MASTER'S THESIS

Social Sustainability in Green Low-Cost

Housing Projects in Lima, Peru

Amanda Stefansson
2016

Master of Science in Engineering Technology

Architecture

Luleå University of Technology

Department of Civil, Environmental and Natural Resources Engineering
SOCIAL SUSTAINABILITY
IN GREEN LOW-COST HOUSING
PROJECTS IN LIMA, PERU

Amanda Stefansson Luleå University of Technology

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 Title: Social Sustainability in Green Low-Cost Housing Projects in Lima, Peru
Author: Amanda Stefansson
Study Programme: Master of Science in Architectural Engineering
Specialization: House Building
Level: Master’s Thesis, 30 credits
Supervisor: Per Persson
Examinator: Anders Landström

Luleå University of Technology
Department of Civil, Environmental and
Natural Resources Engineering
Division of Architecture and Water

Photographs and illustrations without any reference are produced by the author.
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 ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
This research and MSc thesis is carried out within the framework of the Minor Field Studies
scholarship programme, funded by the Swedish International Development Cooperation
Agency (SIDA). Therefore, I first like to express my sincere gratitude to SIDA for making
it possible to conduct field studies in Lima, Peru. The 8 weeks I spent in Lima have been
essential for completion of my thesis. Big thanks to the professors of PUCP, especially Martín
Wieser, and the board of the Fondo MiVivienda for answering all my questions.
Special thanks go to my supervisor Per Persson for great advice and motivation along the way
completing this project.
Amanda Stefansson
Stockholm, 2016
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ABSTRACT
Urbanization sets further pressure on the building industry. The migration from rural areas to
cities continues to grow and in Latin America 90% of the population is estimated to live in
cities by 2050. In Peru more than a quarter of the total population lives in the capital Lima.
Despite Peru’s unprecedented economic growth the last years many people lack adequate
housing.
In order to solve the housing deficit and to provide access to housing the State and the private
sector have to work together. Fondo Mivivenda (FMV) is an organisation addressing this
issue. FMV works as a second-tier bank and have reached great success with the programme
Crédito MiVivienda, providing mortgage loans to low-incomers. FMV are today developing
a financial bonus programme in order to promote green social housing.
To create sustainable houses, cities and communities it is essential with a comprehensive
approach. Recently the impact our buildings have on the environment is realized but often the
social sustainability is largely neglected while priority is given to economic and environmental
sustainability in the context of planning and housing. With Fondo MiVivienda’s Green
Bonus Programme as starting point, the research examines the importance of including social
sustainability in green social housing.
The outcomes of this research are presented in a design proposal exemplifying how social
sustainability can be achieved in low-cost housing projects situated in Lima. With means of
flexible apartments, smart greenery and mixed-functions we can create long-term sustainable
livelihoods with high level of local participation.
Further studies are recommended in order to receive greater understanding of social
sustainability applied on low-cost housing in Lima. To proceed and refine the proposal in this
paper, a research with involvement and close cooperation with present and future residents
of low-cost houses would be necessary to make design solutions contributing to a higher
level of local participation. Such research should be carried out with higher consideration
of the multiplying effect a good design may have on its occupants and their lifestyles.
Advantageously, a comparison with the Swedish way of working with early participation and
user involvement can be included in future studies.
 CONTENT
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT 4
ABSTRACT 5
CONTENT 6
1. INTRODUCTION 8 5.6 FRESHWATER SHORTAGE 41
1.1 BACKGROUND 9
1.2 RESEARCH BACKGROUND 9
1.3 PURPOSE AND AIM 10
1.4 RESEARCH QUESTIONS 10
1.5 DELIMITATIONS 10
2. METHODOLOGY AND METHODS 12
2.1 RESEARCH METHODOLOGY 13
2.2 DESIGN METHODOLOGY 13
2.3 METHODS 14
3. THEORY 16
3.1 SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT 17
3.2 GREEN BUILDING 17
3.3 INTRODUCTION TO SOCIAL SUSTAINABILITY 18
3.4 FLEXABILITY AND CHANGEABILITY 19
3.5 COMFORT 20
3.6 GREEN AREAS 21
3.7 LOCAL ACTIVITIES AND PARTICIPATION 22
4. CASE STUDY 24
4.1 CLIMATE AND NATURAL RESOURCES 25
4.2 THE YOUNG TOWNS OF LIMA 27
4.3 ECONOMY AND REAL ESTATE 29
4.4 HOUSING DEFICIT 29
4.5 PREVI 30
4.6 FONDO MIVIVIENDA 32
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5. ANALYSIS 36
5.1 CHARACTERISTIC PROJECT OF FONDO MIVIVIEND 37
5.2 FLEXABILITY AND CHANGEABILITY OF PREVI 39
5.3 CULTURAL INFLUENCES 40
5.4 COMFORT 40
5.5 PARTICIPATION AND LOCAL ACTIVITIES 41
5.7 GREEN AREAS 42
5.8 GREEN CERTIFICATION IN PERU 42
5.9 SWOT-ANALYSIS 43
6. RESULT 44
6.1 FLEXABILTY AND CHANGEABILITY 46
6.2 PARTICIPATION AND LOCAL ACTIVITIES 50
6.3 GREEN AREAS 51
6.4 COMFORT 52
7. CONCLUSION 54
7.1 RESEARCH QUESTIONS 55
8. DISCUSSION 58
8.1 RESEARCH QUESTIONS 59
8.2 PROPOSAL 59
8.3 VALIDITY AND RELABILITY 60
8.4 FURTHER STUDIES 60
9. BIBLIOGRAPHY 62
10.
APPENDICES 66
APPENDIX l 67
APPENDIX ll 68
APPENDIX lll 70

1. INTRODUCTION
This chapter explains the general global issues of climate change and
explains how it is connected to the urbanization and house deficit. From this
background the purpose and aim of the thesis been derived and research
questions defined.
1.1 BACKGROUND
Climate change is an urgent problem in this century
(Roggema, 2009) and development has unfortunately
1.INTRODUCTION often harmed the environment (Seitz & Hite, 2012).
It started as a concern for global warming, meaning
the measurable rapid warming of the earth’s surface
due to human activities. Global warming is identified
by temperature averages measured since 1880, while
climate change measures changes in the state of climate
being identified by averages and/or variability of its
properties persisting for a longer period, even decades.
Since the temperature of the Earth’s surface highly
impact the climate of the earth, the two phenomena
global warming and climate change cannot be
decoupled. Global warming is being associated with
several of extreme climate events and volatility such
as rainfall, sea level rise, drought, volcanic activities,
hurricanes, loss of biodiversity, heightened storm
intensity, frequent heat waves, altered precipitation
patterns, reversal of ocean current and flooding.
(Booth et al., 2012)
These weather extremes effects million of people
around the world by damaging crops and coastlines
and making water security an issue (World Bank
Group, 2014). The main reason of climate change is
the high concentrations of greenhouse gases produced
by human activities, such as deforestation and burning
of fossil fuels (Ching, 2014). The past decade we have
become more aware about the impact our buildings
have on the environment (Magwood, 2014) and
the building sector is according to the International
Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) the sector with
the highest potential to reduce the energy use at the
8 9
1. INTRODUCTION
lowest cost (Gupta, 2015). The construction of the
building is the activity that causes the most damage
on the environment but buildings also continues to
consume resources, create waste and emit pollution
during the entire life cycle. (Guerra Santin, 2008)
Predicted climate changes will have major implications
for building planning in the future. Future architects
will have to design buildings based on detailed climatic
analysis (Hausladen & Liedl, 2012). It is important
that we learn not only how to mitigate the emission of
green house gases but also how to adapt our buildings
to the changes in climate.
1.2 RESEARCH BACKGROUND
The rapid urbanization in many developing countries
comes with the consequence of massive housing
shortages (Okeyinka, 2014). Latin America is more
urbanized than any other region in the emerging
markets world and the United Nations forecast an
urban population of 90% in Latin America by the
year of 2050 (Montealegre, 2013). The need for
human shelter increases along with the emissions of
greenhouse gases causing climate change. Peru is one
of the countries suffering the most from the impact of
climate change even though the country is responsible
for only 0,1% of the global CO2 emissions (Peru
Support Group, 2015).
The big challenge is to create sustainable cities, towns
and communities, which meet the challenges of
population growth, migration and climate change
(Woodcraft, 2011). For a house to be sustainable a
comprehensive approach is important to ensure it is
not only environmentally sustainable and affordable
 but also socially and culturally appropriate (Hannula,
2012). Unfortunately, social sustainability is largely
neglected while priority is given to economic and
environmental sustainability in the context of
planning and housing (Woodcraft, 2011).
1.3 PURPOSE AND AIM
The purpose of the master’s thesis is to promote
sustainable architecture in Lima, analyse challenges
and opportunities for implementing sustainable
features in low-cost housing projects and to highlight
the importance of social sustainability. The aim of the
research is to present a proposal, which exemplify how
social sustainability could be implemented in green
low-cost housing projects in Lima.
• The geographical region covered in the research is
Peru’s capital Lima.
• Due to time limitations only one finance
mechanism for low-cost housing are examined.
• The choice of materials used in the construction
is not investigated. Structual analysis and
calculations are not made on the propsal.
• The visualized design proposal covers apartment
layouts and building blocks, not the site or
neighborhood.

1.4 RESEARCH QUESTIONS

To be able to define the research questions two initial
questions needed to be investigated and answered;
How is low-cost housing in Peru financed today and
is there opportunities in this finance mechanism to
support sustainable features?

