML MS 𝑴𝑳 Method DF,L Madj
Panel 1 Panel 2 12.08 10.87 10.02 Average 11.48
Panel 4 Panel 5 11.65 9.11 21.80 moment redistribution 0.35 10.76
Panel 6 Panel 7 13.02 10.68 17.97 Average 11.85
Panel 7 Panel 8 13.02 13.02 0.00 Average 13.02
Panel 8 Panel 9 13.02 13.02 0.00 Average 13.02
Panel 9 Panel 10 15.69 13.02 17.02 Average 14.36
Panel 1 panel 6 18.88 17.36 8.05 Average 18.12
panel 2 panel 7 18.7 14.26 23.74 moment redistribution 0.5 16.48
panel 4 panel 9 18.7 11.96 36.04 moment redistribution 0.5 15.33
panel 5 panel 10 20.36 15.78 22.50 moment redistribution 0.5 18.07

Span Moment Adjustment

Span Moment Adjustment

 If the support moment is decreased the span moments Mxf and Myf are then
increased allow for the changes of support moment.
Mxdf = Mxf + Cx∆M’
Mydf = Myf + Cy∆M’
Where, ∆M’= MR-Md (on all the supports)
Cx, Cy = Coefficients for adjusting span moments given in table.
 If the support moment is increased, no adjustment shall be made to the span
momen

Table 3.3 Span Moment Adjustment

Ground Floor
Panel Mxf Myf Cx Cy ∆M Mxf,adj Myf,adj
Panel2 19.48 13.92 0.344 0.364 4.16 20.91 15.43
Panel 4 17 12.14 0.338 0.172 2.5 17.85 12.57
Panel 6 13.85 10.97 0.354 0.358 4.47 15.43 12.57
Panel 10 15.03 10.96 0.373 0.350 3.13 16.20 12.06
Panel 12 17.93 12.81 0.344 0.364 3.2 19.03 13.97
Panel 13 18.02 12.9 0.344 0.364 3.21 19.12 14.07
Panel 14 18.95 13.7 0.381 0.345 2.74 19.99 14.65

First Floor
Panel Mxf Myf Cx Cy ∆Mx ∆My Mxf,adj Myf,adj
Panel 1 12.63 7.92 0.291 0.282 0 9.95 12.63 10.73
Panel 2 19.48 13.92 0.338 0.364 0 8.98 19.48 17.19
Panel 4 17 12.14 0.338 0.364 5 11.29 18.69 16.25
Panel 5 8.85 4.74 0.313 0.327 14.97 3.93 13.54 6.02
Panel 7 13.46 10.09 0.338 0.364 9.16 7.26 16.56 12.73
Panel 9 13.46 10.09 0.338 0.364 5 6.61 15.15 12.50
Panel 10 15.03 10.96 0.321 0.343 5.48 0 16.79 10.96

Second Floor
Panel Mxf Myf Cx Cy ∆M Mxf,adj Myf,adj
Panel2 19.48 13.92 0.344 0.364 10.18 22.98 24.46
Panel 4 17 12.14 0.338 0.364 6.99 19.36 19.49
Panel 6 13.68 10.84 0.338 0.361 8.72 16.63 19.92
Panel 10 13.8 9.28 0.338 0.343 12.16 17.91 21.78
Panel 12 11.96 8.97 0.338 0.364 0.1 11.99 9.43
Panel 13 11.96 8.97 0.338 0.364 0.74 12.21 10.07
Panel 14 14.23 10.03 0.373 0.354 0.37 14.37 10.75

Third Floor
Panel Mxf Myf Cx Cy ∆M Mxf,adj Myf,adj
Panel2 15.97 13.92 0.344 0.364 8.3 18.83 16.94
Panel 4 17.66 12.61 0.338 0.364 6.2 19.76 14.87
Panel 6 15.97 11.87 0.338 0.361 10.46 19.51 15.65
Panel 10 13.22 10.14 0.325 0.343 13.85 17.72 14.89
Panel 12 20.07 9.79 0.338 0.364 0.55 20.26 9.99
Panel 13 13.42 9.61 0.352 0.364 1.33 13.89 10.09
Panel 14 20.01 10.07 0.325 0.354 1.25 20.42 10.51

Eight floor
Panel Mxf Myf Cx Cy ∆My Mxf,adj Myf,adj
Panel1 13.97 12.08 0.305 0.364 0.6 14.15 12.30
Panel 5 11.65 9.02 0.338 0.364 1.27 12.08 9.48
 Panel 6 13.03 8.01 0.338 0.361 0.76 13.29 8.28
Panel 10 15.02 12.02 0.338 0.343 1.33 15.47 12.48
Panel 7 14.02 10.02 0.334 0.364 0.55 14.20 10.22
Panel 9 15.33 10.02 0.338 0.364 3.37 16.47 11.25

.3.3 Load Transfer

Table 3.4 Load Transfer to the Beams

Ground Floor
Vi
Panel DL LL Pd Lx βi
DL LL Pd
βxc 0.5568 18.00 8.49 36.99
βxd 0.3668 11.86 5.59 24.37
Panel 1 10.6 5 21.78 3.05
βyc 0.4 12.93 6.10 26.57
βyd 0.26 8.41 3.97 17.27
βxc 0.44 17.86 11.00 40.81
βxd 0.24 9.74 6.00 22.26
Panel 2 8.12 5 18.55 5
βyc 0.36 14.62 9.00 33.39
βyd 0 0.00 0.00 0.00
βxc 0.44 13.86 11.00 35.62
βxd 0.24 7.56 6.00 19.43
Panel 4 6.3 5 16.19 5
βyc 0.36 11.34 9.00 29.14
βyd 0 0.00 0.00 0.00
βxc 0.5448 9.47 8.85 26.49
βxd 0.3548 6.17 5.77 17.25
Panel 5 5.35 5 14.96 3.25
βyc 0.4 6.96 6.50 19.45
βyd 0.26 4.52 4.23 12.64
βxc 0.4248 11.66 10.62 32.11
βxd 0 0.00 0.00 0.00
Panel 6 5.49 5 15.12 5
βyc 0.36 9.88 9.00 27.22
βyd 0.24 6.59 6.00 18.14
βxc 0.39 13.22 9.75 32.84
Panel 7 6.78 5 16.84 5 βxd 0 0.00 0.00 0.00
βyc 0.33 11.19 8.25 27.79
 βyd 0 0.00 0.00 0.00
βxc 0.39 13.22 9.75 32.80
βxd 0 0.00 0.00 0.00
Panel 9 6.78 5 16.82 5
βyc 0.33 11.19 8.25 27.75
βyd 0 0.00 0.00 0.00
βxc 0.4438 12.16 11.10 33.55
βxd 0 0.00 0.00 0.00
Panel 10 5.48 5 15.12 5
βyc 0.36 9.86 9.00 27.22
βyd 0.24 6.58 6.00 18.14
βxc 0.4496 12.57 11.24 34.33
βxd 0.2964 8.28 7.41 22.63
Panel 11 5.59 5 15.27 5
βyc 0.4 11.18 10.00 30.54
βyd 0.26 7.27 6.50 19.85
βxc 0.44 15.38 11.00 37.58
βxd 0.24 8.39 6.00 20.50
Panel 12 6.99 5 17.08 5
βyc 0.36 12.58 9.00 30.74
βyd 0 0.00 0.00 0.00
βxc 0.44 15.55 11.00 37.84
βxd 0.24 8.48 6.00 20.64
Panel 13 7.07 5 17.2 5
βyc 0.36 12.73 9.00 30.96
βyd 0 0.00 0.00 0.00
βxc 0.4904 13.61 12.26 37.32
βxd 0.3236 8.98 8.09 24.63
Panel 14 5.55 5 15.22 5
βyc 0.4 11.10 10.00 30.44
βyd 0.26 7.22 6.50 19.79

First Floor
Vi
Panel DL LL Pd Lx βi
DL LL Pd
βxc 0.5568 18.00 8.49 36.99
Panel 1 10.6 5 21.78 3.05 βxd 0.3668 11.86 5.59 24.37
βyc 0.4 12.93 6.10 26.57
 βyd 0.26 8.41 3.97 17.27
βxc 0.44 17.86 11.00 40.81
βxd 0.24 9.74 6.00 22.26
Panel 2 8.12 5 18.55 5
βyc 0.36 14.62 9.00 33.39
βyd 0 0.00 0.00 0.00
βxc 0.44 13.86 11.00 35.62
βxd 0.24 7.56 6.00 19.43
Panel 4 6.3 5 16.19 5
βyc 0.36 11.34 9.00 29.14
βyd 0 0.00 0.00 0.00
βxc 0.5448 9.47 8.85 26.49
βxd 0.3548 6.17 5.77 17.25
Panel 5 5.35 5 14.96 3.25
βyc 0.4 6.96 6.50 19.45
βyd 0.26 4.52 4.23 12.64
βxc 0.4248 13.00 10.62 33.90
βxd 0 0.00 0.00 0.00
Panel 6 6.12 5 15.96 5
βyc 0.36 11.02 9.00 28.73
βyd 0.24 7.34 6.00 19.15
βxc 0.39 12.03 9.75 31.24
βxd 0 0.00 0.00 0.00
Panel 7 6.17 5 16.02 5
βyc 0.33 10.18 8.25 26.43
βyd 0 0.00 0.00 0.00
βxc 0.39 13.22 9.75 32.80
βxd 0 0.00 0.00 0.00
Panel 9 6.78 5 16.82 5
βyc 0.33 11.19 8.25 27.75
βyd 0 0.00 0.00 0.00
βxc 0.4176 12.70 10.44 33.22
βxd 0 0.00 0.00 0.00
Panel 10 6.08 5 15.91 5
βyc 0.33 10.03 8.25 26.25
βyd 0 0.00 0.00 0.00
βxc 0.3996 12.79 9.99 32.61
βxd 0 0.00 0.00 0.00
Panel 11 6.4 5 16.32 5
βyc 0.36 11.52 9.00 29.38
βyd 0.24 7.68 6.00 19.58
βxc 0.39 12.42 9.75 31.75
βxd 0 0.00 0.00 0.00
Panel 12 6.37 5 16.28 5
βyc 0.33 10.51 8.25 26.86
βyd 0 0.00 0.00 0.00
 βxc 0.39 12.36 9.75 31.67
βxd 0 0.00 0.00 0.00
Panel 13 6.34 5 16.24 5
βyc 0.33 10.46 8.25 26.80
βyd 0 0.00 0.00 0.00
βxc 0.4336 13.48 10.84 34.88
βxd 0 0.00 0.00 0.00
Panel 14 6.22 5 16.09 5
βyc 0.36 11.20 9.00 28.96
βyd 0.24 7.46 6.00 19.31
βxc 0.5892 11.41 10.66 31.91
βxd 0.3828 7.41 6.93 20.73
Panel 15 5.35 5 14.96 3.62
βyc 0 0.00 0.00 0.00
βyd 0.3 5.81 5.43 16.25

Second Floor
Vi
Panel DL LL Pd Lx βi
DL LL Pd
βxc 0.5568 18.00 8.49 36.99
βxd 0.3668 11.86 5.59 24.37
Panel 1 10.6 5 21.78 3.05
βyc 0.4 12.93 6.10 26.57
βyd 0.26 8.41 3.97 17.27
βxc 0.44 17.86 11.00 40.81
βxd 0.24 9.74 6.00 22.26
Panel 2 8.12 5 18.55 5
βyc 0.36 14.62 9.00 33.39
βyd 0 0.00 0.00 0.00
βxc 0.44 13.86 11.00 35.62
βxd 0.24 7.56 6.00 19.43
Panel 4 6.3 5 16.19 5
βyc 0.36 11.34 9.00 29.14
βyd 0 0.00 0.00 0.00
βxc 0.5448 9.47 8.85 26.49
βxd 0.3548 6.17 5.77 17.25
Panel 5 5.35 5 14.96 3.25
βyc 0.4 6.96 6.50 19.45
βyd 0.26 4.52 4.23 12.64
βxc 0.3948 10.56 9.87 29.53
βxd 0 0.00 0.00 0.00
Panel 6 5.35 5 14.96 5
βyc 0.33 8.83 8.25 24.68
βyd 0 0.00 0.00 0.00
Panel 7 5.42 5 15.07 5 βxc 0.39 10.57 9.75 29.39
 βxd 0 0.00 0.00 0.00
βyc 0.33 8.94 8.25 24.87
βyd 0 0.00 0.00 0.00
βxc 0.39 10.43 9.75 29.17
βxd 0 0.00 0.00 0.00
Panel 9 5.35 5 14.96 5
βyc 0.33 8.83 8.25 24.68
βyd 0 0.00 0.00 0.00
βxc 0.4176 12.01 10.44 32.30
βxd 0 0.00 0.00 0.00
Panel 10 5.75 5 15.47 5
βyc 0.33 9.49 8.25 25.53
βyd 0 0.00 0.00 0.00
βxc 0.3696 9.89 9.24 27.65
βxd 0 0.00 0.00 0.00
Panel 11 5.35 5 14.96 5
βyc 0.33 8.83 8.25 24.68
βyd 0 0.00 0.00 0.00
βxc 0.39 10.43 9.75 29.17
βxd 0 0.00 0.00 0.00
Panel 12 5.35 5 14.96 5
βyc 0.33 8.83 8.25 24.68
βyd 0 0.00 0.00 0.00
βxc 0.39 10.43 9.75 29.17
βxd 0 0.00 0.00 0.00
Panel 13 5.35 5 14.96 5
βyc 0.33 8.83 8.25 24.68
βyd 0 0.00 0.00 0.00
βxc 0.4036 13.54 10.09 33.74
βxd 0 0.00 0.00 0.00
Panel 14 6.71 5 16.72 5
βyc 0.33 11.07 8.25 27.59
βyd 0 0.00 0.00 0.00
βxc 0.5892 11.41 10.66 31.91
βxd 0.3828 7.41 6.93 20.73
Panel 15 5.35 5 14.96 3.62
βyc 0 0.00 0.00 0.00
βyd 0.3 5.81 5.43 16.25

Third Floor
Vi
Panel DL LL Pd Lx βi
DL LL Pd
βxc 0.5568 18.00 8.49 36.99
Panel 1 10.6 5 21.78 5
βxd 0.3668 11.86 5.59 24.37
 βyc 0.4 12.93 6.10 26.57
βyd 0.26 8.41 3.97 17.27
βxc 0.44 17.86 11.00 40.81
βxd 0.24 9.74 6.00 22.26
Panel 2 8.12 5 18.55 5
βyc 0.36 14.62 9.00 33.39
βyd 0 0.00 0.00 0.00
βxc 0.44 14.92 11.00 37.00
βxd 0.24 8.14 6.00 20.18
Panel 4 6.78 5 16.82 5
βyc 0.36 12.20 9.00 30.28
βyd 0 0.00 0.00 0.00
βxc 0.5448 9.47 8.85 26.49
βxd 0.3548 6.17 5.77 17.25
Panel 5 5.35 5 14.96 5
βyc 0.4 6.96 6.50 19.45
βyd 0.26 4.52 4.23 12.64
βxc 0.3948 12.73 9.87 32.33
βxd 0 0.00 0.00 0.00
Panel 6 6.45 5 16.38 5
βyc 0.33 10.64 8.25 27.03
βyd 0 0.00 0.00 0.00
βxc 0.39 13.26 9.75 32.84
βxd 0 0.00 0.00 0.00
Panel 7 6.8 5 16.84 5
βyc 0.33 11.22 8.25 27.79
βyd 0 0.00 0.00 0.00
βxc 0.39 12.77 9.75 32.21
βxd 0 0.00 0.00 0.00
Panel 9 6.55 5 16.52 5
βyc 0.33 10.81 8.25 27.26
βyd 0 0.00 0.00 0.00
βxc 0.4176 14.30 10.44 35.29
βxd 0 0.00 0.00 0.00
Panel 10 6.85 5 16.9 5
βyc 0.33 11.30 8.25 27.89
βyd 0 0.00 0.00 0.00
βxc 0.3696 12.34 9.24 30.82
βxd 0 0.00 0.00 0.00
Panel 11 6.68 5 16.68 5
βyc 0.33 11.02 8.25 27.52
βyd 0 0.00 0.00 0.00
βxc 0.39 12.48 9.75 31.82
Panel 12 6.4 5 16.32 5 βxd 0 0.00 0.00 0.00
βyc 0.33 10.56 8.25 26.93
 βyd 0 0.00 0.00 0.00
βxc 0.39 12.03 9.75 31.24
βxd 0 0.00 0.00 0.00
Panel 13 6.17 5 16.02 5
βyc 0.33 10.18 8.25 26.43
βyd 0 0.00 0.00 0.00
βxc 0.4036 13.62 10.09 33.86
βxd 0 0.00 0.00 0.00
Panel 14 6.75 5 16.78 5
βyc 0.33 11.14 8.25 27.69
βyd 0 0.00 0.00 0.00

Eighth Floor
Vi
Panel DL LL Pd Lx βi
DL LL Pd
βxc 0.4916 22.52 4.92 37.12
βxd 0.3216 14.73 3.22 24.28
Panel 1 9.16 2 15.1 5
βyc 0.36 16.49 3.60 27.18
βyd 0 0.00 0.00 0.00
βxc 0.47 18.78 4.70 31.91
βxd 0.31 12.38 3.10 21.05
Panel 2 7.99 2 13.58 5
βyc 0.4 15.98 4.00 27.16
βyd 0.26 10.39 2.60 17.65
βxc 0.47 14.81 4.70 26.77
βxd 0.31 9.77 3.10 17.65
Panel 4 6.3 2 11.39 5
βyc 0.4 12.60 4.00 22.78
βyd 0.26 8.19 2.60 14.81
βxc 0.4992 22.71 4.99 37.51
βxd 0.3292 14.98 3.29 24.74
Panel 5 9.1 2 15.03 5
βyc 0.36 16.38 3.60 27.05
βyd 0 0.00 0.00 0.00
βxc 0.4472 11.96 8.94 29.87
βxd 0.2948 7.89 5.90 19.69
Panel 6 5.35 4 13.36 5
βyc 0.36 9.63 7.20 24.05
βyd 0 0.00 0.00 0.00
βxc 0.44 11.77 8.80 29.39
βxd 0.29 7.76 5.80 19.37
Panel 7 5.35 4 13.36 5
βyc 0.36 9.63 7.20 24.05
βyd 0 0.00 0.00 0.00
 βxc 0.44 11.77 8.80 29.39
βxd 0.29 7.76 5.80 19.37
Panel 8 5.35 4 13.36 5
βyc 0.36 9.63 7.20 24.05
βyd 0 0.00 0.00 0.00
βxc 0.44 11.77 8.80 29.39
βxd 0.29 7.76 5.80 19.37
Panel 9 5.35 4 13.36 5
βyc 0.36 9.63 7.20 24.05
βyd 0 0.00 0.00 0.00
βxc 0.4776 12.78 9.55 31.90
βxd 0.3138 8.39 6.28 20.96
Panel 10 5.35 4 13.36 5
βyc 0.36 9.63 7.20 24.05
βyd 0 0.00 0.00 0.00

4.3.4 Design of Solid Slab

From the adjusted support and span moments, we can now proceed to the design of the solid
slab. For the design of the slab system maximum support and span moments has been taken.

𝑨𝒔Calculation
0.5 0.5
𝜌𝑚𝑖𝑛 = = = 0.00167
𝑓𝑦𝑘 300

As,min = 𝜌𝑚𝑖𝑛 ∗ 𝑏 ∗ 𝑑 = 0.00167 ∗ 1000 ∗ 178 = 297.26𝑚𝑚2

𝐴𝑠 = 𝜌 ∗ 𝑏 ∗ 𝑑
 2𝑀𝑢 𝑓𝑐𝑑
𝜌 = (1 − √(1 − 2
)) ∗
𝑏𝑑 𝑓𝑐𝑑 𝑓𝑦𝑑

Spacing Calculation
350,
𝑆𝑚𝑎𝑥 = { = 300𝑚𝑚
2ℎ = 2 ∗ 150 = 300
𝑎𝑠∗𝑏
𝑆= 𝐴𝑠

For Support Moment

Table 3.5 Support moment design

Ground Floor
Panels Msd ρ As Spacing Remark

Panel 1 Panel 2 17.46 0.0042 545.22 207.44 Use ø 10 C/C 200

Panel 4 Panel 5 14.40 0.0035 445.60 253.81 Use ø 10C/C 250

Panel 6 Panel 7 14.11 0.0034 436.27 259.23 Use ø 10 C/C 250

Panel 9 Panel 10 14.10 0.0034 435.95 259.42 Use ø 10 C/C 250

Panel 11 Panel 12 17.30 0.0042 539.95 209.46 Use ø 10 C/C 200

Panel 13 Panel 14 17.33 0.0042 540.94 209.08 Use ø 10 C/C 200

Panel 1 panel 6 13.99 0.0034 432.41 261.55 Use ø 10 C/C 260

panel 2 panel 7 21.82 0.0054 691.01 163.67 Use ø 10 C/C 160

panel 4 panel 9 20.16 0.0049 635.06 178.09 Use ø 10 C/C 170

panel 5 panel 10 13.13 0.0031 404.63 279.51 Use ø 10 C/C 270

panel 6 panel 11 20.32 0.0050 640.43 176.60 Use ø 10C/C 170

panel 7 panel 12 20.79 0.0051 656.05 172.39 Use ø 10C/C 170

panel 9 panel 13 20.87 0.0051 658.91 171.64 Use ø 10C/C 170

panel 10 panel 14 22.83 0.0056 725.37 155.92 Use ø 10 C/C 150

First Floor
Panels Msd ρ As Spacing Remark

Panel 1 Panel 2 17.46 0.0042 545.22 207.44 Use ø 10 C/C 200

Panel 4 Panel 5 14.40 0.0035 445.60 253.81 Use ø 10 C/C 250

Panel 6 Panel 7 14.19 0.0034 438.69 257.80 Use ø 10C/C 250

Panel 9 Panel 10 14.49 0.0035 448.37 252.24 Use ø 10 C/C 250

Panel 11 Panel 12 14.47 0.0035 447.73 252.60 Use ø 10 C/C 250

Panel 13 Panel 14 14.34 0.0034 443.53 254.99 Use ø 10 C/C 250

Panel 1 panel 6 14.50 0.0035 448.70 252.06 Use ø 10 C/C 250

panel 2 panel 7 21.40 0.0052 676.79 167.11 Use ø 10 C/C 160

panel 4 panel 9 20.16 0.0049 635.06 178.09 Use ø 10C/C 170

panel 5 panel 10 13.65 0.0033 421.31 268.44 Use ø 10 C/C 260

panel 6 panel 11 18.97 0.0046 595.34 189.97 Use ø 10 C/C 180

panel 7 panel 12 16.96 0.0041 528.78 213.88 Use ø 10 C/C 210

panel 9 panel 13 16.95 0.0041 528.62 213.95 Use ø 10C/C 210

panel 10 panel 14 20.77 0.0051 655.38 172.57 Use ø 10C/C 170

Second Floor
Panels Msd ρ As Spacing Remark

Panel 1 Panel 2 17.46 0.0042 545.22 207.44 Use ø 10 C/C 200

Panel 4 Panel 5 14.40 0.0035 445.60 253.81 Use ø 10 C/C 250

Panel 6 Panel 7 13.31 0.0032 410.56 275.47 Use ø 10 C/C 270

Panel 9 Panel 10 12.17 0.0029 374.13 302.29 Use ø 10 C/C 300

Panel 11 Panel 12 11.96 0.0028 367.45 307.79 Use ø 10 C/C 300

panel 13 panel 14 16.83 0.0041 524.52 215.62 Use ø 10 C/C 210

Panel 1 panel 6 13.88 0.0033 428.87 263.71 Use ø 10 C/C 260

panel 2 panel 7 20.89 0.0051 659.59 171.47 Use ø 10 C/C 170

panel 4 panel 9 19.20 0.0047 602.82 187.61 Use ø 10 C/C 180

panel 5 panel 10 12.24 0.0029 376.36 300.50 Use ø 10 C/C 300

panel 6 panel 11 16.34 0.0039 508.48 222.42 Use ø 10 C/C 220

panel 7 panel 12 15.75 0.0038 489.40 231.09 Use ø 10 C/C 230

panel 9 panel 13 15.33 0.0037 475.74 237.73 Use ø 10 C/C 230

panel 10 panel 14 18.51 0.0045 579.90 195.03 Use ø 10 C/C 190

Third Floor
Panels Msd ρ As Spacing Remark

Panel 1 Panel 2 17.46 0.0042 545.22 207.44 Use ø 10C/C 200

Panel 4 Panel 5 14.80 0.0036 458.60 246.61 Use ø 10 C/C 240

Panel 6 Panel 7 14.72 0.0035 455.97 248.04 Use ø 10 C/C 240

Panel 9 Panel 10 13.15 0.0031 405.43 278.96 Use ø 10 C/C 270

Panel 11 Panel 12 13.20 0.0032 406.87 277.97 Use ø 10 C/C 270

Panel 13 Panel 14 13.12 0.0031 404.31 279.73 Use ø 10 C/C 270

Panel 1 panel 6 14.75 0.0035 456.94 247.51 Use ø 10 C/C 240

panel 2 panel 7 21.83 0.0054 691.35 163.59 Use ø 10 C/C 160

panel 4 panel 9 20.45 0.0050 644.79 175.40 Use ø 10 C/C 170

panel 5 panel 10 13.09 0.0031 403.35 280.39 Use ø 10 C/C 280

panel 6 panel 11 18.04 0.0044 564.51 200.35 Use ø 10 C/C 200

panel 7 panel 12 17.41 0.0042 543.57 208.06 Use ø 10 C/C 200

panel 9 panel 13 16.69 0.0040 519.93 217.52 Use ø 10 C/C 210

panel 10 panel 14 19.39 0.0047 609.15 185.66 Use ø 10 C/C 180

Eighth Floor
Panels Msd ρ As Spacing Remark

Panel 1 Panel 2 11.48 0.0027 352.05 321.25 Use ø 10 C/C 320

Panel 4 Panel 5 10.76 0.0026 329.35 343.40 Use ø 10 C/C 340

Panel 6 Panel 7 11.85 0.0028 363.95 310.75 Use ø 10 C/C 310

Panel 7 Panel 8 13.02 0.0031 401.27 281.85 Use ø 10 C/C 280

Panel 8 Panel 9 13.02 0.0031 401.27 281.85 Use ø 10 C/C 280

Panel 9 Panel 10 14.36 0.0034 444.18 254.62 Use ø 10 C/C 250

Panel 1 panel 6 18.12 0.0044 567.16 199.41 Use ø 10 C/C 190

panel 2 panel 7 16.48 0.0040 513.22 220.37 Use ø 10 C/C 220

panel 4 panel 9 15.33 0.0037 475.74 237.73 Use ø 10 C/C 230

panel 5 panel 10 18.07 0.0044 565.50 199.99 Use ø 10 C/C 190

For Span Moment

Table 3.5 Span Moment Design

Ground Floor
Panels Msd ρ As Spacing Remark

X-dir 12.63 0.0030 385.59 203.69 Use ø 10 C/C 200

Panel 1
Y-dir 7.29 0.0017 219.22 358.28 Use ø 10 C/C 300

X-dir 19.48 0.0047 607.04 129.38 Use ø 10 C/C 120

Panel 2
Y-dir 13.92 0.0033 426.58 184.12 Use ø 10 C/C 180

X-dir 17 0.0040 525.76 149.38 Use ø 10 C/C 140

Panel 4
Y-dir 12.14 0.0028 370.10 212.21 Use ø 10 C/C 210

X-dir 8.85 0.0021 267.29 293.84 Use ø 10 C/C 290

Panel 5
Y-dir 4.74 0.0011 141.54 554.88 Use ø 10 C/C 300

X-dir 13.85 0.0033 424.34 185.09 Use ø 10 C/C 180

Panel 6
Y-dir 10.97 0.0026 333.31 235.63 Use ø 10 C/C 230

X-dir 13.46 0.0032 411.92 190.67 Use ø 10 C/C 190

Panel 7
Y-dir 10.09 0.0024 305.81 256.83 Use ø 10 C/C 250

X-dir 13.46 0.0032 411.92 190.67 Use ø 10 C/C 190

Panel 9
Y-dir 10.09 0.0024 305.81 256.83 Use ø 10 C/C 250

X-dir 15.03 0.0036 462.10 169.96 Use ø 10 C/C 160

Panel 10
Y-dir 10.96 0.0026 333.00 235.86 Use ø 10 C/C 230

X-dir 16.6 0.0039 512.77 153.17 Use ø 10 C/C 150

Panel 11
Y-dir 13.74 0.0032 420.84 186.63 Use ø 10 C/C 180
 X-dir 17.93 0.0043 556.09 141.24 Use ø 10 C/C 140
Panel 12
Y-dir 12.81 0.0030 391.29 200.72 Use ø 10 C/C 200

X-dir 18.06 0.0043 560.34 140.16 Use ø 10 C/C 140

Panel 13
Y-dir 12.9 0.0030 394.14 199.27 Use ø 10 C/C 190

X-dir 18.95 0.0045 589.56 133.22 Use ø 10 C/C 130

Panel 14
Y-dir 13.7 0.0032 419.56 187.19 Use ø 10 C/C 180

First Floor
Panels Msd ρ As Spacing Remark

X-dir 12.63 0.0030 385.59 203.69 Use ø 10 C/C 200

Panel 1
Y-dir 7.29 0.0017 219.22 358.28 Use ø 10 C/C 300

X-dir 19.48 0.0047 607.04 129.38 Use ø 10 C/C 120

Panel 2
Y-dir 13.92 0.0033 426.58 184.12 Use ø 10 C/C 180

X-dir 17 0.0040 525.76 149.38 Use ø 10 C/C 140

Panel 4
Y-dir 12.14 0.0028 370.10 212.21 Use ø 10 C/C 210

X-dir 8.85 0.0021 267.29 293.84 Use ø 10 C/C 290

Panel 5
Y-dir 4.74 0.0011 141.54 554.88 Use ø 10 C/C 300

X-dir 14.6 0.0034 448.31 175.19 Use ø 10 C/C 170

Panel 6
Y-dir 11.57 0.0027 352.15 223.03 Use ø 10 C/C 220

X-dir 12.81 0.0030 391.29 200.72 Use ø 10 C/C 200

Panel 7
Y-dir 9.61 0.0022 290.86 270.02 Use ø 10 C/C 270

X-dir 13.46 0.0032 411.92 190.67 Use ø 10 C/C 190

Panel 9
Y-dir 10.09 0.0024 305.81 256.83 Use ø 10 C/C 250

X-dir 15.81 0.0037 487.21 161.20 Use ø 10 C/C 160

Panel 10
Y-dir 11.53 0.0027 350.89 223.83 Use ø 10 C/C 220

X-dir 13.85 0.0033 424.34 185.09 Use ø 10 C/C 180

Panel 11
Y-dir 11.83 0.0028 360.33 217.97 Use ø 10 C/C 210
Panel 12 X-dir 13.02 0.0031 397.95 197.36 Use ø 10 C/C 190
 Y-dir 9.77 0.0023 295.84 265.48 Use ø 10 C/C 260

X-dir 12.99 0.0031 396.99 197.84 Use ø 10 C/C 190

Panel 13
Y-dir 9.75 0.0023 295.22 266.04 Use ø 10 C/C 260

X-dir 15.3 0.0036 470.78 166.83 Use ø 10 C/C 160

Panel 14
Y-dir 11.6 0.0027 353.09 222.44 Use ø 10 C/C 220

X-dir 13.08 0.0031 399.85 196.42 Use ø 10 C/C 190

Panel 15
Y-dir 8.62 0.0020 260.17 301.88 Use ø 10 C/C 300

Second Floor
Panels Msd ρ As Spacing Remark

X-dir 12.63 0.0030 385.59 203.69 Use ø 10 C/C 200

Panel 1
Y-dir 7.29 0.0017 219.22 358.28 Use ø 10 C/C 300

X-dir 19.48 0.0047 607.04 129.38 Use ø 10 C/C 120

Panel 2
Y-dir 13.92 0.0033 426.58 184.12 Use ø 10 C/C 180

X-dir 17 0.0040 525.76 149.38 Use ø 10 C/C 140

Panel 4
Y-dir 12.14 0.0028 370.10 212.21 Use ø 10 C/C 210

X-dir 8.85 0.0021 267.29 293.84 Use ø 10 C/C 290

Panel 5
Y-dir 6.16 0.0014 184.66 425.32 Use ø 10 C/C 300

X-dir 13.68 0.0032 418.93 187.48 Use ø 10 C/C 180

Panel 6
Y-dir 10.84 0.0025 329.24 238.55 Use ø 10 C/C 230

X-dir 12.04 0.0028 366.95 214.03 Use ø 10 C/C 210

Panel 7
Y-dir 9.03 0.0021 272.86 287.84 Use ø 10 C/C 280

X-dir 11.96 0.0028 364.43 215.52 Use ø 10 C/C 210

Panel 9
Y-dir 8.97 0.0021 271.00 289.81 Use ø 10 C/C 280

X-dir 13.8 0.0033 422.75 185.78 Use ø 10 C/C 180

Panel 10
Y-dir 9.28 0.0022 280.61 279.89 Use ø 10 C/C 270

X-dir 10.94 0.0026 332.37 236.30 Use ø 10 C/C 230

Panel 11
Y-dir 8.97 0.0021 271.00 289.81 Use ø 10 C/C 280
 X-dir 11.96 0.0028 364.43 215.52 Use ø 10 C/C 210
Panel 12
Y-dir 8.97 0.0021 271.00 289.81 Use ø 10 C/C 280

X-dir 11.96 0.0028 364.43 215.52 Use ø 10 C/C 210

Panel 13
Y-dir 8.97 0.0021 271.00 289.81 Use ø 10 C/C 280

X-dir 14.23 0.0034 436.47 179.94 Use ø 10 C/C 170

Panel 14
Y-dir 10.03 0.0023 303.94 258.41 Use ø 10 C/C 250

X-dir 13.08 0.0031 399.85 196.42 Use ø 10 C/C 190

Panel 15
Y-dir 8.62 0.0020 260.17 301.88 Use ø 10 C/C 300

Third Floor
Panels Msd ρ As Spacing Remark

X-dir 12.63 0.0030 385.59 203.69 Use ø 10 C/C 200

Panel 1
Y-dir 7.29 0.0017 219.22 358.28 Use ø 10 C/C 300

X-dir 19.48 0.0047 607.04 129.38 Use ø 10 C/C 120

Panel 2
Y-dir 13.92 0.0033 426.58 184.12 Use ø 10 C/C 180

X-dir 17.66 0.0042 547.27 143.51 Use ø 10 C/C 140

Panel 4
Y-dir 12.61 0.0030 384.96 204.02 Use ø 10 C/C 200

X-dir 8.85 0.0021 267.29 293.84 Use ø 10 C/C 290

Panel 5
Y-dir 4.74 0.0011 141.54 554.88 Use ø 10 C/C 300

X-dir 14.99 0.0035 460.82 170.44 Use ø 10 C/C 170

Panel 6
Y-dir 11.87 0.0028 361.59 217.21 Use ø 10 C/C 210

X-dir 13.47 0.0032 412.24 190.52 Use ø 10 C/C 190

Panel 7
Y-dir 10.11 0.0024 306.43 256.31 Use ø 10 C/C 250

X-dir 13.22 0.0031 404.29 194.26 Use ø 10 C/C 190

Panel 9
Y-dir 9.91 0.0023 300.20 261.63 Use ø 10 C/C 260

X-dir 15.08 0.0036 463.71 169.37 Use ø 10 C/C 160

Panel 10
Y-dir 10.14 0.0024 307.37 255.53 Use ø 10 C/C 250
Panel 11 X-dir 12.21 0.0029 372.31 210.95 Use ø 10 C/C 210
 Y-dir 10.01 0.0023 303.31 258.94 Use ø 10 C/C 250

X-dir 13.07 0.0031 399.53 196.58 Use ø 10 C/C 190

Panel 12
Y-dir 9.79 0.0023 296.46 264.92 Use ø 10 C/C 260

X-dir 12.81 0.0030 391.29 200.72 Use ø 10 C/C 200

Panel 13
Y-dir 9.61 0.0022 290.86 270.02 Use ø 10 C/C 270

X-dir 14.28 0.0034 438.07 179.29 Use ø 10 C/C 170

Panel 14
Y-dir 10.07 0.0023 305.18 257.35 Use ø 10 C/C 250

Eighth Floor
Panels Msd ρ As Spacing Remark

X-dir 13.97 0.003293617 428.1702709 183.43 Use ø 10 C/C 180

Panel 1
Y-dir 9.06 0.002106091 273.7917742 286.86 Use ø 10 C/C 280

X-dir 10.87 0.002539842 330.1794081 237.87 Use ø 10 C/C 230

Panel 2
Y-dir 8.15 0.001889728 245.6645994 319.70 Use ø 10 C/C 300

X-dir 9.11 0.002118011 275.3414926 285.25 Use ø 10 C/C 280

Panel 4
Y-dir 6.83 0.00157787 205.1231641 382.89 Use ø 10 C/C 300

X-dir 11.65 0.002728187 354.6643164 221.45 Use ø 10 C/C 220

Panel 5
Y-dir 9.02 0.002096556 272.5523213 288.16 Use ø 10 C/C 280

X-dir 13.02 0.003061126 397.9463752 197.36 Use ø 10 C/C 190

Panel 6
Y-dir 8.01 0.001856541 241.3503339 325.42 Use ø 10 C/C 300

X-dir 14.02 0.003305891 429.7658533 182.75 Use ø 10 C/C 180

Panel 7
Y-dir 10.02 0.002335576 303.6249084 258.67 Use ø 10 C/C 250

X-dir 13.02 0.003061126 397.9463752 197.36 Use ø 10 C/C 190

Panel 8
Y-dir 10.02 0.002335576 303.6249084 258.67 Use ø 10 C/C 250

X-dir 14.02 0.003305891 429.7658533 182.75 Use ø 10 C/C 180

Panel 9
Y-dir 10.02 0.002335576 303.6249084 258.67 Use ø 10 C/C 250
Panel 10 X-dir 15.02 0.003552159 461.7806239 170.08 Use ø 10 C/C 170
 Y-dir 12.02 0.002817836 366.3186587 214.40 Use ø 10 C/C 210

Check for shear

𝑉𝑆𝐷 = 40.81𝐾𝑁
𝑉𝐶 = 0.25 ∗ 𝑓𝑐𝑡𝑑 ∗ 𝑘1 ∗ 𝑘2 ∗ 𝑏 ∗ 𝑑
Where: 𝑘1 = 1 + 50𝜌 = 1 + 50 ∗ 0.00471 = 1.235

𝑘2 = 1.6 − 𝑑 = 1.6 − 0.13 = 1.47

𝑉𝐶 = 0.25 ∗ 1.03 ∗ 1.47 ∗ 1.235 ∗ 1000 ∗ 130 = 60.77𝐾𝑁
Since 𝑉𝐶 > 𝑉𝑆𝐷 …………………………………………………………………………………………. SAFE!!!

4.4 Ribbed Slab Analysis and Design

Taking the following typical ribbed slab cross-section check for the requirements according to
EBCS 1995.

Figure 3.12Typical Ribbed Slab Cross Section

1. The centers of the ribs should not exceed 1.5 m:

•This is satisfied, as the center-to-center spacing between the ribs is 400mm.

2. The depth of ribs excluding topping should not exceed four times their average width.

• Also satisfied as 80 x 4 > 240 mm.

3. The minimum rib width should be determined by consideration of cover and bar spacing
4. The thickness of structural topping or flange should not be less than 50mm or one tenth of the
clear distance between ribs.

• 60 mm satisfies this requirement.

 3.4.1 Loading
Dead loads for ribbed floors are calculated as follows:

Dead loads

1. PVC tile floor finishing = 0.02m * 0.4m * 16 KN/m3 = 0.128 KN/m

2. Cement screed = 0.01m * 0.4m * 21 KN/m3 = 0.276 KN/m

5. HCB = (0.4m * 0.04m + 0.32m * 0.2m) * 14 KN/m3 = 1.12 KN/m

6. Plastering = 0.02m * 0.4m * 23 KN/m3 = 0.184 KN/m

Total Dead Load = 1.708 KN/m

Live Load

1. Residence = 2.0 KN/m2 *0.4m = 0.8 KN/m [EBCS-1 Table2.10]

3.4.2 Analysis
Analysis of the ribs is performed using SAP2000 v14.0.0 software. Live loads were alternately
loaded for 15 different cases, to obtain maximum span and support moments.

Figure 3.13 Shear Force Diagram for the T-Beam (Rib)

Figure 3.14 Bending moment Diagram for the T-Beam (Rib)

3.4.3 Design
Check whether the beam acts as a rectangular beam or T-beam.
Assume 0.8𝑥 = ℎ𝑓
𝑀𝑠𝑑 = 0.8𝑥 ∗ 𝑏𝑒 ∗ 𝑓𝑐𝑑 ∗ (𝑑 − 0.4𝑥)
 2𝑀𝑠𝑑
0.8𝑥 = 1.25 ∗ 𝑑 ∗ [1 − √1 − ]
𝑏𝑒 𝑑2 𝑓𝑐𝑑

2 ∗ 24.39 ∗ 106
0.8𝑥 = 1.25 ∗ 220 ∗ [1 − √1 − ] = 32.5𝑚𝑚
400 ∗ 2202 ∗ 11.33

0.8𝑥 < ℎ𝑓 the rib is designed as a rectangular beam

Design for Span Moment

Maximum Span Moment, 𝑀𝑠𝑑 = 21.00𝐾𝑁. 𝑚

𝑀𝑠𝑑 21.00 ∗ 106

𝜇𝑠𝑑 = = = 0.0957 < 0.295
𝑓𝑐𝑑 ∗ 𝑏 ∗ 𝑑2 11.33 ∗ 400 ∗ 2202
Therefore, the beam must be designed as singly reinforced structure.

𝑘𝑧 = 0.984 for 𝜇𝑠𝑑 = 0.0957

𝑧 = 0.984 ∗ 220 = 216.48𝑚𝑚

𝑀𝑠𝑑 21.00 ∗ 106

𝐴𝑠 = = = 371.86𝑚𝑚2
𝑧 ∗ 𝑓𝑦𝑑 216.48 ∗ 260.87

Use ∅ 16 rebar

𝐴𝑠 371.86
𝑛= ∅2
= 162
= 1.85 ≅ 2
𝜋∗ 4
𝜋∗ 4

Therefore, use 2 ∅ 16 Rebars at the Bottom

Design for Support Moment

Maximum support moment, 𝑀𝑠𝑑 = 24.39𝐾𝑁. 𝑚

𝑀𝑠𝑑 24.39 ∗ 106

𝜇𝑠𝑑 = = = 0.111 < 0.295
𝑓𝑐𝑑 ∗ 𝑏 ∗ 𝑑2 11.33 ∗ 400 ∗ 2202
Therefore, the beam must be designed as singly reinforced structure.

𝑘𝑧 = 0.937 for 𝜇𝑠𝑑 = 0.111

𝑧 = 0.937 ∗ 220 = 206.14𝑚𝑚

𝑀𝑠𝑑 23.95 ∗ 106

𝐴𝑠 = = = 453.55𝑚𝑚2
𝑧 ∗ 𝑓𝑦𝑑 206.14 ∗ 260.87
Use ∅ 16 rebar

𝐴𝑠 453.55
𝑛= ∅2
= 162
= 2.25 ≅ 3
𝜋∗ 𝜋∗
4 4

Therefore, use 3∅ 16 Rebars at the Top

Design for Shear Reinforcement

𝑉𝑠𝑑 = 20.36 𝐾𝑁

𝑉𝑟𝑑 = 0.25𝑓𝑐𝑑 𝑏𝑤 𝑑 = 0.25 ∗ 11.33 ∗ 10−3 ∗ 80 ∗ 243 = 55.0638 > 20.36𝐾𝑁 … 𝑂𝐾‼!

𝑉𝑐 = 0.25𝑓𝑐𝑡𝑑 𝑘1𝑘2𝑏𝑤 𝑑

𝑘1 = 1 + 50𝜌 = 1 + 50 ∗ 0.0055 = 1.275 ≤ 2.0

𝑘2 = 1.6 − 𝑑 = 1.6 – 0.22 = 1.38 > 1.0

𝑉𝑐 = 0.25𝑓𝑐𝑡𝑑 𝑘1𝑘2𝑏𝑤 𝑑 = 0.25 ∗ 1.03 ∗ 10−3 ∗ 1.275 ∗ 1.38 ∗ 80 ∗ 243 = 8.81𝐾𝑁

Vsd > 𝑉𝑐

𝑉𝑠 = 𝑉𝑠𝑑 – 𝑉𝑐 = 20.36 − 8.81 = 11.55𝐾𝑁

Consider φ6mm stirrups

62 ∗ 𝜋
𝐴𝑣 = 2 ∗ = 56.52𝑚𝑚2
4

𝐴𝑣 ∗ 𝑓𝑦𝑑 ∗ 𝑑 56.52 ∗ 260.67 ∗ 10−3 ∗ 220

𝑆= = = 280.656𝑚𝑚
𝑉𝑠 11.55

2
0.5𝑑 ≤ 300𝑚𝑚 𝑤ℎ𝑒𝑛 𝑉𝑆𝐷 ≤ ∗𝑉 ,
3 𝑅𝐷
𝑆𝑚𝑎𝑥 = 2
0.3𝑑 ≤ 200𝑚𝑚 𝑤ℎ𝑒𝑛 𝑉𝑆𝐷 > ∗ 𝑉𝑅𝐷 ,
3
{

2 2
∗ 𝑉𝑅𝐷 = ∗ 55.064 = 36.71 ≥ 𝑉𝑆𝐷
3 3

𝑆𝑚𝑎𝑥 = 0.5 ∗ 𝑑 = 0.5 ∗ 220 = 110𝑚𝑚 < 300𝑚𝑚

Therefore, Use φ6 stirrups c/c 110mm

Design for Transverse Reinforcement

Cross-section area of topping, 𝐴𝑐 = 60 ∗ 1000 = 60000𝑚𝑚2

Based on EBCS-2,𝐴𝑠𝑡 = 0.001𝐴𝑐 = 0.001 ∗ 60000 = 60𝑚𝑚2

Reinforcement in a unit width

28.27∗1000
Spacing of φ6, 𝑆 = 60
= 471.16𝑚𝑚

Secondary reinforcements shall not exceed 400mm spacing

Therefore, Useφ6 stirrups C/C 400mm in both directions

CHAPTER 4 STAIR ANALYSIS AND DESIGN

4.1 Introduction
Stair case is an inclined structural system for movement from one level to another. Staircases are
mainly of two types based on structural load carrying and transferring to supports. These are transverse
staircase and longitudinal staircase.

Transverse staircase: are staircases supported on their shorter sides on walls or cantilever from
beams or walls. Main reinforcement is placed in the shorter direction
Longitudinal staircase: are staircases supported on their longer sides. They carry load and
transfer to the supporting beams or walls in the larger direction.

Staircase behaves like an ordinary slab. Its section is designed like slab as singly reinforced
without shear reinforcement. The main reinforcement is provided in the direction of span either in the
direction of span while secondary reinforcement is provided in the other direction. Staircases may span
either in the direction of steps or in the direction of flight or going.

4.2 Depth Determination

Form the architectural drawing the overall depth of the stair is measured to be 150mm.
14
Therefore, 𝑑 = 150 − 15 − 2
= 128𝑚𝑚

𝑓𝑦𝑘 𝐿𝑒
𝑑 ≥ [0.4 + 0.6 ∗ ]∗
400 𝛽𝑎

Where: 𝑓𝑦𝑘 - is the characteristic strength of the reinforcement in MPa.

Le - is the effective length; for two-way slabs, the shorter span.

𝛽𝑎 - is the appropriate constant value for different structural member and support
condition.

𝛽𝑎 = 25 for Simply supported beam

300 2550
𝑑 ≥ [0.4 + 0.6 ∗ ] ∗ 25 = 86.7𝑚𝑚 ……………………………………………………… OK!!!
400

4.3 Loading of Staircase

Dead load at Steps:
Average slab thickness = 0.195 m

Own wt. of slab = 25 * 0.195= 4.875 KN/m2

3cm cement screed = 23 * 0.03 = 0.69 KN/m2
2cm floor finish = 27 * 0.02 = 0.54 KN/m2
6.105 KN/m2

Live load = 3.00 KN/m2

Dead load at Landing:

Own wt. of slab = 25 * 0.15 = 3.75 KN/m2
3cm cement screed = 23 * 0.03 = 0.69 KN/m2
2cm floor finish = 27 * 0.02 = 0.54 KN/m2
4.98 KN/m2
Live load = 3.00 KN/m2
4.4 Analysis of Staircase
The analysis of the staircase is done using SAP2000 V14.0.0 software. The result of the stair
analysis is presented as shown in the figure below.

4.4.1 Analysis of Staircase 1

Figure 4.1 Shear Force Diagram of Staircase 1

Figure 4.2 Bending Moment Diagram of Staircase 1

4.4.2 Analysis of Staircase 2

Figure 4.3 Shear Force Diagram of Staircase 2

Figure 4.4 Bending Moment Diagram of Staircase 2

4.5 Design of Staircase

𝐀𝐬 Calculation
 0.5 0.5
𝜌𝑚𝑖𝑛 = = = 0.00167
𝑓𝑦𝑘 300

As,min = 𝜌𝑚𝑖𝑛 ∗ 𝑏 ∗ 𝑑 = 0.00167 ∗ 1400 ∗ 129 = 301.602𝑚𝑚2

As = 𝜌 ∗ 𝑏 ∗ 𝑑

4.5.1 Design of Staircase 1

For Support Moment, 𝑴𝒔𝒅,𝟏 = 𝟐𝟕. 𝟖𝟗𝑲𝑵. 𝒎

2𝑀𝑢 𝑓𝑐𝑑 27.89 11.33

𝜌 = (1 − √(1 − )) ∗ = (1 − √1 − 2 ∗ ) ∗ = 0.0036
𝑏𝑑2 𝑓𝑐𝑑 𝑓𝑦𝑑 1860 ∗ 1282 ∗ 11.33 260.87

As = 𝜌 ∗ 𝑏 ∗ 𝑑 = 0.0036 ∗ 1860 ∗ 128 = 872.016𝑚𝑚2

350,
𝑆𝑚𝑎𝑥 = { = 300𝑚𝑚
2ℎ = 2 ∗ 150 = 300
142
Use ∅ 14rebar 𝑎𝑠 = 𝜋 ∗ 4
= 113.097mm2

𝑎𝑠 ∗ 𝑏 113.097𝑚𝑚2 ∗ 1860
𝑆= = = 241.23𝑚𝑚
𝐴𝑠 872.016𝑚𝑚2

Therefore, Use ∅14 C/C 240mm Longitudinal bars

For Support Moment, 𝑴𝒔𝒅,𝟐 = 𝟐𝟎. 𝟑𝟓𝑲𝑵. 𝒎

2𝑀𝑢 𝑓𝑐𝑑 20.35 11.33

𝜌 = (1 − √(1 − 2
)) ∗ = (1 − √1 − 2 ∗ 2
)∗ = 0.0026
𝑏𝑑 𝑓𝑐𝑑 𝑓𝑦𝑑 1860 ∗ 128 ∗ 11.33 260.87

As = 𝜌 ∗ 𝑏 ∗ 𝑑 = 0.0036 ∗ 1860 ∗ 128 = 628.54𝑚𝑚2

350,
𝑆𝑚𝑎𝑥 = { = 300𝑚𝑚
2ℎ = 2 ∗ 150 = 300
Use ∅ 12 rebar

122
𝑎𝑠 = 𝜋 ∗ = 113.097
4
𝑎𝑠 ∗ 𝑏 113.097𝑚𝑚2 ∗ 1860
𝑆= = = 334.68𝑚𝑚
𝐴𝑠 628.54𝑚𝑚2

Therefore, Use ∅12 C/C 300mm Longitudinal bars

For Span Moment, 𝑴𝒔𝒅,𝟑 = 𝟏𝟒. 𝟓𝟖𝑲𝑵. 𝒎
 2𝑀𝑢 𝑓𝑐𝑑 14.58 11.33
𝜌 = (1 − √(1 − 2
)) ∗ = (1 − √1 − 2 ∗ 2
)∗ = 0.0018
𝑏𝑑 𝑓𝑐𝑑 𝑓𝑦𝑑 1860 ∗ 128 ∗ 11.33 260.87

As = 𝜌 ∗ 𝑏 ∗ 𝑑 = 0.0018 ∗ 1860 ∗ 128 = 446.27𝑚𝑚2

350,
𝑆𝑚𝑎𝑥 = { = 300𝑚𝑚
2ℎ = 2 ∗ 150 = 300
Use ∅ 10 rebar

102
𝑎𝑠 = 𝜋 ∗ = 78.54
4
𝑎𝑠 ∗ 𝑏 78.54𝑚𝑚2 ∗ 1860
𝑆= = = 327.345𝑚𝑚
𝐴𝑠 446.27𝑚𝑚2

Therefore, Use ∅10 C/C 300mm Longitudinal bars

Check for shear

𝑉𝐶 = 0.25 ∗ 𝑓𝑐𝑡𝑑 ∗ 𝑘1 ∗ 𝑘2 ∗ 𝑏 ∗ 𝑑
Where

𝑘1 = 1 + 50𝜌 = 1 + 50 ∗ 0.0036 = 1.18

𝑘2 = 1.6 − 𝑑 = 1.6 − 0.128 = 1.471
𝑉𝐶 = 0.25 ∗ 1.03 ∗ 1.18 ∗ 1.472 ∗ 1860 ∗ 128 = 103.38𝐾𝑁
Since 𝑉𝐶 > 𝑉𝑆𝐷 = 31.2𝐾𝑁 ……………………………………………………………………………………………. OK!!!

4.5.2 Design of Staircase 2

For Support Moment, 𝑴𝒔𝒅,𝟏 = 𝟐𝟕. 𝟑𝟖𝑲𝑵. 𝒎

2𝑀𝑢 𝑓𝑐𝑑 27.38 11.33

𝜌 = (1 − √(1 − 2
)) ∗ = (1 − √1 − 2 ∗ 2
)∗ = 0.0027
𝑏𝑑 𝑓𝑐𝑑 𝑓𝑦𝑑 2400 ∗ 128 ∗ 11.33 260.87

As = 𝜌 ∗ 𝑏 ∗ 𝑑 = 0.0027 ∗ 2400 ∗ 128 = 846.85𝑚𝑚2

350,
𝑆𝑚𝑎𝑥 = { = 300𝑚𝑚
2ℎ = 2 ∗ 150 = 300
Use ∅ 14 rebar

142
𝑎𝑠 = 𝜋 ∗ 4
= 113.097mm2

𝑎𝑠 ∗ 𝑏 113.097𝑚𝑚2 ∗ 2400
𝑆= = = 320.52𝑚𝑚
𝐴𝑠 846.85𝑚𝑚2
 Therefore, Use ∅14 C/C 300mm Longitudinal bars
For Span Moment, 𝑴𝒔𝒅,𝟐 = 𝟏𝟓. 𝟑𝟔𝑲𝑵. 𝒎

2𝑀𝑢 𝑓𝑐𝑑 15.36 11.33

𝜌 = (1 − √(1 − )) ∗ = (1 − √1 − 2 ∗ )∗ = 0.0015
𝑏𝑑2 𝑓𝑐𝑑 𝑓𝑦𝑑 2400 ∗ 1282 ∗ 11.33 260.87

As = 𝜌 ∗ 𝑏 ∗ 𝑑 = 0.0015 ∗ 2400 ∗ 128 = 468.215𝑚𝑚2

350,
𝑆𝑚𝑎𝑥 = { = 300𝑚𝑚
2ℎ = 2 ∗ 150 = 300
Use ∅ 14 rebar

14 ∗ 14
𝑎𝑠 = 𝜋 ∗ = 50.265𝑚𝑚2
4
𝑎𝑠 ∗ 𝑏 50.265𝑚𝑚2 ∗ 2400
𝑆= = = 257.65𝑚𝑚
𝐴𝑠 468.215𝑚𝑚2

Therefore, Use ∅8 C/C 250mm Longitudinal bars

Check for shear

𝑉𝐶 = 0.25 ∗ 𝑓𝑐𝑡𝑑 ∗ 𝑘1 ∗ 𝑘2 ∗ 𝑏 ∗ 𝑑

Where

𝑘1 = 1 + 50𝜌 = 1 + 50 ∗ 0.0036 = 1.18

𝑘2 = 1.6 − 𝑑 = 1.6 − 0.128 = 1.471
𝑉𝐶 = 0.25 ∗ 1.03 ∗ 1.18 ∗ 1.472 ∗ 1860 ∗ 128 = 103.38𝐾𝑁
Since 𝑉𝐶 > 𝑉𝑆𝐷 = 33.13𝐾𝑁 ……………………………………………………………………………………………. OK!!!

CHAPTER 5

LATERAL LOAD ANALYSIS

5.1 Wind Load Analysis

The choice of the above two methods depends on the value of the structure of their dynamic
coefficient. The dynamic coefficient depends on the type of structure, the height of the structure and its
breadth. The quasi-static method is used for structures whose C d value is less or equal to 1.2.
 For our case, the building variables are; Height of building =27.9 m and Width of building =
32.55m, from figure 3.7 of EBCS-1, 1995, the value of the dynamic coefficient of this building is; Cd=0.93
that is Cd< 1.2 and height of the building is less than 200m, this implies that the simple procedure of
EBCS (quasi-static) method of analysis the appropriate method.

According to EBCS1, Art 3.5.2, the wind pressure acting on the external surface of a structure shall be:

𝑊𝑒 = 𝑞𝑟𝑒𝑓 ∗ 𝐶𝑒(𝑍𝑒) ∗ 𝐶𝑝𝑒

And the internal pressure acting on the internal surfaces becomes,

𝑊𝑖 = 𝑞𝑟𝑒𝑓 ∗ 𝐶𝑒(𝑍𝑖) ∗ 𝐶𝑝𝑖

Where:

 qref=reference mean wind velocity

 Ce(Ze)= exposure coefficients for external pressure
 Ce(Zi)=exposure coefficients for internal pressure
 Ze,Zi= reference height defined in Appendix A of EBCS1

5.1.1 Reference wind pressure

The reference mean wind velocity pressure is given by

1
𝑞𝑟𝑒𝑓 = 2 ∗ 𝜌 ∗ 𝑉𝑟𝑒𝑓 2 EBCS-1 Section 3.7.1

Where:

 ρ is the air density. For Addis Ababa, with an altitude of 2000m above sea level ρ=0.94m3/sec
 Vrefis the reference wind velocity and is defined as
𝑉𝑟𝑒𝑓 = 𝐶𝐷𝐼𝑅 ∗ 𝐶𝑇𝐸𝑀 ∗ 𝐶𝐴𝐿𝑇 ∗ 𝑉𝑟𝑒𝑓,𝑜

Where:

 Vref, o is the basic reference wind velocity 10m above sea level
 CDIR directional factor and allows for the orientation of the structure in relation to the direction
of the prevailing wind.
 CTEM Seasonal variation factor – may be applied to structures of a temporary nature which are
exposed to wind for only part of a given year.
 CALT Altitude factor – allows for the altitude of the site on which the structure is located.
 CDIR = 1.0 CTEM =1.0 CALT =1.0 Vref, o= 22m/sec

Thus: Vref = 1.0 * 1.0 * 1.0 * 22m/sec = 22m/sec

1 227.48𝑁
𝑞𝑟𝑒𝑓 = ∗ 0.94 ∗ 222 = = 0.22748
2 𝑚2
5.1.2 Exposure coefficient
The exposure coefficient, Ce(Z) considers the effects of terrain roughness, topography and
height above ground on the mean wind speed and truculence. It is defined by:

7𝐾𝑡
𝐶𝑒 (𝑍) = 𝐶𝑟 2 (𝑍) ∗ 𝐶𝑡 2 (𝑍) ∗ [1 + ] EBCS-1 Equation 3.15
𝐶𝑟 (𝑍)∗𝐶𝑡 (𝑍)

Cr(Z): roughness coefficient, accounts for the variability of mean wind velocity at the site of the
structure due to the height above ground level and the roughness of the terrain depending on the wind
direction.

The roughness coefficient at height Z is defined by the logarithmic profile:

𝑧
𝐶𝑟 (𝑧) = 𝐾𝑡 ln(𝑧 ) for 𝑧𝑚𝑖𝑛 ≤ 𝑧 ≤ 200𝑚 EBCS:1 equation 3.10
𝑜

𝐶𝑟 (𝑧) = 𝐶𝑟 (𝑧𝑚𝑖𝑛 ) for 𝑧 < 𝑧𝑚𝑖𝑛 EBCS:1 equation 3.11

Where: 𝐾𝑡 is the terrain factor

𝑧𝑜 is the roughness length

𝑧𝑚𝑖𝑛 is the minimum height

According to EBCS:1 table 3.2 Addis Ababa is under Terrain category IV

For Terrain category IV

Kt = 0.24, Zo = 1 and Zmin = 16

For our case height of the building = 27.9m, hence

cr (z) = cr (Zmin)
Z min
= KT *ln ( )
Zo
Substituting the value:
cr (z=16.9m) = 0.679
cr (z=27.9) = 0.796
Cpe = external pressure coefficient (according to ERBCS-1, 1995, table A.1)
For A> 10m2
 Cpe = Cpe,10
Wind load in the longer direction
h=27.9m b=32.55m d=16.9m

𝑑 16.9
= = 0.61 < 1
ℎ 27.9

e=min(b,2h)=(32.55,2*27.9)=32.55

h<b the building has one part

Wind

h=Ze=27.9m

For d<e
A B
AAAaA

𝑒
5
= 6.51𝑚 10.39𝑚

Zone Cpe value

A +0.8
B -0.8
D -1
E -0.3

For zone D :
We =0 .2278*1.6*0.8 = 0.292 kN/m2
For zone E :
We = 0.2278*1.6*-0.3 = -0.109 k N/m2
Total external pressure on the building will be
We = 0.292+0.109 = 0.391 k N/m
Wind load on the short direction
h=27.9m d=32.55m b=16.9m

b<h<2b the building has two parts

Lower part
h=z=16.9m Z>Zmin

𝑧
𝐶𝑟 (𝑧) = 𝐾𝑡 ln ( ) = 0.679
𝑧𝑜

Upper part
h=27.9m Z>Zmin

𝑧
𝐶𝑟 (𝑧) = 𝐾𝑡 ln ( ) = 0.796
𝑧𝑜

Exposure coefficient

7𝐾𝑡
𝐶𝑒 (𝑍) = 𝐶𝑟 2 (𝑍) ∗ 𝐶𝑡 2 (𝑍) ∗ [1 + ]
𝐶𝑟 (𝑍) ∗ 𝐶𝑡 (𝑍)

For flat terrain ∅< 0.05, Ct = 1.0

Lower part
7 ∗ 0.24
𝐶𝑒 (𝑍) = 0.6792 ∗ 12 ∗ [1 + ] = 1.6
0.679 ∗ 1

Upper part
7 ∗ 0.24
𝐶𝑒 (𝑍) = 0.7962 ∗ 12 ∗ [1 + ] = 1.97
0.796 ∗ 1

External pressure cofficient

e=min(b,2h)=(16.9,2*27.9)=16.9
d=32.55>e

A B C
D E

3.38m 13.52m 15.65m

All areas are greater than 10m2

External wind preasure

𝑊𝑒 = 𝑞𝑟𝑒𝑓 ∗ 𝐶𝑒(𝑍𝑒) ∗ 𝐶𝑝𝑒

Lower part

𝑑 16.9
= <1
ℎ 27.9

Zone Cpe value

A +0.8
B -0.8
D -1
E -0.3

For zone D :
We = 0.2278*1.6*0.8 = 0.292 kN/m2, at Ze = 16.9m
For zone E :
We = -0.3*1.6*242 = -0.109 kN/m2, at Ze = 16.9m
At Ze = 27.9m
For zone D :
We = 0.2278*1.97*0.8 = 0.359 kN/m2
For zone E :
We = -0.3*1.97*02278 = -0.135 kN/m2
The total external pressure on the building will be :
 At Ze =16.9m
We = 0.292 +0.109 = 0.391kN/m2
At Ze = h = 27.9
We = 0.359 + 0.135 = 0.494 kN/m2
Internal pressure
The wind pressure acting on the internal surface of structure Wi shall be obtained
from:
Wi = qref *Ce(Zi) * Cpi
Where: Cpi – internal pressure coefficient
For closed building with internal partition and opening windows the extreme
values are :
Cpi = 0.8 or Cpi = -0.5…… EBCS-1, 1995, art.A.2.9 (16)
Ce(Zi) = Ce(Ze) = 1.59
Wi = 0.2278*1.6*0.8 = 0.292 kN/m2
Wi = 0.2278*1.6*-0.5 = -0.182 kN/m2

The net wind pressure will be :

In the short direction
Wnet = 0.391 + 0.292 – (-0.182) = 0.865kN/m2 at Ze = 16.90m
Wnet = 0.494 + 0.292 – (-0.182) = 1.423 kN/m2 at Ze = 27.9m

In the longer direction

Wnet = 0.444 + 0.292 – (-0.182) = 0.736 kN/m2 at Ze = 27.9m

5.2 Earthquake Load Analysis

The seismic base shear force Fb for each main direction can be computed from

𝐹𝑏 = 𝑆𝑑 (𝑇1 )𝑊

Where:

 𝑆𝑑 (𝑇1 )-Ordinate of the design spectrum at period T1.

 T1- fundamental period of vibration of the structure for translational motion in the
direction considered.
 W- seismic dead load computed

For linear analysis, the design spectrum normalized by the acceleration of gravity g is by the
following expression.

𝑆𝑑 (𝑇1 ) = 𝛼𝛽𝛾[EBCS-2, 1995 Art.1.4.2.2.(4)]

The parameter in the above expression is the ratio of the design bed rock acceleration to the
acceleration of gravity g and is given by:
 𝛼 = 𝛼0 𝐼

Where

 𝛼0 -the bed rock acceleration ratio. For zone 2 𝛼0 = 0.05

 I, the importance factor given table 2.4for ordinary building, Importance category III, the
importance factor I = 1.0

𝛼 = 𝛼0 ∗ 𝐼 = 0.05 ∗ 1.0 = 0.05

The parameter βis design response factor for the site and given by:

1.2 ∗ 𝑆
𝛽= 2 < 2.5
𝑇1 3

Where

 𝑆- is the coefficient for soil characteristics. For subsoil class B, 𝑆 = 1.2

 For building with height up to 80 m to a value of T1, may be Approximated by𝑇1 =
𝐶𝐻 3/4
 𝑇1 - Fundamental period of building, in second
 𝐻- height of building above the basin in meters, H = 27.9m
 𝐶 = 0.075 for reinforced concrete moment – resisting frames and
eccentricallybraced steel frame

3
𝑇1 = 𝐶𝐻 3/4 = 0.075 ∗ 27.94 = 0.91𝑠𝑒𝑐

1.2 ∗ 𝑆 1.2 ∗ 1.2

𝛽= 2 = 2 = 1.533 < 2.5 … … … … … … … . 𝑂𝐾‼!
𝑇1 3 0.913

The behavior factor γto account for energy dissipation:

𝛾 = 𝛾0 𝐾𝐷 𝐾𝑅 𝐾𝑊 ≤ 0.7[EBCS-8, 1995 Art3.3.2.1(1)]

Where

 𝛾0 = 0.2 - Basic value of the behavior factor dependent on the structural type given in
table 3.2 EBCS-8 page 7.
  𝐾𝐷 = 1.5 factor reflecting the ductility class.
 𝐾𝑅 = 1.25 structure regularity factor.
 𝐾𝑊 = 1.0factor reflecting the prevailing failure made instructural system with walls.