Once these two questions were answered the research

questions could be defined.
• How can social housing be more flexible in order
to fit the residents’ changing needs?
• What concepts can be used to encourge an active
and living environment?
• How to plan green areas with Lima’s freshwater
shortage in consideration?
• How can the layout of an apartment impact
indoor air quality?

1.5 DELIMITATIONS
In order to limit the scope of the research and to define
boundaries a few delimitations have been decided.
• The master’s thesis focuses on residential houses
and not commercial buildings.
• It addresses new production only and affordable
housing.
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 2. METODOLOGY AND METHODS
2. METHODOLOGY AND METHODS
This chapter explains the research methodology, how the information been
collected and the design process carried out in order to answer the research
questions.

2.1 RESEARCH METHODOLOGY 2.2 DESIGN METHODOLOGY

Architectural Research The Architectural research done in order to answer the
Research aim to gain greater knowledge and research questions is summarized in a design proposal,
understanding of a phenomenon (Walliman, 2011) which exemplifies how green social housing projects

2. METHODOLOGY and one well accepted definition of research is

“systematic inquiry directed toward the creation of
could be produced in Lima. This is meant to promote
sustainable residential building as well as motivate

AND METHODS knowledge” (Groat & Wang, 2013). Architectural

research covers a broad range of subjects that study the
built environment and deals with humanities as well
as physical sciences (Van Der Hoeven, n.d.). Just like
architecture integrates design, history, humanities and
construction in one single artifact (Van Der Hoeven,
n.d.), this research considers several of different aspects
of the built environment.
a higher consideration of the social sustainability
within projects. The design methodology is based on
a cyclical process of idea generation, evaluation and
design improvement until the design requirement is
met (Wong & Park, 2010)
DEFINE
the problem

The research has been conducted through an iterative

process between literature, analysis and synthesis, IMPROVE COLLECT
involving the steps mentioned below: on your design information

• Review and systematic analysis of literature.

• Review of finance mechanisms and policy
THE DESIGN PROCESS
instruments for affordable housing projects in
Lima.
• Analysis of challenges and opportunities for social present your
idea to others for BRAINSTORM
housing projects in Lima. AND ANALYZE
FEEDBACK
ideas
• Design proposal based on the literature review
and analysis.
DEVELOP
Qualitative Approach solutions

A qualitative approach is chosen in order to reduce the

gap between reality and representation (Bapir, n.d.)
Qualitative research is a situated activity that locates
the observer in the world and involves an interpretive,
naturalistic approach to the world by representations,
including field notes, interviews, conversations,
photographs, recordings and memos to self (Flick,
12 2007).
The design goal has been to create a human-centered
solution, focused on social sustainability and with
the end user in mind. According to the International
Organization for Standardization’s (2010) ISO 9241-
210:2010 following benefits may be reached by
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adopting a human-centered design.
• Increased productivity of users
• Easier to understand and use, thus reducing
training and support costs
• Increased usability and accessibility for people
with a wider range of capabilities.
• Improved user experience
• Reduced discomfort and stress
• Competitive advantage, for example by improving
brand image
• Contributing towards sustainability objectives.
(Fosmire & Radcliffe, 2013)
2.3 METHODS
Literature Review
The literature review is essential to introduce the
research and underpin the reason for doing the research
(Walliman, 2011). The gathering of information
is done according the six stages of The Information
Search Process (ISP); initiation, selection, exploration,
formulation, collection and presentation. In the
process it is important to evaluate information in
order to establish the validity, authority and relevance
of the sources. (Fosmire & Radcliffe, 2013)
Field Studies
To be able to make a proper analysis of the challenges
and opportunities of Lima a field study was conducted.
For 8 weeks the author lived in Lima doing interviews,
case studies and observations.
Interviews
In qualitative studies interviewing are probably the
most common form of data collection (Merriam,
2009). In this report interviews with professionals
in the field of architecture and construction were
done in order to analyse Lima’s building sector in
its current state. Once it was done the author could
easier specify the research questions. The interviews
were hold face-to-face in the office or working space of
the interviewee and lasted from 30 minutes up to two
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of hours. The interviews were semi-structured, where
the largest part of the interview were guided by a list
of questions or issues to explore (Merriam, 2009).
This way of interviewing provides more flexibility
and allows the researcher to respond to the situation
at hand (Merriam, 2009). Before finalizing the report
the interviewees were contacted in order to approve of
their citation and participation in the report.
Interviewees
• Andrea Ruiz De Somocurcio
Architect, Staff Manager at Peru Green
Building Council
• Francesca Mayer Martinelli
Senior Project Manager at Sumac Inc.,
LEED International Roundtable
• Susel Biondi
Architect at Poggione+Biondi Arquitectos
• Juan Reiser
Professor in Architecture at Pontificia
Universidad Católica del Perú
• Martín Wieser
Professor in Architecture at Pontificia
Universidad Católica del Perú
• Lucas Luis Sarmiento Lui
Department Supervisor at Fondo
MiVivienda
• Mary Carmen Arroyo
Architect at DLPS Arquitecturos
The interviews were objective but an exception was
made in order to gain information about cultural
values influencing the layout of homes. Many
cultural peculiarities are so evident that people are
not even aware of them. The author experienced that
information about typical Peruvian layouts easier
could be recieved if sharing the view on how Swedish
culture influence the way we plan our buildings.
2. METODOLOGY AND METHODS
Case Studies
Examples of qualitative research design are
experimental, cross-sectional, longitudinal and case
studies. In order to catch the close up reality and thick
description (Cohen et al., 2007) case studies have been
carried out. First, the organisation Fondo MiVivienda
and its two financing programmes Crédito MiVivenda
and Techo Propio have been studied. To find solutions
based on the past (Walliman, 2011) the experimental
social housing project PREVI carried out in the late
60s, has been examined. The historical research is
used to inform about present and future trends and
stress the importance of interactions and their effect
(Walliman, 2011).
Observations and Study Visits
A great amount of information is received by
observations. By living in Lima, walking around and
visit several of different districts, impressions could be
collected. The author was given the opportunity to
visit low-cost housing projects within the framework
of Fondo MiVivenda social housing programmes
Crédito MiVivenda and Techo Propio. Three projects
in different price ranges and areas were studied. One
of the projects was currently in production while the
other two was completed. Besides the mentioned
projects the experimental low-cost housing project
PREVI was studied. The author had the privilege to
visit the site accompanied by one of the participating
architects of PREVI.
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3. THEORY
This chapter presents the findings from the litterature review. The theoretical
framework presented is essential for answering the research questions.
3.1 SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT
The Brundtland Comission report (1987) introduced
the triangulated definition of sustainability
encompassing economic, environmental and social
factor with sustainable development placed in the
3. THEORY
centre (Fig 1). Social sustainability, sometimes
called cultural sustainability, should be culturally
sensitive and with a design proven safe and secure.
Environmental sustainability addresses resource
efficiency in handling waste, water and energy while
economic sustainability considers cost-efficiency over
time (Gupta, 2015).
Figure 1 The triangulated definition of sus-
tainable development
In the same report you may also read a second
definition where sustainable development is described
as “development which meets the needs of current
generations without compromising the ability of
future generations to meet their own needs” (Yao,
2013). Considering the long life of dwellings as
physical structures it effects both present and future
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3. THEORY
generations and housing is therefore central to
sustainable development (Golubchikov & Badyina,
2012).
Sustainable Housing
Housing influences the daily life of people, their
health, security and wellbeing. It is also a part of the
relationship between society and environment. While
housing construction and operation consume large
amounts of natural resources, produce waste, air and
water pollution, the building itself is also affected
by the surrounding environment. (Golubchikov &
Badyina, 2012)
3.2 GREEN BUILDING
What is green building? That is a question with an
answer still evolving. The goal with green building is
to substantially reduce the environmental impact of
the buildings. Some broaden the goals by including
social goals like access to affordable housing and access
for the disabled. (Ching, 2014)
The best case is to use local material harvested
and produced on site or nearby to avoid long
transportations. It is also important to avoid depletion
of natural resources during construction and operation
(Gupta, 2015).
Green Building in Latin America
Green building in Latin America is promoted
through market instruments, public instruments and
international cooperation. Examples of mechanisms
used are commercial loans, project financing,
subsidies, building codes, multilateral and bilateral
banking. These mechanisms are mainly used to
support development of green buildings in Latin
America, with focus on three broad categories:
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1. Green labelling like LEED
2. International support and financing
3. National government efforts to green low-income
housing (ELLA, 2013)
3.3 INTRODUCTION TO SOCIAL
SUSTAINABILITY
Housing is essential for the social development of
communities and societies and it is critical for the
basic human need of shelter (Golubchikov & Badyina,
2012). Social sustainability at an architectural level
studies the relationship between the space and the
human with its needs and behaviours (Raeisi et al.,
2010). In Sustainable Housing for Sustainable Cities
(2012) social sustainability in housing is described in
the following way:
3. THEORY
“Social sustainability in housing is Table 1 Human needs translated into spatial design qualities
about creating affordable, good-
quality, inclusive and diverse (mixed-
HUMAN NEEDS SPATIAL QUALITIES IN DESIGN
tenure and mixed income), secure
and healthy dwellings, residential Physiological needs - Sufficient facilities
areas and communities, which are - Comfort (temperature, sun rain, microclimate adaption)
well-integrated into the wider socio- - Firmness and balance based on ecology
spatial systems of which housing is
part – urban and national”
Safety needs - Safety of passage
- Stewardship and care
In the same book there is also a conceptual - Privacy
presentation of the social sustainability of housing - Permeability and flexibility
where the interrelation between human needs and
Belonging needs - Social facilities
social sustainability is depicted (Fig 2).
- Sense of place and identity
- Intelligibility and visual proportions
Golkar (2001) have done a translation of the human
needs, based on Maslow’s hierarchy of needs, to spatial Esteem Needs - Place attachment
qualities in design (Table 1). - Personalization and belonging to groups