𝛾 = 𝛾0 𝐾𝐷 𝐾𝑅 𝐾𝑊 = 0.2 ∗ 1.5 ∗ 1.25 ∗ 1.0 = 0.375 ≤ 0.7

𝑆𝑑 (𝑇1 ) = 𝛼𝛽𝛾 = 0.05 ∗ 1.533 ∗ 0.375 = 0.0287

Table 5.1 Weight and Center of Mass Calculation

Basement Floor
Lengt Widt Dept
Description h h h Weight Xi Yi W*Xi W*Yi
1728.2
Rectangular Slab 30.73 15.00 0.15 8 15.36 7.50 26550.72 12962.11
Inclined Slab 1 1.60 15.00 0.15 45.00 -0.53 10.00 -24.00 450.00
Inclined Slab 2 1.15 15.00 0.15 32.34 31.11 10.00 1006.16 323.44
Opening 1 2.50 7.38 0.15 -69.19 14.25 5.19 -985.92 -359.08
Opening 2 2.49 3.18 0.15 -29.69 14.24 13.23 -422.83 -392.84
Beam 1 15.08 0.30 0.40 45.24 -0.80 7.50 -36.19 339.30
Beam 2 15.00 0.30 0.40 45.00 6.05 7.50 272.25 337.50
Beam 3 15.00 0.30 0.40 45.00 12.05 7.50 542.25 337.50
Beam 4 15.00 0.30 0.40 45.00 18.05 7.50 812.25 337.50
Beam 5 15.00 0.30 0.40 45.00 24.05 7.50 1082.25 337.50
Beam 6 15.04 0.30 0.40 45.12 30.73 7.50 1386.31 338.40
Beam 7 32.56 0.30 0.40 97.68 15.10 15.00 1474.97 1465.20
Beam 8 31.95 0.30 0.40 95.85 15.10 10.00 1447.34 958.50
Beam 9 31.34 0.30 0.40 94.02 15.10 5.00 1419.70 470.10
Beam 10 30.73 0.30 0.40 92.18 15.10 0.00 1391.84 0.00
Column 1 2.85 0.50 0.50 17.81 -1.60 15.00 -28.50 267.19
Column 2 2.85 0.50 0.50 17.81 6.05 15.00 107.77 267.19
Column 3 2.85 0.50 0.50 17.81 12.05 15.00 214.64 267.19
Column 4 2.85 0.50 0.50 17.81 18.05 15.00 321.52 267.19
Column 5 2.85 0.50 0.50 17.81 24.05 15.00 428.39 267.19
Column 6 2.85 0.50 0.50 17.81 30.96 15.00 551.48 267.19
Column 7 2.85 0.50 0.50 17.81 -1.06 10.00 -18.88 178.13
Column 8 2.85 0.50 0.50 17.81 6.05 10.00 107.77 178.13
Column 9 2.85 0.50 0.50 17.81 12.05 10.00 214.64 178.13
Column 10 2.85 0.50 0.50 17.81 18.05 10.00 321.52 178.13
Column 11 2.85 0.50 0.50 17.81 24.05 10.00 428.39 178.13
 Column 12 2.85 0.50 0.50 17.81 30.89 10.00 550.23 178.13
Column 13 2.85 0.50 0.50 17.81 -0.53 5.00 -9.44 89.06
Column 14 2.85 0.50 0.50 17.81 6.05 5.00 107.77 89.06
Column 15 2.85 0.50 0.50 17.81 12.05 5.00 214.64 89.06
Column 16 2.85 0.50 0.50 17.81 18.05 5.00 321.52 89.06
Column 17 2.85 0.50 0.50 17.81 24.05 5.00 428.39 89.06
Column 18 2.85 0.50 0.50 17.81 30.81 5.00 548.80 89.06
Column 19 2.85 0.50 0.50 17.81 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00
Column 20 2.85 0.50 0.50 17.81 6.05 0.00 107.77 0.00
Column 21 2.85 0.50 0.50 17.81 12.05 0.00 214.64 0.00
Column 22 2.85 0.50 0.50 17.81 18.05 0.00 321.52 0.00
Column 23 2.85 0.50 0.50 17.81 24.05 0.00 428.39 0.00
Column 24 2.85 0.50 0.50 17.81 30.73 0.00 547.29 0.00
Column 25 2.85 0.50 0.50 17.81 11.25 -3.62 200.39 -64.48
Column 26 2.85 0.50 0.50 17.81 17.25 -3.62 307.27 -64.48
3.69 3.00 0.20 53.97
Stair 1 -0.45 13.22 -37.43 1099.62
4.10 1.90 0.15 29.21
3.69 3.00 0.20 53.97
Stair 2 28.20 13.22 2345.64 1099.62
4.10 1.90 0.15 29.21
Stair 3 5.50 3.62 0.20 291.18 14.23 -1.81 4143.54 -527.04
Shear wall 2.85 8.50 0.20 121.13 14.24 13.23 1724.82 1602.48
3398.6
2 51031.55 24257.10

Ground Floor
Description Length Width Depth Weight Xi Yi W*Xi W*Yi
Rectangular Slab 30.73 15.00 0.15 1728.28 15.36 7.50 26550.72 12962.11
Inclined Slab 1 1.60 15.00 0.15 45.00 -0.53 10.00 -24.00 450.00
Inclined Slab 2 1.15 15.00 0.15 32.34 31.11 10.00 1006.16 323.44
Opening 1 2.50 7.38 0.15 -69.19 14.25 5.19 -985.92 -359.08
Opening 2 2.49 3.18 0.15 -29.69 14.24 13.23 -422.83 -392.84
Beam 1 15.08 0.30 0.40 45.24 -0.80 7.50 -36.19 339.30
Beam 2 15.00 0.30 0.40 45.00 6.05 7.50 272.25 337.50
Beam 3 15.00 0.30 0.40 45.00 12.05 7.50 542.25 337.50
Beam 4 15.00 0.30 0.40 45.00 18.05 7.50 812.25 337.50
Beam 5 15.00 0.30 0.40 45.00 24.05 7.50 1082.25 337.50
Beam 6 15.04 0.30 0.40 45.12 30.73 7.50 1386.31 338.40
Beam 7 32.56 0.30 0.40 97.68 15.10 15.00 1474.97 1465.20
 Beam 8 31.95 0.30 0.40 95.85 15.10 10.00 1447.34 958.50
Beam 9 31.34 0.30 0.40 94.02 15.10 5.00 1419.70 470.10
Beam 10 30.73 0.30 0.40 92.18 15.10 0.00 1391.84 0.00
Column 1 2.85 0.50 0.50 17.81 -1.60 15.00 -28.50 267.19
Column 2 2.85 0.50 0.50 17.81 6.05 15.00 107.77 267.19
Column 3 2.85 0.50 0.50 17.81 12.05 15.00 214.64 267.19
Column 4 2.85 0.50 0.50 17.81 18.05 15.00 321.52 267.19
Column 5 2.85 0.50 0.50 17.81 24.05 15.00 428.39 267.19
Column 6 2.85 0.50 0.50 17.81 30.96 15.00 551.48 267.19
Column 7 2.85 0.50 0.50 17.81 -1.06 10.00 -18.88 178.13
Column 8 2.85 0.50 0.50 17.81 6.05 10.00 107.77 178.13
Column 9 2.85 0.50 0.50 17.81 12.05 10.00 214.64 178.13
Column 10 2.85 0.50 0.50 17.81 18.05 10.00 321.52 178.13
Column 11 2.85 0.50 0.50 17.81 24.05 10.00 428.39 178.13
Column 12 2.85 0.50 0.50 17.81 30.89 10.00 550.23 178.13
Column 13 2.85 0.50 0.50 17.81 -0.53 5.00 -9.44 89.06
Column 14 2.85 0.50 0.50 17.81 6.05 5.00 107.77 89.06
Column 15 2.85 0.50 0.50 17.81 12.05 5.00 214.64 89.06
Column 16 2.85 0.50 0.50 17.81 18.05 5.00 321.52 89.06
Column 17 2.85 0.50 0.50 17.81 24.05 5.00 428.39 89.06
Column 18 2.85 0.50 0.50 17.81 30.81 5.00 548.80 89.06
Column 19 2.85 0.50 0.50 17.81 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00
Column 20 2.85 0.50 0.50 17.81 6.05 0.00 107.77 0.00
Column 21 2.85 0.50 0.50 17.81 12.05 0.00 214.64 0.00
Column 22 2.85 0.50 0.50 17.81 18.05 0.00 321.52 0.00
Column 23 2.85 0.50 0.50 17.81 24.05 0.00 428.39 0.00
Column 24 2.85 0.50 0.50 17.81 30.73 0.00 547.29 0.00
Column 25 2.85 0.50 0.50 17.81 11.25 -3.62 200.39 -64.48
Column 26 2.85 0.50 0.50 17.81 17.25 -3.62 307.27 -64.48
3.69 3.00 0.20 53.97
Stair 1 -0.45 13.22 -37.43 1099.62
4.10 1.90 0.15 29.21
3.69 3.00 0.20 53.97
Stair 2 28.20 13.22 2345.64 1099.62
4.10 1.90 0.15 29.21
Shear wall 2.85 8.50 0.20 121.13 14.24 13.23 1724.82 1602.48
3107.44 46888.00 24784.14

First Floor
 Description Length Width Depth Weight Xi Yi W*Xi W*Yi
30.73 15.00 0.15 1728.28 15.36 7.50 26550.72 12962.11
Rectangular Slab
6.00 3.62 0.15 81.45 15.05 -1.81 1225.82 -147.42
Inclined Slab 1 1.60 15.00 0.15 45.00 -0.53 10.00 -24.00 450.00
Inclined Slab 2 1.15 15.00 0.15 32.34 31.11 10.00 1006.16 323.44
Cantilever 1 12.05 1.25 0.15 28.24 6.03 -0.63 170.16 -17.65
Cantilever 2 12.63 1.25 0.15 29.59 24.36 -0.63 720.88 -18.49
Cantilever 3 10.52 1.96 0.15 38.66 32.93 10.00 1273.11 386.61
Opening 1 2.50 7.38 0.15 -69.19 14.25 5.19 -985.92 -359.08
Opening 2 2.49 3.18 0.15 -29.69 14.24 13.23 -422.83 -392.84
Beam 1 15.08 0.30 0.40 45.24 -0.80 7.50 -36.19 339.30
Beam 2 15.00 0.30 0.40 45.00 6.05 7.50 272.25 337.50
Beam 3 15.00 0.30 0.40 45.00 12.05 7.50 542.25 337.50
Beam 4 15.00 0.30 0.40 45.00 18.05 7.50 812.25 337.50
Beam 5 15.00 0.30 0.40 45.00 24.05 7.50 1082.25 337.50
Beam 6 15.04 0.30 0.40 45.12 30.73 7.50 1386.31 338.40
Beam 7 32.56 0.30 0.40 97.68 15.10 15.00 1474.97 1465.20
Beam 8 31.95 0.30 0.40 95.85 15.10 10.00 1447.34 958.50
Beam 9 31.34 0.30 0.40 94.02 15.10 5.00 1419.70 470.10
Beam 10 30.73 0.30 0.40 92.18 15.10 0.00 1391.84 0.00
Column 1 2.85 0.50 0.50 17.81 -1.60 15.00 -28.50 267.19
Column 2 2.85 0.50 0.50 17.81 6.05 15.00 107.77 267.19
Column 3 2.85 0.50 0.50 17.81 12.05 15.00 214.64 267.19
Column 4 2.85 0.50 0.50 17.81 18.05 15.00 321.52 267.19
Column 5 2.85 0.50 0.50 17.81 24.05 15.00 428.39 267.19
Column 6 2.85 0.50 0.50 17.81 30.96 15.00 551.48 267.19
Column 7 2.85 0.50 0.50 17.81 -1.06 10.00 -18.88 178.13
Column 8 2.85 0.50 0.50 17.81 6.05 10.00 107.77 178.13
Column 9 2.85 0.50 0.50 17.81 12.05 10.00 214.64 178.13
Column 10 2.85 0.50 0.50 17.81 18.05 10.00 321.52 178.13
Column 11 2.85 0.50 0.50 17.81 24.05 10.00 428.39 178.13
Column 12 2.85 0.50 0.50 17.81 30.89 10.00 550.23 178.13
Column 13 2.85 0.50 0.50 17.81 -0.53 5.00 -9.44 89.06
Column 14 2.85 0.50 0.50 17.81 6.05 5.00 107.77 89.06
Column 15 2.85 0.50 0.50 17.81 12.05 5.00 214.64 89.06
Column 16 2.85 0.50 0.50 17.81 18.05 5.00 321.52 89.06
Column 17 2.85 0.50 0.50 17.81 24.05 5.00 428.39 89.06
Column 18 2.85 0.50 0.50 17.81 30.81 5.00 548.80 89.06
 Column 19 2.85 0.50 0.50 17.81 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00
Column 20 2.85 0.50 0.50 17.81 6.05 0.00 107.77 0.00
Column 21 2.85 0.50 0.50 17.81 12.05 0.00 214.64 0.00
Column 22 2.85 0.50 0.50 17.81 18.05 0.00 321.52 0.00
Column 23 2.85 0.50 0.50 17.81 24.05 0.00 428.39 0.00
Column 24 2.85 0.50 0.50 17.81 30.73 0.00 547.29 0.00
Column 25 2.85 0.50 0.50 17.81 11.25 -3.62 200.39 -64.48
Column 26 2.85 0.50 0.50 17.81 17.25 -3.62 307.27 -64.48
3.69 3.00 0.20 53.97
Stair 1 -0.45 13.22 -37.43 1099.62
4.10 1.90 0.15 29.21
3.69 3.00 0.20 53.97
Stair 2 28.20 13.22 2345.64 1099.62
4.10 1.90 0.15 29.21
Shear wall 2.85 8.50 0.20 121.13 14.24 13.23 1724.82 1602.48
3285.38 50277.98 24987.18

Second Floor
Description Length Width Depth Weight Xi Yi W*Xi W*Yi
30.73 15.00 0.15 1728.28 15.36 7.50 26550.72 12962.11
Rectangular Slab
6.00 3.62 0.15 81.45 15.05 -1.81 1225.82 -147.42
Inclined Slab 1 1.60 15.00 0.15 45.00 -0.53 10.00 -24.00 450.00
Inclined Slab 2 1.15 15.00 0.15 32.34 31.11 10.00 1006.16 323.44
Cantilever 1 12.05 1.25 0.15 28.24 6.03 -0.63 170.16 -17.65
Cantilever 2 12.63 1.25 0.15 29.59 24.36 -0.63 720.88 -18.49
Cantilever 3 10.52 1.96 0.15 38.66 32.93 10.00 1273.11 386.61
Opening 1 2.50 7.38 0.15 -69.19 14.25 5.19 -985.92 -359.08
Opening 2 2.49 3.18 0.15 -29.69 14.24 13.23 -422.83 -392.84
Beam 1 15.08 0.30 0.40 45.24 -0.80 7.50 -36.19 339.30
Beam 2 15.00 0.30 0.40 45.00 6.05 7.50 272.25 337.50
Beam 3 15.00 0.30 0.40 45.00 12.05 7.50 542.25 337.50
Beam 4 15.00 0.30 0.40 45.00 18.05 7.50 812.25 337.50
Beam 5 15.00 0.30 0.40 45.00 24.05 7.50 1082.25 337.50
Beam 6 15.04 0.30 0.40 45.12 30.73 7.50 1386.31 338.40
Beam 7 32.56 0.30 0.40 97.68 15.10 15.00 1474.97 1465.20
Beam 8 31.95 0.30 0.40 95.85 15.10 10.00 1447.34 958.50
Beam 9 31.34 0.30 0.40 94.02 15.10 5.00 1419.70 470.10
Beam 10 30.73 0.30 0.40 92.18 15.10 0.00 1391.84 0.00
Column 1 2.85 0.50 0.50 17.81 -1.60 15.00 -28.50 267.19
 Column 2 2.85 0.50 0.50 17.81 6.05 15.00 107.77 267.19
Column 3 2.85 0.50 0.50 17.81 12.05 15.00 214.64 267.19
Column 4 2.85 0.50 0.50 17.81 18.05 15.00 321.52 267.19
Column 5 2.85 0.50 0.50 17.81 24.05 15.00 428.39 267.19
Column 6 2.85 0.50 0.50 17.81 30.96 15.00 551.48 267.19
Column 7 2.85 0.50 0.50 17.81 -1.06 10.00 -18.88 178.13
Column 8 2.85 0.50 0.50 17.81 6.05 10.00 107.77 178.13
Column 9 2.85 0.50 0.50 17.81 12.05 10.00 214.64 178.13
Column 10 2.85 0.50 0.50 17.81 18.05 10.00 321.52 178.13
Column 11 2.85 0.50 0.50 17.81 24.05 10.00 428.39 178.13
Column 12 2.85 0.50 0.50 17.81 30.89 10.00 550.23 178.13
Column 13 2.85 0.50 0.50 17.81 -0.53 5.00 -9.44 89.06
Column 14 2.85 0.50 0.50 17.81 6.05 5.00 107.77 89.06
Column 15 2.85 0.50 0.50 17.81 12.05 5.00 214.64 89.06
Column 16 2.85 0.50 0.50 17.81 18.05 5.00 321.52 89.06
Column 17 2.85 0.50 0.50 17.81 24.05 5.00 428.39 89.06
Column 18 2.85 0.50 0.50 17.81 30.81 5.00 548.80 89.06
Column 19 2.85 0.50 0.50 17.81 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00
Column 20 2.85 0.50 0.50 17.81 6.05 0.00 107.77 0.00
Column 21 2.85 0.50 0.50 17.81 12.05 0.00 214.64 0.00
Column 22 2.85 0.50 0.50 17.81 18.05 0.00 321.52 0.00
Column 23 2.85 0.50 0.50 17.81 24.05 0.00 428.39 0.00
Column 24 2.85 0.50 0.50 17.81 30.73 0.00 547.29 0.00
Column 25 2.85 0.50 0.50 17.81 11.25 -3.62 200.39 -64.48
Column 26 2.85 0.50 0.50 17.81 17.25 -3.62 307.27 -64.48
3.69 3.00 0.20 53.97
Stair 1 -0.45 13.22 -37.43 1099.62
4.10 1.90 0.15 29.21
3.69 3.00 0.20 53.97
Stair 2 28.20 13.22 2345.64 1099.62
4.10 1.90 0.15 29.21
Shear wall 2.85 8.50 0.20 121.13 14.24 13.23 1724.82 1602.48
3285.38 50277.98 24987.18

Third Floor
Description Length Width Depth Weight Xi Yi W*Xi W*Yi
Rectangular Slab 30.73 15.00 0.15 1728.28 15.36 7.50 26550.72 12962.11
Inclined Slab 1 1.60 15.00 0.15 45.00 -0.53 10.00 -24.00 450.00
Inclined Slab 2 1.15 15.00 0.15 32.34 31.11 10.00 1006.16 323.44
Cantilever 1 12.05 1.25 0.15 28.24 6.03 -0.63 170.16 -17.65
Cantilever 2 12.63 1.25 0.15 29.59 24.36 -0.63 720.88 -18.49
Cantilever 3 10.52 1.96 0.15 38.66 32.93 10.00 1273.11 386.61
Opening 1 2.50 7.38 0.15 -69.19 14.25 5.19 -985.92 -359.08
Opening 2 2.49 3.18 0.15 -29.69 14.24 13.23 -422.83 -392.84
Beam 1 15.08 0.30 0.40 45.24 -0.80 7.50 -36.19 339.30
Beam 2 15.00 0.30 0.40 45.00 6.05 7.50 272.25 337.50
Beam 3 15.00 0.30 0.40 45.00 12.05 7.50 542.25 337.50
Beam 4 15.00 0.30 0.40 45.00 18.05 7.50 812.25 337.50
Beam 5 15.00 0.30 0.40 45.00 24.05 7.50 1082.25 337.50
Beam 6 15.04 0.30 0.40 45.12 30.73 7.50 1386.31 338.40
Beam 7 32.56 0.30 0.40 97.68 15.10 15.00 1474.97 1465.20
Beam 8 31.95 0.30 0.40 95.85 15.10 10.00 1447.34 958.50
Beam 9 31.34 0.30 0.40 94.02 15.10 5.00 1419.70 470.10
Beam 10 30.73 0.30 0.40 92.18 15.10 0.00 1391.84 0.00
Column 1 2.85 0.50 0.50 17.81 -1.60 15.00 -28.50 267.19
Column 2 2.85 0.50 0.50 17.81 6.05 15.00 107.77 267.19
Column 3 2.85 0.50 0.50 17.81 12.05 15.00 214.64 267.19
Column 4 2.85 0.50 0.50 17.81 18.05 15.00 321.52 267.19
Column 5 2.85 0.50 0.50 17.81 24.05 15.00 428.39 267.19
Column 6 2.85 0.50 0.50 17.81 30.96 15.00 551.48 267.19
Column 7 2.85 0.50 0.50 17.81 -1.06 10.00 -18.88 178.13
Column 8 2.85 0.50 0.50 17.81 6.05 10.00 107.77 178.13
Column 9 2.85 0.50 0.50 17.81 12.05 10.00 214.64 178.13
Column 10 2.85 0.50 0.50 17.81 18.05 10.00 321.52 178.13
Column 11 2.85 0.50 0.50 17.81 24.05 10.00 428.39 178.13
Column 12 2.85 0.50 0.50 17.81 30.89 10.00 550.23 178.13
Column 13 2.85 0.50 0.50 17.81 -0.53 5.00 -9.44 89.06
Column 14 2.85 0.50 0.50 17.81 6.05 5.00 107.77 89.06
Column 15 2.85 0.50 0.50 17.81 12.05 5.00 214.64 89.06
Column 16 2.85 0.50 0.50 17.81 18.05 5.00 321.52 89.06
Column 17 2.85 0.50 0.50 17.81 24.05 5.00 428.39 89.06
Column 18 2.85 0.50 0.50 17.81 30.81 5.00 548.80 89.06
Column 19 2.85 0.50 0.50 17.81 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00
Column 20 2.85 0.50 0.50 17.81 6.05 0.00 107.77 0.00
Column 21 2.85 0.50 0.50 17.81 12.05 0.00 214.64 0.00
Column 22 2.85 0.50 0.50 17.81 18.05 0.00 321.52 0.00
Column 23 2.85 0.50 0.50 17.81 24.05 0.00 428.39 0.00
Column 24 2.85 0.50 0.50 17.81 30.73 0.00 547.29 0.00
 3.69 3.00 0.20 53.97
Stair 1 -0.45 13.22 -37.43 1099.62
4.10 1.90 0.15 29.21
3.69 3.00 0.20 53.97
Stair 2 28.20 13.22 2345.64 1099.62
4.10 1.90 0.15 29.21
Shear wall 2.85 8.50 0.20 121.13 14.24 13.23 1724.82 1602.48
3168.30 48544.50 25263.57

Typical Floor
Description Length Width Depth Weight Xi Yi W*Xi W*Yi
Rectangular Slab 1677.45 15.36 10.00 25769.83 16774.50
Cantilever 1 313.68 15.14 12.50 4748.38 3921.04
Opening 2 2.49 3.18 0.15 -29.69 14.24 13.23 -422.83 -392.84
Beam 1 10.05 0.30 0.40 30.15 -0.80 10.00 -24.12 301.50
Beam 2 10.00 0.30 0.40 30.00 6.05 10.00 181.50 300.00
Beam 3 10.00 0.30 0.40 30.00 12.05 10.00 361.50 300.00
Beam 4 10.00 0.30 0.40 30.00 18.05 10.00 541.50 300.00
Beam 5 10.00 0.30 0.40 30.00 24.05 10.00 721.50 300.00
Beam 6 10.03 0.30 0.40 30.09 30.73 7.50 924.52 225.68
Beam 7 32.56 0.30 0.40 97.68 15.10 15.00 1474.97 1465.20
Beam 8 31.95 0.30 0.40 95.85 15.10 10.00 1447.34 958.50
Beam 9 31.34 0.30 0.40 94.02 15.10 5.00 1419.70 470.10
Column 1 2.85 0.50 0.50 17.81 -1.60 15.00 -28.50 267.19
Column 2 2.85 0.50 0.50 17.81 6.05 15.00 107.77 267.19
Column 3 2.85 0.50 0.50 17.81 12.05 15.00 214.64 267.19
Column 4 2.85 0.50 0.50 17.81 18.05 15.00 321.52 267.19
Column 5 2.85 0.50 0.50 17.81 24.05 15.00 428.39 267.19
Column 6 2.85 0.50 0.50 17.81 30.96 15.00 551.48 267.19
Column 7 2.85 0.50 0.50 17.81 -1.06 10.00 -18.88 178.13
Column 8 2.85 0.50 0.50 17.81 6.05 10.00 107.77 178.13
Column 9 2.85 0.50 0.50 17.81 12.05 10.00 214.64 178.13
Column 10 2.85 0.50 0.50 17.81 18.05 10.00 321.52 178.13
Column 11 2.85 0.50 0.50 17.81 24.05 10.00 428.39 178.13
Column 12 2.85 0.50 0.50 17.81 30.89 10.00 550.23 178.13
Column 13 2.85 0.50 0.50 17.81 -0.53 5.00 -9.44 89.06
Column 14 2.85 0.50 0.50 17.81 6.05 5.00 107.77 89.06
Column 15 2.85 0.50 0.50 17.81 12.05 5.00 214.64 89.06
Column 16 2.85 0.50 0.50 17.81 18.05 5.00 321.52 89.06
Column 17 2.85 0.50 0.50 17.81 24.05 5.00 428.39 89.06
 Column 18 2.85 0.50 0.50 17.81 30.81 5.00 548.80 89.06
3.72 3.00 0.20 54.41
Stair 1 14.24 13.23 1353.05 1257.08
5.70 1.90 0.15 40.61
Shear wall 2.85 8.50 0.20 121.13 14.24 13.23 1724.82 1602.48
2966.00 45032.26 30989.49

Eighth Floor
Description Length Width Depth Weight Xi Yi W*Xi W*Yi
Rectangular Slab 30.73 10.00 0.15 1152.19 15.36 10.00 17700.48 11521.88
Inclined Slab 1 1.60 10.00 0.15 30.00 -0.53 12.50 -16.00 375.00
Inclined Slab 2 1.15 10.00 0.15 21.56 31.11 12.50 670.77 269.53
Cantilever 1 12.05 1.25 0.15 28.24 15.14 -0.63 427.59 -17.65
Opening 1 2.50 7.38 0.15 -69.19 14.25 5.19 -985.92 -359.08
Beam 1 15.08 0.30 0.40 45.24 -0.80 7.50 -36.19 339.30
Beam 2 15.00 0.30 0.40 45.00 6.05 7.50 272.25 337.50
Beam 3 15.00 0.30 0.40 45.00 12.05 7.50 542.25 337.50
Beam 4 15.00 0.30 0.40 45.00 18.05 7.50 812.25 337.50
Beam 5 15.00 0.30 0.40 45.00 24.05 7.50 1082.25 337.50
Beam 6 15.04 0.30 0.40 45.12 30.73 7.50 1386.31 338.40
Beam 7 32.56 0.30 0.40 97.68 15.10 15.00 1474.97 1465.20
Beam 8 31.95 0.30 0.40 95.85 15.10 10.00 1447.34 958.50
Beam 9 31.34 0.30 0.40 94.02 15.10 5.00 1419.70 470.10
Beam 10 30.73 0.30 0.40 92.18 15.10 0.00 1391.84 0.00
Column 1 2.85 0.50 0.50 17.81 -1.60 15.00 -28.50 267.19
Column 2 2.85 0.50 0.50 17.81 6.05 15.00 107.77 267.19
Column 3 2.85 0.50 0.50 17.81 12.05 15.00 214.64 267.19
Column 4 2.85 0.50 0.50 17.81 18.05 15.00 321.52 267.19
Column 5 2.85 0.50 0.50 17.81 24.05 15.00 428.39 267.19
Column 6 2.85 0.50 0.50 17.81 30.96 15.00 551.48 267.19
Column 7 2.85 0.50 0.50 17.81 -1.06 10.00 -18.88 178.13
Column 8 2.85 0.50 0.50 17.81 6.05 10.00 107.77 178.13
Column 9 2.85 0.50 0.50 17.81 12.05 10.00 214.64 178.13
Column 10 2.85 0.50 0.50 17.81 18.05 10.00 321.52 178.13
Column 11 2.85 0.50 0.50 17.81 24.05 10.00 428.39 178.13
Column 12 2.85 0.50 0.50 17.81 30.89 10.00 550.23 178.13
Column 13 2.85 0.50 0.50 17.81 -0.53 5.00 -9.44 89.06
Column 14 2.85 0.50 0.50 17.81 6.05 5.00 107.77 89.06
Column 15 2.85 0.50 0.50 17.81 12.05 5.00 214.64 89.06
 Column 16 2.85 0.50 0.50 17.81 18.05 5.00 321.52 89.06
Column 17 2.85 0.50 0.50 17.81 24.05 5.00 428.39 89.06
Column 18 2.85 0.50 0.50 17.81 30.81 5.00 548.80 89.06
3.72 3.00 0.20 54.41
Stair 1 14.24 13.23 1353.05 1257.08
5.70 1.90 0.15 40.61
Shear wall 2.85 8.50 0.20 121.13 14.24 13.23 1724.82 1602.48
2349.66 35478.38 22776.99

Roof
Description Length Width Depth Weight Xi Yi W*Xi W*Yi
Rectangular Slab 30.73 5.00 0.15 576.09 15.36 12.50 8850.24 7201.17
Inclined Slab 1 1.60 5.00 0.15 15.00 -0.53 12.50 -8.00 187.50
Inclined Slab 2 1.15 5.00 0.15 10.78 31.11 12.50 335.39 134.77
Cantilever 1 12.05 1.25 0.15 28.24 15.14 -0.63 427.59 -17.65
Opening 1 2.50 7.38 0.15 -69.19 14.25 5.19 -985.92 -359.08
Beam 1 15.08 0.30 0.40 45.24 -0.80 7.50 -36.19 339.30
Beam 2 15.00 0.30 0.40 45.00 6.05 7.50 272.25 337.50
Beam 3 15.00 0.30 0.40 45.00 12.05 7.50 542.25 337.50
Beam 4 15.00 0.30 0.40 45.00 18.05 7.50 812.25 337.50
Beam 5 15.00 0.30 0.40 45.00 24.05 7.50 1082.25 337.50
Beam 6 15.04 0.30 0.40 45.12 30.73 7.50 1386.31 338.40
Beam 7 32.56 0.30 0.40 97.68 15.10 15.00 1474.97 1465.20
Beam 8 31.95 0.30 0.40 95.85 15.10 10.00 1447.34 958.50
Beam 9 31.34 0.30 0.40 94.02 15.10 5.00 1419.70 470.10
Beam 10 30.73 0.30 0.40 92.18 15.10 0.00 1391.84 0.00
Column 1 2.85 0.50 0.50 17.81 -1.60 15.00 -28.50 267.19
Column 2 2.85 0.50 0.50 17.81 6.05 15.00 107.77 267.19
Column 3 2.85 0.50 0.50 17.81 12.05 15.00 214.64 267.19
Column 4 2.85 0.50 0.50 17.81 18.05 15.00 321.52 267.19
Column 5 2.85 0.50 0.50 17.81 24.05 15.00 428.39 267.19
Column 6 2.85 0.50 0.50 17.81 30.96 15.00 551.48 267.19
Column 7 2.85 0.50 0.50 17.81 -1.06 10.00 -18.88 178.13
Column 8 2.85 0.50 0.50 17.81 6.05 10.00 107.77 178.13
Column 9 2.85 0.50 0.50 17.81 12.05 10.00 214.64 178.13
Column 10 2.85 0.50 0.50 17.81 18.05 10.00 321.52 178.13
Column 11 2.85 0.50 0.50 17.81 24.05 10.00 428.39 178.13
Column 12 2.85 0.50 0.50 17.81 30.89 10.00 550.23 178.13
Column 13 2.85 0.50 0.50 17.81 -0.53 5.00 -9.44 89.06
 Column 14 2.85 0.50 0.50 17.81 6.05 5.00 107.77 89.06
Column 15 2.85 0.50 0.50 17.81 12.05 5.00 214.64 89.06
Column 16 2.85 0.50 0.50 17.81 18.05 5.00 321.52 89.06
Column 17 2.85 0.50 0.50 17.81 24.05 5.00 428.39 89.06
Column 18 2.85 0.50 0.50 17.81 30.81 5.00 548.80 89.06
3.72 3.00 0.20 54.41
Stair 1 14.24 13.23 1353.05 1257.08
5.70 1.90 0.15 40.61
Shear wall 2.85 8.50 0.20 121.13 14.24 13.23 1724.82 1602.48
1747.78 26300.75 18134.02

Table 5.2 Summary of weight and center of mass

Center of Mass
Floor Weight Xm Ym
Basement 3398.62 15.02 7.14
Ground 3107.44 15.09 7.98
1st 3285.38 15.30 7.61
2nd 3285.38 15.30 7.61
3rd 3168.30 15.32 7.97
4th 2966.00 15.18 10.45
5th 2966.00 15.18 10.45
6th 2966.00 15.18 10.45
7th 2966.00 15.18 10.45
8th 2349.66 15.10 9.69
Roof 1747.78 15.05 10.38

𝐹𝑏 = 𝑆𝑑 (𝑇1 )𝑊 = 0.0287 ∗ 32206.55 = 924.328𝐾𝑁

𝐹𝑡 = 0.07 ∗ 𝑇1 ∗ 𝐹𝑏 = 0.07 ∗ 0.91 ∗ 924.328 = 58.88𝐾𝑁

𝐹𝑏 − 𝐹𝑡 = 924.328𝐾𝑁 − 58.88𝐾𝑁 = 865.448𝐾𝑁

(𝐹𝑏 − 𝐹𝑡 )𝑊𝑖 ℎ𝑖
𝐹𝑖 =
∑ 𝑊𝑖 ℎ𝑖

Table 5.3 Distribution of story shear for each floor

 Story Shear
Weight Height
Floor (KN) (m) Wi*hi Fi
Basement 3398.62 2 6797.241 11.57
Ground 3107.44 5 15537.18375 26.46
1st 3285.38 8 26283.03825 44.75
2nd 3285.38 11 36139.17759 61.54
3rd 3168.30 14 44356.26694 75.53
4th 2966.00 17 50421.95325 85.86
5th 2966.00 20 59319.945 101.01
6th 2966.00 23 68217.93675 116.16
7th 2966.00 26 77115.9285 131.31
8th 2349.66 29 68140.05844 116.03
Roof 1747.78 32 55929.03 95.23
508257.7595

Floor Wind load in the short direction Wind load in the short direction Earth quake load
Basement 1.43 2.35 12.31
Ground 3.57 5.87 28.30
1st 5.71 9.39 47.77
2nd 7.85 12.92 65.69
3rd 10.00 16.44 80.13
4th 12.14 19.96 81.59
5th 14.28 23.48 104.21
6th 16.42 27.01 119.84
7th 18.56 30.53 135.47
8th 20.70 34.05 111.70
roof 22.85 37.57 78.44

 From the above result earth quake load is the critical which govern our design
5.2.1 D-Value (10^-6)
5.2.2 Center of Stiffness
Table 5.5 Center of Stiffness Calculation

Axis Dx Yi Dx*Yi Axis Dy Xi Dy*Xi

1 0.0030 15 0.046 A 0.0021 -0.615 -0.001
2 0.0030 10 0.030 B 0.0021 6 0.012
3 0.0031 5 0.015 C 0.0027 12 0.032
Basement
4 0.0031 0 0.000 D 0.0027 18 0.048
4' 0.0010 -3.62 -0.003 E 0.0021 24 0.050
F 0.0025 30.665 0.077

Axis Dx Yi Dx*Yi Axis Dy Xi Dy*Xi

1 0.0011 15 0.016 A 0.0008 -0.615 -0.001
2 0.0011 10 0.011 B 0.0008 6 0.005
3 0.0011 5 0.006 C 0.0012 12 0.014
Ground - 2nd
4 0.0012 0 0.000 D 0.0012 18 0.022
4' 0.0002 -3.62 -0.001 E 0.0008 24 0.020
F 0.0008 30.665 0.025

Axis Dx Yi Dx*Yi Axis Dy Xi Dy*Xi

1 0.0011 15 0.016 A 0.0008 -0.615 -0.0005
2 0.0011 10 0.011 B 0.0008 6 0.0050
3 0.0011 5 0.006 C 0.0009 12 0.0111
3rd
4 0.0012 0 0.000 D 0.0009 18 0.0166
E 0.0008 24 0.0200
F 0.0008 30.665 0.0255

Axis Dx Yi Dx*Yi Axis Dy Xi Dy*Xi

1 0.0007 15 0.011 A 0.0006 -0.615 -0.0003
2 0.0007 10 0.007 B 0.0006 6 0.0033
3 0.0008 5 0.004 C 0.0006 12 0.0066
4th
D 0.0006 18 0.0100
E 0.0006 24 0.0133
F 0.0006 30.665 0.0169
 Axis Dx Yi Dx*Yi Axis Dy Xi Dy*Xi
1 0.000 15 0.005 A 0.000 -0.615 0.000
2 0.000 10 0.003 B 0.000 6 0.002
3 0.000 5 0.002 C 0.000 12 0.005
5th-7th
D 0.000 18 0.007
E 0.000 24 0.010
F 0.000 30.665 0.013

Axis Dx Yi Dx*Yi Axis Dy Xi Dy*Xi

1 0.001 15 0.011 A 0.000 -0.615 0.000
2 0.001 10 0.007 B 0.000 6 0.003
3 0.001 5 0.004 C 0.000 12 0.006
8th
D 0.000 18 0.009
E 0.000 24 0.012
F 0.000 30.665 0.015

Axis Dx Yi Dx*Yi Axis Dy Xi Dy*Xi

1 0.001 15 0.016 A 0.000 -0.615 0.000
2 0.001 10 0.011 B 0.000 6 0.002
C 0.000 12 0.004
Roof
D 0.000 18 0.006
E 0.000 24 0.009
F 0.000 30.665 0.011
Table 5.6 Summary of center of stiffness

Center of Stiffness
Floor Xs Ys
Basement 15.51 6.67
Ground 15.01 6.81
1st 15.01 6.81
2nd 15.01 6.81
3rd 15.01 7.38
4th 15.01 9.93
5th 15.01 9.92
6th 15.01 9.92
7th 15.01 9.92
8th 15.01 9.93
Roof 15.01 12.47

5.2.3 Frame Shear

Table 5.7 Comptuation of Frame Shear

Story Story
Axis Dx Shear Qi-x Axis Dy Shear Qi-y
1 0.0030 11.57 2.67 A 0.0021 11.57 1.71
2 0.0030 11.57 2.68 B 0.0021 11.57 1.71
3 0.0031 11.57 2.69 C 0.0027 11.57 2.19
Basement
4 0.0031 11.57 2.69 D 0.0027 11.57 2.19
4' 0.0010 11.57 0.85 E 0.0021 11.57 1.71
F 0.0025 11.57 2.08
0.0132 0.0140

1 0.0011 26.46 6.09 A 0.0008 26.46 3.84

2 0.0011 26.46 6.21 B 0.0008 26.46 3.85
3 0.0011 26.46 6.35 C 0.0012 26.46 5.53
Ground
4 0.0012 26.46 6.43 D 0.0012 26.46 5.53
4' 0.0002 26.46 1.38 E 0.0008 26.46 3.85
F 0.0008 26.46 3.84
0.0048 0.0057
 1 0.0011 44.75 10.30 A 0.0008 44.75 6.50
2 0.0011 44.75 10.50 B 0.0008 44.75 6.52
3 0.0011 44.75 10.75 C 0.0012 44.75 9.35
1st
4 0.0012 44.75 10.88 D 0.0012 44.75 9.35
4' 0.0002 44.75 2.33 E 0.0008 44.75 6.52
F 0.0008 44.75 6.50
0.0048 0.0057

1 0.0011 61.54 14.16 A 0.0008 61.54 8.94

2 0.0011 61.54 14.44 B 0.0008 61.54 8.97
3 0.0011 61.54 14.78 C 0.0012 61.54 12.86
2nd
4 0.0012 61.54 14.96 D 0.0012 61.54 12.86
4' 0.0002 61.54 3.20 E 0.0008 61.54 8.97
F 0.0008 61.54 8.94
0.0048 0.0057

1 0.0011 75.53 18.33 A 0.0008 75.53 12.14

2 0.0011 75.53 18.70 B 0.0008 75.53 12.17
3 0.0011 75.53 19.13 C 0.0009 75.53 13.45
3rd
4 0.0012 75.53 19.37 D 0.0009 75.53 13.45
E 0.0008 75.53 12.17
F 0.0008 75.53 12.14
0.0045 0.0052

1 0.0007 85.86 28.00 A 0.0006 85.86 14.28

2 0.0007 85.86 28.59 B 0.0006 85.86 14.32
3 0.0008 85.86 29.27 C 0.0006 85.86 14.32
4th
D 0.0006 85.86 14.32
E 0.0006 85.86 14.32
F 0.0006 85.86 14.28
0.0022 0.0033
 1 0.0003 101.01 32.93 A 0.0004 101.01 16.80
2 0.0003 101.01 33.63 B 0.0004 101.01 16.85
3 0.0004 101.01 34.45 C 0.0004 101.01 16.85
5th
D 0.0004 101.01 16.85
E 0.0004 101.01 16.85
F 0.0004 101.01 16.80
0.0010 0.0025

1 0.0003 116.16 37.87 A 0.0004 116.16 19.32

2 0.0003 116.16 38.68 B 0.0004 116.16 19.38
3 0.0004 116.16 39.62 C 0.0004 116.16 19.38
6th
4 D 0.0004 116.16 19.38
4' E 0.0004 116.16 19.38
F 0.0004 116.16 19.32
0.0010 0.0025

1 0.0003 131.31 42.81 A 0.0004 131.31 21.84

2 0.0003 131.31 43.72 B 0.0004 131.31 21.91
3 0.0004 131.31 44.78 C 0.0004 131.31 21.91
7th
D 0.0004 131.31 21.91
E 0.0004 131.31 21.91
F 0.0004 131.31 21.84
0.0010 0.0025

1 0.0007 116.03 37.85 A 0.0005 116.03 19.30

2 0.0007 116.03 38.63 B 0.0005 116.03 19.36
3 0.0008 116.03 39.55 C 0.0005 116.03 19.36
8th
D 0.0005 116.03 19.36
E 0.0005 116.03 19.36
F 0.0005 116.03 19.30
0.0022 0.0029
 1 0.0011 95.23 47.14 A 0.0004 95.23 15.84
2 0.0011 95.23 48.10 B 0.0004 95.23 15.89
C 0.0004 95.23 15.89
Roof
D 0.0004 95.23 15.89
E 0.0004 95.23 15.89
F 0.0004 95.23 15.84
0.0022 0.0021

5.2.4 Eccentricity
Table 5.8 Calculation of eccentricity

Center of actual Accidental Design

Floor Stiffness Center of mass eccentricity eccentricity eccentricity
Xs Ys Xm Ym ex ey eix eiy edx edy
Basement 15.51 6.67 15.02 7.14 0.49 -0.47 0.93 1.63 1.42 -2.10
Ground 15.01 6.81 15.09 7.98 -0.08 -1.17 0.93 1.63 -1.01 -2.79
1st 15.01 6.81 15.30 7.61 -0.30 -0.80 0.93 1.63 -1.23 -2.42
2nd 15.01 6.81 15.30 7.61 -0.30 -0.80 0.93 1.63 -1.23 -2.42
3rd 15.01 7.38 15.32 7.97 -0.31 -0.59 0.75 1.63 -1.06 -2.22
4th 15.01 9.93 15.18 10.45 -0.17 -0.52 0.50 1.63 -0.67 -2.15
5th 15.01 9.92 15.18 10.45 -0.17 -0.52 0.50 1.63 -0.67 -2.15
6th 15.01 9.92 15.18 10.45 -0.17 -0.52 0.50 1.63 -0.67 -2.15
7th 15.01 9.92 15.18 10.45 -0.17 -0.52 0.50 1.63 -0.67 -2.15
8th 15.01 9.93 15.10 9.69 -0.09 0.23 0.50 1.63 -0.59 1.86
Roof 15.01 12.47 15.05 10.38 -0.04 2.10 0.25 1.63 -0.29 3.73

5.2.5 Shear Correction Factor

Table 5.9 Calculation of Shear Correction Factor

Axis Dx edy Y' αix Axis Dx edx X' αiy

1 0.0030 -2.10 -0.51 1.00 A 0.0021 1.42 -7.28 0.99
2 0.0030 -2.10 -5.51 1.01 B 0.0021 1.42 -0.67 1.00
3 0.0031 -2.10 -10.51 1.02 C 0.0027 1.42 5.33 1.00
Basement
4 0.0031 -2.10 -15.51 1.02 D 0.0027 1.42 11.33 1.01
4' 0.0010 -2.10 -19.13 1.01 E 0.0021 1.42 17.33 1.01
F 0.0025 1.42 24.00 1.02
 1 0.0011 -2.79 -0.01 1.00 A 0.0008 -1.01 -7.42 1.00
2 0.0011 -2.79 -5.01 1.01 B 0.0008 -1.01 -0.81 1.00
3 0.0011 -2.79 -10.01 1.02 C 0.0012 -1.01 5.19 1.00
Ground
4 0.0012 -2.79 -15.01 1.03 D 0.0012 -1.01 11.19 0.99
4' 0.0002 -2.79 -18.63 1.01 E 0.0008 -1.01 17.19 0.99
F 0.0008 -1.01 23.86 0.99
1 0.0011 -2.42 -0.01 1.00 A 0.0008 -1.23 -7.42 1.01
2 0.0011 -2.42 -5.01 1.01 B 0.0008 -1.23 -0.81 1.00
3 0.0011 -2.42 -10.01 1.02 C 0.0012 -1.23 5.19 0.99
1st
4 0.0012 -2.42 -15.01 1.03 D 0.0012 -1.23 11.19 0.99
4' 0.0002 -2.42 -18.63 1.01 E 0.0008 -1.23 17.19 0.99
F 0.0008 -1.23 23.86 0.98
1 0.0011 -2.42 -0.01 1.00 A 0.0008 -1.23 -7.42 1.01
2 0.0011 -2.42 -5.01 1.01 B 0.0008 -1.23 -0.81 1.00
3 0.0011 -2.42 -10.01 1.02 C 0.0012 -1.23 5.19 0.99
2nd
4 0.0012 -2.42 -15.01 1.03 D 0.0012 -1.23 11.19 0.99
4' 0.0002 -2.42 -18.63 1.01 E 0.0008 -1.23 17.19 0.99
F 0.0008 -1.23 23.86 0.98
1 0.0011 -2.22 -0.01 1.00 A 0.0008 -1.06 -8.00 1.01
2 0.0011 -2.22 -5.01 1.01 B 0.0008 -1.06 -1.38 1.00
3 0.0011 -2.22 -10.01 1.02 C 0.0009 -1.06 4.62 1.00
3rd
4 0.0012 -2.22 -15.01 1.03 D 0.0009 -1.06 10.62 0.99
E 0.0008 -1.06 16.62 0.99
F 0.0008 -1.06 23.28 0.98
1 0.0007 -2.15 -0.01 1.00 A 0.0006 -0.67 -10.54 1.01
2 0.0007 -2.15 -5.01 1.01 B 0.0006 -0.67 -3.93 1.00
3 0.0008 -2.15 -10.01 1.03 C 0.0006 -0.67 2.07 1.00
4th
D 0.0006 -0.67 8.07 0.99
E 0.0006 -0.67 14.07 0.99
F 0.0006 -0.67 20.74 0.99
1 0.0003 -2.15 -0.01 1.00 A 0.0004 -0.67 -10.54 1.01
2 0.0003 -2.15 -5.01 1.01 B 0.0004 -0.67 -3.92 1.00
3 0.0004 -2.15 -10.01 1.02 C 0.0004 -0.67 2.08 1.00
5th
D 0.0004 -0.67 8.08 0.99
E 0.0004 -0.67 14.08 0.99
F 0.0004 -0.67 20.74 0.98
 1 0.0003 -2.15 -0.01 1.00 A 0.0004 -0.67 -10.54 1.01
2 0.0003 -2.15 -5.01 1.01 B 0.0004 -0.67 -3.92 1.00
3 0.0004 -2.15 -10.01 1.02 C 0.0004 -0.67 2.08 1.00
6th
D 0.0004 -0.67 8.08 0.99
E 0.0004 -0.67 14.08 0.99
F 0.0004 -0.67 20.74 0.98
1 0.0003 -2.15 -0.01 1.00 A 0.0004 -0.67 -10.54 1.01
2 0.0003 -2.15 -5.01 1.01 B 0.0004 -0.67 -3.92 1.00
3 0.0004 -2.15 -10.01 1.02 C 0.0004 -0.67 2.08 1.00
7th
D 0.0004 -0.67 8.08 0.99
E 0.0004 -0.67 14.08 0.99
F 0.0004 -0.67 20.74 0.98
1 0.0007 1.86 -0.01 1.00 A 0.0005 -0.59 -10.54 1.01
2 0.0007 1.86 -5.01 0.99 B 0.0005 -0.59 -3.93 1.00
3 0.0008 1.86 -10.01 0.97 C 0.0005 -0.59 2.07 1.00
8th
D 0.0005 -0.59 8.07 1.00
E 0.0005 -0.59 14.07 0.99
F 0.0005 -0.59 20.74 0.99
1 0.0011 3.73 -0.01 1.00 A 0.0004 -0.29 -13.09 1.00
2 0.0011 3.73 -5.01 0.93 B 0.0004 -0.29 -6.47 1.00
C 0.0004 -0.29 -0.47 1.00
Roof
D 0.0004 -0.29 5.53 1.00
E 0.0004 -0.29 11.53 1.00
F 0.0004 -0.29 18.19 0.99

5.2.6 Frame Shear Correction

Table 5.9 Frame Shear Correction

Axi Qi-x Qi-x Qi-y Qi-y

s αix (previous) (Adjusted) Axis αiy (previous) (Adjusted)
1 1.00 2.67 2.67 A 0.99 1.71 1.70
2 1.01 2.68 2.70 B 1.00 1.71 1.71
Basemen 3 1.02 2.69 2.73 C 1.00 2.19 2.20
t 4 1.02 2.69 2.76 D 1.01 2.19 2.21
4' 1.01 0.85 0.85 E 1.01 1.71 1.73
0.00 F 1.02 2.08 2.12
Ground 1 1.00 6.09 6.09 A 1.00 3.84 3.86
 2 1.01 6.21 6.28 B 1.00 3.85 3.86
3 1.02 6.35 6.49 C 1.00 5.53 5.51
4 1.03 6.43 6.65 D 0.99 5.53 5.48
4' 1.01 1.38 1.39 E 0.99 3.85 3.82
0.00 F 0.99 3.84 3.79
1 1.00 10.30 10.30 A 1.01 6.50 6.54
2 1.01 10.50 10.60 B 1.00 6.52 6.52
3 1.02 10.75 10.95 C 0.99 9.35 9.30
1st
4 1.03 10.88 11.20 D 0.99 9.35 9.25
4' 1.01 2.33 2.35 E 0.99 6.52 6.44
0.00 F 0.98 6.50 6.39
1 1.00 14.16 14.16 A 1.01 8.94 8.99
2 1.01 14.44 14.58 B 1.00 8.97 8.97
3 1.02 14.78 15.06 C 0.99 12.86 12.79
2nd
4 1.03 14.96 15.40 D 0.99 12.86 12.71
4' 1.01 3.20 3.23 E 0.99 8.97 8.86
0.00 F 0.98 8.94 8.79
1 1.00 18.33 18.33 A 1.01 12.14 12.21
2 1.01 18.70 18.88 B 1.00 12.17 12.19
3 1.02 19.13 19.52 C 1.00 13.45 13.40
3rd
4 1.03 19.37 19.96 D 0.99 13.45 13.34
0.00 E 0.99 12.17 12.03
0.00 F 0.98 12.14 11.94
1 1.00 28.00 28.01 A 1.01 14.28 14.38
2 1.01 28.59 29.00 B 1.00 14.32 14.36
3 1.03 29.27 30.14 C 1.00 14.32 14.30
4th
0.00 D 0.99 14.32 14.25
0.00 E 0.99 14.32 14.19
0.00 F 0.99 14.28 14.08
1 1.00 32.93 32.93 A 1.01 16.80 16.93
2 1.01 33.63 33.96 B 1.00 16.85 16.90
3 1.02 34.45 35.13 C 1.00 16.85 16.83
5th
0.00 D 0.99 16.85 16.75
0.00 E 0.99 16.85 16.68
0.00 F 0.98 16.80 16.55
1 1.00 37.87 37.87 A 1.01 19.32 19.47
6th 2 1.01 38.68 39.05 B 1.00 19.38 19.43
3 1.02 39.62 40.40 C 1.00 19.38 19.35
 0.00 D 0.99 19.38 19.27
0.00 E 0.99 19.38 19.18
0.00 F 0.98 19.32 19.03
1 1.00 42.81 42.81 A 1.01 21.84 22.01
2 1.01 43.72 44.14 B 1.00 21.91 21.97
3 1.02 44.78 45.67 C 1.00 21.91 21.87
7th
0.00 D 0.99 21.91 21.78
0.00 E 0.99 21.91 21.68
0.00 F 0.98 21.84 21.51
1 1.00 37.85 37.84 A 1.01 19.30 19.42
2 0.99 38.63 38.09 B 1.00 19.36 19.40
3 0.97 39.55 38.41 C 1.00 19.36 19.33
8th
0.00 D 1.00 19.36 19.27
0.00 E 0.99 19.36 19.20
0.00 F 0.99 19.30 19.07
1 1.00 47.14 47.13 A 1.00 15.84 15.92
2 0.93 48.10 44.52 B 1.00 15.89 15.93
0.00 C 1.00 15.89 15.89
Roof
0.00 D 1.00 15.89 15.86
0.00 E 1.00 15.89 15.82
0.00 F 0.99 15.84 15.73

CHAPTER 6 FRAME ANALYSIS

6.1 Introduction
In designing the given structure, the first and necessary task is to analyze the structure. To
perform the analysis, process the loads on each element of the structure must be known. Often, it is the
anticipation of the various loads that will be imposed on the structure that provides the basic type of the
structure that is to be designed. For examples, high-rise structures are subjected to high lateral loadings
caused by wind, and earthquakes. To design a structure, it is therefore necessary to first specify the
loads that act on the structure. In our case the loads on the structure are gravity loads (dead load, live
load), and lateral loads. Structural analysis is given an existing structure subjected to a certain load
determine the internal forces (axial, shear, flexural, torsional, or stresses), deflections, and verify that no
unstable failure can occur. Thus, the basic structural requirements are strength (i.e. stresses should not
exceed critical values) and stiffness (i.e. deflections should be controlled).
Lateral loads

Lateral loads are mainly of wind and earth quake forces as discussed on the introduction part of
this chapter. In our case, from the two forces earthquake is the governing one as discussed on chapter-
6. Therefore, the frame is analyzed for earthquake forces at each story.

Gravity loads

The gravity loads on the frame includes the dead load of each frame element and the load
transferred from slab onto the respective beams and this is determined under slab design.

6.2 Load Combinations

According to EBCS,1998 there are 11 load combinations when considering earthquake loads and
these combos are given below.

Table 5.4 Load combinations

1. Comb 1 1.3 * DL + 1.6 * LL

2. Comb 2 0.75*Comb 1 + EQX
3. Comb 3 0.75*Comb 1 – EQX
4. Comb 4 0.75*Comb 1 + EQY
5. Comb 5 0.75*Comb 1 – EQY
6. Comb 6 DL + LL
7. Comb 7 Envelope (Comb 1, Comb 2, Comb 3, Comb 4, Comb 5 & Comb 6)

The analysis is performed using ETABS Nonlinear V9.6.0 to do this the following procedure is
employed. The loads on the slab include dead load and live load and the values are determined on the
previous chapters. The load on the frame includes the dead load (self-weight of each structural
elements, and lateral loads. The self-weight of the frame skeletal will be determined by ETABS by
defining the material property and cross-section of each element. Finally, we display the analysis result
in graphical form. The analysis result of sample frame elements is tabulated at APPENDEX-C.
Figure 6.1 3D Modeling of the Building using ETABS Nonlinear V9.6.0
CHAPTER 7: DESIGN OF BEAM

7.1 Introduction
Reinforced concrete floors or roofs are monolithic and hence, a part of the slab will act with the
upper part of the beam to resist longitudinal compression. The resulting beam cross section is, then, T-
shaped (inverted L), rather than rectangular with the slab forming the beam flange where as part of the
beam projecting below the slab forms the web or stem.

The T-sections provide a large concrete cross-sectional area of the flange to resist the
compressive force. Hence, T-sections are very advantageous in simply supported spans to resist large
positive bending moment, whereas the inverted T-sections have the added advantage in cantilever
beam to resist negative moment.

As the longitudinal compressive stress varies across the flange width of same level, it is
convenient in design to make use of an effective flange width (may be smaller than the actual width)
which is uniformly stressed.

Figure 7.1 Typical Beam

If𝑦 = 0.8𝑥 > ℎ𝑓 , section is T- or L-, thus it is convenient to consider two hypothetical beams:
Beam F and Beam W

If = 0.8𝑥 < ℎ𝑓 , then the beam is a rectangular beam for the calculation purpose. The effect of
small area of the web under compression is insignificant.
7.2 Ultimate Limit State Design for Axis 4
7.2.1 Span AB
𝑀𝑠𝑑 = 113.45 𝐾𝑁. 𝑚
For in interior beams (T-sections)
𝐿𝑒
𝑏𝑤 +
𝑏𝑒 = { 5
𝑐\𝑐 𝑏𝑒𝑎𝑚 𝑠𝑝𝑎𝑐𝑖𝑛𝑔
For in edge beams (L-sections)
𝐿𝑒
𝑏𝑤 +
𝑏𝑒 = { 10
𝑏𝑤 + ℎ𝑎𝑙𝑓 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑐𝑙𝑒𝑎𝑟𝑎𝑛𝑐𝑒 𝑑𝑖𝑠𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑐𝑒 𝑡𝑜 𝑎𝑑𝑗𝑎𝑐𝑒𝑛𝑡 𝑏𝑒𝑎𝑚
Therefore,
6000
𝑏𝑒 = { 300 + 10 = 900𝑚𝑚 = 900𝑚𝑚
300 + 5000 = 5300𝑚𝑚
Check whether the beam acts as a rectangular beam or T-beam.
Assume 0.8𝑥 = ℎ𝑓
𝑀𝑠𝑑 = 0.8𝑥 ∗ 𝑏𝑒 ∗ 𝑓𝑐𝑑 ∗ (𝑑 − 0.4𝑥)

2𝑀𝑠𝑑
0.8𝑥 = 1.25 ∗ 𝑑 ∗ [1 − √1 − ]
𝑏𝑒 𝑑2 𝑓𝑐𝑑

2 ∗ 113.45 ∗ 106
0.8𝑥 = 1.25 ∗ 457 ∗ [1 − √1 − ] = 25.94𝑚𝑚
900 ∗ 4572 ∗ 13.6

Since 0.8𝑥 < ℎ𝑓 , the beam is rectangular beam

Check depth for single/doubly reinforcement

𝑀𝑠𝑑 113.45 ∗ 106

𝑑=√ = √ = 306.912𝑚𝑚
𝜇𝑠𝑑 ∗ 𝑏 ∗ 𝑓𝑐𝑑 0.2952 ∗ 300 ∗ 13.6

Since 𝑑 < 457𝑚𝑚, ………………………………………………………….. Provide Singly Reinforcement

Longitudinal Reinforcement Calculation

 0.6 0.6
𝜌𝑚𝑖𝑛 = = = 0.0015
𝑓𝑦𝑘 400

2 ∗ 𝑀𝑠𝑑 𝑓𝑐𝑑 2 ∗ 113.45 ∗ 106 13.6

𝜌 = [1 − √1 − ] ∗ = [1 − √1 − ]∗
2
𝑏 ∗ 𝑑 ∗ 𝑓𝑐𝑑 𝑓𝑦𝑑 2
300 ∗ 457 ∗ 13.6 347.83

𝜌 = 0.005608

𝐴𝑆 = 𝜌𝑏𝑑 = 0.005608 ∗ 300 ∗ 457 = 768.846𝑚𝑚2

No of bars: (Use ø 20 Rebar)
𝐴𝑆 768.846
𝑛= ∅2
= 202
= 2.447
𝜋∗ 4
𝜋∗ 4

Therefore, use 3 ∅ 20 Rebars at the Bottom

7.2.2 Support A & B
𝑀𝑠𝑑 = 198.833 𝐾𝑁. 𝑚
For in interior beams (T-sections)
𝐿𝑒
𝑏𝑤 +
𝑏𝑒 = { 5
𝑐\𝑐 𝑏𝑒𝑎𝑚 𝑠𝑝𝑎𝑐𝑖𝑛𝑔
For in edge beams (L-sections)
𝐿𝑒
𝑏𝑤 +
𝑏𝑒 = { 10
𝑏𝑤 + ℎ𝑎𝑙𝑓 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑐𝑙𝑒𝑎𝑟𝑎𝑛𝑐𝑒 𝑑𝑖𝑠𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑐𝑒 𝑡𝑜 𝑎𝑑𝑗𝑎𝑐𝑒𝑛𝑡 𝑏𝑒𝑎𝑚
Therefore,
6000
𝑏𝑒 = { 300 + = 900𝑚𝑚 = 900𝑚𝑚
10
300 + 5000 = 5300𝑚𝑚
Check whether the beam acts as a rectangular beam or T-beam.
Assume 0.8𝑥 = ℎ𝑓
𝑀𝑠𝑑 = 0.8𝑥 ∗ 𝑏𝑒 ∗ 𝑓𝑐𝑑 ∗ (𝑑 − 0.4𝑥)

2𝑀𝑠𝑑
0.8𝑥 = 1.25 ∗ 𝑑 ∗ [1 − √1 − ]
𝑏𝑒 𝑑2 𝑓𝑐𝑑

2 ∗ 198.833 ∗ 106
0.8𝑥 = 1.25 ∗ 457 ∗ [1 − √1 − ] = 46.3096𝑚𝑚
900 ∗ 4572 ∗ 13.6
 Since 0.8𝑥 < ℎ𝑓 , the beam is rectangular beam

Check depth for single/doubly reinforcement

𝑀𝑠𝑑 198.833 ∗ 106

𝑑=√ = √ = 406.309𝑚𝑚
𝜇𝑠𝑑 ∗ 𝑏 ∗ 𝑓𝑐𝑑 0.2952 ∗ 300 ∗ 13.6

Since 𝑑 < 457𝑚𝑚, ………………………………………………………….. Provide Singly Reinforcement

Longitudinal Reinforcement Calculation

0.6 0.6
𝜌𝑚𝑖𝑛 = = = 0.0015
𝑓𝑦𝑘 400

2 ∗ 𝑀𝑠𝑑 𝑓𝑐𝑑 2 ∗ 198.833 ∗ 106 13.6

𝜌 = [1 − √1 − ] ∗ = [1 − √1 − ]∗
2
𝑏 ∗ 𝑑 ∗ 𝑓𝑐𝑑 𝑓𝑦𝑑 2
300 ∗ 457 ∗ 13.6 347.83

𝜌 = 0.010546

𝐴𝑆 = 𝜌𝑏𝑑 = 0.010546 ∗ 300 ∗ 457 = 1445.83𝑚𝑚2

No of bars: (Use ø 20 Rebar)
𝐴𝑆 1445.83
𝑛= ∅2
= 202
= 4.6
𝜋∗ 4
𝜋∗ 4

Therefore, use 5 ∅ 20 Rebars at the Top

7.2.3 Span BC
𝑀𝑠𝑑 = 99.94 𝐾𝑁. 𝑚
For in interior beams (T-sections)
𝐿𝑒
𝑏𝑤 +
𝑏𝑒 = { 5
𝑐\𝑐 𝑏𝑒𝑎𝑚 𝑠𝑝𝑎𝑐𝑖𝑛𝑔
For in edge beams (L-sections)
𝐿𝑒
𝑏𝑤 +
𝑏𝑒 = { 10
𝑏𝑤 + ℎ𝑎𝑙𝑓 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑐𝑙𝑒𝑎𝑟𝑎𝑛𝑐𝑒 𝑑𝑖𝑠𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑐𝑒 𝑡𝑜 𝑎𝑑𝑗𝑎𝑐𝑒𝑛𝑡 𝑏𝑒𝑎𝑚
Therefore,
6000
𝑏𝑒 = { 300 + 10 = 900𝑚𝑚 = 900𝑚𝑚
300 + 5000 = 5300𝑚𝑚
Check whether the beam acts as a rectangular beam or T-beam.
 Assume 0.8𝑥 = ℎ𝑓
𝑀𝑠𝑑 = 0.8𝑥 ∗ 𝑏𝑒 ∗ 𝑓𝑐𝑑 ∗ (𝑑 − 0.4𝑥)

2𝑀𝑠𝑑
0.8𝑥 = 1.25 ∗ 𝑑 ∗ [1 − √1 − ]
𝑏𝑒 𝑑2 𝑓𝑐𝑑

2 ∗ 99.94 ∗ 106
0.8𝑥 = 1.25 ∗ 457 ∗ [1 − √1 − ] = 22.788𝑚𝑚
900 ∗ 4572 ∗ 13.6

Since 0.8𝑥 < ℎ𝑓 , the beam is rectangular beam

Check depth for single/doubly reinforcement

𝑀𝑠𝑑 99.94 ∗ 106

𝑑=√ = √ = 288.059𝑚𝑚
𝜇𝑠𝑑 ∗ 𝑏 ∗ 𝑓𝑐𝑑 0.2952 ∗ 300 ∗ 13.6

Since 𝑑 < 457𝑚𝑚, ………………………………………………………….. Provide Singly Reinforcement

Longitudinal Reinforcement Calculation

0.6 0.6
𝜌𝑚𝑖𝑛 = = = 0.0015
𝑓𝑦𝑘 400

2 ∗ 𝑀𝑠𝑑 𝑓𝑐𝑑 2 ∗ 99.94 ∗ 106 13.6

𝜌 = [1 − √1 − ] ∗ = [1 − √1 − ]∗
2
𝑏 ∗ 𝑑 ∗ 𝑓𝑐𝑑 𝑓𝑦𝑑 2
300 ∗ 457 ∗ 13.6 347.83

𝜌 = 0.004892

𝐴𝑆 = 𝜌𝑏𝑑 = 0.004892 ∗ 300 ∗ 457 = 670.673𝑚𝑚2

No of bars: (Use ø 20 Rebar)
𝐴𝑆 670.673
𝑛= ∅2
= 202
= 2.135
𝜋∗ 4
𝜋∗ 4

Therefore, use 3 ∅ 20 Rebars at the Bottom

7.2.4 Support C
𝑀𝑠𝑑 = 191.665 𝐾𝑁. 𝑚
For in interior beams (T-sections)
𝐿𝑒
𝑏𝑤 +
𝑏𝑒 = { 5
𝑐\𝑐 𝑏𝑒𝑎𝑚 𝑠𝑝𝑎𝑐𝑖𝑛𝑔
For in edge beams (L-sections)
𝐿𝑒
𝑏𝑤 +
𝑏𝑒 = { 10
𝑏𝑤 + ℎ𝑎𝑙𝑓 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑐𝑙𝑒𝑎𝑟𝑎𝑛𝑐𝑒 𝑑𝑖𝑠𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑐𝑒 𝑡𝑜 𝑎𝑑𝑗𝑎𝑐𝑒𝑛𝑡 𝑏𝑒𝑎𝑚
Therefore,
6000
𝑏𝑒 = { 300 + 10 = 900𝑚𝑚 = 900𝑚𝑚
300 + 5000 = 5300𝑚𝑚
Check whether the beam acts as a rectangular beam or T-beam.
Assume 0.8𝑥 = ℎ𝑓
𝑀𝑠𝑑 = 0.8𝑥 ∗ 𝑏𝑒 ∗ 𝑓𝑐𝑑 ∗ (𝑑 − 0.4𝑥)

2𝑀𝑠𝑑
0.8𝑥 = 1.25 ∗ 𝑑 ∗ [1 − √1 − ]
𝑏𝑒 𝑑2 𝑓𝑐𝑑

2 ∗ 191.665 ∗ 106
0.8𝑥 = 1.25 ∗ 457 ∗ [1 − √1 − ] = 44.569𝑚𝑚
900 ∗ 4572 ∗ 13.6

Since 0.8𝑥 < ℎ𝑓 , the beam is rectangular beam

Check depth for single/doubly reinforcement

𝑀𝑠𝑑 191.665 ∗ 106

𝑑=√ = √ = 398.918𝑚𝑚
𝜇𝑠𝑑 ∗ 𝑏 ∗ 𝑓𝑐𝑑 0.2952 ∗ 300 ∗ 13.6

Since 𝑑 < 457𝑚𝑚, ………………………………………………………….. Provide Singly Reinforcement

Longitudinal Reinforcement Calculation

0.6 0.6
𝜌𝑚𝑖𝑛 = = = 0.0015
𝑓𝑦𝑘 400

2 ∗ 𝑀𝑠𝑑 𝑓𝑐𝑑 2 ∗ 191.665 ∗ 106 13.6

𝜌 = [1 − √1 − ] ∗ = [1 − √1 − ]∗
2
𝑏 ∗ 𝑑 ∗ 𝑓𝑐𝑑 𝑓𝑦𝑑 2
300 ∗ 457 ∗ 13.6 347.83

𝜌 = 0.010099

𝐴𝑆 = 𝜌𝑏𝑑 = 0.010099 ∗ 300 ∗ 457 = 1384.56𝑚𝑚2

No of bars: (Use ø 20 Rebar)
 𝐴𝑆 1384.56
𝑛= ∅2
= 202
= 4.407
𝜋∗ 𝜋∗
4 4

Therefore, use 5 ∅ 20 Rebars at the Top

7.2.5 Span CD
𝑀𝑠𝑑 = 92.164 𝐾𝑁. 𝑚
For in interior beams (T-sections)
𝐿𝑒
𝑏𝑤 +
𝑏𝑒 = { 5
𝑐\𝑐 𝑏𝑒𝑎𝑚 𝑠𝑝𝑎𝑐𝑖𝑛𝑔
For in edge beams (L-sections)
𝐿𝑒
𝑏𝑤 +
𝑏𝑒 = { 10
𝑏𝑤 + ℎ𝑎𝑙𝑓 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑐𝑙𝑒𝑎𝑟𝑎𝑛𝑐𝑒 𝑑𝑖𝑠𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑐𝑒 𝑡𝑜 𝑎𝑑𝑗𝑎𝑐𝑒𝑛𝑡 𝑏𝑒𝑎𝑚
Therefore,
6000
𝑏𝑒 = { 300 + = 900𝑚𝑚 = 900𝑚𝑚
10
300 + 5000 = 5300𝑚𝑚
Check whether the beam acts as a rectangular beam or T-beam.
Assume 0.8𝑥 = ℎ𝑓
𝑀𝑠𝑑 = 0.8𝑥 ∗ 𝑏𝑒 ∗ 𝑓𝑐𝑑 ∗ (𝑑 − 0.4𝑥)