One challenge of making a case for building socially
sustainable communities is the difficulty of measuring
success in softer aspects such as wellbeing and sense of
community (Woodcraft, 2011).
3.4 FLEXABILITY AND
CHANGEABILITY
It is vital to consider all groups of users including
different age groups and genders when designing
a house (Hannula, 2012). Housing should be
adaptable and responsive to various and changing
needs of residents (Golubchikov & Badyina, 2012).
Various housing options including single apartments
and shared apartments for collective use need to be
offered in addition to apartments for nuclear families
(Hannula, 2012).
Many social housing projects lack resources like the
ability to adapt to a changing family (García-Huidobro
et al., 2011) and to meet the needs of the elderly group
Figure 2
(Golubchikov & Badyina, 2012). Homes should
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also be flexible enough to meet the needs of people
with limited mobility, as well as children and women
(Golubchikov & Badyina, 2012). It is crucial to
provide affordable housing options for disabled people
including inside spaces that allow movement with a
wheelchair (Hannula, 2012).
One of the four elements of the Young Foundation’s
framework of Design for Social Sustainability is Space
to Grow. Included in this element is flexible planning
and meanwhile spaces used to meet intermediate
needs. One example is flexible working spaces to
encourage home-working and local entrepreneurship
(Woodcraft, 2011).
The Family Pattern
The key to self-managed or self-completed
neighbourhood projects is the Family evolution
pattern, in which the family satisfies its changing
needs. The pattern follow three steeps as listed below.
1. Installation
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The family establish their identity and secure the
property by minor modifications.
2. Densification
The family grows and incorporate new family nuclei.
This stage demands the greatest building effort.
3. Consolidation and Diversification
The completed house is divided into different unit,
often incorporating new uses. (García-Huidobro et
al., 2011)
3.5 COMFORT
Goals that strive towards improved human health
and comfort is included in green building. Green
buildings should improve indoor air quality, indoor
water quality and morale, increase thermal comfort
and reduce noise pollution. (Ching, 2014)
Almusaed (2011) have grouped the parameters
influencing human comfort into three categories:
1. Physical parameters (e.g. air temperature, thermal
conditions of the environment, relative humidity,
local air velocity, surrounding colours, light
intensity and noise level)
2. Physiological parameters (characteristics of the
occupants e.g. age and sex)
3. External parameters (e.g. human activity, clothing
and social conditions)
Thermal Comfort
Gupta (2015) emphasize that the concept of thermal
comfort is more a state of mind rather than a technical
certainty. In British Standard BS EN ISO 7730 thermal
comfort is defined as following; “that condition of
mind which expresses satisfaction with the thermal
environment.”.
Passive Design
In most climates the radiant heat is desired during the
winter but is detrimental during summers. We should
be aware that good behaviour practices and natural
ability to adapt to a range of temperatures impact the
20
amount of energy being used. The indoor thermal
comfort levels will be improved by a well-designed
building, that encourage energy efficient and resource
friendly behaviour of the residents. (Gupta, 2015)
Passive designs take advantage of natural climate,
create thermal comfort and reduce the energy use in
houses (Gupta, 2015). Compared to air-conditioned
houses, natural ventilation creates a healthier living
environment (Hannula, 2012).
“To ensure successful passive design,
it is best to imagine the home will
have no power”
Gupta, 2015
Passive design principles may be applied in the site and
building configuration together with the orientation
of buildings. It is essential to implement passive
measures to the fullest before more complicated means
of cooling are explored. One simple way of reducing
heat gain is using highly reflective surfaces on walls and
roofs. Shading reduces thermal discomfort due to solar
gain and result in less, or in best case, no mechanical
cooling. Housing cluster can be used to provide
shade yet allow wind to flow through the cluster to
cool the buildings. Whether clusters are beneficial or
detrimental for passive efficiency is determined on the
location. (Gupta, 2015)
Indoor cooking is a significant source of heat gain and
indoor pollution, contributing to thermal discomfort
during summer. Alternative solutions like outdoor
cooking allow the heat to escape to the atmosphere
rather than being trapped in the house. (Gupta, 2015)
In outdoor spaces human thermal comfort depends
on both the load of radiance and the temperature
of the air to which the person is exposed (Erell et
al., 2012). Passive cooling can be achieved by trees
and buildings providing shade and with a building
orientation taking advantage of cooling breezes.
Besides that local geographic features (e.g. slopes,
neighbouring buildings, trees) and climatic conditions
(e.g. prevailing wind) should be considered. (Gupta,
2015)
3.6 GREEN AREAS
One strategy for improving the health and the quality
of life of the residents is to ensure a good network of
green spaces in the neighbourhood (Golubchikov &
Badyina, 2012). The physical and mental wellbeing
is highly dependent on contact with the natural
environment, which is a necessity rather than luxury
for achieving lives of fitness and satisfaction in our
modern urban society (Almusaed, 2011).
By replacing a paved surface with a planted ground the
thermal stress of pedestrians can be decreased in several
ways (Erell et al., 2012). Vegetation do not only have
a cooling effect but it is also a a cost-efficient solution
for improvement of urban air quality (Gupta, 2015).
Green areas can be included by open spaces, waterways,
gardens, woodlands, green corridors, wildlife habitats,
green walls, and street trees (Golubchikov & Badyina,
2012). Another strategy is to bring nature elements
indoors, both because they improve the indoor air
quality and because they evoke positive effects on
people (Almusaed, 2011).
Green Roofs
Another way of adding greenery in building design
is through green roofs. Green or vegetated roof assist
in microclimate cooling, reduce global warming and
increase biodiversity. Green roofs works as thermal
insulation reducing the heat that enters the building.
(Gupta, 2015)
There is potential for urban agriculture with green
roofs used for urban food production increasing
work opportunities (Hannula, 2012). Gupta (2015)
describes two kind of green roofs; the extensive roofs
3. THEORY
with 50-150mm build up height covered with moss,
sedum, herbs and/or grass and the intensive roofs
with 150mm-1500mm build-up height including
natural gardens, growing food and recreational
space. The latter require more support, irrigation and
maintenance than extensive roofs and are suitable for
flat roofs. Flat roofs are cost-efficient and estimated to
cost 22% less than a pitched roof but are vulnerable in
terms of aesthetics, tendency for water to puddle and
with inability to shed snow (Ching, 2014).
Urban Gardening
Due to the urbanization and increased population
more land will be needed to grow enough food. One
solution to this is vertically indoor farming. Successful
vertical farming will be many stories high, cheap
to construct and operate, and enable sustainable
production of safe and varied food supply in urban
environments. (Despommier, n.d.)
Dickson Despommier, prof. in environmental health,
developed the concept and his firm uses hydrophonic
greenhouse methods to be able to grow upward. To
give the plants enough light and nutrients the vertical
plans with plants are rotated on a conveyor belt. Not
only do it save space and provide locally sustainable
food but it uses only 5% of the water needed for
conventional agriculture. (Walsh, 2008)
Figure 3 Hydroponic garden system (U-gro)
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3.7 LOCAL ACTIVITIES AND
PARTICIPATION
Early Involvement of Occupants
Gupta (2015) states one challenge with green social
housing being the lack of confidence about the real
benefits of green building to individual homeowners.
Thus, it us crucial to involve future occupants
already in the planning and building process. Early
involvment ensure that the residents have maximum
information on how to live and use their new home.
It is also beneficial in terms of capacity building,
providing people with valuable skills and in planning
and building to apply locally. (Gupta, 2015)
Healthy Lifestyle
Golubchikov & Badyina (2012) indicate one key
requirement for green neighbourhoods to be public
facilities that ensure people do not need to rely on cars.
Along that reasoning, encouragement of walking and
cycling as means of transport, amenities for physical
exercise and recreation will promote healthy and safe
lifestyles. Recreation is a term referring to activities
carried out not far from home and within the normal
daily routines (Almusaed, 2011). To give residents the
opportunity to move around safely by foot or bicycle
will not only improve the quality and attractiveness of
the area but also be beneficial for health, local cohesion
and the environment (Golubchikov & Badyina, 2012).
Community Socialisation
Long-term social needs of new communities are
often overlooked in order to deliver new houses on
large scale (Woodcraft, 2011). It is important to strive
towards social inclusion of different gender, ethnic and
income groups (Hannula, 2012). Thus, sustainable
houses should be well connected to jobs, shops,
health- and child-care, education and other services
(Golubchikov & Badyina, 2012). Evidence shows that
communities with lack of adequate local facilities and
support suffers from a wide range of social problems
22
3. THEORY
(Woodcraft, 2011). Despite this residents often move routes, modest space dimensions and a clear hierocracy
into building sites with a lack of services to support pointing out the most important spaces (Gehl, 2010).
social life.
Work opportunities
To create flourishing and sustainable sites local services Micro-enterprises as part of the housing environment
and support (e.g. schools, shops, public transport etc.) provide important livelihoods for households and
is essential and need to be provided at an early state. should be supported (Golubchikov & Badyina, 2012).
The services can also be community owned or managed
These social supports are key to create opportunities
assets e.g. community shops and food production.
for meeting other residents, build relationships and
(Woodcraft, 2011)
generate a sense of belonging. Young Foundation
(2011) has developed a framework for Design of Social
Sometimes the dwelling is not only used as a residence
Sustainability, which suggests social architecture,
but also a workplace. These home-based enterprises
shared spaces and collective activities in order to foster
are common in many urban low- to middle income
local networks, belonging and community identity.
households in developing countries. This phenomenon
(Woodcraft, 2011)
is important in order to provide income and generate
self-employment and should be reflected in the design
To create socially successful neighbourhoods local
of houses. (Golubchikov & Badyina, 2012)
activities and good relationships between residents are
of great importance. One approach to support strong
social networks, break down barriers and reduce tension
is through neighbourhood workers. Neighbourhood-
based workers can create opportunities for people to
interact with neighbours and through local events,
street parties, public meetings, consultation and
planning work. (Woodcraft, 2011)
Inclusion of public and congregational spaces
(e.g. open spaces, parks and benches) can support
community socialisation and activities with purpose
of improving the community. Examples of events are
fundraising litter picking and planting. Other activities
like community-sporting competitions and gardening
activities can be supported by placing affordable
sporting facilities, playgrounds, play spaces and
community gardening areas in the built environment.
(Golubchikov & Badyina, 2012)
In developing countries social segregation of different
groups can be decreased with dense settlements
(Hannula, 2012). To encourage life, the spaces between
the buildings should have compact, direct and logical
23