2𝑀𝑠𝑑
0.8𝑥 = 1.25 ∗ 𝑑 ∗ [1 − √1 − ]
𝑏𝑒 𝑑2 𝑓𝑐𝑑

2 ∗ 92.164 ∗ 106
0.8𝑥 = 1.25 ∗ 457 ∗ [1 − √1 − ] = 20.981𝑚𝑚
900 ∗ 4572 ∗ 13.6

Since 0.8𝑥 < ℎ𝑓 , the beam is rectangular beam

Check depth for single/doubly reinforcement

𝑀𝑠𝑑 92.164 ∗ 106

𝑑=√ = √ = 288.059𝑚𝑚
𝜇𝑠𝑑 ∗ 𝑏 ∗ 𝑓𝑐𝑑 0.2952 ∗ 300 ∗ 13.6

Since 𝑑 < 457𝑚𝑚, ………………………………………………………….. Provide Singly Reinforcement

Longitudinal Reinforcement Calculation

 0.6 0.6
𝜌𝑚𝑖𝑛 = = = 0.0015
𝑓𝑦𝑘 400

2 ∗ 𝑀𝑠𝑑 𝑓𝑐𝑑 2 ∗ 92.164 ∗ 106 13.6

𝜌 = [1 − √1 − ] ∗ = [1 − √1 − ]∗
2
𝑏 ∗ 𝑑 ∗ 𝑓𝑐𝑑 𝑓𝑦𝑑 2
300 ∗ 457 ∗ 13.6 347.83

𝜌 = 0.004486

𝐴𝑆 = 𝜌𝑏𝑑 = 0.004486 ∗ 300 ∗ 457 = 615.089𝑚𝑚2

No of bars: (Use ø 20 Rebar)
𝐴𝑆 615.089
𝑛= ∅2
= 202
= 1.95
𝜋∗ 4
𝜋∗ 4

Therefore, use 2 ∅ 20 Rebars at the Bottom

7.2.6 Support D
𝑀𝑠𝑑 = 191.469 𝐾𝑁. 𝑚
For in interior beams (T-sections)
𝐿𝑒
𝑏𝑤 +
𝑏𝑒 = { 5
𝑐\𝑐 𝑏𝑒𝑎𝑚 𝑠𝑝𝑎𝑐𝑖𝑛𝑔
For in edge beams (L-sections)
𝐿𝑒
𝑏𝑤 +
𝑏𝑒 = { 10
𝑏𝑤 + ℎ𝑎𝑙𝑓 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑐𝑙𝑒𝑎𝑟𝑎𝑛𝑐𝑒 𝑑𝑖𝑠𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑐𝑒 𝑡𝑜 𝑎𝑑𝑗𝑎𝑐𝑒𝑛𝑡 𝑏𝑒𝑎𝑚
Therefore,
6000
𝑏𝑒 = { 300 + = 900𝑚𝑚 = 900𝑚𝑚
10
300 + 5000 = 5300𝑚𝑚
Check whether the beam acts as a rectangular beam or T-beam.
Assume 0.8𝑥 = ℎ𝑓
𝑀𝑠𝑑 = 0.8𝑥 ∗ 𝑏𝑒 ∗ 𝑓𝑐𝑑 ∗ (𝑑 − 0.4𝑥)

2𝑀𝑠𝑑
0.8𝑥 = 1.25 ∗ 𝑑 ∗ [1 − √1 − ]
𝑏𝑒 𝑑2 𝑓𝑐𝑑

2 ∗ 191.469 ∗ 106
0.8𝑥 = 1.25 ∗ 457 ∗ [1 − √1 − ] = 44.5219𝑚𝑚
900 ∗ 4572 ∗ 13.6
 Since 0.8𝑥 < ℎ𝑓 , the beam is rectangular beam

Check depth for single/doubly reinforcement

𝑀𝑠𝑑 191.469 ∗ 106

𝑑=√ = √ = 398.714𝑚𝑚
𝜇𝑠𝑑 ∗ 𝑏 ∗ 𝑓𝑐𝑑 0.2952 ∗ 300 ∗ 13.6

Since 𝑑 < 457𝑚𝑚, ………………………………………………………….. Provide Singly Reinforcement

Longitudinal Reinforcement Calculation

0.6 0.6
𝜌𝑚𝑖𝑛 = = = 0.0015
𝑓𝑦𝑘 400

2 ∗ 𝑀𝑠𝑑 𝑓𝑐𝑑 2 ∗ 191.469 ∗ 106 13.6

𝜌 = [1 − √1 − ] ∗ = [1 − √1 − ]∗
2
𝑏 ∗ 𝑑 ∗ 𝑓𝑐𝑑 𝑓𝑦𝑑 2
300 ∗ 457 ∗ 13.6 347.83

𝜌 = 0.010087

𝐴𝑆 = 𝜌𝑏𝑑 = 0.010099 ∗ 300 ∗ 457 = 1382.9𝑚𝑚2

No of bars: (Use ø 20 Rebar)
𝐴𝑆 1382.9
𝑛= ∅2
= 202
= 4.402
𝜋∗ 4
𝜋∗ 4

Therefore, use 5 ∅ 20 Rebars at the Top

7.2.7 Span DE
𝑀𝑠𝑑 = 99.71 𝐾𝑁. 𝑚
For in interior beams (T-sections)
𝐿𝑒
𝑏𝑤 +
𝑏𝑒 = { 5
𝑐\𝑐 𝑏𝑒𝑎𝑚 𝑠𝑝𝑎𝑐𝑖𝑛𝑔
For in edge beams (L-sections)
𝐿𝑒
𝑏𝑤 +
𝑏𝑒 = { 10
𝑏𝑤 + ℎ𝑎𝑙𝑓 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑐𝑙𝑒𝑎𝑟𝑎𝑛𝑐𝑒 𝑑𝑖𝑠𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑐𝑒 𝑡𝑜 𝑎𝑑𝑗𝑎𝑐𝑒𝑛𝑡 𝑏𝑒𝑎𝑚
Therefore,
6000
𝑏𝑒 = { 300 + 10 = 900𝑚𝑚 = 900𝑚𝑚
300 + 5000 = 5300𝑚𝑚
Check whether the beam acts as a rectangular beam or T-beam.
 Assume 0.8𝑥 = ℎ𝑓
𝑀𝑠𝑑 = 0.8𝑥 ∗ 𝑏𝑒 ∗ 𝑓𝑐𝑑 ∗ (𝑑 − 0.4𝑥)

2𝑀𝑠𝑑
0.8𝑥 = 1.25 ∗ 𝑑 ∗ [1 − √1 − ]
𝑏𝑒 𝑑2 𝑓𝑐𝑑

2 ∗ 99.71 ∗ 106
0.8𝑥 = 1.25 ∗ 457 ∗ [1 − √1 − ] = 20.981𝑚𝑚
900 ∗ 4572 ∗ 13.6

Since 0.8𝑥 < ℎ𝑓 , the beam is rectangular beam

Check depth for single/doubly reinforcement

𝑀𝑠𝑑 99.71 ∗ 106

𝑑=√ = √ = 288.059𝑚𝑚
𝜇𝑠𝑑 ∗ 𝑏 ∗ 𝑓𝑐𝑑 0.2952 ∗ 300 ∗ 13.6

Since 𝑑 < 457𝑚𝑚, ………………………………………………………….. Provide Singly Reinforcement

Longitudinal Reinforcement Calculation

0.6 0.6
𝜌𝑚𝑖𝑛 = = = 0.0015
𝑓𝑦𝑘 400

2 ∗ 𝑀𝑠𝑑 𝑓𝑐𝑑 2 ∗ 99.71 ∗ 106 13.6

𝜌 = [1 − √1 − ] ∗ = [1 − √1 − ]∗
2
𝑏 ∗ 𝑑 ∗ 𝑓𝑐𝑑 𝑓𝑦𝑑 2
300 ∗ 457 ∗ 13.6 347.83

𝜌 = 0.004486

𝐴𝑆 = 𝜌𝑏𝑑 = 0.004486 ∗ 300 ∗ 457 = 615.089𝑚𝑚2

No of bars: (Use ø 20 Rebar)
𝐴𝑆 615.089
𝑛= ∅2
= 202
= 1.95
𝜋∗ 4
𝜋∗ 4

Therefore, use 2 ∅ 20 Rebars at the Bottom

7.2.8 Support E & F
𝑀𝑠𝑑 = 202.762 𝐾𝑁. 𝑚
For in interior beams (T-sections)
𝐿𝑒
𝑏𝑤 +
𝑏𝑒 = { 5
𝑐\𝑐 𝑏𝑒𝑎𝑚 𝑠𝑝𝑎𝑐𝑖𝑛𝑔
For in edge beams (L-sections)
𝐿𝑒
𝑏𝑤 +
𝑏𝑒 = { 10
𝑏𝑤 + ℎ𝑎𝑙𝑓 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑐𝑙𝑒𝑎𝑟𝑎𝑛𝑐𝑒 𝑑𝑖𝑠𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑐𝑒 𝑡𝑜 𝑎𝑑𝑗𝑎𝑐𝑒𝑛𝑡 𝑏𝑒𝑎𝑚
Therefore,
6000
𝑏𝑒 = { 300 + 10 = 900𝑚𝑚 = 900𝑚𝑚
300 + 5000 = 5300𝑚𝑚
Check whether the beam acts as a rectangular beam or T-beam.
Assume 0.8𝑥 = ℎ𝑓
𝑀𝑠𝑑 = 0.8𝑥 ∗ 𝑏𝑒 ∗ 𝑓𝑐𝑑 ∗ (𝑑 − 0.4𝑥)

2𝑀𝑠𝑑
0.8𝑥 = 1.25 ∗ 𝑑 ∗ [1 − √1 − ]
𝑏𝑒 𝑑2 𝑓𝑐𝑑

2 ∗ 202.762 ∗ 106
0.8𝑥 = 1.25 ∗ 457 ∗ [1 − √1 − ] = 47.266𝑚𝑚
900 ∗ 4572 ∗ 13.6

Since 0.8𝑥 < ℎ𝑓 , the beam is rectangular beam

Check depth for single/doubly reinforcement

𝑀𝑠𝑑 202.762 ∗ 106

𝑑=√ = √ = 410.303𝑚𝑚
𝜇𝑠𝑑 ∗ 𝑏 ∗ 𝑓𝑐𝑑 0.2952 ∗ 300 ∗ 13.6

Since 𝑑 < 457𝑚𝑚, ………………………………………………………….. Provide Singly Reinforcement

Longitudinal Reinforcement Calculation

0.6 0.6
𝜌𝑚𝑖𝑛 = = = 0.0015
𝑓𝑦𝑘 400

2 ∗ 𝑀𝑠𝑑 𝑓𝑐𝑑 2 ∗ 202.762 ∗ 106 13.6

𝜌 = [1 − √1 − ] ∗ = [1 − √1 − ]∗
𝑏 ∗ 𝑑2 ∗ 𝑓𝑐𝑑 𝑓𝑦𝑑 300 ∗ 4572 ∗ 13.6 347.83

𝜌 = 0.010794

𝐴𝑆 = 𝜌𝑏𝑑 = 0.010794 ∗ 300 ∗ 457 = 1479.83𝑚𝑚2

No of bars: (Use ø 20 Rebar)
𝐴𝑆 1479.83
𝑛= ∅2
= 202
= 4.71
𝜋∗ 4
𝜋∗ 4

Therefore, use 5 ∅ 20 Rebars at the Top

7.2.9 Span EF
𝑀𝑠𝑑 = 116.208 𝐾𝑁. 𝑚
For in interior beams (T-sections)
𝐿𝑒
𝑏𝑤 +
𝑏𝑒 = { 5
𝑐\𝑐 𝑏𝑒𝑎𝑚 𝑠𝑝𝑎𝑐𝑖𝑛𝑔
For in edge beams (L-sections)
𝐿𝑒
𝑏𝑤 +
𝑏𝑒 = { 10
𝑏𝑤 + ℎ𝑎𝑙𝑓 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑐𝑙𝑒𝑎𝑟𝑎𝑛𝑐𝑒 𝑑𝑖𝑠𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑐𝑒 𝑡𝑜 𝑎𝑑𝑗𝑎𝑐𝑒𝑛𝑡 𝑏𝑒𝑎𝑚
Therefore,
6000
𝑏𝑒 = { 300 + 10 = 900𝑚𝑚 = 900𝑚𝑚
300 + 5000 = 5300𝑚𝑚

Check whether the beam acts as a rectangular beam or T-beam.

Assume 0.8𝑥 = ℎ𝑓
𝑀𝑠𝑑 = 0.8𝑥 ∗ 𝑏𝑒 ∗ 𝑓𝑐𝑑 ∗ (𝑑 − 0.4𝑥)

2𝑀𝑠𝑑
0.8𝑥 = 1.25 ∗ 𝑑 ∗ [1 − √1 − ]
𝑏𝑒 𝑑2 𝑓𝑐𝑑

2 ∗ 116.208 ∗ 106
0.8𝑥 = 1.25 ∗ 457 ∗ [1 − √1 − ] = 26.587𝑚𝑚
900 ∗ 4572 ∗ 13.6

Since 0.8𝑥 < ℎ𝑓 , the beam is rectangular beam

Check depth for single/doubly reinforcement

𝑀𝑠𝑑 116.208 ∗ 106

𝑑=√ = √ = 310.62𝑚𝑚
𝜇𝑠𝑑 ∗ 𝑏 ∗ 𝑓𝑐𝑑 0.2952 ∗ 300 ∗ 13.6
 Since 𝑑 < 457𝑚𝑚, ………………………………………………………….. Provide Singly Reinforcement

Longitudinal Reinforcement Calculation

0.6 0.6
𝜌𝑚𝑖𝑛 = = = 0.0015
𝑓𝑦𝑘 400

2 ∗ 𝑀𝑠𝑑 𝑓𝑐𝑑 2 ∗ 116.208 ∗ 106 13.6

𝜌 = [1 − √1 − ] ∗ = [1 − √1 − ] ∗
𝑏 ∗ 𝑑2 ∗ 𝑓𝑐𝑑 𝑓𝑦𝑑 300 ∗ 4572 ∗ 13.6 347.83

𝜌 = 0.005756

𝐴𝑆 = 𝜌𝑏𝑑 = 0.005756 ∗ 300 ∗ 457 = 789.146𝑚𝑚2

No of bars: (Use ø 20 Rebar)
𝐴𝑆 789.146
𝑛= ∅2
= 202
= 2.512
𝜋∗ 4
𝜋∗ 4

Therefore, use 3 ∅ 20 Rebars at the Bottom

7.3 Limit State Design for Shear for Axis 4

7.3.1 Span AB
𝑉𝑆𝐷 = 255.03𝐾𝑁
Check for diagonal compression

𝑉𝑅𝐷 = 0.25 × 𝑓𝑐𝑑 × 𝑏𝑤 × 𝑑 = 0.25 × 13.6 × 300 × 457 = 466.14𝐾𝑁

𝑉𝑅𝐷 > 𝑉𝑆𝐷
Compute shear capacity of concrete

𝑉𝐶 = 0.25𝑓𝑐𝑡𝑑 𝑘1 𝑘2 𝑏𝑑
𝑘1 = 1 + 50𝜌 ≤ 2.0 𝜌 = 0.010546
𝑘1 = 1 + 50 ∗ 0.010546 = 1.527
𝑘2 = 1.6 − 𝑑 = 1.143
𝑉𝑐 = 0.25 ∗ 1.165 ∗ 1.527 ∗ 1.143 ∗ 300 ∗ 457 = 69.706𝐾𝑁
Shear reinforcement

𝑉𝑆 = 𝑉𝑆𝐷 − 𝑉𝑐 = 255.03 − 69.706 = 185.324𝐾𝑁

 2
0.5𝑑 ≤ 300𝑚𝑚 𝑤ℎ𝑒𝑛 𝑉𝑆𝐷 ≤ ∗𝑉 ,
3 𝑅𝐷
𝑆𝑚𝑎𝑥 = 2
0.3𝑑 ≤ 200𝑚𝑚 𝑤ℎ𝑒𝑛 𝑉𝑆𝐷 > ∗ 𝑉𝑅𝐷 ,
3
{

2 2
∗ 𝑉𝑅𝐷 = ∗ 466.14 = 310.76 ≥ 𝑉𝑆𝐷
3 3

𝑆𝑚𝑎𝑥 = min(0.5 ∗ 𝑑, 300) = 228.5𝑚𝑚

Consider φ8mm stirrups

82 ∗ 𝜋
𝑎𝑣 = = 50.265𝑚𝑚2
4

𝐴𝑣 ∗ 𝑓𝑦𝑑 ∗ 𝑑 2 ∗ 50.265 ∗ 347.83 ∗ 10−3 ∗ 457

𝑆= = = 86.22𝑚𝑚
𝑉𝑠 185.324

Therefore, use ∅ 8 C/C 80 mm

7.3.2 Span BC
𝑉𝑆𝐷 = 242.07𝐾𝑁
Check for diagonal compression

𝑉𝑅𝐷 = 0.25 × 𝑓𝑐𝑑 × 𝑏𝑤 × 𝑑 = 0.25 × 13.6 × 300 × 457 = 466.14𝐾𝑁

𝑉𝑅𝐷 > 𝑉𝑆𝐷
Compute shear capacity of concrete

𝑉𝐶 = 0.25𝑓𝑐𝑡𝑑 𝑘1 𝑘2 𝑏𝑑

𝑘1 = 1 + 50𝜌 ≤ 2.0 𝜌 = 0.010546

𝑘1 = 1 + 50 ∗ 0.010546 = 1.527
𝑘2 = 1.6 − 𝑑 = 1.143
𝑉𝑐 = 0.25 ∗ 1.165 ∗ 1.527 ∗ 1.143 ∗ 300 ∗ 457 = 69.706𝐾𝑁
Shear reinforcement

𝑉𝑆 = 𝑉𝑆𝐷 − 𝑉𝑐 = 242.07 − 69.706 = 172.364𝐾𝑁

2
0.5𝑑 ≤ 300𝑚𝑚 𝑤ℎ𝑒𝑛 𝑉𝑆𝐷 ≤ ∗𝑉 ,
3 𝑅𝐷
𝑆𝑚𝑎𝑥 = 2
0.3𝑑 ≤ 200𝑚𝑚 𝑤ℎ𝑒𝑛 𝑉𝑆𝐷 > ∗ 𝑉𝑅𝐷 ,
3
{
 2 2
∗ 𝑉𝑅𝐷 = ∗ 466.14 = 310.76 ≥ 𝑉𝑆𝐷
3 3

𝑆𝑚𝑎𝑥 = min(0.5 ∗ 𝑑, 300) = 228.5𝑚𝑚

Consider φ8mm stirrups

82 ∗ 𝜋
𝑎𝑣 = = 50.265𝑚𝑚2
4

𝐴𝑣 ∗ 𝑓𝑦𝑑 ∗ 𝑑 2 ∗ 50.265 ∗ 347.83 ∗ 10−3 ∗ 457

𝑆= = = 92.71𝑚𝑚
𝑉𝑠 172.364

Therefore, use ∅ 8 C/C 90 mm

7.3.3 Span CD
𝑉𝑆𝐷 = 177.86𝐾𝑁
Check for diagonal compression

𝑉𝑅𝐷 = 0.25 × 𝑓𝑐𝑑 × 𝑏𝑤 × 𝑑 = 0.25 × 13.6 × 300 × 457 = 466.14𝐾𝑁

𝑉𝑅𝐷 > 𝑉𝑆𝐷
Compute shear capacity of concrete

𝑉𝐶 = 0.25𝑓𝑐𝑡𝑑 𝑘1 𝑘2 𝑏𝑑
𝑘1 = 1 + 50𝜌 ≤ 2.0 𝜌 = 0.010099
𝑘1 = 1 + 50 ∗ 0.010546 = 1.505
𝑘2 = 1.6 − 𝑑 = 1.143
𝑉𝑐 = 0.25 ∗ 1.165 ∗ 1.505 ∗ 1.143 ∗ 300 ∗ 457 = 68.686𝐾𝑁
Shear reinforcement

𝑉𝑆 = 𝑉𝑆𝐷 − 𝑉𝑐 = 177.86 − 68.686 = 109.174𝐾𝑁

2
0.5𝑑 ≤ 300𝑚𝑚 𝑤ℎ𝑒𝑛 𝑉𝑆𝐷 ≤ ∗𝑉 ,
3 𝑅𝐷
𝑆𝑚𝑎𝑥 = 2
0.3𝑑 ≤ 200𝑚𝑚 𝑤ℎ𝑒𝑛 𝑉𝑆𝐷 > ∗ 𝑉𝑅𝐷 ,
3
{

2 2
∗ 𝑉𝑅𝐷 = ∗ 466.14 = 310.76 ≥ 𝑉𝑆𝐷
3 3

𝑆𝑚𝑎𝑥 = min(0.5 ∗ 𝑑, 300) = 228.5𝑚𝑚

Consider φ8mm stirrups

82 ∗ 𝜋
𝑎𝑣 = = 50.265𝑚𝑚2
4

𝐴𝑣 ∗ 𝑓𝑦𝑑 ∗ 𝑑 2 ∗ 50.265 ∗ 347.83 ∗ 10−3 ∗ 457

𝑆= = = 146.373𝑚𝑚
𝑉𝑠 109.174

Therefore, use ∅ 8 C/C 140 mm

7.3.4 Span DE
𝑉𝑆𝐷 = 241.68𝐾𝑁
Check for diagonal compression

𝑉𝑅𝐷 = 0.25 × 𝑓𝑐𝑑 × 𝑏𝑤 × 𝑑 = 0.25 × 13.6 × 300 × 457 = 466.14𝐾𝑁

𝑉𝑅𝐷 > 𝑉𝑆𝐷
Compute shear capacity of concrete

𝑉𝐶 = 0.25𝑓𝑐𝑡𝑑 𝑘1 𝑘2 𝑏𝑑
𝑘1 = 1 + 50𝜌 ≤ 2.0 𝜌 = 0.010099
𝑘1 = 1 + 50 ∗ 0.010546 = 1.505
𝑘2 = 1.6 − 𝑑 = 1.143
𝑉𝑐 = 0.25 ∗ 1.165 ∗ 1.505 ∗ 1.143 ∗ 300 ∗ 457 = 68.686𝐾𝑁
Shear reinforcement

𝑉𝑆 = 𝑉𝑆𝐷 − 𝑉𝑐 = 241.68 − 68.686 = 172.994𝐾𝑁

2
0.5𝑑 ≤ 300𝑚𝑚 𝑤ℎ𝑒𝑛 𝑉𝑆𝐷 ≤ ∗𝑉 ,
3 𝑅𝐷
𝑆𝑚𝑎𝑥 = 2
0.3𝑑 ≤ 200𝑚𝑚 𝑤ℎ𝑒𝑛 𝑉𝑆𝐷 > ∗ 𝑉𝑅𝐷 ,
3
{

2 2
∗ 𝑉𝑅𝐷 = ∗ 466.14 = 310.76 ≥ 𝑉𝑆𝐷
3 3

𝑆𝑚𝑎𝑥 = min(0.5 ∗ 𝑑, 300) = 228.5𝑚𝑚

Consider φ8mm stirrups

82 ∗ 𝜋
𝑎𝑣 = = 50.265𝑚𝑚2
4
 𝐴𝑣 ∗ 𝑓𝑦𝑑 ∗ 𝑑 2 ∗ 50.265 ∗ 347.83 ∗ 10−3 ∗ 457
𝑆= = = 92.37𝑚𝑚
𝑉𝑠 172.994

Therefore, use ∅ 8 C/C 90 mm

7.3.5 Span EF
𝑉𝑆𝐷 = 261.41𝐾𝑁
Check for diagonal compression

𝑉𝑅𝐷 = 0.25 × 𝑓𝑐𝑑 × 𝑏𝑤 × 𝑑 = 0.25 × 13.6 × 300 × 457 = 466.14𝐾𝑁

𝑉𝑅𝐷 > 𝑉𝑆𝐷
Compute shear capacity of concrete

𝑉𝐶 = 0.25𝑓𝑐𝑡𝑑 𝑘1 𝑘2 𝑏𝑑
𝑘1 = 1 + 50𝜌 ≤ 2.0 𝜌 = 0.010794
𝑘1 = 1 + 50 ∗ 0.010794 = 1.54
𝑘2 = 1.6 − 𝑑 = 1.143
𝑉𝑐 = 0.25 ∗ 1.165 ∗ 1.54 ∗ 1.143 ∗ 300 ∗ 457 = 70.286𝐾𝑁
Shear reinforcement

𝑉𝑆 = 𝑉𝑆𝐷 − 𝑉𝑐 = 261.41 − 70.286 = 191.124𝐾𝑁

2
0.5𝑑 ≤ 300𝑚𝑚 𝑤ℎ𝑒𝑛 𝑉𝑆𝐷 ≤ ∗𝑉 ,
3 𝑅𝐷
𝑆𝑚𝑎𝑥 = 2
0.3𝑑 ≤ 200𝑚𝑚 𝑤ℎ𝑒𝑛 𝑉𝑆𝐷 > ∗ 𝑉𝑅𝐷 ,
3
{

2 2
∗ 𝑉 = ∗ 466.14 = 310.76 ≥ 𝑉𝑆𝐷
3 𝑅𝐷 3

𝑆𝑚𝑎𝑥 = min(0.5 ∗ 𝑑, 300) = 228.5𝑚𝑚

Consider φ8mm stirrups

82 ∗ 𝜋
𝑎𝑣 = = 50.265𝑚𝑚2
4

𝐴𝑣 ∗ 𝑓𝑦𝑑 ∗ 𝑑 2 ∗ 50.265 ∗ 347.83 ∗ 10−3 ∗ 457

𝑆= = = 83.61𝑚𝑚
𝑉𝑠 191.124

Therefore, use ∅ 8 C/C 80 mm

7.4 Design for Torsion
Since torsion is induced on the beams where we have cantilever slabs, designing the beams for
torsion is necessary.

D=500mm

b=300mm
𝐴 300 ∗ 500
𝑡= = = 93.75𝑚𝑚
𝑈 (2 ∗ 300) ∗ (2 ∗ 500)
𝐴𝑒𝑓𝑓 = (300 − 93.75) ∗ (500 − 93.75) = 83.789 ∗ 103 𝑚𝑚2
𝑈𝑒𝑓𝑓 = 2 ∗ ((300 − 93.75) + (500 − 93.75)) = 1225𝑚𝑚

Torsional resistance of concrete

𝑇𝐶 = 1.2 ∗ 𝑓𝑐𝑡𝑑 ∗ 𝐴𝑒𝑓𝑓 ∗ 𝑡 = 1.2 ∗ 1.165 ∗ 83789 ∗ 93.75 = 10.982𝐾𝑁. 𝑚

𝑇𝑅𝐷 = 0.8 ∗ 𝑓𝑐𝑑 ∗ 𝐴𝑒𝑓𝑓 ∗ 𝑡 = 0.8 ∗ 13.6 ∗ 83789 ∗ 93.75 = 85.465𝐾𝑁. 𝑚

𝑇𝑆𝐷 = 0.54𝐾𝑁. 𝑚 𝑉𝑆𝐷 = 255.03𝐾𝑁
2 2
1 1
𝛽𝑡𝑐 = = = 0.0133
𝑉𝑆𝐷 255.03
𝑉𝐶
√1 + 𝑇𝑆𝐷 √1 + 69.706
0.54
𝑇𝐶 10.982

2 2
1 1
𝛽𝑣𝑐 = = = 0.986
𝑇𝑆𝐷 0.54
𝑇𝐶
√1 + 𝑉𝑆𝐷 √1 + 10.982
255.03
𝑉𝐶 69.706

𝑇𝐶 = 10.982 ∗ 0.0133 = 0.146𝐾𝑁. 𝑚 𝑇𝐶 < 𝑇𝑆𝐷

𝑇𝑒𝑓𝑓 = 𝑇𝑆𝐷 − 𝑇𝐶 = 0.54 − 0.146 = 0.394𝐾𝑁. 𝑚

𝑉𝐶 = 𝛽𝑣𝑐 ∗ 𝑉𝐶 = 0.986 ∗ 69.706 = 68.78𝐾𝑁 𝑉𝐶 < 𝑉𝑆𝐷

𝑉𝑒𝑓𝑓 = 255.03 − 69.706 = 186.248𝐾𝑁

Check if section is large enough for torsion and shear

 𝑇𝑅𝐷 = 𝛽𝑡𝑐 ∗ 𝑇𝑅𝐷 = 0.0133 ∗ 85.465 = 1.137𝐾𝑁. 𝑚 > 𝑇𝑆𝐷
𝑉𝑅𝐷 = 𝛽𝑣𝑐 ∗ 𝑉𝑅𝐷 = 0.986 ∗ 466.14 = 459.614 > 𝑉𝑆𝐷

Therefore, the section is large enough for shear and torsion

Determine the required shear reinforcement

𝑉𝑒𝑓𝑓 = 186.248𝐾𝑁

Stirrup required for shear

𝐴𝑤𝑠 𝑉𝑒𝑓𝑓 186.248 ∗ 103
= = = 1.171𝑚𝑚2 /𝑚
𝑆 𝑑 ∗ 𝑓𝑦𝑑 457 ∗ 347.83
𝐴𝑠,𝑚𝑖𝑛 0.4 ∗ 𝑏𝑤 0.4 ∗ 300
= = = 0.3𝑚𝑚2 /𝑚
𝑆 𝑓𝑦𝑘 400
2
0.5𝑑 ≤ 300𝑚𝑚 𝑤ℎ𝑒𝑛 𝑉𝑆𝐷 ≤ ∗𝑉 ,
3 𝑅𝐷
𝑆𝑚𝑎𝑥 = 2
0.3𝑑 ≤ 200𝑚𝑚 𝑤ℎ𝑒𝑛 𝑉𝑆𝐷 > ∗ 𝑉𝑅𝐷 ,
3
{

2 2
∗ 𝑉𝑅𝐷 = ∗ 466.14 = 310.76 ≥ 𝑉𝑆𝐷
3 3

𝑆𝑚𝑎𝑥 = min(0.5 ∗ 𝑑, 300) ≈ 220𝑚𝑚

Determine the required stirrups for torsion

𝑇𝑒𝑓𝑓 = 0.394𝐾𝑁. 𝑚

𝐴𝑒𝑓𝑓 𝑇𝑒𝑓𝑓 0.394

= = = 0.0067𝑚𝑚2 /𝑚
𝑆 2 ∗ 𝐴𝑒𝑓𝑓 ∗ 𝑓𝑦𝑑 2 ∗ 83.789 ∗ 103 ∗ 347.83

𝑈𝑒𝑓𝑓 1225
𝑆𝑚𝑎𝑥 = = ≈ 150𝑚𝑚
8 8
Obtain the total stirrup for shear and torsion

𝐴𝑣,𝑡𝑜𝑡𝑎𝑙 𝐴𝑤𝑠 2 ∗ 𝐴𝑙𝑒𝑔

= + = 1.171 + 2 ∗ 0.0067 = 1.184𝑚𝑚2 /𝑚
𝑆 𝑆 𝑆

Consider φ8mm stirrups

 82 ∗ 𝜋
𝑎𝑣 = = 50.265𝑚𝑚2
4

𝐴𝑣,𝑡𝑜𝑡𝑎𝑙 2 ∗ 50.265
𝑆= = = 84.907𝑚𝑚
1.184 1.184
Therefore, use ∅ 8 C/C 80 mm
Longitudinal reinforcement for torsion

𝑇𝑒𝑓𝑓 ∗ 𝑈𝑒𝑓𝑓 0.394 ∗ 1225

𝐴𝑙𝑜𝑛𝑔 = = = 16.56𝑚𝑚2
2 ∗ 𝐴𝑒𝑓𝑓 ∗ 𝑓𝑦𝑑 2 ∗ 83.789 ∗ 103 ∗ 347.83

7.5 Detailing
The full design tensile strength of a deformed straight bar can be developed at a given section
provided the bar extends into the concrete a sufficient length beyond the section. The length of the bar
required to develop the length of the bar is known as development length, lb or anchorage length. Since
bond stress varies along the length of the bar, the concept of development length is used instead of
bond stress in codes.

Basic Anchorage

∅ ∗ 𝑓𝑦𝑑
𝑙𝑏 =
4 ∗ 𝑓𝑏𝑑

Where 𝑓𝑏𝑑 = 𝑓𝑐𝑡𝑑 , for plain bars and

𝑓𝑏𝑑 = 2 ∗ 𝑓𝑐𝑡𝑑 , for deformed bars.
20 ∗ 347.83
𝑙𝑏 = = 1492.83𝑚𝑚
4 ∗ 2 ∗ 1.165
Minimum Anchorage

For bars in Tension

0.3𝑙𝑏 = 0.3 ∗ 1492.83 = 447.83𝑚𝑚
𝑙𝑏,𝑚𝑖𝑛 ≥ { 10 ∗ ∅ = 10 ∗ 20 = 200
200
𝑙𝑏,𝑚𝑖𝑛 ≈ 450𝑚𝑚

Required Anchorage Length

𝑎 ∗ 𝐴𝑠,𝑐𝑎𝑙
𝑙𝑏,𝑛𝑒𝑡 = ∗ 𝑙 ≥ 𝑙𝑏,𝑚𝑖𝑛
𝐴𝑠,𝑝𝑟𝑜𝑣𝑖𝑑𝑒𝑑 𝑏
7.5.1 Span AB
𝐴𝑠,𝑐𝑎𝑙 = 768.846

𝐴𝑠,𝑝𝑟𝑜𝑣𝑖𝑑𝑒𝑑 = 942.478

𝑎 = 1, for straight bars

1 ∗ 768.846
𝑙𝑏,𝑛𝑒𝑡 = ∗ 1492.83 = 1217.81𝑚𝑚 > 𝑙𝑏,𝑚𝑖𝑛 = 450𝑚𝑚
942.478

Therefore, use 𝒍𝒃,𝒏𝒆𝒕 = 𝟏𝟐𝟐𝟎𝒎𝒎

7.5.2 Support A & B
𝐴𝑠,𝑐𝑎𝑙 = 1445.83

𝐴𝑠,𝑝𝑟𝑜𝑣𝑖𝑑𝑒𝑑 = 1570.8

𝑎 = 1, for straight bars

1 ∗ 1445.83
𝑙𝑏,𝑛𝑒𝑡 = ∗ 1492.83 = 1374.07𝑚𝑚 > 𝑙𝑏,𝑚𝑖𝑛 = 450𝑚𝑚
1570.8

Therefore, use 𝒍𝒃,𝒏𝒆𝒕 = 𝟏𝟑𝟖𝟎𝒎𝒎

7.5.3 Span BC
𝐴𝑠,𝑐𝑎𝑙 = 670.673

𝐴𝑠,𝑝𝑟𝑜𝑣𝑖𝑑𝑒𝑑 = 942.478

𝑎 = 1, for straight bars

1 ∗ 670.673
𝑙𝑏,𝑛𝑒𝑡 = ∗ 1492.83 = 1062.31𝑚𝑚 > 𝑙𝑏,𝑚𝑖𝑛 = 450𝑚𝑚
942.478

Therefore, use 𝒍𝒃,𝒏𝒆𝒕 = 𝟏𝟎𝟔𝟎𝒎𝒎

7.5.4 Support C
𝐴𝑠,𝑐𝑎𝑙 = 1384.56

𝐴𝑠,𝑝𝑟𝑜𝑣𝑖𝑑𝑒𝑑 = 1570.8

𝑎 = 1, for straight bars

1 ∗ 1384.56
𝑙𝑏,𝑛𝑒𝑡 = ∗ 1492.83 = 1315.83𝑚𝑚 > 𝑙𝑏,𝑚𝑖𝑛 = 450𝑚𝑚
1570.8

Therefore, use 𝒍𝒃,𝒏𝒆𝒕 = 𝟏𝟑𝟐𝟎𝒎𝒎

7.5.5 Span CD
𝐴𝑠,𝑐𝑎𝑙 = 615.089

𝐴𝑠,𝑝𝑟𝑜𝑣𝑖𝑑𝑒𝑑 = 628.319
 𝑎 = 1, for straight bars
1 ∗ 615.089
𝑙𝑏,𝑛𝑒𝑡 = ∗ 1492.83 = 1461.4𝑚𝑚 > 𝑙𝑏,𝑚𝑖𝑛 = 450𝑚𝑚
628.319

Therefore, use 𝒍𝒃,𝒏𝒆𝒕 = 𝟏𝟒𝟕𝟎𝒎𝒎

7.5.6 Support D
𝐴𝑠,𝑐𝑎𝑙 = 1382.9

𝐴𝑠,𝑝𝑟𝑜𝑣𝑖𝑑𝑒𝑑 = 1570.8

𝑎 = 1, for straight bars

1 ∗ 1382.9
𝑙𝑏,𝑛𝑒𝑡 = ∗ 1492.83 = 1314.26𝑚𝑚 > 𝑙𝑏,𝑚𝑖𝑛 = 450𝑚𝑚
1570.8

Therefore, use 𝒍𝒃,𝒏𝒆𝒕 = 𝟏𝟑𝟐𝟎𝒎𝒎

7.5.7 Span DE
𝐴𝑠,𝑐𝑎𝑙 = 615.089

𝐴𝑠,𝑝𝑟𝑜𝑣𝑖𝑑𝑒𝑑 = 628.319

𝑎 = 1, for straight bars

1 ∗ 615.089
𝑙𝑏,𝑛𝑒𝑡 = ∗ 1492.83 = 1461.4𝑚𝑚 > 𝑙𝑏,𝑚𝑖𝑛 = 450𝑚𝑚
628.319

Therefore, use 𝒍𝒃,𝒏𝒆𝒕 = 𝟏𝟒𝟕𝟎𝒎𝒎

7.5.8 Support E & F
𝐴𝑠,𝑐𝑎𝑙 = 1479.83

𝐴𝑠,𝑝𝑟𝑜𝑣𝑖𝑑𝑒𝑑 = 1570.8

𝑎 = 1, for straight bars

1 ∗ 1479.83
𝑙𝑏,𝑛𝑒𝑡 = ∗ 1492.83 = 1406.38𝑚𝑚 > 𝑙𝑏,𝑚𝑖𝑛 = 450𝑚𝑚
1570.8

Therefore, use 𝒍𝒃,𝒏𝒆𝒕 = 𝟏𝟒𝟏𝟎𝒎𝒎

7.6 Ultimate Limit State Design for Axis 2

7.2.1 Span AB
𝑀𝑠𝑑 = 185.113 𝐾𝑁. 𝑚
For in interior beams (T-sections)
𝐿𝑒
𝑏𝑤 +
𝑏𝑒 = { 5
𝑐\𝑐 𝑏𝑒𝑎𝑚 𝑠𝑝𝑎𝑐𝑖𝑛𝑔
Therefore,
6000
𝑏𝑒 = {300 + = 1500𝑚𝑚 = 1500𝑚𝑚
5
300 + 5000 = 5300𝑚𝑚
Check whether the beam acts as a rectangular beam or T-beam.
Assume 0.8𝑥 = ℎ𝑓
𝑀𝑠𝑑 = 0.8𝑥 ∗ 𝑏𝑒 ∗ 𝑓𝑐𝑑 ∗ (𝑑 − 0.4𝑥)

2𝑀𝑠𝑑
0.8𝑥 = 1.25 ∗ 𝑑 ∗ [1 − √1 − ]
𝑏𝑒 𝑑2 𝑓𝑐𝑑

2 ∗ 185.113 ∗ 106
0.8𝑥 = 1.25 ∗ 457 ∗ [1 − √1 − ] = 25.38𝑚𝑚
1500 ∗ 4572 ∗ 13.6

Since 0.8𝑥 < ℎ𝑓 , the beam is rectangular beam

Check depth for single/doubly reinforcement

𝑀𝑠𝑑 185.113 ∗ 106

𝑑=√ = √ = 389.916𝑚𝑚
𝜇𝑠𝑑 ∗ 𝑏 ∗ 𝑓𝑐𝑑 0.2952 ∗ 300 ∗ 13.6

Since 𝑑 < 457𝑚𝑚, ………………………………………………………….. Provide Singly Reinforcement

Longitudinal Reinforcement Calculation

0.6 0.6
𝜌𝑚𝑖𝑛 = = = 0.0015
𝑓𝑦𝑘 400

2 ∗ 𝑀𝑠𝑑 𝑓𝑐𝑑 2 ∗ 185.113 ∗ 106 13.6

𝜌 = [1 − √1 − ] ∗ = [1 − √1 − ]∗
2
𝑏 ∗ 𝑑 ∗ 𝑓𝑐𝑑 𝑓𝑦𝑑 2
300 ∗ 457 ∗ 13.6 347.83

𝜌 = 0.0097

𝐴𝑆 = 𝜌𝑏𝑑 = 0.0097 ∗ 300 ∗ 457 = 1329.56𝑚𝑚2

No of bars: (Use ø 20 Rebar)
𝐴𝑆 1329.56
𝑛= ∅2
= 202
= 4.23
𝜋∗ 4
𝜋∗ 4

Therefore, use 5 ∅ 20 Rebars at the Bottom

7.2.2 Support A & B
𝑀𝑠𝑑 = 263.753 𝐾𝑁. 𝑚
For in interior beams (T-sections)
𝐿𝑒
𝑏𝑤 +
𝑏𝑒 = { 5
𝑐\𝑐 𝑏𝑒𝑎𝑚 𝑠𝑝𝑎𝑐𝑖𝑛𝑔
Therefore,
6000
𝑏𝑒 = {300 + 5 = 1500𝑚𝑚 = 1500𝑚𝑚
300 + 5000 = 5300𝑚𝑚
Check whether the beam acts as a rectangular beam or T-beam.
Assume 0.8𝑥 = ℎ𝑓
𝑀𝑠𝑑 = 0.8𝑥 ∗ 𝑏𝑒 ∗ 𝑓𝑐𝑑 ∗ (𝑑 − 0.4𝑥)

2𝑀𝑠𝑑
0.8𝑥 = 1.25 ∗ 𝑑 ∗ [1 − √1 − ]
𝑏𝑒 𝑑2 𝑓𝑐𝑑

2 ∗ 263.753 ∗ 106
0.8𝑥 = 1.25 ∗ 457 ∗ [1 − √1 − ] = 36.53𝑚𝑚
1500 ∗ 4572 ∗ 13.6

Since 0.8𝑥 < ℎ𝑓 , the beam is rectangular beam

Check depth for single/doubly reinforcement

𝑀𝑠𝑑 263.753 ∗ 106

𝑑=√ = √ = 467.96𝑚𝑚
𝜇𝑠𝑑 ∗ 𝑏 ∗ 𝑓𝑐𝑑 0.2952 ∗ 300 ∗ 13.6

Since 𝑑 < 457𝑚𝑚, ………………………………………………………….. Provide Singly Reinforcement

Longitudinal Reinforcement Calculation

0.6 0.6
𝜌𝑚𝑖𝑛 = = = 0.0015
𝑓𝑦𝑘 400

2 ∗ 𝑀𝑠𝑑 𝑓𝑐𝑑 2 ∗ 263.753 ∗ 106 13.6

𝜌 = [1 − √1 − 2 ]∗ = [1 − √1 − 2 ]∗
𝑏 ∗ 𝑑 ∗ 𝑓𝑐𝑑 𝑓𝑦𝑑 300 ∗ 457 ∗ 13.6 347.83

𝜌 = 0.0150

𝐴𝑆 = 𝜌𝑏𝑑 = 0.0150 ∗ 300 ∗ 457 = 2052.037𝑚𝑚2

No of bars: (Use ø 20 Rebar)
 𝐴𝑆 2052.037
𝑛= ∅2
= 202
= 6.53
𝜋∗ 𝜋∗
4 4

Therefore, use 7 ∅ 20 Rebars at the Top

7.2.3 Span BC
𝑀𝑠𝑑 = 45.382 𝐾𝑁. 𝑚
For in interior beams (T-sections)
𝐿𝑒
𝑏𝑤 +
𝑏𝑒 = { 5
𝑐\𝑐 𝑏𝑒𝑎𝑚 𝑠𝑝𝑎𝑐𝑖𝑛𝑔
Therefore,
6000
𝑏𝑒 = {300 + 5 = 1500𝑚𝑚 = 1500𝑚𝑚
300 + 5000 = 5300𝑚𝑚
Check whether the beam acts as a rectangular beam or T-beam.
Assume 0.8𝑥 = ℎ𝑓
𝑀𝑠𝑑 = 0.8𝑥 ∗ 𝑏𝑒 ∗ 𝑓𝑐𝑑 ∗ (𝑑 − 0.4𝑥)

2𝑀𝑠𝑑
0.8𝑥 = 1.25 ∗ 𝑑 ∗ [1 − √1 − ]
𝑏𝑒 𝑑2 𝑓𝑐𝑑

Since 0.8𝑥 < ℎ𝑓 , the beam is rectangular beam

Check depth for single/doubly reinforcement

𝑀𝑠𝑑 45.382 ∗ 106

𝑑=√ = √ = 288.059𝑚𝑚
𝜇𝑠𝑑 ∗ 𝑏 ∗ 𝑓𝑐𝑑 0.2952 ∗ 300 ∗ 13.6

Since 𝑑 < 457𝑚𝑚, ………………………………………………………….. Provide Singly Reinforcement

Longitudinal Reinforcement Calculation

0.6 0.6
𝜌𝑚𝑖𝑛 = = = 0.0015
𝑓𝑦𝑘 400

2 ∗ 𝑀𝑠𝑑 𝑓𝑐𝑑 2 ∗ 45.382 ∗ 106 13.6

𝜌 = [1 − √1 − ] ∗ = [1 − √1 − ]∗
2
𝑏 ∗ 𝑑 ∗ 𝑓𝑐𝑑 𝑓𝑦𝑑 2
300 ∗ 457 ∗ 13.6 347.83
 𝜌 = 0.0021

𝐴𝑆 = 𝜌𝑏𝑑 = 0.004892 ∗ 300 ∗ 457 = 293.53𝑚𝑚2

No of bars: (Use ø 20 Rebar)
𝐴𝑆 293.53
𝑛= ∅2
= 162
= 1.46
𝜋∗ 𝜋∗
4 4

Therefore, use 2 ∅ 16 Rebars at the Bottom

7.2.4 Support C
𝑀𝑠𝑑 = 106.057 𝐾𝑁. 𝑚
For in interior beams (T-sections)
𝐿𝑒
𝑏𝑤 +
𝑏𝑒 = { 5
𝑐\𝑐 𝑏𝑒𝑎𝑚 𝑠𝑝𝑎𝑐𝑖𝑛𝑔
Therefore,
6000
𝑏𝑒 = {300 + 5 = 1500𝑚𝑚 = 1500𝑚𝑚
300 + 5000 = 5300𝑚𝑚
Check whether the beam acts as a rectangular beam or T-beam.
Assume 0.8𝑥 = ℎ𝑓
𝑀𝑠𝑑 = 0.8𝑥 ∗ 𝑏𝑒 ∗ 𝑓𝑐𝑑 ∗ (𝑑 − 0.4𝑥)

2𝑀𝑠𝑑
0.8𝑥 = 1.25 ∗ 𝑑 ∗ [1 − √1 − ]
𝑏𝑒 𝑑2 𝑓𝑐𝑑

2 ∗ 191.665 ∗ 106
0.8𝑥 = 1.25 ∗ 457 ∗ [1 − √1 − ] = 44.569𝑚𝑚
900 ∗ 4572 ∗ 13.6

Since 0.8𝑥 < ℎ𝑓 , the beam is rectangular beam

Check depth for single/doubly reinforcement

𝑀𝑠𝑑 191.665 ∗ 106

𝑑=√ = √ = 398.918𝑚𝑚
𝜇𝑠𝑑 ∗ 𝑏 ∗ 𝑓𝑐𝑑 0.2952 ∗ 300 ∗ 13.6

Since 𝑑 < 457𝑚𝑚, ………………………………………………………….. Provide Singly Reinforcement

Longitudinal Reinforcement Calculation

 0.6 0.6
𝜌𝑚𝑖𝑛 = = = 0.0015
𝑓𝑦𝑘 400

2 ∗ 𝑀𝑠𝑑 𝑓𝑐𝑑 2 ∗ 191.665 ∗ 106 13.6

𝜌 = [1 − √1 − ] ∗ = [1 − √1 − ]∗
2
𝑏 ∗ 𝑑 ∗ 𝑓𝑐𝑑 𝑓𝑦𝑑 2
300 ∗ 457 ∗ 13.6 347.83

𝜌 = 0.010099

𝐴𝑆 = 𝜌𝑏𝑑 = 0.010099 ∗ 300 ∗ 457 = 1384.56𝑚𝑚2

No of bars: (Use ø 20 Rebar)
𝐴𝑆 1384.56
𝑛= ∅2
= 202
= 4.407
𝜋∗ 4
𝜋∗ 4

Therefore, use 5 ∅ 20 Rebars at the Top

7.2.5 Span CD
𝑀𝑠𝑑 = 92.164 𝐾𝑁. 𝑚
For in interior beams (T-sections)
𝐿𝑒
𝑏𝑤 +
𝑏𝑒 = { 5
𝑐\𝑐 𝑏𝑒𝑎𝑚 𝑠𝑝𝑎𝑐𝑖𝑛𝑔
For in edge beams (L-sections)
𝐿𝑒
𝑏𝑤 +
𝑏𝑒 = { 10
𝑏𝑤 + ℎ𝑎𝑙𝑓 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑐𝑙𝑒𝑎𝑟𝑎𝑛𝑐𝑒 𝑑𝑖𝑠𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑐𝑒 𝑡𝑜 𝑎𝑑𝑗𝑎𝑐𝑒𝑛𝑡 𝑏𝑒𝑎𝑚
Therefore,
6000
𝑏𝑒 = { 300 + = 900𝑚𝑚 = 900𝑚𝑚
10
300 + 5000 = 5300𝑚𝑚
Check whether the beam acts as a rectangular beam or T-beam.
Assume 0.8𝑥 = ℎ𝑓
𝑀𝑠𝑑 = 0.8𝑥 ∗ 𝑏𝑒 ∗ 𝑓𝑐𝑑 ∗ (𝑑 − 0.4𝑥)

2𝑀𝑠𝑑
0.8𝑥 = 1.25 ∗ 𝑑 ∗ [1 − √1 − ]
𝑏𝑒 𝑑2 𝑓𝑐𝑑

2 ∗ 92.164 ∗ 106
0.8𝑥 = 1.25 ∗ 457 ∗ [1 − √1 − ] = 20.981𝑚𝑚
900 ∗ 4572 ∗ 13.6
 Since 0.8𝑥 < ℎ𝑓 , the beam is rectangular beam

Check depth for single/doubly reinforcement

𝑀𝑠𝑑 92.164 ∗ 106

𝑑=√ = √ = 288.059𝑚𝑚
𝜇𝑠𝑑 ∗ 𝑏 ∗ 𝑓𝑐𝑑 0.2952 ∗ 300 ∗ 13.6

Since 𝑑 < 457𝑚𝑚, ………………………………………………………….. Provide Singly Reinforcement

Longitudinal Reinforcement Calculation

0.6 0.6
𝜌𝑚𝑖𝑛 = = = 0.0015
𝑓𝑦𝑘 400

2 ∗ 𝑀𝑠𝑑 𝑓𝑐𝑑 2 ∗ 92.164 ∗ 106 13.6

𝜌 = [1 − √1 − ] ∗ = [1 − √1 − ]∗
2
𝑏 ∗ 𝑑 ∗ 𝑓𝑐𝑑 𝑓𝑦𝑑 2
300 ∗ 457 ∗ 13.6 347.83

𝜌 = 0.004486

𝐴𝑆 = 𝜌𝑏𝑑 = 0.004486 ∗ 300 ∗ 457 = 615.089𝑚𝑚2

No of bars: (Use ø 20 Rebar)
𝐴𝑆 615.089
𝑛= ∅2
= 202
= 1.95
𝜋∗ 4
𝜋∗ 4

Therefore, use 2 ∅ 20 Rebars at the Bottom

7.2.6 Support D
𝑀𝑠𝑑 = 191.469 𝐾𝑁. 𝑚
For in interior beams (T-sections)
𝐿𝑒
𝑏𝑤 +
𝑏𝑒 = { 5
𝑐\𝑐 𝑏𝑒𝑎𝑚 𝑠𝑝𝑎𝑐𝑖𝑛𝑔
For in edge beams (L-sections)
𝐿𝑒
𝑏𝑤 +
𝑏𝑒 = { 10
𝑏𝑤 + ℎ𝑎𝑙𝑓 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑐𝑙𝑒𝑎𝑟𝑎𝑛𝑐𝑒 𝑑𝑖𝑠𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑐𝑒 𝑡𝑜 𝑎𝑑𝑗𝑎𝑐𝑒𝑛𝑡 𝑏𝑒𝑎𝑚
Therefore,
6000
𝑏𝑒 = { 300 + 10 = 900𝑚𝑚 = 900𝑚𝑚
300 + 5000 = 5300𝑚𝑚
Check whether the beam acts as a rectangular beam or T-beam.
 Assume 0.8𝑥 = ℎ𝑓
𝑀𝑠𝑑 = 0.8𝑥 ∗ 𝑏𝑒 ∗ 𝑓𝑐𝑑 ∗ (𝑑 − 0.4𝑥)

2𝑀𝑠𝑑
0.8𝑥 = 1.25 ∗ 𝑑 ∗ [1 − √1 − ]
𝑏𝑒 𝑑2 𝑓𝑐𝑑

2 ∗ 191.469 ∗ 106
0.8𝑥 = 1.25 ∗ 457 ∗ [1 − √1 − ] = 44.5219𝑚𝑚
900 ∗ 4572 ∗ 13.6

Since 0.8𝑥 < ℎ𝑓 , the beam is rectangular beam

Check depth for single/doubly reinforcement

𝑀𝑠𝑑 191.469 ∗ 106

𝑑=√ = √ = 398.714𝑚𝑚
𝜇𝑠𝑑 ∗ 𝑏 ∗ 𝑓𝑐𝑑 0.2952 ∗ 300 ∗ 13.6

Since 𝑑 < 457𝑚𝑚, ………………………………………………………….. Provide Singly Reinforcement

Longitudinal Reinforcement Calculation

0.6 0.6
𝜌𝑚𝑖𝑛 = = = 0.0015
𝑓𝑦𝑘 400

2 ∗ 𝑀𝑠𝑑 𝑓𝑐𝑑 2 ∗ 191.469 ∗ 106 13.6

𝜌 = [1 − √1 − ] ∗ = [1 − √1 − ]∗
2
𝑏 ∗ 𝑑 ∗ 𝑓𝑐𝑑 𝑓𝑦𝑑 2
300 ∗ 457 ∗ 13.6 347.83

𝜌 = 0.010087

𝐴𝑆 = 𝜌𝑏𝑑 = 0.010099 ∗ 300 ∗ 457 = 1382.9𝑚𝑚2

No of bars: (Use ø 20 Rebar)
𝐴𝑆 1382.9
𝑛= ∅2
= 202
= 4.402
𝜋∗ 4
𝜋∗ 4

Therefore, use 5 ∅ 20 Rebars at the Top

7.2.7 Span DE
𝑀𝑠𝑑 = 99.71 𝐾𝑁. 𝑚
For in interior beams (T-sections)
𝐿𝑒
𝑏𝑤 +
𝑏𝑒 = { 5
𝑐\𝑐 𝑏𝑒𝑎𝑚 𝑠𝑝𝑎𝑐𝑖𝑛𝑔
For in edge beams (L-sections)
𝐿𝑒
𝑏𝑤 +
𝑏𝑒 = { 10
𝑏𝑤 + ℎ𝑎𝑙𝑓 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑐𝑙𝑒𝑎𝑟𝑎𝑛𝑐𝑒 𝑑𝑖𝑠𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑐𝑒 𝑡𝑜 𝑎𝑑𝑗𝑎𝑐𝑒𝑛𝑡 𝑏𝑒𝑎𝑚
Therefore,
6000
𝑏𝑒 = { 300 + 10 = 900𝑚𝑚 = 900𝑚𝑚
300 + 5000 = 5300𝑚𝑚
Check whether the beam acts as a rectangular beam or T-beam.
Assume 0.8𝑥 = ℎ𝑓
𝑀𝑠𝑑 = 0.8𝑥 ∗ 𝑏𝑒 ∗ 𝑓𝑐𝑑 ∗ (𝑑 − 0.4𝑥)

2𝑀𝑠𝑑
0.8𝑥 = 1.25 ∗ 𝑑 ∗ [1 − √1 − ]
𝑏𝑒 𝑑2 𝑓𝑐𝑑

2 ∗ 99.71 ∗ 106
0.8𝑥 = 1.25 ∗ 457 ∗ [1 − √1 − ] = 20.981𝑚𝑚
900 ∗ 4572 ∗ 13.6

Since 0.8𝑥 < ℎ𝑓 , the beam is rectangular beam

Check depth for single/doubly reinforcement

𝑀𝑠𝑑 99.71 ∗ 106

𝑑=√ = √ = 288.059𝑚𝑚
𝜇𝑠𝑑 ∗ 𝑏 ∗ 𝑓𝑐𝑑 0.2952 ∗ 300 ∗ 13.6

Since 𝑑 < 457𝑚𝑚, ………………………………………………………….. Provide Singly Reinforcement

Longitudinal Reinforcement Calculation

0.6 0.6
𝜌𝑚𝑖𝑛 = = = 0.0015
𝑓𝑦𝑘 400

2 ∗ 𝑀𝑠𝑑 𝑓𝑐𝑑 2 ∗ 99.71 ∗ 106 13.6

𝜌 = [1 − √1 − ] ∗ = [1 − √1 − ]∗
2
𝑏 ∗ 𝑑 ∗ 𝑓𝑐𝑑 𝑓𝑦𝑑 2
300 ∗ 457 ∗ 13.6 347.83

𝜌 = 0.004486

𝐴𝑆 = 𝜌𝑏𝑑 = 0.004486 ∗ 300 ∗ 457 = 615.089𝑚𝑚2

No of bars: (Use ø 20 Rebar)
 𝐴𝑆 615.089
𝑛= ∅2
= 202
= 1.95
𝜋∗ 𝜋∗
4 4

Therefore, use 2 ∅ 20 Rebars at the Bottom

7.2.8 Support E & F
𝑀𝑠𝑑 = 202.762 𝐾𝑁. 𝑚
For in interior beams (T-sections)
𝐿𝑒
𝑏𝑤 +
𝑏𝑒 = { 5
𝑐\𝑐 𝑏𝑒𝑎𝑚 𝑠𝑝𝑎𝑐𝑖𝑛𝑔
For in edge beams (L-sections)
𝐿𝑒
𝑏𝑤 +
𝑏𝑒 = { 10
𝑏𝑤 + ℎ𝑎𝑙𝑓 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑐𝑙𝑒𝑎𝑟𝑎𝑛𝑐𝑒 𝑑𝑖𝑠𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑐𝑒 𝑡𝑜 𝑎𝑑𝑗𝑎𝑐𝑒𝑛𝑡 𝑏𝑒𝑎𝑚
Therefore,
6000
𝑏𝑒 = { 300 + = 900𝑚𝑚 = 900𝑚𝑚
10
300 + 5000 = 5300𝑚𝑚
Check whether the beam acts as a rectangular beam or T-beam.
Assume 0.8𝑥 = ℎ𝑓
𝑀𝑠𝑑 = 0.8𝑥 ∗ 𝑏𝑒 ∗ 𝑓𝑐𝑑 ∗ (𝑑 − 0.4𝑥)

2𝑀𝑠𝑑
0.8𝑥 = 1.25 ∗ 𝑑 ∗ [1 − √1 − ]
𝑏𝑒 𝑑2 𝑓𝑐𝑑

2 ∗ 202.762 ∗ 106
0.8𝑥 = 1.25 ∗ 457 ∗ [1 − √1 − ] = 47.266𝑚𝑚
900 ∗ 4572 ∗ 13.6

Since 0.8𝑥 < ℎ𝑓 , the beam is rectangular beam

Check depth for single/doubly reinforcement

𝑀𝑠𝑑 202.762 ∗ 106

𝑑=√ = √ = 410.303𝑚𝑚
𝜇𝑠𝑑 ∗ 𝑏 ∗ 𝑓𝑐𝑑 0.2952 ∗ 300 ∗ 13.6
 Since 𝑑 < 457𝑚𝑚, ………………………………………………………….. Provide Singly Reinforcement

Longitudinal Reinforcement Calculation

0.6 0.6
𝜌𝑚𝑖𝑛 = = = 0.0015
𝑓𝑦𝑘 400

2 ∗ 𝑀𝑠𝑑 𝑓𝑐𝑑 2 ∗ 202.762 ∗ 106 13.6

𝜌 = [1 − √1 − ] ∗ = [1 − √1 − ] ∗
𝑏 ∗ 𝑑2 ∗ 𝑓𝑐𝑑 𝑓𝑦𝑑 300 ∗ 4572 ∗ 13.6 347.83

𝜌 = 0.010794

𝐴𝑆 = 𝜌𝑏𝑑 = 0.010794 ∗ 300 ∗ 457 = 1479.83𝑚𝑚2

No of bars: (Use ø 20 Rebar)
𝐴𝑆 1479.83
𝑛= ∅2
= 202
= 4.71
𝜋∗ 4
𝜋∗ 4

Therefore, use 5 ∅ 20 Rebars at the Top

7.2.9 Span EF
𝑀𝑠𝑑 = 116.208 𝐾𝑁. 𝑚
For in interior beams (T-sections)
𝐿𝑒
𝑏𝑤 +
𝑏𝑒 = { 5
𝑐\𝑐 𝑏𝑒𝑎𝑚 𝑠𝑝𝑎𝑐𝑖𝑛𝑔
For in edge beams (L-sections)
𝐿𝑒
𝑏𝑤 +
𝑏𝑒 = { 10
𝑏𝑤 + ℎ𝑎𝑙𝑓 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑐𝑙𝑒𝑎𝑟𝑎𝑛𝑐𝑒 𝑑𝑖𝑠𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑐𝑒 𝑡𝑜 𝑎𝑑𝑗𝑎𝑐𝑒𝑛𝑡 𝑏𝑒𝑎𝑚
Therefore,
6000
𝑏𝑒 = { 300 + 10 = 900𝑚𝑚 = 900𝑚𝑚
300 + 5000 = 5300𝑚𝑚

Check whether the beam acts as a rectangular beam or T-beam.

Assume 0.8𝑥 = ℎ𝑓
𝑀𝑠𝑑 = 0.8𝑥 ∗ 𝑏𝑒 ∗ 𝑓𝑐𝑑 ∗ (𝑑 − 0.4𝑥)
 2𝑀𝑠𝑑
0.8𝑥 = 1.25 ∗ 𝑑 ∗ [1 − √1 − ]
𝑏𝑒 𝑑2 𝑓𝑐𝑑

2 ∗ 116.208 ∗ 106
0.8𝑥 = 1.25 ∗ 457 ∗ [1 − √1 − ] = 26.587𝑚𝑚
900 ∗ 4572 ∗ 13.6

Since 0.8𝑥 < ℎ𝑓 , the beam is rectangular beam

Check depth for single/doubly reinforcement

𝑀𝑠𝑑 116.208 ∗ 106

𝑑=√ = √ = 310.62𝑚𝑚
𝜇𝑠𝑑 ∗ 𝑏 ∗ 𝑓𝑐𝑑 0.2952 ∗ 300 ∗ 13.6

Since 𝑑 < 457𝑚𝑚, ………………………………………………………….. Provide Singly Reinforcement

Longitudinal Reinforcement Calculation

0.6 0.6
𝜌𝑚𝑖𝑛 = = = 0.0015
𝑓𝑦𝑘 400

2 ∗ 𝑀𝑠𝑑 𝑓𝑐𝑑 2 ∗ 116.208 ∗ 106 13.6

𝜌 = [1 − √1 − ] ∗ = [1 − √1 − ]∗
2
𝑏 ∗ 𝑑 ∗ 𝑓𝑐𝑑 𝑓𝑦𝑑 2
300 ∗ 457 ∗ 13.6 347.83

𝜌 = 0.005756

𝐴𝑆 = 𝜌𝑏𝑑 = 0.005756 ∗ 300 ∗ 457 = 789.146𝑚𝑚2

No of bars: (Use ø 20 Rebar)
𝐴𝑆 789.146
𝑛= ∅2
= 202
= 2.512
𝜋∗ 4
𝜋∗ 4

Therefore, use 3 ∅ 20 Rebars at the Bottom

7.3 Limit State Design for Shear for Axis 4

7.3.1 Span AB
𝑉𝑆𝐷 = 255.03𝐾𝑁
Check for diagonal compression

𝑉𝑅𝐷 = 0.25 × 𝑓𝑐𝑑 × 𝑏𝑤 × 𝑑 = 0.25 × 13.6 × 300 × 457 = 466.14𝐾𝑁

𝑉𝑅𝐷 > 𝑉𝑆𝐷
Compute shear capacity of concrete

𝑉𝐶 = 0.25𝑓𝑐𝑡𝑑 𝑘1 𝑘2 𝑏𝑑
𝑘1 = 1 + 50𝜌 ≤ 2.0 𝜌 = 0.010546
𝑘1 = 1 + 50 ∗ 0.010546 = 1.527
𝑘2 = 1.6 − 𝑑 = 1.143
𝑉𝑐 = 0.25 ∗ 1.165 ∗ 1.527 ∗ 1.143 ∗ 300 ∗ 457 = 69.706𝐾𝑁
Shear reinforcement

𝑉𝑆 = 𝑉𝑆𝐷 − 𝑉𝑐 = 255.03 − 69.706 = 185.324𝐾𝑁

2
0.5𝑑 ≤ 300𝑚𝑚 𝑤ℎ𝑒𝑛 𝑉𝑆𝐷 ≤ ∗𝑉 ,
3 𝑅𝐷
𝑆𝑚𝑎𝑥 = 2
0.3𝑑 ≤ 200𝑚𝑚 𝑤ℎ𝑒𝑛 𝑉𝑆𝐷 > ∗ 𝑉𝑅𝐷 ,
3
{

2 2
∗ 𝑉𝑅𝐷 = ∗ 466.14 = 310.76 ≥ 𝑉𝑆𝐷
3 3

𝑆𝑚𝑎𝑥 = min(0.5 ∗ 𝑑, 300) = 228.5𝑚𝑚

Consider φ8mm stirrups

82 ∗ 𝜋
𝑎𝑣 = = 50.265𝑚𝑚2
4

𝐴𝑣 ∗ 𝑓𝑦𝑑 ∗ 𝑑 2 ∗ 50.265 ∗ 347.83 ∗ 10−3 ∗ 457

𝑆= = = 86.22𝑚𝑚
𝑉𝑠 185.324

Therefore, use ∅ 8 C/C 80 mm

7.3.2 Span BC
𝑉𝑆𝐷 = 242.07𝐾𝑁
Check for diagonal compression

𝑉𝑅𝐷 = 0.25 × 𝑓𝑐𝑑 × 𝑏𝑤 × 𝑑 = 0.25 × 13.6 × 300 × 457 = 466.14𝐾𝑁

𝑉𝑅𝐷 > 𝑉𝑆𝐷
Compute shear capacity of concrete

𝑉𝐶 = 0.25𝑓𝑐𝑡𝑑 𝑘1 𝑘2 𝑏𝑑
𝑘1 = 1 + 50𝜌 ≤ 2.0 𝜌 = 0.010546
𝑘1 = 1 + 50 ∗ 0.010546 = 1.527
 𝑘2 = 1.6 − 𝑑 = 1.143
𝑉𝑐 = 0.25 ∗ 1.165 ∗ 1.527 ∗ 1.143 ∗ 300 ∗ 457 = 69.706𝐾𝑁
Shear reinforcement

𝑉𝑆 = 𝑉𝑆𝐷 − 𝑉𝑐 = 242.07 − 69.706 = 172.364𝐾𝑁

2
0.5𝑑 ≤ 300𝑚𝑚 𝑤ℎ𝑒𝑛 𝑉𝑆𝐷 ≤ ∗𝑉 ,
3 𝑅𝐷
𝑆𝑚𝑎𝑥 = 2
0.3𝑑 ≤ 200𝑚𝑚 𝑤ℎ𝑒𝑛 𝑉𝑆𝐷 > ∗ 𝑉𝑅𝐷 ,
3
{

2 2
∗ 𝑉𝑅𝐷 = ∗ 466.14 = 310.76 ≥ 𝑉𝑆𝐷
3 3

𝑆𝑚𝑎𝑥 = min(0.5 ∗ 𝑑, 300) = 228.5𝑚𝑚

Consider φ8mm stirrups

82 ∗ 𝜋
𝑎𝑣 = = 50.265𝑚𝑚2
4

𝐴𝑣 ∗ 𝑓𝑦𝑑 ∗ 𝑑 2 ∗ 50.265 ∗ 347.83 ∗ 10−3 ∗ 457

𝑆= = = 92.71𝑚𝑚
𝑉𝑠 172.364

Therefore, use ∅ 8 C/C 90 mm

7.3.3 Span CD
𝑉𝑆𝐷 = 177.86𝐾𝑁
Check for diagonal compression

𝑉𝑅𝐷 = 0.25 × 𝑓𝑐𝑑 × 𝑏𝑤 × 𝑑 = 0.25 × 13.6 × 300 × 457 = 466.14𝐾𝑁

𝑉𝑅𝐷 > 𝑉𝑆𝐷
Compute shear capacity of concrete

𝑉𝐶 = 0.25𝑓𝑐𝑡𝑑 𝑘1 𝑘2 𝑏𝑑

𝑘1 = 1 + 50𝜌 ≤ 2.0 𝜌 = 0.010099

𝑘1 = 1 + 50 ∗ 0.010546 = 1.505
𝑘2 = 1.6 − 𝑑 = 1.143
𝑉𝑐 = 0.25 ∗ 1.165 ∗ 1.505 ∗ 1.143 ∗ 300 ∗ 457 = 68.686𝐾𝑁
Shear reinforcement
𝑉𝑆 = 𝑉𝑆𝐷 − 𝑉𝑐 = 177.86 − 68.686 = 109.174𝐾𝑁
2
0.5𝑑 ≤ 300𝑚𝑚 𝑤ℎ𝑒𝑛 𝑉𝑆𝐷 ≤ ∗𝑉 ,
3 𝑅𝐷
𝑆𝑚𝑎𝑥 = 2
0.3𝑑 ≤ 200𝑚𝑚 𝑤ℎ𝑒𝑛 𝑉𝑆𝐷 > ∗ 𝑉𝑅𝐷 ,
3
{