4. CASE STUDY
The case study investigate the climatic conditions, the migration from rural to
urban areas and real estate market in Lima. It present the organistion Fondo
MiVivienda and the experimental low-cost housing project PREVI.
4.1 CLIMATE AND NATURAL
RESOURCES
Climate in Peru
4. CASE STUDY
Peru is a Latin American country situated in the
west of South America, and has borders to Ecuador,
Colombia, Brazil, Bolivia, Chile and the Pacific Ocean.
Thanks to its geography, Peru is a diverse country in
terms of ecology and climate. Peru has no less than 11
ecological regions and 84 of the world’s 117 different
types of “life zone”. With its diversity comes a great
amount of natural resources. (PROMPERU, n.d.)
24
2. CASE STUDY
The Andes mountain range divides the country into
three main geographical regions (Utrikespolitiska
institutet, n.d.) by altitude: coast, mountains and
Amazon rainforest (Fig 4). In the Amazon rainforest
most of the country’s natural resources exist and as
you can tell by its name the rainforest experience hot
tropical weather with lots of rain (PROMPERU, n.d.).
In the middle of the country you can find the
highlands, being defined by the Andes mountain
range. The weather in the highlands varies with season
from sunny days with little rain (April to October) to
periods with heavy rain (November to March). The
temperature difference between day and night are
huge and can fall from 24° C during day to -3° C at
night. (PROMPERU, n.d.)
The third region, the one this research focuses on, is
the coastline of Peru. Located alongside the Pacific
Ocean this region is characterized by desert and fertile
valleys. Even if the climate is warm-temperate without
extreme heat or cold, the high humidity and dense
fog can make it feel very cold during winter (April
to October). During the summer there is less fog
and the temperatures can reach 30° C. The central
and southern coast has two very distinct seasons
while the north coast is hot almost all year around.
(PROMPERU, n.d.)
It is also a country that occasionally experience
earthquakes. Earthquake is the natural disaster that
affected and killed the most amounts of people in Peru
between 1900 and 2015 according to The International
Disaster Database (2015). It is also one of the most
frequent natural disasters in number of events and
25

4.2 THE YOUNG TOWNS OF LIMA
In the 1940s Peru began a demographic transition
process, forcing people to move from rural areas into
the largest Peruvian cities. The migration changed
Peru from rural to eminently urban in few decades,
from 1940 to 1970. (Fernández-Maldonado &
Bredenoord, 2010)
In the 1960s and 1970s new neighbourhoods were
founded in order to escape the bad rental conditions
of the slums in the city centre, or to gain independence
from friends or families once a new family been
formed. The new low-income settlements have had
different names during time, barriadas (settlements or
shantytowns) in 1950s, pueblos jóvenes from 1970s
and asentamientos humanos (human settlements)
4. CASE STUDY
since 1990s (Riofrio, 2013).
The land of which Lima is built is basically flat but
most of the peublos jóvenes are founded in the
slopes of the Andean foothills, climbing up towards
the higher part of the hills. (Riofrio, 2013). Jose
Rodolfo (2015), who grew up in Villa El Salvador,
one of Lima’s biggest pueblos jóvenes clarifies that
the higher up the hills the family lives - the poorer
the family. Today he works at a non-profit company
supporting communities through sustainable tourism.
He explains that the people moving from rural areas
to the outskirts of Lima still try to follow their rituals
in their new communities. According to him Villa El
Salvador should be mention as an Inca community
rather than a shantytown.
Villa El Salvador

Figure 4 Peru’s main geographical regions (PROMPERU, n.d.)

according to another database (PreventionWeb, n.d.),
flooding and wet mass movement are the only natural
disasters more common than earthquakes. Wet mass
movement due to heavy rain is increasing and causing
big problems in the highlands of Peru (Mayer, 2015).
Lima, the capital of Peru, is located in the Circum
Pacific Rim where more than 80% of the world
seismic activity occurs (Meneses-Loja and Aguilar,
2004). This places high demand on the materials and
techniques used for construction.
Another natural phenomena that impact Peru are El
Niño and La Niña events. These two events may be
described as a change in the mean surface temperature
in the equatorial Pacific Ocean (NOAA, n.d.). More
precisily, El Nino is characterized by unusually
warm temperatures and La Nina by unusually cool
temperatures. These events have strong impact on the
global climate and can cause draught and heavy rain
in some regions, as well as unusually high and low
26
temperatures (SMHI, 2012). Recent climate model
inter-comparison studies predict the global warming
leading to more frequent occurrence of extreme El
Niño events over the 21st century (World Bank
Group, 2014).
Climate in Lima
Lima’s climate is characterized by its very high relative
humidity and its absence of rain and wind (Riofrio,
2013). Due to the climate change it is getting more
common with rain in Lima (Mayer, 2015) The
prevailing wind in Lima is coming from the south
(Biondi, 2015). The predominantly wind at noon is
located S-E to later in the evening change direction to
S-W (Appendix I). Furthermore March is the warmest
month reaching a maximum temperature of 28.7°C
while August is coolest with a absolute maximum at
20.7°C, medium of 16.4°C and an absolute minimum
of 13.5°C.
27

4.3 ECONOMY AND REAL ESTATE
In 2013 the current population of Peru was measured
by INEI to be 30 475 144 and as much as 75,6%
of the total population were assumed to live in urban
areas. The same source estimates the urban population
to increase to 76,7% in the year 2015. Lima, the
capital of Peru, inhabits more than a quarter of the
total population in Peru (Utrikespolitiska institutet,
n.d.). In Lima’s case the urbanization have led to vast
urban sprawl (Weiser, 2015). On average high density
cities have significantly lower emissions of greenhouse
gases than sprawling suburbia (Bouillion, 2012).
In recent years Peru’s annually economic growth have
been as high 7% (Diez et al., 2014) and Bloomberg
(2015) declare Peru to be one of the fastest growing
economies of 2015 with an estimated grow of 4,3%.
The real estate market in Peru has experienced explosive
growth as a result of the country’s unprecedented
economic growth. The economic growth does not
only impact the country in a good way. Since last year
January the use of vehicles have increased with 7,8%
Informal settlements in Lima
28
4. CASE STUDY
compared to January this year (INEI). The importance
of the cars is also shown in how neighbourhoods are
planned and built.
4.4 HOUSING DEFICIT
As a result of Peru’s economic growth the amount of
Peruvians considered middle class doubled to 70% of
the population between 2005 and 2011. The Peruvians
who enter the emerging middle class tend to focus
on three main areas: housing, health and education.
While the demand for housing increases, the supply
falls behind and Peru face a significant housing deficit.
(Diez et al., 2014)
Although the situation has been improving the shortage
of housing is still extremely large according to UN-
HABITAT (2008). Numbers of the housing deficit
underestimate the actual scope of the problem. The
estimation should not only consider the quantitative
housing deficit but also the number of inadequate
homes (UN-HABITAT, 2008).
In 2009 the number of urban housing deficit in Peru
was measured to be 46 percent of the total amount
Figure 5 Biggest housing problems in Latin
America and Caribbean cities
(Bouillion, 2012)
29

of households. The biggest housing problems in Latin
America are lack of sanitation, lack of secure tenure
and lack of piped water (Fig 5). (Bouillion, 2012)
4.5 PREVI
One of the most well known low-cost housing
projects in Lima is PREVI. PREVI is Spanish initials
for experimental housing project and was carried out
through an international competition between 1968
and 1975 (García-Huidobro et al., 2011). It started
in 1965, when the Peruvian Government and the
United Nations invited the British architect Peter
Land to design a strategy for mass housing (Ramis,
2012). The intention with PREVI was to build viable
and affordable solutions to solve the existing social
housing problem in Latin America (Salas & Lucas,
2012) and the informal settlements taking place in
Lima during that period (Ramis, 2012).
Peter Land chose thirteen foreign teams to invite to
the competition (Salas & Lucas, 2012) and an open
national competition was held to for architects in Peru
to obtain the same number of competitors (Ramis,
2012). All the competitors were invited to visit Lima
to receive a better understanding of local materials and
to connect with future residents (Catarino & Bakker,
2013). The competition brief was based on the six
experimental principles listed below (Ramis, 2012).
1. A neighborhood and design based upon the high-
density, low-rise concept, a module and model for
future urban expansion.
2. A growing house concept, with integral courtyard.
3. Configurations of housing clusters within the
neighbourhood master plan.
4. An entirely human-scale pedestrian environment
in the neighbourhood.
5. Improved and new house-building methods with
earthquake resistance.
6. An overall neighbourhood landscape plan.
30
4. CASE STUDY
The original aim was to build 1,500 units of the The built PREVI project defined new urban unit. The connection between the self-organising
winning project on a deserted 40-hectare site north of principles like human scale and pedestrian oriented community and the plaza promotes collective
Lima’s downtown (Ramis, 2012). Instead of choosing environment (Ramis, 2012). This is achieved thanks care and maintenance. It also allows the plaza
one single design the jury decided to build a collage to three main strategies; to serve as an extension of the domestic space.
neighbourhood of 467 housing units featuring all the
26 proposals (García-Huidobro et al., 2011) within a 1. Pedestrian axis in the centre of the 3. Traffic separation achieved by perimeter roads
masterplan defined by Peter Land (Ramis, 2012). The neighbourhood. Connecting educational and parking areas. This kind of layout doesn’t
reason for including all proposed designs as a part of and sports facilities with the main park and interrupt the pedestrian network of public areas,
PREVI was according to Peter Land (2012) the high allowing efficient public transportation. increase safety and significantly decrease the air
quality, progressive design and technologies of the and noise pollution. (García-Huidobro et al.,
submitted projects. 2. Small plazas and pedestrian passages based on the 2011)
relationship between the urban unit and the social
Unfortunately two projects were not built because of
their technical and material complexity. Construction
of these 467 dwellings was supposed to be first out of
two phases of PREVI. The second phase, consisting
of further 1000 dwellings developed from the best
proposals, never got implemented due to political and
economic circumstances. (Ramis, 2012)
PREVI resulted in a neighbourhood of different
housing typologies to suit diverse family sizes and with
various possibilities for expansion (García-Huidobro
et al., 2011). The teams did not only present a finished
house but a structured process able to accommodate
continued growth with the potential of expansion in
order to provide living space for more inhabitants as
the family grow bigger (Salas & Lucas, 2012). Besides
design flexibility the competition also encouraged new
house-building methods in the construction process
(Ramis, 2012). This opened up for industrialised
techniques, used in Europe at the time (Salas & Lucas,
2012). Those techniques had to be adjusted in order
to accommodate the flexibility required and to be
operative with the technical realities prevailing in Peru
at that time (Salas & Lucas, 2012). Some proposals
advocated large-scale industrialisation while others
opted for rationalising construction and pre-casting
of small elements rather than huge three-dimensional
members (Lucas et al., 2012).
Figure 6 The finalized masterplan of PREVI including all 26 proposals (Salas & Lucas, 2012)
31

4.6 FONDO MIVIVIENDA
To enable production of residential houses to low- to
middle income families there is a need for a finance
mechanism. UN-HABITAT (2008) means that the
only way to finance housing and infrastructure in
the required scale is through partnership between the
government and the private sector.
The Peruvian Government have experienced difficulties
in promoting private finance systems and yet ensure
the access of loans for middle to low income groups,
which is necessary to decrease the housing deficit.
Traditionally this segment of the population has
been denied loans due to the high credit risk, which
discouraged commercial banks from servicing middle
to low-income individuals. (UN-HABITAT, 2008)
The Fondo Hipotecario de Promoción de la Vivienda
– Fondo MiVivienda (FMV) were created 1999 in
order to solve the financial problems and improve the
population’s access to housing. In initial operations
FMV began as a state entity and gain their resources
from one initial and single transfer of S/. 1,500
million (USD 514 million) from Fondo Nacional de
Vivienda (FONAVI). By law, FMV were directed and
given mandate to facilitate access to private housing
and promote mortgage loan with help from private
participation. (UN-HABITAT, 2008)
With their mission of facilitating access to housing
through concerted management between the State,
the financial sector and real estate, FMV created
Crédito MiVivenda (Fondo MiVivienda, n.d.). In
this innovative financing programme FMV works as
a secondary bank providing the private commercial
banks with funds in order to offer long-term mortgage
loans to the target group, being the middle and low
incomers. (Sarmiento, 2015)
32
Crédito Mivivienda
With acknowledgement to past mistakes FMV
developed a number of characteristics and Crédito
MiVivienda differs from conventional loans by
offering:
• Cobertura de Riesgo Crediticio (CRC)
Credit Risk Insurance, which reimburses financial
institutions with 1/3 of subordinated loss in case of
default. Its purpose is to encourage banks to downscale
and offer service to low-income groups.
• Premio Buen Pagador (PBP)
Premium for Good Payment, is a system which reward
the beneficiaries if they make their payment on time.
The loan is divided into two segments where the
first segment accounts for 80% of the loan and has a
monthly quota calculated like any mortgage loan. The
second segment accounts for 20% of the loan and is
calculated biyearly. When a borrower do the payment
on time and according to the first segment for six
months s/he will be liberated from paying the second
segment corresponding to that period of time. If the
borrower instead is late for any of those six payments,
the second segment must be added on the payment
for the following month. In summary, this means
that a borrower who does all the payments faultlessly
will see the interest rate on the loan reduced by 20%.
(UN-HABITAT, 2008)
• Futuro Bien
Future House allows the beneficiaries to buy their
homes on paper by giving a 12-month grace period
on payment for houses being planned or under
construction (UN-HABITAT, 2008). This allows the
construction firms to sell their properties in advance
and encourage them to construct low-cost housing
(Sarmiento, 2015)
4. CASE STUDY
In order to qualify for a loan the beneficiaries and Techo Propio
purchased properties must fulfil specific requirements. Techo Propio, basically means “roof over your head”
In order to receive mortgage loan in the framework of and is another financing programme lead by FMV.
Crédito MiVivienda the applicant must be Peruvian, Different from Crédito MiVivenda, Techo Propio is a
of age and with residence in the country. They should subsidy and not a mortgage loan. This programme is
not been benefiting from another State housing fully sponsored by the State and granted for households
program and neither they or their spouses or younger with an income below 1,000 soles (approximately
children can be owners of a home. According to UN- 312 USD). Techo Propio usually result in a small
Habitat’s document Housing Finance Mechanism in apartment of 45m2 for the family being granted.
Peru (2008) the beneficiaries need to be able to make a (Sarmiento, 2015)
down payment of 10% of the final value of the house.
FMV clarifies that the most common case is that the
beneficiaries stands for 30%, the bank 40% and the CONSTRUCTION
last 30% of the cost are covered by pre-sale from the FIRM
construction firm.
FMV do nowadays collect their resources from the
private banks they are cooperating with (FMV, 2015).
Bien Futuro
$
Credito MIVIVENDA
$ PRIVATE $
FONDO MIVIVENDA COMMERCIAL BENEFICIARIES
Funding BANKS 20-year term
Mortage Loan
CRC PBP
Credit Risk Insurance Premium for Good Payment
The process of Crédito MiVivienda Mortage Loan
33

Green Bonus Programme Table 2 The final 14 criteria
FMV are currently working on an additional bonus
programme for sustainable solutions within their two
programmes; Crédito MiVivienda and Techo Propio.
1. Installation of low consumption sinks
The Green Bonus Programme “Hipoteca Verde” is
and faucets (aerators).
financed by the French Development Agency (AFD)
2. Installation of dual flush toilets or toilet
and the goal is for it to be operative in April 2015.
tank with 4.8 liters savings.
The target group for this bonus programme is the
3. Installation of low flow showers
construction firms, who will be given the funding
(aerators).
needed to cover the additional cost due to inclusion
4. Installation of water storage tank (supply
of sustainable features (FMV, 2015). To be able to get
control).
the funding, AFD had a list of 32 criteria (Table 3), of
5. Installation of irrigation systems for green
which 17 being mandatory.
areas if there is no use of wastewater or
rainwater.
To increase the chance of a successful implementation
6. Installation of independent of meters
of the sustainable bonus programme it is important
to set realistic goals. In order to do this the AFD and ENERGY
FMV agreed on 16 points instead of the initially 32 7. Installation of energy efficient lightning
points. According to FMV this is needed to ensure in common areas (LED)
success of the programme, avoid failure and for their 8. Installation of energy efficient lightning
in apartments (LED)
sake, penalties. After some negotiation FMV and AFD
agreed on 16 mandatory points in the five topics: 9. Installation of natural gas
water, energy, bioclimatic, waste and education. 10. Installation of gas heater
BIOCLIMATIC
These 14 criteria (Table 2) must be fulfilled in order to 11. Bioclimatic analysis of the site
achieve the first grade of the Green Bonus Programme.
(informative, not required to be
It is also possible to gain additional bonus and reach implemented in the design)
grade two and three. To achieve grade two the project WASTE
need to have wastewater treatment plants for irrigation 12. Waste Management plan for operation
of green/wetland areas. For grade three the wastewater 13. Installation of collection point and
from the treatment plants should be used to irrigate segregation of waste during operation
landscaping and reused in toilets. EDUCATION
14. Plan for communication and
socialization for users.
GRADE
1
WATER
34
Table 3 The initial 32 criteria stated by the AFD
WATER
1 Installation of low consumption sinks
and faucets (aerators)
2 Installation of dual flush toilets
3 Installation of low flow showers
(aerators)
4 Installation of water storage tank
(control of supply)
5 Installation of irrigation systems
(sprinklers) for green areas
6 Water management plan for users
7 Independent meters to measure the
consumption
8 Water management plan for the
construction period
9 Waste- and rainwater reuse
10 Tank for treated wastewater and/or
storm water
ENERGY
11 Energy efficient lightning in common
areas
12 Motion sensors in common areas
13 Energy efficient lightning in
apartments
14 Plan of communication and
socialization for users
15 Energy efficient elevators
16 Location plan of laundry room?
GRADE GRADE
1 2
4. CASE STUDY
17 Low energy equipment (refrigerators
etc.)
18 Collective solar baths
19 Solar panels for lighting in common
areas
20 Installation of gas system
21 Energy management plan for users
BIOCLIMATIC
22 Bioclimatic analysis of site (incl.
temperature, ventilation, orientation)
23 Analysis of shadows and daylight
MATERIALS
24 Materials according to National code
of Sustainable Construction
25 Realization of bioclimatic study (with
use of simulation program)
26 Use of local materials
27 Quantify CO2 emissions for the used
materials
28 Use of eco-materials
WASTE
29 Waste management plan for users
30 Implement waste management plan
for operation?
31 Construct collection and recycling
center
32 Waste management plan for the
construction
GRADE GRADE
3
4
35
 5. ANALYSIS
5. ANALYSIS
Analysis of projects within the framework of Fondo MiVivienda, the Green
Bonus Programme and PREVI with consideration to cultural influences and
climatic conditions.