2 2
∗ 𝑉𝑅𝐷 = ∗ 466.14 = 310.76 ≥ 𝑉𝑆𝐷
3 3

𝑆𝑚𝑎𝑥 = min(0.5 ∗ 𝑑, 300) = 228.5𝑚𝑚

Consider φ8mm stirrups

82 ∗ 𝜋
𝑎𝑣 = = 50.265𝑚𝑚2
4

𝐴𝑣 ∗ 𝑓𝑦𝑑 ∗ 𝑑 2 ∗ 50.265 ∗ 347.83 ∗ 10−3 ∗ 457

𝑆= = = 146.373𝑚𝑚
𝑉𝑠 109.174

Therefore, use ∅ 8 C/C 140 mm

7.3.4 Span DE
𝑉𝑆𝐷 = 241.68𝐾𝑁
Check for diagonal compression

𝑉𝑅𝐷 = 0.25 × 𝑓𝑐𝑑 × 𝑏𝑤 × 𝑑 = 0.25 × 13.6 × 300 × 457 = 466.14𝐾𝑁

𝑉𝑅𝐷 > 𝑉𝑆𝐷
Compute shear capacity of concrete

𝑉𝐶 = 0.25𝑓𝑐𝑡𝑑 𝑘1 𝑘2 𝑏𝑑

𝑘1 = 1 + 50𝜌 ≤ 2.0 𝜌 = 0.010099

𝑘1 = 1 + 50 ∗ 0.010546 = 1.505
𝑘2 = 1.6 − 𝑑 = 1.143
𝑉𝑐 = 0.25 ∗ 1.165 ∗ 1.505 ∗ 1.143 ∗ 300 ∗ 457 = 68.686𝐾𝑁
Shear reinforcement

𝑉𝑆 = 𝑉𝑆𝐷 − 𝑉𝑐 = 241.68 − 68.686 = 172.994𝐾𝑁

 2
0.5𝑑 ≤ 300𝑚𝑚 𝑤ℎ𝑒𝑛 𝑉𝑆𝐷 ≤ ∗𝑉 ,
3 𝑅𝐷
𝑆𝑚𝑎𝑥 = 2
0.3𝑑 ≤ 200𝑚𝑚 𝑤ℎ𝑒𝑛 𝑉𝑆𝐷 > ∗ 𝑉𝑅𝐷 ,
3
{

2 2
∗ 𝑉𝑅𝐷 = ∗ 466.14 = 310.76 ≥ 𝑉𝑆𝐷
3 3

𝑆𝑚𝑎𝑥 = min(0.5 ∗ 𝑑, 300) = 228.5𝑚𝑚

Consider φ8mm stirrups

82 ∗ 𝜋
𝑎𝑣 = = 50.265𝑚𝑚2
4

𝐴𝑣 ∗ 𝑓𝑦𝑑 ∗ 𝑑 2 ∗ 50.265 ∗ 347.83 ∗ 10−3 ∗ 457

𝑆= = = 92.37𝑚𝑚
𝑉𝑠 172.994

Therefore, use ∅ 8 C/C 90 mm

7.3.5 Span EF
𝑉𝑆𝐷 = 261.41𝐾𝑁
Check for diagonal compression

𝑉𝑅𝐷 = 0.25 × 𝑓𝑐𝑑 × 𝑏𝑤 × 𝑑 = 0.25 × 13.6 × 300 × 457 = 466.14𝐾𝑁

𝑉𝑅𝐷 > 𝑉𝑆𝐷
Compute shear capacity of concrete

𝑉𝐶 = 0.25𝑓𝑐𝑡𝑑 𝑘1 𝑘2 𝑏𝑑
𝑘1 = 1 + 50𝜌 ≤ 2.0 𝜌 = 0.010794
𝑘1 = 1 + 50 ∗ 0.010794 = 1.54
𝑘2 = 1.6 − 𝑑 = 1.143
𝑉𝑐 = 0.25 ∗ 1.165 ∗ 1.54 ∗ 1.143 ∗ 300 ∗ 457 = 70.286𝐾𝑁
Shear reinforcement

𝑉𝑆 = 𝑉𝑆𝐷 − 𝑉𝑐 = 261.41 − 70.286 = 191.124𝐾𝑁

2
0.5𝑑 ≤ 300𝑚𝑚 𝑤ℎ𝑒𝑛 𝑉𝑆𝐷 ≤ ∗𝑉 ,
3 𝑅𝐷
𝑆𝑚𝑎𝑥 = 2
0.3𝑑 ≤ 200𝑚𝑚 𝑤ℎ𝑒𝑛 𝑉𝑆𝐷 > ∗ 𝑉𝑅𝐷 ,
3
{
 2 2
∗ 𝑉𝑅𝐷 = ∗ 466.14 = 310.76 ≥ 𝑉𝑆𝐷
3 3

𝑆𝑚𝑎𝑥 = min(0.5 ∗ 𝑑, 300) = 228.5𝑚𝑚

Consider φ8mm stirrups

82 ∗ 𝜋
𝑎𝑣 = = 50.265𝑚𝑚2
4

𝐴𝑣 ∗ 𝑓𝑦𝑑 ∗ 𝑑 2 ∗ 50.265 ∗ 347.83 ∗ 10−3 ∗ 457

𝑆= = = 83.61𝑚𝑚
𝑉𝑠 191.124

Therefore, use ∅ 8 C/C 80 mm

CHAPTER 8: DESIGN OF COLUMN

8.1 Introduction
A column is a vertical structural member transmitting axial compression loads with or without
moments. The cross-sectional dimensions of a column are generally considerably less than its height.
Column support mainly vertical loads from the floors and roof and transmit these loads to the
foundation

In construction, the reinforcement and concrete for the beam and slabs in a floor are place once
the concrete has hardened; the reinforcement and concrete for the columns over that floor are placed
followed by the next higher floor.

Columns may be classified based on the following criteria:

a. Classification based on geometry; rectangular, square, circular, L-shaped, T-shaped,

etc. depending on the structural or architectural requirements.
b. Classification based on composition; composite columns, infilled columns, etc.
c. Classification based on lateral reinforcement; tied columns, spiral columns.
d. Classification based on manner by which lateral stability is provided to the structure;
braced columns, unbraced columns.
 e. Classification based on sensitivity to second order effect due to lateral displacements;
sway columns, non-sway columns.
f. Classification based on degree of slenderness; short column, slender column.
g. Classification based on loading: axially loaded column, columns under uni-axial
bending, columns under biaxial bending.

8.2 Sway/Non-Sway Columns

In design of columns the first step is to determine the frame whether its sway or non-sway
frame.

Sway frame

A frame may be considered as sway if the effects of horizontal displacements of its nodes (p-∆)
are significant to be considered in design. In sway frame, the bending moment the column is increased
by an additional amount P∆, where p is the axial force and ∆ is the relative displacements of the ends of
the column (see Fig. 5.4). Thus, to maximize the axial load capacity of columns, non-sway structures
should be used whenever possible.

Non-sway frame

A frame may be considered as non-sway if its response to in-plane horizontal forces is

sufficiently stiff so that the additional internal forces or moments arising from horizontal displacements
of its nodes can be neglected in design.

A frame may be classified as non-sway for a given load case if the critical load ratio for that load
case satisfies the criterion:

𝑁𝑠𝑑
≤ 0.1
𝑁𝑐𝑟

Where: Nsd is the design value of the total vertical load

Ncr is its critical value for failure in a sway mode

In Beam-and-column type plane frames in building structures with beams connecting each
column at each story level may be classified as non-sway for a given load case, when first-order theory is
used, the horizontal displacements in each story due to the design loads (both horizontal and vertical),
plus the initial sway imperfection satisfy the following criteria.
 𝑁𝛿
≤ 0.1
𝐻𝐿

Where:

 is the horizontal displacement at the top of the story, relative to the bottom of the story.

L is the story height

H is the total horizontal reaction at the bottom of the story

N is the total vertical reaction at the bottom of the story,

X-Z direction
Floor N(KN) H(KN) Displacement(mm) δ(mm) L(mm) Nδ/HL Mode
8th 617.32 137.24 1.37 0.19 3000 0.00028488 Non-Sway
7th 1363.15 224.77 1.56 1.05 3000 0.002122625 Non-Sway
6th 1673.61 89.55 0.51 0.06 3000 0.000373782 Non-Sway
5th 2009.33 79.9 0.57 0.08 3000 0.000670615 Non-Sway
4th 2353.73 71.84 0.49 0.06 3000 0.00065527 Non-Sway
3rd 2701.86 132.68 0.55 0.83 3000 0.005633966 Non-Sway
2nd 3561.71 130.16 1.38 0.71 3000 0.006476168 Non-Sway
1st 4412.47 144.13 0.67 0.24 3000 0.002449161 Non-Sway
Ground 5289.85 131.43 0.43 0.05 3000 0.000670807 Non-Sway
Basement 6238.08 128.16 0.38 0.25 3000 0.00405618 Non-Sway
Foundation 6444.33 18.81 0.13 0.13 2000 0.022269083 Non-Sway

Y-Z direction
Floor N(KN) H(KN) Displacement δ(mm) L(mm) Nδ/HL Mode
8th 617.32 85.17 2.52 1.35 3000 0.003261641 Non-Sway
7th 1363.15 77.93 1.17 0.72 3000 0.004198075 Non-Sway
6th 1673.61 48.34 0.45 0.07 3000 0.000807838 Non-Sway
5th 2009.33 47.29 0.38 0.05 3000 0.000708159 Non-Sway
4th 2353.73 44.55 0.33 0.4 3000 0.007044459 Non-Sway
3rd 2701.86 43.39 0.73 0.48 3000 0.00996307 Non-Sway
2nd 3561.71 87.99 1.21 0.18 3000 0.002428715 Non-Sway
1st 4412.47 57.81 1.03 0.12 3000 0.003053084 Non-Sway
Ground 5289.85 74.32 0.91 0.11 3000 0.002609811 Non-Sway
Basement 6238.08 35.6 1.02 0.63 3000 0.036797663 Non-Sway
Foundation 6444.33 9.77 0.39 0.39 3000 0.085748506 Non-Sway

8.3 Slender/Short Columns

Check whether each column are slender or not, that is whether 2nd order effect should be
considered or not.

Column is non-slender if

 For non-sway
  50  25M1 M 2

 For sway the greater of

  25

  15 Where Vd=
p
vd Acfcd
Where, 𝑀1 and 𝑀2 are the 1st order moment (calculated) at the ends, 𝑀2 being always positive and greater
in Magnitude than 𝑀1 , and 𝑀1 being positive if member is bent in single curvature and negative if bent in
double curvature.

Corner Column (C4)

X - direction
Floor αm M1 M2 Limit of slenderness Le i λ Slenderness
Foundation 1.201 -7.864 4.903 90.10 2.400 0.144 16.629 Short
Basement 2.401 -121.175 118.212 75.63 2.625 0.144 18.188 Short
Ground 2.401 -119.314 120.371 74.78 2.625 0.144 18.188 Short
1st 2.401 -123.95 121.816 75.44 2.625 0.144 18.188 Short
2nd 1.991 -113.545 114.781 74.73 2.570 0.115 22.257 Short
3rd 1.849 -119.924 117.268 75.57 2.547 0.115 22.057 Short
4th 2.116 -23.212 13.275 93.71 2.588 0.115 22.417 Short
 5th 2.116 -28.977 38.371 68.88 2.588 0.115 22.417 Short
6th 2.116 -20.111 30.371 66.55 2.588 0.115 22.417 Short
7th 1.438 -46.288 41.924 77.60 2.464 0.115 21.338 Short
8th 0.571 -179.732 163.363 77.51 2.124 0.115 18.399 Short

Edge Column (C8)

X - direction
Floor αm M1 M2 Limit of slenderness Le i λ Slenderness
Foundation 1.648 -6.239 4.107 87.98 2.510 0.144 17.388 Short
Basement 3.295 -11.338 18.657 65.19 2.707 0.144 18.754 Short
Ground 3.295 -29.464 33.477 72.00 2.707 0.144 18.754 Short
1st 3.295 -15.974 21.997 68.15 2.707 0.144 18.754 Short
2nd 2.732 -13.267 22.758 64.57 2.660 0.115 23.039 Short
3rd 4.163 -9.769 20.615 61.85 2.758 0.115 23.887 Short
4th 6.156 -8.064 7.109 78.36 2.827 0.115 24.487 Short
5th 6.156 -3.642 3.598 75.31 2.827 0.115 24.487 Short
6th 6.156 -10.12 10.234 74.72 2.827 0.115 24.487 Short
7th 3.600 -14.841 13.545 77.39 2.727 0.115 23.619 Short
8th 0.783 -63.794 -153.388 39.60 2.242 0.115 19.416 Short

Center Column (C23)

X - direction
Floor αm M1 M2 Limit of slenderness Le i λ Slenderness
Foundation 3.886 -8.867 5.465 90.56 2.744 0.173 15.842 Short
Basement 6.766 -18.202 11.368 90.03 2.841 0.173 16.405 Short
Ground 4.754 -9.391 5.664 91.45 2.784 0.144 19.288 Short
1st 3.748 -4.934 9.4 63.12 2.736 0.144 18.956 Short
2nd 3.194 -8.115 10.996 68.45 2.700 0.144 18.703 Short
3rd 5.695 -10.653 5.332 99.95 2.815 0.115 24.381 Short
4th 8.749 -3.314 5.836 64.20 2.874 0.115 24.892 Short
 5th 8.749 -4.77 4.073 79.28 2.874 0.115 24.892 Short
6th 8.749 -9.103 5.865 88.80 2.874 0.115 24.892 Short
7th 4.879 -10.922 5.993 95.56 2.789 0.115 24.151 Short
8th 0.627 -25.108 20.412 80.75 2.159 0.115 18.696 Short

Corner Column (C4)

Y - direction
Floor αm M1 M2 Limit of slendrness Le i λ Slenderness
Foundation 1.436 -15.042 9.377 90.10 2.463 0.144 17.066 Short
Basement 2.871 -8.152 24.957 58.17 2.673 0.144 18.520 Short
Ground 2.871 -30.784 26.698 78.83 2.673 0.144 18.520 Short
1st 2.871 -51.171 67.53 68.94 2.673 0.144 18.520 Short
2nd 2.871 -39.339 46.266 71.26 2.673 0.115 23.150 Short
3rd 4.023 -30.887 52.753 64.64 2.751 0.115 23.826 Short
4th 6.156 -27.602 32.233 71.41 2.827 0.115 24.487 Short
5th 6.156 -30.069 37.3 70.15 2.827 0.115 24.487 Short
6th 6.156 -25.609 35.253 68.16 2.827 0.115 24.487 Short
7th 3.533 -41.894 43.585 74.03 2.723 0.115 23.582 Short
8th 0.682 -83.621 92.088 72.70 2.190 0.115 18.970 Short

Edge Column (C8)

Y - direction
Floor αm M1 M2 Limit of slendrness Le i λ Slenderness
Foundation 1.201 -7.344 4.578 90.10 2.400 0.144 16.629 Short
Basement 2.401 -87.154 58.576 87.20 2.625 0.144 18.188 Short
Ground 2.401 -130.957 179.631 68.23 2.625 0.144 18.188 Short
1st 2.401 -81.871 101.901 70.09 2.625 0.144 18.188 Short
2nd 1.801 -99.848 140.835 67.72 2.539 0.115 21.985 Short
3rd 1.453 -33.077 103.109 58.02 2.467 0.115 21.369 Short
4th 2.116 -18.433 8.834 102.16 2.588 0.115 22.417 Short
 5th 2.116 -25.786 32.693 69.72 2.588 0.115 22.417 Short
6th 2.116 -9.276 22.725 60.20 2.588 0.115 22.417 Short
7th 1.248 -67.516 45.29 87.27 2.414 0.115 20.907 Short
8th 0.380 61.358 173.727 41.17 1.983 0.115 17.177 Short

Center Column (C23)

Y - direction
Floor αm M1 M2 Limit of slendrness Le i λ Slenderness
Foundation 3.031 -9.817 11.347 71.63 2.687 0.173 15.512 Short
Basement 5.278 -34.281 31.028 77.62 2.803 0.173 16.181 Short
Ground 3.708 -33.256 22.939 86.24 2.734 0.144 18.940 Short
1st 2.923 -37.08 26.973 84.37 2.678 0.144 18.552 Short
2nd 2.492 -51.435 43.135 79.81 2.635 0.144 18.259 Short
3rd 2.692 -21.304 8.339 113.87 2.656 0.115 23.005 Short
4th 3.324 -4.238 6.995 65.15 2.709 0.115 23.461 Short
5th 3.324 -9.421 7.252 82.48 2.709 0.115 23.461 Short
6th 3.324 -9.087 2.295 148.99 2.709 0.115 23.461 Short
7th 2.056 -14.795 20.158 68.35 2.580 0.115 22.342 Short
8th 0.584 -53.582 46.583 78.76 2.133 0.115 18.470 Short

8.4 Eccentricity Calculation

Determination of total eccentricity
According to EBCS 2-1995 section 4.4.10.2 total eccentricity to be used for the design of columns
contains cross section at the critical section is given by:
𝑒𝑡𝑜𝑡𝑎𝑙 = 𝑒𝑒 + 𝑒𝑎 + 𝑒2

Where:
𝑒𝑜 is equivalent constant first order eccentricity of the design axial load

There are two cases to compute the equivalent eccentricity

i. For first order eccentricity𝑒𝑒 equal at both ends of a column 𝑒𝑜 .

 ii. For first order moments varying linearly along the length, the equivalent eccentricity is
the higher of the following two values:

0.6𝑒𝑜2 + 0.4𝑒𝑜1 𝑀2 𝑀 1
𝑒𝑒 ≥ { 𝑒𝑜2 = and 𝑒𝑜1 = 𝑁𝑠𝑑
0.4𝑒𝑜2 𝑃

𝑒𝑜2 and 𝑒𝑜1 are first order eccentricity at the ends 𝑒𝑜2 being positive and greater in
magnitude than 𝑒𝑜1 .
𝑒𝑎 is the additional eccentricity allowance to account geometric imperfection
𝐿𝑒
𝑒𝑎 = 𝑚𝑎𝑥 { 300 where Le is the effective length of isolated column.
20𝑚𝑚

𝑒2 is the second-order eccentricity.

For non-sway frames, the second order eccentricity 𝑒2 of an isolated column may be
obtained as:
𝐾1 ×𝐿𝑒 1
𝑒2 = ( )𝑟
10

𝜆
− 0.75 𝑓𝑜𝑟 15 ≤ 𝜆 ≤ 35
Where 𝐾1 = { 20
1.0 𝑓𝑜𝑟 𝜆 ≤ 35
1
is the curvature at the critical section
𝑟

1 5
= 𝐾2 (𝑑) × 10−3
𝑟

𝑀
where 𝐾2 = 𝑀 𝑑
𝑏𝑎𝑙

d is the column dimension in the buckling plane less the cover to the center of the
longitudinal reinforcement

𝑀𝑑 is the deign moment at the critical section including second order effects

𝑀𝑏𝑎𝑙 is the balanced moment capacity of the column.

For plane X-Z

For C-4
Determine total eccentricity
𝑒𝑇𝑜𝑡𝑎𝑙 = 𝑒𝑒 + 𝑒𝑎 + 𝑒2
0.6𝑒𝑜,2 + 0.4𝑒𝑜,1
𝑒𝑒 = 𝑚𝑎𝑥 {
0.4𝑒𝑜,2
𝑀
2 9.377𝑘𝑛𝑚
𝑒𝑜,2 = 𝐍𝐬𝐝 = 3555𝐾𝑁𝑚 = 0.0028𝑚
 𝑀1 15.042𝐾𝑁𝑚
𝑒𝑜1 𝑜,1 = = = 0.0045𝑚
𝐍𝐬𝐝 3555𝐾𝑛𝑚
(0.6 × 0.028) + (0.4 × 0.0045) = 0.0035𝑚
𝑒𝑒 = 𝑚𝑎𝑥 { = 0.0322𝑚 .
(0.4 × 0.028 ) = 0.0011𝑚
𝐿 2400
= = 8𝑚𝑚
𝑒𝑎 = 𝑚𝑎𝑥 { 300 300 = 20𝑚𝑚 = 0.02𝑚
20𝑚𝑚
𝑒2 (The second-order eccentricity is neglected due to short column)
There for the total eccentricity is:
𝑒𝑇𝑜𝑡𝑎𝑙 = 0.0035 + 0.02 = 0.0235𝑚
𝑀𝑥 = 𝑁𝑠𝑑 𝑒𝑇𝑜𝑡𝑎𝑙 = 3555 × 0.0235𝑚 = 83.54𝐾𝑁𝑚

Corner Column (C4)

X-direction
Floor Nsd M1 M2 Le ea e01 e02 ee etot
Foundation -3555.00 -15.042 9.377 2.400 0.02 -0.0045 0.0028 0.0011 0.0211
Basement -3433.40 -8.152 24.957 2.625 0.02 -0.0073 0.0024 0.0009 0.0209
Ground -3050.32 -30.784 26.698 2.625 0.02 -0.0088 0.0101 0.0040 0.0240
1st -2570.41 -51.171 67.53 2.625 0.02 -0.0263 0.0199 0.0080 0.0280
2nd -2082.60 -39.339 46.266 2.570 0.02 -0.0222 0.0189 0.0076 0.0276
3rd -1610.49 -30.887 52.753 2.547 0.02 -0.0328 0.0192 0.0077 0.0277
4th -1259.72 -27.602 32.233 2.588 0.02 -0.0256 0.0219 0.0088 0.0288
5th -1116.17 -30.069 37.3 2.588 0.02 -0.0334 0.0269 0.0108 0.0308
6th -971.90 -25.609 35.253 2.588 0.02 -0.0363 0.0263 0.0105 0.0305
7th -826.27 -41.894 43.585 2.464 0.02 -0.0527 0.0507 0.0203 0.0403
8th -451.59 -83.621 92.088 2.124 0.02 -0.2039 0.1852 0.0741 0.0941

Edge Column (C8)

X-direction
Floor Nsd M1 M2 Le ea e01 e02 ee etot
Foundation -4214.46 -6.239 4.107 2.510 0.02 -0.0010 0.0015 0.0006 0.0206
Basement -4054.34 -11.338 18.657 2.707 0.02 -0.0046 0.0028 0.0011 0.0211
Ground -3633.95 -29.464 33.477 2.707 0.02 -0.0092 0.0081 0.0032 0.0232
1st -2980.71 -15.974 21.997 2.707 0.02 -0.0074 0.0054 0.0021 0.0221
2nd -2363.79 -13.267 22.758 2.660 0.02 -0.0096 0.0056 0.0022 0.0222
3rd -1749.51 -9.769 20.615 2.758 0.02 -0.0118 0.0056 0.0022 0.0222
4th -1545.43 -8.064 7.109 2.827 0.02 -0.0046 0.0052 0.0021 0.0221
5th -1343.4 -3.642 3.598 2.827 0.02 -0.0027 0.0027 0.0011 0.0211
6th -1142.7 -10.12 10.234 2.827 0.02 -0.0090 0.0089 0.0035 0.0235
 7th -945.13 -14.841 13.545 2.727 0.02 -0.0143 0.0157 0.0063 0.0263
8th -424.68 -63.794 -153.388 2.242 0.02 0.1502 0.3612 0.2768 0.2968

Center Column (C23)

X-direction
Floor Nsd M1 M2 Le ea e01 e02 ee etot
Foundation -6412.3 -8.867 5.465 2.744 0.02 -0.0009 0.0014 0.0006 0.0206
Basement -6204.85 -18.202 11.368 2.841 0.02 -0.0018 0.0029 0.0012 0.0212
Ground -5289.85 -9.391 5.664 2.784 0.02 -0.0011 0.0018 0.0007 0.0207
1st -4412.47 -4.934 9.4 2.736 0.02 -0.0021 0.0011 0.0004 0.0204
2nd -3561.71 -8.115 10.996 2.700 0.02 -0.0031 0.0023 0.0009 0.0209
3rd -2701.86 -10.653 5.332 2.815 0.02 -0.0020 0.0039 0.0016 0.0216
4th -2353.73 -3.314 5.836 2.874 0.02 -0.0025 0.0014 0.0006 0.0206
5th -2009.33 -4.77 4.073 2.874 0.02 -0.0020 0.0024 0.0009 0.0209
6th -1667.48 -9.103 5.865 2.874 0.02 -0.0035 0.0055 0.0022 0.0222
7th -1331.44 -10.922 5.993 2.789 0.02 -0.0045 0.0082 0.0033 0.0233
8th -566.78 -25.108 20.412 2.159 0.02 -0.0360 0.0443 0.0177 0.0377

For plane Y-Z

For C-4
Determine total eccentricity
𝑒𝑇𝑜𝑡𝑎𝑙 = 𝑒𝑒 + 𝑒𝑎 + 𝑒2
0.6𝑒𝑜,2 + 0.4𝑒𝑜,1
𝑒𝑒 = 𝑚𝑎𝑥 {
0.4𝑒𝑜,2
𝑀2 4.9𝑘𝑛𝑚
𝑒𝑜,2 = 𝐍𝐬𝐝 = 3555𝐾𝑁𝑚 = 0.0014𝑚
𝑀
1 7.864𝐾𝑁𝑚
𝑒𝑜1 𝑜,1 = 𝐍𝐬𝐝 = 3555𝐾𝑛𝑚 = 0.0042𝑚
(0.6 × 0.014) + (0.4 × 0.0042) = 0.0225𝑚
𝑒𝑒 = 𝑚𝑎𝑥 { .
(0.4 × 0.042 ) = 0.0018𝑚
𝐿 2463
300
= 300 = 8.21𝑚𝑚
𝑒𝑎 = 𝑚𝑎𝑥 { 20𝑚𝑚 = 20𝑚𝑚 = 0.02𝑚

𝑒2 (The second-order eccentricity is neglected due to short column)

There for the total eccentricity is:
𝑒𝑇𝑜𝑡𝑎𝑙 = 0.0225 + 0.02 = 0.0425𝑚
𝑀𝑦 = 𝑁𝑠𝑑 𝑒𝑇𝑜𝑡𝑎𝑙 = 3555 × 0.0425𝑚 = 151.0875𝐾𝑁𝑚
 Corner Column (C4)
y-direction
Floor Nsd M1 M2 Le ea e01 e02 ee etot
Foundation -3555.00 -7.864 4.903 2.463 0.02 -0.0014 0.0022 0.0009 0.0209
Basement -3433.40 -121.175 118.212 2.673 0.02 -0.0344 0.0353 0.0141 0.0341
Ground -3050.32 -119.314 120.371 2.673 0.02 -0.0395 0.0391 0.0156 0.0356
1st -2570.41 -123.95 121.816 2.673 0.02 -0.0474 0.0482 0.0193 0.0393
2nd -2082.60 -113.545 114.781 2.673 0.02 -0.0551 0.0545 0.0218 0.0418
3rd -1610.49 -119.924 117.268 2.751 0.02 -0.0728 0.0745 0.0298 0.0498
4th -1259.72 -23.212 13.275 2.827 0.02 -0.0105 0.0184 0.0074 0.0274
5th -1116.17 -28.977 38.371 2.827 0.02 -0.0344 0.0260 0.0104 0.0304
6th -971.90 -20.111 30.371 2.827 0.02 -0.0312 0.0207 0.0083 0.0283
7th -826.27 -46.288 41.924 2.723 0.02 -0.0507 0.0560 0.0224 0.0424
8th -451.59 -179.732 163.363 2.190 0.02 -0.3618 0.3980 0.1592 0.1792

Edge Column (C8)

y-direction
Floor Nsd M1 M2 Le ea e01 e02 ee etot
Foundation -4214.46 -7.344 4.578 2.400 0.02 -0.0011 0.0017 0.0007 0.0207
Basement -4054.34 -87.154 58.576 2.625 0.02 -0.0144 0.0215 0.0086 0.0286
Ground -3633.95 -130.957 179.631 2.625 0.02 -0.0494 0.0360 0.0144 0.0344
1st -2980.71 -81.871 101.901 2.625 0.02 -0.0342 0.0275 0.0110 0.0310
2nd -2363.79 -99.848 140.835 2.539 0.02 -0.0596 0.0422 0.0169 0.0369
3rd -1749.51 -33.077 103.109 2.467 0.02 -0.0589 0.0189 0.0076 0.0276
4th -1545.43 -18.433 8.834 2.588 0.02 -0.0057 0.0119 0.0049 0.0249
5th -1343.4 -25.786 32.693 2.588 0.02 -0.0243 0.0192 0.0077 0.0277
6th -1142.7 -9.276 22.725 2.588 0.02 -0.0199 0.0081 0.0032 0.0232
7th -945.13 -67.516 45.29 2.414 0.02 -0.0479 0.0714 0.0286 0.0486
8th -424.68 61.358 173.727 1.983 0.02 -0.4091 -0.1445 -0.0578 -0.0378
 Center Column (C23)
y-direction
Floor Nsd M1 M2 Le ea e01 e02 ee etot
Foundation -6412.3 -9.817 11.347 2.687 0.02 -0.0018 0.0015 0.0006 0.0206
Basement -6204.85 -34.281 31.028 2.803 0.02 -0.0050 0.0055 0.0022 0.0222
Ground -5289.85 -33.256 22.939 2.734 0.02 -0.0043 0.0063 0.0025 0.0225
1st -4412.47 -37.08 26.973 2.678 0.02 -0.0061 0.0084 0.0034 0.0234
2nd -3561.71 -51.435 43.135 2.635 0.02 -0.0121 0.0144 0.0058 0.0258
3rd -2701.86 -21.304 8.339 2.656 0.02 -0.0031 0.0079 0.0035 0.0235
4th -2353.73 -4.238 6.995 2.709 0.02 -0.0030 0.0018 0.0007 0.0207
5th -2009.33 -9.421 7.252 2.709 0.02 -0.0036 0.0047 0.0019 0.0219
6th -1667.48 -9.087 2.295 2.709 0.02 -0.0014 0.0054 0.0027 0.0227
7th -1331.44 -14.795 20.158 2.580 0.02 -0.0151 0.0111 0.0044 0.0244
8th -566.78 -53.582 46.583 2.133 0.02 -0.0822 0.0945 0.0378 0.0578

8.5 Reinforcement Design

Column Reinforcement Design
According to EBCS 2-1995, sec 7.2 & 5.2
 Area of vertical reinforcement shall not be less than 0.008Ac or more than
0.08Ac. The upper limit shall be observed even where bars overlap.
 The spacing of vertical bars shall not exceed twice the wall thickens or 300
mm.
 Area of steel provided, Number of bars, diameters of bars are all shown on
reinforcement bar table which is designed by using column chart.

For C-8 at foundation

𝑀𝑥 = 83.54𝐾𝑁𝑚
𝑀𝑦 = 151.0.875𝐾𝑁𝑚
Using biaxial chart of EBCS-2-1995 part 2
Use bar ∅20
 ∅𝑚𝑎𝑖
ℎ′ = 𝑐𝑜𝑣𝑒𝑟 + ∅𝑠 + 2
= 25 + 8 + 10 = 43𝑚𝑚.

ℎ′ 43𝑚𝑚
ℎ
= 600𝑚𝑚 = 0.07 ≈ 0.1 .
𝑓𝑦𝑘 400
𝑓𝑦𝑑 = 𝛾𝑠𝑡
= 1.15 = 347.83𝑀𝑃𝑎 .

𝑓𝑦𝑑 347.83
𝜀𝑦𝑑 = 𝐸𝑠
= 2×105
= 0.00174 .