5.1. CHARACTERISTIC PROJECT

OF FONDO MIVIVIENDA
In low-cost housing projects within the framework of
Crédito MiVivenda the complete structure is made

5. ANALYSIS of reinforced concrete and all the interior walls are

load bearing. The interior walls between apartments
have a thickness of 15 cm (Carmen Arroyo, 2015)
and the walls within the apartments are not more
than 7-8 cm thick (Sarmiento, 2015). It means no
walls can be removed in order to change the layout in
the apartment. Carmen Arroyo (2015), explains the
reason a post and lintel structure is not used is because
of the building height regulations in each district. The
constructor wants to maximize the number of stories
built and therefore not replace the 10 cm thin slab with
a beam with significantly thicker dimensions. Use of
prefabricated elements or pre-casting is not common
in Lima and the structure is casted on site (Sarmiento,
Rieser, 2015). Once the building is constructed the
responsibility of the house and apartments are left to
the owners (Sarmiento, 2015). The construction firm Low-Cost Housing Projects
is only responsible for a limited guarantee period of
two years.

The projects usually result with a so-called gated

community where you have to go through a security
control and identify yourself before entering the site.
The apartments in the Crédito MiVivenda programme
are usually around 65m2 with a layout containing:
kitchen, living room, three bedrooms and two
bathrooms. Techo Propio provides smaller apartments
of 45m2 with two bedrooms and one bathroom.

36 37

5.2 FLEXABILITY AND
CHANGEABILITY OF PREVI
As mention earlier PREVI was designed for further
2,800 2,600 0,600 3,000 expansion and adaption to changing family needs.
Juan Reiser (2015), one of the architects involved in
PREVI, explains that the houses in neighbourhood
have gone through major changes. Dwellers have
remodelled and enlarged their houses (Salas & Lucas,
5. ANALYSIS
difficult to determine what is originally structured or
new development (Reiser, 2015).
The plazas, passages and the absence of cars are pretty
much the only things left in its original shape. As in
today the car free and pedestrian friendly environment
is one of its kind in Lima and much appreciated by the
residents as it creates a more secure area for children to

2,600
2012) and even for the architect of the house it is play in. (Reiser, 2015)

3,000
1,300
6,500

2,600
F
2,100

2,300

1,200 3,000 2,000

0,900 2,750 1,450

Characteristic layout of a project within the framework of Crédito MiVivenda

Figure 7 Dwelling designed by Aldo van
Eyck. The left side shows the proposed
expansion made by the designer and
the right side shows the actual expansion
carried out by the inhabitants. (Catarino
& Bakker, 2013)
38
Figure 8 The left side shows the possible
extensions as suggested by the designer
James Stirling. The right side shows the tree
step extension made (Catarino & Bakker,
2013)
39

5.3 CULTURAL INFLUENCES
During the time spent in Lima some cultural
differences influencing the layout of the buildings
could be observed. Some cultural differences and
values are pointed below:
• All doors opens inwards, including entrance and
bathroom door.
• In Peru it is not unusual that an apartment of
70 m2 have three bathrooms. One for the maid,
who usually lives with the family, a second one
for visitors and a third one for the family or the
master bedroom.
• Bedroom doors do not open direct to the living
room or other semi-public rooms. A small passage
before bedrooms and bathrooms is preferred.
• There is a tradition where privacy in the kitchen
is valued. Many people prefer the kitchen being
separated instead of an open floor plan layout. In
low-cost housing it is also a matter of sanitation
since there is no kitchen fan and only natural
ventilation (Sarmiento, 2015).
• Due to previous building codes bathrooms used
to be natural ventilated through either a window
or a duct. Recent changes in the restrictions do
now enable bathrooms and toilets being placed in
the windowless core of the building.
• There is seldom any storage in the hallway. Since
Peruvians keep their shoes on inside the house and
doesn’t have specific outwear there is not the same
need as in some other countries (Wieser, 2015).
• The laundry is done in the kitchen and therefore
the equipment, either if it is a washing mashine
or a sink, are placed there. Drying of clothes is
done in small places using only cross ventilation
(Sarmiento, 2015).
• In Lima, most residential houses do not have
mechanical heating or cooling. The residents are
used to adapt to the climate by layers of clothing.
• The mild climate in Lima make it possible to use
the outdoors in larger extent for social gatherings.
40
Therefore the social spaces (living room and
kitchen) are quite small so the bedrooms may be
sligthly bigger.
The assumptions above have been made by the author,
in discussion with Peruvian architects and by visiting
and studying the layouts of low-cost housing projects.
For example of layouts, see Appendix II.
“In order to make good green
choices awareness and knowledge
of the various issues involved, local
context and available options are
essential”
Gupta, 2015
5.4 COMFORT
To save energy and make the building more comfortable
for the users, the building should be adapted to the
local conditions, such as radiation situation, rainfall
and humidity (Hausladen & Liedl, 2012). The Green
Bonus Programme, currently being developed by
Fondo MiVivienda, will require a bioclimatic analysis
including bioclimatic characteristics of the site, sun
path and general design strategies. However, FMV do
not demand the recommendations of the study to be
implemented in the design.
Since the climate in Lima is mild and not extreme
either in summer or winter there is today no need for
mechanical heating or cooling in residential houses.
Five architects, independently from each other, are
certain that the heat during summer are of much bigger
concern than the cool and humid winters (Wieser,
Mayor, Biondi, Reiser, Ruiz De Somocurcio, 2015).
Reiser (2015) explains that dehumidifier will increase
the comfort during winter better than mechanical
heating, which would only increase the level of
humidity. Also the summers in Lima are humid and
the majority of the interviewed architects experience it
as a great concern causing thermal discomfort. Others
acknowledge the high humidity but didn’t necessary
see it as a significant problem of Lima.
The geographical disadvantage make Peru the country
indicated to suffer the greatest temperature rises due
to climate effect (Peru Support Group, 2013). Andrea
Ruiz De Somocurcio (2015) states that the global
warming already is happening and it is only a matter
of time once fans and air-conditioners will be needed.
According to Carmen Arroyo (2015) this summer
was particularly hot and she noticed a trend of people
purchasing mini air conditioners. Wieser (2015)
agrees with the fact that some buildings like hospitals
and educational buildings will need air-conditioning
but stands by his belief that residential houses can
be kept pleasant without mechanical cooling. It is
possible with means of passive ventilation strategies,
solar shading and double roofs.
Most of the building parts are made from concrete
in urban areas and adobe in rural areas (INEI, n.d.).
According to Francesca Mayer (2015), senior manager
at architecture firm SUMAC, the most important
thing to consider is the use of right kind of materials.
She means that even if the seismic activity require
the use of concrete and steel it should be locally
manufactured and produced with recycled materials.
The concrete’s high thermal mass can be considered
both as an advantage and disadvantage on the thermal
comfort of the residents. The thermal mass have the
capacity of buffering heat gains during the day. Once
it gets cooler during the night it releases the heat. This
effect increase indoor temperatures eligible during
winter but causes unnecessary heating during summer.
5.5 PARTICIPATION AND LOCAL
ACTIVITIES
The most common type of construction in Peru is not
build by professionals but carried out by the owners of
the house (Guerra Santin, 2008). According to Fondo
Mivivenda (2015) this is bad practise and something
5. ANALYSIS
that should be avoided to be able to ensure adequate
housing. To achieve a sustainable home there is a need
for properly run and maintained, timely renovated
and retrofitted house (Golubchikov & Badyina,
2012). Since the full responsibility of the property
and building will be on the residents (FMV, 2015) it
might be a conflict. FMV emphasize the importance
of education and information for the residents.
Adequate housing should consider employment
options and access to health-care services (Golubchikov
& Badyina, 2012). In Lima there is a tradition in
separating residential buildings from non-residential
functions. Wieser (2015) emphasize the importance
of people learning to live in high-rise buildings and
together with commercial functions. The author of
this thesis visited projects carried out in the framework
of FMV where room for local socialisation was
integrated in the project. Furthermore, some projects
also included supportive services e.g. collective laundry
room, fitness centre and child care.
5.6 FRESHWATER SHORTAGE
Due to Lima’s mild climate Sarmiento (2015)
emphasize that the priority should be on water
management rather than energy efficiency. It is also
reflected in the Green Bonus Programme where 6 out
of 14 criteria concerns water management. Under
pressures of climate change and population growth
water management of metropolitan urban regions
is a challenging task (Schütze et al, 2011). Lima is
the second largest desert city in the world and the
lack of water is an alarming problem in Lima that
will continue to grow (Akester, 2014). Particularly
affected is the Metropolitan Lima and Callao (Schütze
et al, 2011), also being districts with high density of
population.
Peru’s coastal cities rely on freshwater coming from
the glaciers that are rapidly disappearing. According
to Science Daily Peru has lost 60% of its glaciers in
41

the Andes in the last 40 years. (Akester, 2014) Lima’s
water supply mainly comes from glaciers through
the rivers Rimac, Chillión, Lurín. Parts of the water
supply also come from groundwater abstraction and
from the Amazon catchments by means of trans
Andean tunnels. The water is transported for long
distances and sometimes stored in lakes (Wieser,
2015). In recent years the use of seawater have been
made possible through removing the salt in a process
called desalination (Reiser, 2015). Countries like Saudi
Arabia are already using the process in combination
with solar energy (Akester, 2014).
capture fog and transform the moisture into water.
The Spanish name for this vegetation is lomas. The
lomas is key to survival of the biodiversity and turn
the costal deserts of Peru into a lush green valley with
bursting life between July and November. These rare
desert oases and fog occur through three features:
• Coastal deserts occur in Peru in a long silver between
the Pacific Ocean and the western slopes of the high
Andes, which block moisture which would otherwise
come from the west.
• The large wind current Pacific Anticyclone blows
dry air into the region.
• The cold, northward-flowing waters of the Pacific
5. ANALYSIS
negotiate with the green building council to make the
certification more fair and adapted to Lima’s climate
and resources.
Another, not fully developed, certification method
is EDGE. It has been discussed whether EDGE
certification could be applied for buildings within
Fondo MiVivienda’s Green Bonus Programme.
However, Sarmiento states that it won’t be possible
since the EDGE is not yet fully developed and the
baseline is changing.
5.9 SWOT ANALYSIS

5.7 GREEN AREAS
Another perspective well connected to water
management is planning of green areas. Besides
wastewater treatment plants for irrigation of green/
wetland areas the Green Bonus Programme do
not address the impact green areas have on water
consumption. Lawn irrigation places a heavy burden
on water resources in terms of both quantity and
quality (Erell et al., 2012). In Lima green areas are
usually equivalent with grass, which according to
Martín Weiser (2015), professor in architecture at
PUCP, is not the most suitable choice considering
S W
Ocean’s Humboldt Current cool the air above the
ocean surface and form clouds that produce a fine
drizzle and fog that cover the coast up to an altitude
of approximately 1000 meters. (Torres, n.d.)
Low Flexability
Market Position
5.8 GREEN CERTIFICATION Low Accessability
One way of promoting green building is through the
Affordable
possibility to certify the building. LEED is one of
Lack Work Opportunities
the certification systems used in Peru and it is known
Target Low-Income Groups
worldwide. Even though the certification might be Car-Centred
more appealing to companies striving to fulfil a green
policy it may also be used to private homes (Ruiz

Lima’s water problem. The water loss from the grass
to the atmosphere may be significantly lower with
help of shade from overhead elements or trees (Erell
et al., 2012). Best suited for shading are large trees
with spreading canopies (Almusaed, 2011) and with
careful selection of plants the water savings achieved
by shading trees can far outweigh the irrigation
requirements of the trees themselves (Erell et al.,
2012).
Architect Susel Biondi (2015) tries to use alternative
vegetation to create green areas. Instead of grass she
have promoted use of native plants suitable for Lima’s
dry climate. In one project she also suggested trees
kept green thanks to mistifiers placed on the site
(Biondi, 2015). Certain vegetation has the ability to
42
O T
De Somocurcio, 2015). LEED certification system
is usually used in more complex buildings and may
not be applicable to low-cost residential houses but
yet many features and inspiration may be gathered Global Warming
from LEED projects (Mayer, 2015). Martín Wieser
and Susel Biondi, both architecs, have doubts about Mild Climate Water Shortage
whether the LEED certification is appropriate to
apply to all climates and cities. Wieser explains that Adaptive Mentality Towards High Humidity
LEED still promotes many features not necessary in Temperature Changes
residential houses in Lima. One example is for example Urban Sprawl
the use of mechanical ventilation. Furthermore,
credits are given to inclusion of green areas addressing
the area of green grass rather than a proper selection
of greenery adapted to the site. Ruiz De Somocurcio SWOT-analysis done on projects within Crédito MiVivienda in Lima
(2015), representative of LEED, explains this issue is
something they are aware of and currently trying to
43
 6. RESULT
6. RESULT

6. RESULT

“Affordable housing with social

sustainability integrated through flexibility
and adaptability for changing needs,
water-efficient greenery and supportive
services for community socialisation”

44 45

6.1 FLEXABILITY AND CHANGEABILITY
MODULAR UNITS
In order to reduce waste in the construction of
buildings prefabricated elements and modular units
can be utilized. By working with modular units the
design itself is forced to simplicity, which also is cost
efficient.
6. RESULT
FLEXIBLE SPACES
By placing one unit in between two apartments
Example layouts a flexible space is created. The space give the two
adjacent apartments a possiblity for enlargement. The
unit can also be used as a studio or workplace with
its own entrance.

In this proposal modular units with interior dimensions

of 4x6m and 3x6m, create usable spaces of 18m2 and
24m2. The exterior walls of the moduls are load-
bearing and constructed of reinforced concrete. while
the walls within each unit are constructed using steel
profiles and gypsum boards. The light weighted walls
3x6m 4x6m 1 Used as as a studio
in each unit create more flexibility and an opportunity
for changes in the layout.

The modular units can be combined in several different

ways to create apartments in different sizes. In turn,
the apartments may also be combined to create unique
building shapes. Example of modular units combined
into floorplans can be seen in Appendix III.
Used to enlarge the apartment to
2
the right
STUDIO 4 BDR
18 m2 78 m2
24 m2 84 m2
3 BDR 90 m2
2 BDR 54 m2
36 m2 60 m2
42 m2 66 m2
48 m2 72 m2 3 Used for local businesses

4 Used to enlarge the apartment to

the left

46 47

VERTICAL EXPANSION
With a well-planned layout vertical expansion could be possible. By installing a stairway the modular unit above
may be used to expand the living space of the unit beneath. Through vertical expansion two apartments can be
turned into one more spacious apartment.
6. RESULT
ACCESSIBILITY
Since the layout within each unit can change it is therefore possible to adapt the apartments in order to improve
the accessibility. An improved layout allows a wheelchair turning radius of 1300 mm and bathrooms measured
2000 x 1700mm or 1700 x 1700 mm. In the latter the dimensions are retrieved from SBN80, previous building
regulations in Sweden, for a person with good mobility in wheelchair.

Floor plans

Floor plans with improved accessibility

Two floor apartment created through vertical expansion

F

48 49

6.2 PARTICIPATION AND LOCAL ACTIVITIES
EARLY INVOLVMENT
Since most homes in Lima are sold on paper before
built it creates an ideal basis for early involvement of
the future occupants. Early participation strengthen
the sense of belonging and foster relationships between
neighbours. As well, it provides people with skills and
knowledge possible to use in local activities. It also
creates an oppurtunity for the occupants to impact
which functions to include in the neighbourhood.
MIXED-USED
Besides the flexible spaces between apartments
additional locations for small local businesses are
provided on ground floors. It is suppose to encourage
self-employment in form of e.g. selling crafts or crops.
On the same floor, supportive services like collective
laundry rooms, childcare and sport facilities can be
found.
VEGETATION
& community socialization. Taking Lima’s freshwater
GREENHOUSES
LOCAL
BUSINESSES
& and have a cooling effect.
SUPPORTIVE
SERVICES
50
6. RESULT
6.3 GREEN AREAS
Storage for bicycles and peripheral parking of cars
suppose to encourge a healthier lifestyle and cycling as
a means of transport. It is also a way of creating safer
place for children to play and to encourge spontanious
meetings.
The abundance of rain and precipitation in Lima
make flat roofs a natural choice. Not only does a flat
roof lower the cost, it creates another space to utilize
for local activities and/or green areas.
GREENHOUSES
Greenhouses placed on the roofs provide the
neighbourhood with vegetation of a more productive
characteristic. It provides the residents with fresh
food, create work opportunities and contribute to
shortage in consideration, the vegetables are grown in
a hydroponic system to save water. Besides the already
mention benefits, the greenhouses works as insulation
NATIVE PLANTS
The rest of the landscaping uses trees and plants
native to Lima’s desert climate. Tara, Peruvian Pepper,
Bouganvilla are some of the trees used in design.
Regionally appropriate plants require low water use
once established. To further decrease the use of water
and avoiding overwatering the landscaping is divided
into zones where vegetation with similar water needs
are placed together. Another strategy used to limit the
irrigation water is to only place grass on areas where it
serve a purpose, like playgrounds.
51
 6. RESULT
6.4 COMFORT
THERMAL COMFORT
All the apartments and rooms are naturally ventilated
besides the bathrooms. To enhance natural ventilation the
apartments are combined into buildings with irregular
shapes, creating corners which increase wind speed. The
irregular shape enable placement of windows in diffrent
orientations, permitting good air flow throughout
the apartments. All the bigger apartments, with three
bedrooms or more, have the possability to cross ventilate.

The lack of mechanical ventilation has made it a main

objective to achieve good airflow in the kitchen. To avoid
air pollution like smoke and odours from spreading out
in the apartment, windows are placed as close to the
cooking equipment as possible. Due to sanitary reasons
the bathrooms are the only room mechanically ventilated.