We can use biaxial chart of No 17

𝑀𝑠𝑑,𝑦 151.0875 × 106
𝜇𝑠𝑑,𝑦 = = = 0.05
𝐴𝑐 𝑏𝑓𝑐𝑑 6002 ∗ 600 × 13.6

𝑀𝑠𝑑,𝑥 83.54×106
𝜇𝑠𝑑,𝑥 = 𝐴 = 6002 ×600×13.6 0.03.
𝑐 𝑏𝑓𝑐𝑑

𝑁𝑠𝑑 3555×103
𝑣𝑠𝑑 = = =0.73
𝐴𝑐 𝑓𝑐𝑑 6002 ×13.6

Corner Column (C4)

etot
μsd,x- μsd,y
Floor Nsd Y- ʋsd
x -y
ω As,tot As,Pro No of Bar
X-dir
dir

Foundat - 0.021 0.02 2443.722 2443.7

ion 3555.00 7 09 1.1 0.045 0.044 0.25 508 2 Use8ø 20
Baseme - 0.020 0.03 2932.467 2932.4
nt 3433.40 9 41 1.1 0.042 0.069 0.30 01 7 Use 8 ø 24
- 0.024 0.03 977.4890 2000.0
Ground 3050.32 0 56 0.9 0.043 0.064 0.10 032 0 Use 8 ø 20
- 0.028 0.03 97.74890 2000.0
1st 2570.41 0 93 0.8 0.042 0.059 0.01 032 0 Use 8 ø 20
- 0.027 0.04 2189.575 2189.5
2nd 2082.60 6 18 1 0.066 0.100 0.35 367 8 Use 8 ø 20
- 0.027 0.04 625.5929 1280.0
3rd 1610.49 7 98 0.8 0.051 0.092 0.10 621 0 Use 6 ø 20
- 0.028 0.02 62.55929 1280.0
4th 1259.72 8 74 0.6 0.042 0.040 0.01 621 0 Use 6 ø 20
- 0.030 0.03 62.55929 1280.0
5th 1116.17 8 04 0.6 0.039 0.039 0.01 621 0 Use 6 ø 20
0.030 0.02 62.55929 1280.0
6th -971.90 5 83 0.5 0.034 0.032 0.01 621 0 Use 6 ø 20
7th -826.27 0.040 0.04 0.4 0.038 0.040 0.01 62.55929 1280.0 Use 6 ø 20
 3 24 621 0
0.094 0.17 62.55929 1280.0
8th -451.59 1 92 0.3 0.049 0.093 0.01 621 0 Use 6 ø 20

Edge Column (C8)

etot ʋs μsd,x- μsd,y-
Floor Nsd
d x y
ω As,tot As,Pro No of Bar
X-dir Y-dir
Foundatio - 0.020 2932.4 2932.4 Use 8 2
n 4214.46 6 0.0207 1.3 0.051 0.051 0.3 6 7 ø 4
- 0.021 3909.9 3909.9 Use 8 2
Basement 4054.34 1 0.0286 1.2 0.050 0.068 0.4 5 6 ø 4
- 0.023 0.3 3030.2 3030.2 Use 8 2
Ground 3633.95 2 0.0344 1.1 0.050 0.074 1 1 2 ø 4
- 0.022 2000.0 Use 8 2
1st 2980.71 1 0.0310 0.9 0.039 0.054 0.1 977.48 0 ø 0
- 0.022 0.4 2564.9 2564.9 Use 8 2
2nd 2363.79 2 0.0369 1.1 0.060 0.100 1 3 3 ø 0
- 0.022 0.0 1280.0 Use 6 2
3rd 1749.51 2 0.0276 0.9 0.045 0.055 9 563.03 0 ø 0
- 0.022 0.0 1280.0 Use 6 2
4th 1545.43 1 0.0249 0.8 0.039 0.044 1 62.55 0 ø 0
0.021 0.0 1280.0 Use 6 2
5th -1343.4 1 0.0277 0.7 0.033 0.043 1 62.55 0 ø 0
0.023 0.0 1280.0 Use 6 2
6th -1142.7 5 0.0232 0.6 0.031 0.031 1 62.55 0 ø 0
0.026 0.0 1280.0 Use 6 2
7th -945.13 3 0.0486 0.5 0.029 0.053 1 62.55 0 ø 0
0.296 - 0.1 1126.0 1280.0 Use 6 2
8th -424.68 8 0.0378 0.2 0.145 -0.018 8 6 0 ø 0

Center Column (C23)

etot ʋs μsd,x- μsd,y-
Floor Nsd
d x y ω As,tot As,Pro No of Bar
X-dir Y-dir
Foundati - 0.020 0.020 0.5 7882.4713 7882.4 Use 16 2
on 6412.3 6 6 1.4 0.045 0.045 6 22 7 ø 4
-
Basemen 6204.8 0.021 0.022 0.4 6615.6455 6615.6 Use 14 2
t 5 2 2 1.3 0.045 0.047 7 74 5 ø 4
-
5289.8 0.020 0.022 0.6 6646.9252 6646.9 Use 14 2
Ground 5 7 5 1.6 0.064 0.070 8 22 3 ø 4
1st - 0.020 0.023 1.3 0.053 0.061 0.5 4887.4450 4887.4 Use 10 2
 4412.4 4 4 16 5 ø 4
7
-
3561.7 0.020 0.025 0.2 2541.4714 2541.4 Use 10 2
2nd 1 9 8 1.1 0.044 0.054 6 08 7 ø 0
-
2701.8 0.021 0.023 0.5 3190.5241 3190.5 Use 10 2
3rd 6 6 5 1.3 0.067 0.073 1 07 2 ø 0
-
2353.7 0.020 0.020 1876.7788 1876.7 Use 6 2
4th 3 6 7 1.1 0.056 0.056 0.3 86 8 ø 0
-
2009.3 0.020 0.021 1251.1859 1280.0 Use 6 2
5th 3 9 9 1 0.048 0.050 0.2 24 0 ø 0
-
1667.4 0.022 0.022 0.0 62.559296 1280.0 Use 6 2
6th 8 2 7 0.8 0.042 0.044 1 21 0 ø 0
-
1331.4 0.023 0.024 0.0 62.559296 1280.0 Use 6 2
7th 4 3 4 0.7 0.036 0.037 1 21 0 ø 0
- 0.037 0.057 0.0 62.559296 1280.0 Use 6 2
8th 566.78 7 8 0.3 0.025 0.038 1 21 0 ø 0

8.6 Shear Reinforcement Design

Lateral Reinforcement

The diameter of ties or spirals shall not be less than 6 mm or one quarter of the diameter of the
longitudinal bars.

The center-to-center spacing of lateral reinforcement shall not exceed:

 12 times the minimum diameter of longitudinal bars.

 least dimension of column
 300 mm
𝑉𝑅𝐷 = 0.25 × 𝑓𝑐𝑑 × 𝑏𝑤 × 𝑑

𝑉𝐶 = 0.25𝑓𝑐𝑡𝑑 𝑘1 𝑘2 𝑏𝑑

𝑘1 = 1 + 50𝜌 ≤ 2.0
𝑘2 = 1.6 − 𝑑

Corner Column (C4)

 Floor Vsd Vrd Vc Spacing

Foundation 9.77 850 89.7487 Use ø 8 C/C 200

Basement 125.04 850 89.7487 Use ø 8 C/C 200
Ground 128.69 850 89.7487 Use ø 8 C/C 200
1st 139.08 850 89.7487 Use ø 8 C/C 200
2nd 126.34 544 62.4644 Use ø 8 C/C 200
3rd 129.6 544 62.4644 Use ø 8 C/C 200
4th 22.16 544 62.4644 Use ø 8 C/C 200
5th 24.95 544 62.4644 Use ø 8 C/C 200
6th 22.54 544 62.4644 Use ø 8 C/C 200
7th 35.28 544 62.4644 Use ø 8 C/C 200
8th 137.24 544 62.4644 Use ø 8 C/C 200

Edge Column (C8)

Floor Vsd Vrd Vc Spacing

Foundation 4.77 850 89.7487 Use ø 8 C/C 200

Basement 58.29 850 89.7487 Use ø 8 C/C 200
Groud 124.24 850 89.7487 Use ø 8 C/C 200
1st 73.51 850 89.7487 Use ø 8 C/C 200
2nd 96.27 544 62.4644 Use ø 8 C/C 200
3rd 50.44 544 62.4644 Use ø 8 C/C 200
4th 10.1 544 62.4644 Use ø 8 C/C 200
5th 21.66 544 62.4644 Use ø 8 C/C 200
6th 11.85 544 62.4644 Use ø 8 C/C 200
7th 45.12 544 62.4644 Use ø 8 C/C 200
8th 130.85 544 62.4644 Use ø 8 C/C 200

Center Column (C23)

Floor Vsd Vrd Vc Spacing

Foundation -7.28 1224 117.9312 Use ø 8 C/C 200

Basement -23.95 1224 117.9312 Use ø 8 C/C 200
 Groud -22.48 850 89.74871 Use ø 8 C/C 200
1st -25.62 850 89.74871 Use ø 8 C/C 200
2nd -37.83 850 89.74871 Use ø 8 C/C 200
3rd -10.83 544 62.4644 Use ø 8 C/C 200
4th -3.68 544 62.4644 Use ø 8 C/C 200
5th -6.04 544 62.4644 Use ø 8 C/C 200
6th -5.54 544 62.4644 Use ø 8 C/C 200
7th -13.98 544 62.4644 Use ø 8 C/C 200
8th -39.98 544 62.4644 Use ø 8 C/C 200

CHAPTER 9: FOUNDATION DESIGN

9.1 Introduction

9.2 Design of Isolated Footing

A recommendation for the allowable bearing capacity qa to be used for design is based on the
ultimate bearing capacity divided by a suitable safety factor (SF).

The safety factor is based on the type of soil (cohesive or cohesion less) reliability of the soil
parameter, & the structure information, possible safety factor 2-3 is recommended.

𝑞𝑎𝑙𝑙 = 300𝐾𝑁/𝑚2

The un-factored design load is 2865.62KN

Mx= 3.07KN-m

My= 5.35KN-m

𝑀𝑥 (3.07KN. m)
𝑒𝑦 = = = 0.00107
𝑃 2865.62KN

𝑀𝑦 (5.35KN. m)
𝑒𝑥 = = = 0.00187
𝑃 2865.62KN

𝑅 2865.62𝐾𝑁
= = 279.85𝐾𝑁/𝑚2
𝐴′ 3.2 ∗ 3.2

As we can see from the above value the soil has a good bearing resistance. Thus, the load
coming from the structure can easily be transferred to the foundation soil by using isolated footing.
 𝑃 6𝑒 𝑦 6𝑒 𝑥 2865.62𝐾𝑁 6 ∗ 0.00107 6 ∗ 0.00187
𝜎= ∗ (1 ± ± )= ∗ (1 ± ± )
𝐴 𝑏 𝑎 𝐴 0.5 0.5

2865.62
𝐴= = 9.229𝑚2
300 ∗ 1.035

Using square footing 𝐵 = √9.229𝑚2 ≈ 3.1𝑚

9.2.1 Punching Shear

The stress distribution (contact pressure distribution) is assumed to be linear & assuming square
footing and from the allowable bearing capacity of the soil it is taken as 3.1m * 3.1m footing pad.
Depth determination

In the structural design of footings, adequacy of the thickness of the footing & provide the
necessary reinforcement to with stand punching shear and shear diagonal tension (wide beam shear)
bending moment and bond stress should be checked.
It is normal practice to provide adequate depth to restrain the shear stress developed without
reinforcement. The critical section for punching is as shown below
Column size = 50 * 50 cm
b’ = a’ = 500 mm
The acting force is
𝑉 𝑎𝑐𝑡 = 𝑄 − (𝑎′ + 𝑑)(𝑏′ + 𝑑)𝜎

The resisting force is the shear force which is the perimeter of the critical section multiplied by
the effective depth will give the contact area.

The required effective depth can be obtained by considering the equilibrium condition of footing.
V act = 2865.62 − (0.5 + d)2 ∗ 300

V act = 2790.62 − 300(𝑑) − 300(𝑑2 )

0.35 ∗ √𝑓𝑐𝑘
𝑓𝑐𝑡𝑑 = = 1.143
1.5

𝑉𝑝𝑐 = 0.5 ∗ 1.143 ∗ (1 + 50 ∗ 0.005) = 714.375𝐾𝑁/𝑚2

𝑉 𝑟𝑒𝑠 = 4 ∗ (0.5 + 𝑑) ∗ 𝑑 ∗ 714.375

𝑉 𝑟𝑒𝑠 = 1428.75 ∗ 𝑑 + 2857.5 ∗ 𝑑2

Equating the two equations:

2790.62 − 300𝑑 − 300𝑑2 = 4(0.5 + 𝑑) ∗ 𝑑2 ∗ 714.375

𝑑 = 0.705

9.2.2 Wide beam shear

Since it is square footing section 1-1 is the same as section

𝑉𝑤𝑐 = 0.3𝑓𝑐𝑡𝑑 (1 + 50𝜌𝑒 )

𝑉𝑤𝑐 = 0.3 ∗ 1.143 ∗ (1 + 50 ∗ 0.005) = 428.625𝐾𝑁/𝑚2

Where: -Vwc The permissible shear stress for wide beam shear for equilibrium
Vres = Vact
V res = 3.1 ∗ (d) ∗ 428.625
3.1 0.5
𝑉 𝑎𝑐𝑡 = 3.1 ∗ ( − − 𝑑) ∗ 300 = 1874.325 − 1874.325 ∗ 𝑑
2 2
𝑑 = 0.53
Therefore, punching shear governs
Overall depth becomes
Ф 14
𝐷 = 𝑑 + 𝑐𝑜𝑣𝑒𝑟 + = 705 + 50 + = 762𝑚𝑚
2 2
USE D=800mm

𝑑 = 800 − 50 − 14/2 = 747𝑚𝑚

9.2.3 Reinforcement Calculation
Since the proposed footing is square & the effective area is the same as provided the moment
acting in both section is identical.
𝑋2
𝑀𝑥𝑥 = 𝑀𝑦𝑦 = 𝐿 ∗ ∗𝜎
2
𝑋 = 0.7𝑚
𝐿 = 3.1𝑚

𝜎 = 300𝐾𝑁/𝑚2
0.72
𝑀𝑥𝑥 = 𝑀𝑦𝑦 = 3.1 ∗ ∗ 300 = 227.85𝐾𝑁. 𝑚
2
0.5 0.5
𝜌𝑚𝑖𝑛 = = = 0.00125
𝑓𝑦𝑘 400

2 ∗ 𝑀max 𝑓𝑐𝑑
𝜌 = [1 − (√(1 − ))] ∗
𝑏 ∗ 𝑑2 ∗ 𝑓𝑐𝑑 𝑓𝑦𝑑

2 ∗ 227.85 13.6
𝜌 = [1 − (√(1 − 2
))] ∗ = 0.00119 < 𝜌𝑚𝑖𝑛
1000 ∗ 747 ∗ 13.6 347.83

𝐴𝑠 = 𝜌𝑏𝑑
𝐴𝑠 = 0.00125 ∗ 1000 ∗ 747 = 933.75𝑚𝑚2
1000 ∗ 𝑎𝑠 1000 ∗ 201.062
𝑆𝑝𝑟𝑜 = = ≈ 160𝑚𝑚
𝐴𝑠 2141.05

Therefore, Use ∅14 c/c 160mm in both directions

9.2.4 Development length

The reinforcement shall be properly anchored at each end to prevent bond failure.

Basic anchorage length

The basic anchorage length lb diameter d of the bar is given as

 ∅ 𝑓𝑦𝑑
𝑙𝑏 = (4) ( 𝑓 ) [EBCS-2, 1995 Art 7.1.6.1]
𝑏𝑑

𝑓𝑏𝑑 = 2 ∗ 𝑓𝑐𝑡𝑑 , the design bond strength for deformed compression bar of good bond condition.

𝑓𝑏𝑑 = 2 ∗ 1.165 = 2.33MPa

14 347.83
𝑙𝑏 = ( ) ∗ ( ) = 522.491𝑚𝑚
4 2.33

Required anchorage length

𝐴𝑠,𝑐𝑎𝑙 10∅,
𝑙𝑏,𝑛𝑒𝑡 = 𝑎 ∗ 𝑙𝑏 ∗ 0.3𝑙𝑏,𝑛𝑒𝑡 ≥ { [EBCS-2, 1995 Art7.1.6.2]
𝐴𝑠,𝑒𝑓𝑓 200𝑚𝑚

Where:

 As, cal= theoretical area of reinforcement required by the design

 As, eff = Area of reinforcement provided

𝐴𝑠,𝑐𝑎𝑙 = 933.75𝑚𝑚2

𝐴𝑠,𝑒𝑓𝑓 = 2886.34𝑚𝑚2

933.75
𝑙𝑏,𝑛𝑒𝑡 = 1.0 ∗ 522.491 ∗ = 169.03mm
2886.34

0.3𝑙𝑏,𝑛𝑒𝑡 = 0.3 ∗ 522.491𝑚𝑚 = 156.75𝑚𝑚

Therefore, Use 𝒍𝒏𝒆𝒕 = 𝟏𝟕𝟎𝒎𝒎

9.3 Design of Combined Footing

 𝑃1 = 6444.33𝐾𝑁 𝑃2 = 4866.3𝐾𝑁
𝑀1𝑥 = 6.21𝐾𝑁. 𝑚 𝑀2𝑥 = 5.46𝐾𝑁. 𝑚
𝑀1𝑦 = 7.37𝐾𝑁. 𝑚 𝑀2𝑦 = 10.08𝐾𝑁. 𝑚
Distance b/n columns is 5m.

Column dimensions are 600mmX600mm.

Σ𝑃 = 11310.6𝐾𝑁
6444.33 ∗ 5 + 7.37 + 10.08
𝑋̅ = = 2.85
11310.6
𝑎 = 2 ∗ (2.85 + 0.3 + 2) = 10.3𝑚
7.37 + 10.08
𝑒𝑎 = = 0.002
11310.6
11310.6 0.002
𝑏=( ) ∗ (1 + 6 ∗ ) = 3.66𝑚
300 ∗ 10.3 10.3
From this the maximum shear and bending moment becomes

𝑣𝑠𝑑 = 3297.10𝐾𝑁 𝑀𝑠𝑑 = 4953.998𝐾𝑁. 𝑚

9.3.1 Wide Beam Shear

The magnitude of the wide beam shear is read off from the shear force diagram at a distance of d from
the face of the column.
0.6
𝑉 = 3297.10 − 3.66 ∗ 300 ∗ ( + 𝑑)
2
The wide beam shear resistance according to EBCS-2 is given by

𝑉𝑢𝑑 = 0.25𝑓𝑐𝑡𝑑 𝑘1𝑘2𝑏𝑤𝑑

Equating the two equations: 𝑑 = 2.14𝑚

9.3.2 Punching Shear

3d +0.60 =1.2 3d +0.60 =1.2

3d+0.60=2.1
Perimeters 𝑃𝑟 = 7.02 ∗ 2 = 10.94𝑚

Net shear force developed under column 1

4198.63
𝑉1 = = 179.61𝐾𝑁
10.94 ∗ 2.14
Net shear force developed under column 2
2620.6
𝑉2 = = 112.11𝐾𝑁
1094 ∗ 2.14
Punching shear resistance

𝑉𝑝𝑐 = 0.5 ∗ 1.143 ∗ (1 + 50 ∗ 0.005) = 714.375𝐾𝑁/𝑚2

Therefore, Wide beam shear governs.

9.3.3 Reinforcement Calculation

0.5 0.5
𝜌𝑚𝑖𝑛 = = = 0.00125
𝑓𝑦𝑘 400

2 ∗ 𝑀max 𝑓𝑐𝑑
𝜌 = [1 − (√(1 − 2
))] ∗
𝑏 ∗ 𝑑 ∗ 𝑓𝑐𝑑 𝑓𝑦𝑑

2 ∗ 4953.02 13.6
𝜌 = [1 − (√(1 − 2
))] ∗ = 0.00324 < 𝜌𝑚𝑖𝑛
1000 ∗ 2140 ∗ 13.6 347.83

𝐴𝑠 = 𝜌𝑏𝑑
𝐴𝑠 = 0.00324 ∗ 1000 ∗ 2140 = 6942.08𝑚𝑚2
1000 ∗ 𝑎𝑠 1000 ∗ 314.159
𝑆𝑝𝑟𝑜 = = ≈ 45𝑚𝑚
𝐴𝑠 6942.08

Therefore, Use ∅20 c/c 45mm

CHAPTER 10: SHEAR WALL DESIGN

10.1 Introduction
Shear wall is designed as isolated sway elements of a frame using the second –order theory of
columns. /refer: EBCS-2, 1995.section 4.4 /

Following the approximate method, the wall shall be design for uniaxial bending with an
equivalent eccentricity of load along the axis parallel to the larger relative eccentricity.

Table 10.1 Dan Techno Craft Technical Specification

Load Shaft width Shaft depth Car Car Clear Pit Over
Persons
(Kg) (mm) (mm) Width Depth Opening Depth Head
min max min max (mm) (mm) (mm) (mm) Height
320 4 1500 1650 1500 1700 1000 900 700X2000 1500 3600
480 6 1700 1850 1700 1800 1050 1200 800X2000 1500 3600
640 8 1700 1850 1780 1950 1100 1400 800X2000 1500 3600

10.2 Lateral Load Determination

From Chapter 5 we have calculated the lateral load analysis and it has been noticed that the
earth quake load is the governing one in our case. The total story shear is given in the table as shown
below.

Table 10.2 Story Shear Calculation

Floor Weight Height Wi*hi Fi

Basement 121.13 2 242.26 9.26
Ground 121.13 5 605.65 23.14
1st 121.13 8 969.04 37.02
2nd 121.13 11 1332.43 50.91
3rd 121.13 14 1695.82 64.79
4th 121.13 17 2059.21 78.68
5th 121.13 20 2422.6 92.56
6th 121.13 23 2785.99 106.45
7th 121.13 26 3149.38 120.33
 8th 121.13 29 3512.77 134.21
Roof 121.13 32 3876.16 148.10
22651.31

10.3 Vertical Load Determination

Lift Shaft Roof Slab Design

Figure 10.1 Lift Shaft Plan View

10.3.1 Depth Determination

𝑓𝑦𝑘 𝐿𝑒
𝑑 ≥ [0.4 + 0.6 ∗ ]∗
400 𝛽𝑎
𝐿𝑦 320
For Interior Spans, 𝛽𝑎 =37.8 For 𝐿𝑥
= 250 = 1.28

300 2500
𝑑 ≥ [0.4 + 0.6 ∗ ]∗ = 56.22mm
400 37.8
10
𝐷 = 56.22 + + 15 = 76.22𝑚𝑚
2
𝑇𝑎𝑘𝑒 𝐷 = 100𝑚𝑚
10
𝑑 = 100 − 15 − = 80𝑚𝑚
2
10.3.2 Loading
According to EBCS-1, 1995, the design load can be determined from dead load and live load.

Dead load

1. Self-weight = 0.1 ∗ 25 = 2.5𝐾𝑁/𝑚2

2. Plastering = 0.25 ∗ 20 = 0.5𝐾𝑁/𝑚2
4.8
3. From Self weight of the elevator car= 2 ∗ ( ) = 2.18𝐾𝑁/𝑚2
2.12

Total DL= 2.5 + 0.5 + 2.18 = 5.18 𝐾𝑁/𝑚2

Live load = 5 𝐾𝑁/𝑚2………………………………………….……for store/staircase

Design Load = 1.3 ∗ 5.18 + 1.6 ∗ 5 = 14.73𝐾𝑁/𝑚2

10.3.3 Load Transfer Calculation

The design loads on walls supporting solid slab as simply supported spanning into two directions
at right angles supporting distribution load may be assessed from the following equation.

𝑉𝑥 = 𝛽𝑣𝑥 ∗ (𝑔𝑑 + 𝑞𝑑 )𝐿𝑥

𝑉𝑦 = 𝛽𝑣𝑦 ∗ (𝑔𝑑 + 𝑞𝑑 )𝐿𝑥

𝛽𝑣𝑥 = 0.406 𝛽𝑣𝑦 = 0.33

𝑉𝑥 = 0.406 ∗ (5.18 + 5) ∗ 2.5 = 10.33𝐾𝑁/𝑚

𝑉𝑦 = 0.33 ∗ (5.18 + 5) ∗ 2.5 = 8.4𝐾𝑁/𝑚

Total Vertical load transferred or acting at the top of the wall. Hence, total axial load including
self-weight at the bottom of the wall is:

𝑁𝑆𝐷 = 𝑊𝑎𝑙𝑙 𝑊𝑒𝑖𝑔ℎ𝑡 𝑎𝑡 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑏𝑜𝑡𝑡𝑜𝑚 + 𝑃𝑑

= 10.33 ∗ 3.2 + 8.4 ∗ 2.5 + 121.13 ∗ 11 = 1386.49𝐾𝑁

10.3.4 Design of Individual Wall Section

Design for Wall –One

ℎ = 3200𝑚𝑚 and 𝑏 = 200𝑚𝑚

Design Eccentricity determination in both directions

 𝐿𝑒 = 0.7𝐿 = 0.7 ∗ 27.9 = 19.53

Additional eccentricity due to various imperfections

𝐿𝑒 19.53
𝑒𝑎 = = = 0.0651 > 0.02
300 300

First order eccentricity

𝑀𝑠𝑑 2596.35
𝑒𝑎 = = = 1.87
𝑁𝑠𝑑 1386.49

Second order eccentricity

2
𝐿𝑒 2 19.53
𝑒2 = 0.4ℎ( ) = 0.4 ∗ 3.2 ∗ ( ∗ 3.2) = 0.05
10ℎ 10

Total eccentricity

𝑒𝑡𝑜𝑡 = 0.0651 + 1.87 + 0.05 = 1.985

Relative eccentricity

𝑒𝑡𝑜𝑡 1.985
𝑒𝑟𝑒𝑙 = = = 0.0102
ℎ 19.53

𝑁𝑠𝑑 1386.49
𝜗= = = 0.191
𝑓𝑐𝑑 ∗ 𝐴𝑐 11.33 ∗ 0.64

α =0.67………….from table 4.1 of EBCS -2, 1995.page 43

Equivalent eccentricity

𝑒𝑒𝑞 = 𝑒𝑡𝑜𝑡 ∗ (1 + 𝐾 ∗ 𝛼) = 1985 ∗ (1 + 0.36 ∗ 0.67) = 2.463

Design moment, Msd

Msd = 𝑒𝑒𝑞 ∗ 𝑁𝑠𝑑 = 2.463 ∗ 1386.49 = 3416.01𝐾𝑁. 𝑚

Msd 3416.01
𝜇𝑠𝑑 = = = 0.147
𝑓𝑐𝑑 ∗ 𝐴𝑐 ∗ ℎ 11.33 ∗ 0.64 ∗ 3.2

From Uniaxial Chart No 7:

𝜔 = 0.54
 𝐴𝑐
𝐴𝑠, 𝑡𝑜𝑡 = 𝜔 ∗ 𝑓𝑐𝑑 ∗ = 0.54 ∗ 11257.4
𝑓𝑦𝑑

Taking ø20 rebar

No of bar = 36

Shear Reinforcement

As stated above, the area of shear reinforcement shall not be less than one half of the vertical

reinforcement.

DESIGN OF RETAINING WALL

4.1 Design of Cantilever Retaining Wall

4.1.1 Section proportioning

Preliminary Proportioning

17𝐾𝑁
Stem: Top width 200 mm to 400 mm assume φ=30 c=0 ɤ=
𝑚3

Base slab width b= 0.4H to 0.6H,

0.6H to 0.75H for surcharged wall

 𝐻 𝐻
Base slab thickness= 10
𝑡𝑜 14
H
Toe projection= (1/3-1/4)
t=(1/31/4)
Base width H/10-
H/14
b=(0.4H -0.6H)

Fi Cantilever Retaining wall

Pressure coefficients
1−𝑠𝑖𝑛∅ 1−sin 30
𝐾𝑎 = = = 0.333
1+𝑠𝑖𝑛∅ 1+sin 30

Forces acting on the wall

****

CALCULATION OF ACTIVE LATERAL EARTH PRESSURE DISTRIBUTION:

𝜎 = 𝐾𝑎 (𝑞 + 𝛾 ℎ ) − 2𝑐√𝐾𝑎 = 0.333 × 17 × 1.5 = 8.492𝑘𝑝𝑎

CALCULATION OF ACTIVE FORCE:

𝑃𝑎 = (𝐴𝑟𝑒𝑎 𝑜𝑓 𝑎𝑐𝑡𝑖𝑣𝑒 𝑙𝑎𝑡𝑒𝑟𝑎𝑙 𝑒𝑎𝑟𝑡ℎ 𝑝𝑟𝑒𝑠𝑠𝑢𝑟𝑒 𝑑𝑖𝑠𝑡𝑟𝑖𝑏𝑢𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛)
1 1 6.369𝐾𝑁 1
𝑃𝑎 = 2 𝜎 ℎ = 2 × 8.492 × 1.5 = 𝑚
@ 𝑦 = 3 ∗ 1.5 = 0.5𝑚 𝑓𝑟𝑜𝑚 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑏𝑎𝑠𝑒

OVERTURNING STABILITY:
Note that there is no vertical component of active force.
𝑀𝑂𝑇 = 6.369 ∗ 0.5 = 3.185𝐾𝑁𝑚/𝑚
Now to calculate MR we divided the soil and the concrete into rectangles and triangles to find the area
easily (as shown above) and to find the arm from the center of each area to point O as prepared in the
following table:

Section Area Weight/unit length of Moment arm measured from Moment about O
the wall O
1 0.405 25 × 0.405 = 10.125 0.25 + 0.5 ∗ 0.3 = 0.4𝑚 4.05𝐾𝑁𝑚/𝑚
2 0.135 25 × 0.135 = 3.375 0.5 ∗ 0.9 = 0.45𝑚 1.518𝐾𝑁𝑚/𝑚
3 0.475 17 × 0.475 = 8.075 0.55 + 0.5 ∗ 0.35 = 0.725 5.854𝐾𝑁𝑚/𝑚
𝑚
∑ ∑ 𝑉 = 21.575𝐾𝑁/𝑚 𝑀𝑅 = 11.422𝐾𝑁𝑚/𝑚

SAFE AGAINST OVER TURNING

11.422
𝐹. 𝑆𝑂𝑇 = = 3.586 > 1.5…………………………………….ok!!!!!
3.185

CHECK FOR SLIDING:

𝐹𝑅
𝐹. 𝑆𝑠 = ≥ 1.5
𝐹𝑑
𝐹𝑑 (𝑑𝑟𝑖𝑣𝑖𝑛𝑔) = 𝐹𝐻 = 6.369𝐾𝑁/𝑚
𝐹𝑅 = ∑ V tan(σ) + cB + Pp
𝑅𝑒𝑠𝑖𝑠𝑡𝑖𝑛𝑔 𝑓𝑜𝑟𝑐𝑒 = 𝐹𝑣𝑡𝑎𝑛𝜎 + 𝑐𝐵 + 𝑝5 … … ..
𝜎 = 0.85Ф = 0.85 ∗ 30 = 25.5
1
𝑃𝑝 = × (0.35 × 17) × (0.7252 ) = 3.127
2
𝐹𝑅 = 21.575 tan(25.5) + 3.127 = 13.418𝐾𝑁/𝑚
13.418
𝐹. 𝑆𝑠 = 6.369
= 2.107 ≥ 1.5………………………………………………………………..OK!!!
CHECK FOR BEARING CAPACITY

𝑋̅ ∑ 𝑉 = 𝑀𝑅 − 𝑀𝑂𝑇
𝑀𝑅 −𝑀𝑂𝑇 11.422−3.185
⟹ 𝑋̅ = ∑𝑉
= = 0.38𝑚
21.575

𝐵 0.9
𝑒 = 2−𝑋 = 2
− 0.38 = 0.07𝑚

𝐵 0.9
= = 0.15
6 6

𝐵
⟹ 𝑒 = 0.07 ≤ = 0.15
6

𝐵 ′ = 𝐵 − 2𝑒 = 0.9 − (2 × 0.15) = 0.6

∑𝑉 6𝑒 21.575 6×0.07
𝑞𝑚𝑎𝑥 = (1 + 𝐵′ ) = (1 + ) = 61.129𝐾𝑃𝑎
𝐴 0.6×1 0.6

∑𝑉 6𝑒 21.575 6×0.07
𝑞𝑚𝑖𝑛 = (1 − )= (1 − ) = 19.178𝐾𝑃𝑎
𝐴 𝐵 0.6×1 0.9

Since we have non homogenous soil we use FS=2

 Allowable bearing capacity for our site is 300Kpa

𝑞𝑎𝑙𝑙 300
𝐹. 𝑆𝐵.𝐶 = = = 4.90 > 2……………………………………………………..ok!!!
𝑞𝑚𝑎𝑥 61.129

STRUCTURAL DESIGN

DESIGN OF STEM
h 1.5 3.1845𝐾𝑁𝑚
⟹ 𝑀 = 𝑃𝑎 ∗ 3 = 6.369 ∗ 3
= 𝑚

⟹ 𝑀𝑢 = 1.4𝑀 = 1.4 × 3.1845 = 4.458𝐾𝑁𝑚/𝑚

Reinforcement ratio

2𝑀×106 𝑓
 = (1 − √1 − 𝑏𝑑2𝑓 ) ∗ 𝑓 𝑐𝑑
𝐶𝐷 𝑦𝑑

2∗4.458∗106 13.6 0.6

⟹  = (1 − √1 − ) = 0.001387 < 0.0015 = 𝜌𝑚𝑖𝑛 =
13.6.×1000∗972 347.83 𝑓𝑦

⟹  = 0.0015

Total area of steel

⟹ 𝐴𝑠 = 𝑏𝑑 = 0.0015 × 1000 × 97 = 415𝑚𝑚2

⟹ 𝐴𝑠 = 415𝑚𝑚2

Spacing between bars

Assume ∅14

𝑎𝑠 𝑏 𝜋×72 ×1000 ∅
⟹𝑆= 𝐴𝑠
= 415
= 370.94𝑚𝑚 where 𝑎𝑠 = 𝜋𝑟 2 𝑟=2

⟹ 𝑆 = 370.94𝑚𝑚

Use ∅14𝐶/𝐶300

DESIGN OF HEEL
THE REINFORCEMENT OF THE HEEL:

Dived the pressure which acts on the heel to rectangular shape and take the moment of these
shapes around the face of the stem see figure,

h
⟹ 𝑀 = 𝑃𝑎 (2 + d)

⟹ 𝑀 = 6.369(0.15 + 0.97) = 7.133𝐾𝑁𝑚/𝑚

Reinforcement ratio

2𝑀×106 𝑓
 = (1 − √1 − 𝑏𝑑2𝑓 ) ∗ 𝑓 𝑐𝑑
𝐶𝐷 𝑦𝑑

2×7.133×106 13.6 0.6

⟹  = (1 − √1 − 13.6×1000∗972 ) 347.83 = 0.00244 > 0.0015 = 𝜌𝑚𝑖𝑛 = 𝑓𝑦

⟹  = 0.00244

Total area of steel

⟹ 𝐴𝑠 = 𝑏𝑑 = 0.00244 × 1000 × 97 = 236.68𝑚𝑚2

⟹ 𝐴𝑠 = 236.68𝑚𝑚2

Spacing between bars

𝜋×142
Assume ∅14 AND 𝑎𝑠 = = 153.94𝑚𝑚2
4

𝑎𝑠 𝑏 𝜋×72 ×1000 ∅
⟹𝑆= 𝐴𝑠
= 236.68
= 301.84𝑚𝑚 where 𝑎𝑠 = 𝜋𝑟 2 𝑟=2

⟹ 𝑆 = 301.84𝑚𝑚

Use ∅14𝐶/𝐶300

𝐴𝑠 236.68
𝑁𝑜 𝑜𝑓 𝑏𝑎𝑟 = = = 1.537 ≈ 2
𝑎𝑠 153.94
Provide 2 Ф14 𝑐/𝑐 300
DESIGN OF TOE

0.3
⟹ 𝑀 = [(10.125 × 0.3) ( 2 )] = 4.556𝐾𝑁𝑚/𝑚
 Reinforcement ratio

2𝑀×106 𝑓
 = (1 − √1 − 𝑏𝑑2𝑓 ) ∗ 𝑓 𝑐𝑑
𝐶𝐷 𝑦𝑑

2×4.556×106 13.6 0.6

⟹  = (1 − √1 − ) = 0.001418 < 0.0015 = 𝜌𝑚𝑖𝑛 =
13.6×1000∗972 347.83 𝑓𝑦

⟹  = 0.0015

Total area of steel

⟹ 𝐴𝑠 = 𝑏𝑑 = 0.0015 × 1000 × 97 = 415.5𝑚𝑚2

⟹ 𝐴𝑠 = 415.5𝑚𝑚2

Spacing between bars

𝜋×142
Assume ∅14 AND 𝑎𝑠 = = 153.94𝑚𝑚2
4

𝑎𝑠 𝑏 𝜋×72 ×1000 ∅
⟹𝑆= = = 301.84𝑚𝑚 where 𝑎𝑠 = 𝜋𝑟 2 𝑟=
𝐴𝑠 415.5 2

⟹ 𝑆 = 301.84𝑚𝑚

Use ∅14 𝐶 ⁄𝐶 300