Cross-ventilated apartment

52 53

7. CONCLUSION
7.1 RESEARCH QUESTIONS
How can social housing be more
flexible in order to fit the residents’
changing needs?
To create more flexible apartments a post and lintel
system is beneficial. To compress the load-bearing
elements and add non-bearing light weighted walls
room for change in the layout is created. The light-
weighted walls may be altered or completely removed.
7. CONCLUSION For social housing projects low-cost and simplicity
in design is a perquisite to succeed in making the
apartments affordable. Even if a system of columns
and beams isn’t a legitimate choice for social housing
due to economic limitations, it should be an endeavour
to replace at least some concrete walls with light-
weighted walls possible to remove or change.
Furthermore flexible spaces without a determined
function can be integrated in the building to meet
intermediate needs. If placed between apartments
these flexible spaces can also serve as a way to enlarge
the two adjacent apartments.
What concepts can be used to create
an active and living environment?
Mixed-used developments bring people closer to the
things they need on a day-today basis. Besides an
adequate home other facilities play an important role
to achieve quality of life and supportive services are
essential to create a living environment. Neighbouring
services need to be identified in order to plan the site
and ensure proximity to shops, sport facilities, health-
and childcare. Facilities for intermediate needs and
micro-enterprises are much needed to increase self-
employment. Moreover, it is equally important with a
good social mix including people in terms of gender,
ethnic group and income level.
To create social sustainability it is essential to involve
future occupants in an early state. It gives the future
54
6. CONCLUSION
residents an opportunity to express their needs and
influence what facilities to include in the community.
It also provides the people with skills and knowledge
to use for local activities.
Public and shared spaces e.g. open spaces, parks,
benches and the outdoor environment is needed
to support local socialisation and activities. Other
necessary facilities are storage and parking lots. To
encourage walking and cycling, bicycle storage can be
given a place in the centre while car parking is placed
in the peripheral of the site.
Lastly, a green areas concept can improve the buildings
function and reduce the negative building impacts on
human health and improve the overall well-being of
the occupants. For further information on how to
plan green areas in Lima, see next research question.
How to plan green areas with Lima’s
freshwater shortage in consideration?
Green areas should be planned with its purpose and use
in mind. Urban gardening and greenhouses are great
examples of vegetation with productive characteristic.
For gardening a hydroponic system limit the water use
with up to 95%.
Trees and vegetation should be adapted to Lima’s
abundance of rain and high humidity. Regionally
appropriate plants require less water and possess the
ability to capture fog and transform the fog into water.
The use of grass should be limited and only used when
necessary, as for playgrounds or seated social activities,
like picnic. To reduce the water lost from the grass
to the atmosphere trees and other overhead elements
can be utilized. Furthermore, landscape zoning where
plants with similar needs of irrigation are placed
together will avoid overwatering.
55
 How can the layout of an apartment
improve indoor air quality?
To achieve good indoor air quality a passive design
approach based on climatic analysis of the site must
be used. The apartment layout should be planned
in order to optimize natural ventilation using
fundamental strategies like cross-ventilation and in
best case, stack ventilation. Particular important is it
to prevent odours, smoke and other indoor pollution
from spreading out in the apartment. Therefore a
window placement close to the stove is preferred.

56 57

8. DISCUSSION
8.1 RESEARCH QUESTIONS
The research questions are all connected to social
sustainability and chosen with Fondo MiVivienda’s
Green Bonus Programme in consideration. The
programme emphasize the importance of saving water,
yet they do not consider possible savings through
well-planned greenery and life-style changes of the
occupants. Useful greenery may not only decrease
8. DISCUSSION
the need of water but also provide people with easily
accessible and sustainable food.
Neither does the bonus programme cover the
importance and the impact the layout of the apartment
have on indoor climate. Due to the lack of mechanical
ventilation and hot summer a well-thought layout is a
cost-efficient way to improve thermal comfort for the
residents. Passive ventilation permeates the floor plans
and good air quality without air pollution has been a
basic requirement in the proposal.
The research question covering flexibility and
adaptability is motivated through studies of the
existing way of building residential houses in Lima.
Lack of universal design and changeability was
discovered.
8.2 PROPOSAL
The proposal shows apartments planned for Peruvians
with sensibility to their building traditions and way
of living. In comparison to Sweden there is a level
of higher integrity and need for privacy in Peruvian
homes. According to the author, a more space efficient
and open layout without dead spaces in form of
passages could have been done if the project been
designed for Swedish residents.
Construction
Lima’s lack of weather extremities is thankful when
it comes to construction of buildings. With less
58
7. DISCUSSION
sensitivity to thermal bridges the modular units can
be stacked and cantilevered over each other.
The dimensions of the modular units are chosen
in consideration of existing building methods. In
discussion with architect Carmen Arroyo (2015)
dimensions like 6 x 6 would require the use of a
post and lintel system and therefore be much more
expensive to produce.
Regarding the vertical expansion of apartments the
slab would need to be constructed strong enough to
allow an opening without jeopardizing its durability.
Therefore this will also require some additional cost.
Compact Living
Living in smaller spaces is one way to obtain affordable
housing. Most of the apartments are very small in
order to match the sizes being built today within the
framework of Fondo MiVivienda. The dimensions of
the room influence the physical needs of comfort and
sufficient facilities. In compact living spaces, strategies
like the use of use light colours and furniture with
simple lines can make a compact living space seem
larger. Windows provide natural ventilation improving
thermal comfort and natural light contributing to a
more spacious feeling. On the other hand, windows
will also reduce wall space that otherwise could be
used for storage.
Accessability
The dimensions of the bathrooms with improved
accessibility are still small compared to current
regulations in Sweden. Still it is a huge improvement
from how low-cost housing projects built in Lima
today. To further improve the accessibility, flexible
furniture e.g. turnable wash basin, slidable toilet
seats and moveable walls could contribute to a better
solution.
59
 8.3 VALIDITY AND RELABILITY
Since the author has knowledge and experience from
the Swedish building sector it have influenced the
result. It is also a possibility that the author failed
to identify some important features in planning
residential houses for Lima. Therefore, the author has
reservations about possible errors or misinterpretations
about the Peruvian culture.
During the research the selection of references has
not always been easy since the thesis covers research
about a country, which do not have English as its
official language. A simplification would have been if
the author’s Spanish skills were sufficient enough to
confidently use work written in Spanish.
It has been an endeavour to use fairly updated and
newly published references. In particular when
gathering information about Lima and Peru since the
last years economic growth is connected to changes in
the building and real estate industry.
A large amount of information addressing how
to plan, design and develop successful socially
sustainable houses are gathered from the same source,
Design for Social Sustainability, published by the
Young Foundation. Since the ideas and examples
in the paper are drawn from a large scale review of
evidence about what makes communities flourish and
with practical examples and approaches gathered from
new settlements around the world the reliability of the
findings considered high.
Besides the above mention source, documents and
books are to a great extent collected from UN-
Habitat, the United Nations programme for human
settlements. UN-Habitat continuously update and
publish new work with focus on the developing
world, which makes it a source with high reliability
and validity.
60
8.4 FURTHER STUDIES
The studied organisation, Fondo MiVivienda, works
in the same way as a bank and focuses mostly on the
measurable values. As mention in the literature review
it is difficult to measure many of the values and soft
aspects within social sustainability compared to factors
in environmental and economic sustainability. There
is a need for new indicators in order to measure the
social sustainability.
For further studies a more in depth study of social
sustainability applied on low-cost housing in Lima is
recommended. To proceed and refine the proposal a
research with involvement and close cooperation with
present and future residents of low-cost houses would
be necessary to make design solutions contributing to
a higher level of local participation of the residents.
Such research should be carried out with higher
consideration of the multiplying effect a good design
may have on its occupants and their lifestyles. The
concept of early participation and user involvement
is already established in Sweden and therefore a
comparison between Sweden and Peru would be a
great addition to future studies.
Since this report focus mainly on new production of
sustainable buildings it would be interesting to study
how already existing and inadequate housing may be
remodelled to fulfil basic needs and lower its impact
on the environment.
Another field of studies could be the problematic
urban planning in Lima. Since over a quarter of the
total population of Peru lives in Lima and it is seemed
as the only big city in Peru, it would be necessary to
develop strategies in urban planning for other cities
in Peru. Most people coming from rural areas choose
Lima in belief that there are greater opportunities for
work and education (Ruiz De Somocurcio, 2015).
61
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 67

LIMA (Jesús María)

Latitud: 12º 05' S
Longitud: 77º 02' W
Altitud (m.s.n.m.): 110
Enero Febrero Marzo Abril Mayo Junio Julio Agosto Setiembre Octubre Noviembre Diciembre
Temperaturas (ºC)
Máxima Absoluta 27,7 27,7 28,7 27,5 24,3 22,7 21,5 20,7 21,0 22,2 23,7 26,3
Máxima media 25,4 26,1 26,1 24,6 22,3 20,4 19,0 18,4 18,6 19,9 21,6 24,0
Media 22,3 22,9 22,7 21,3 19,4 18,2 16,9 16,4 16,3 17,3 18,9 21,0
Mínima media 20,0 20,4 20,2 18,9 17,2 16,5 15,3 14,8 14,7 15,4 16,9 18,7
Mínima Absoluta 18,5 19,2 19,0 17,1 15,6 14,6 13,7 13,5 13,8 14,2 15,4 17,0
Amplitud u oscilación térmica1 5,4 5,7 5,9 5,7 5,1 3,9 3,7 3,6 3,9 4,5 4,7 5,3
Humedad Relativa (%)
Máxima media 93 93 92 93 93 93 91 93 94 93 88 90
Media 82 83 82 83 84 84 84 85 86 84 82 82
Mínima media 67 69 63 64 68 69 72 72 69 72 71 68
Horas de sol (horas)2 6,7 6,5 6,8 7,7 5,1 2,4 1,5 1,6 1,6 2,7 3,8 5,5
Precipitaciones (mm.) 3 0,6 0,6 0,5 0,6 0,5 0,8 1,6 2,9 2,1 1,0 0,9 0,5
Vientos más 07:00 hrs. C-0 C-0 C-0 C-0 C-0 C-0 C-0 C-0 C-0 C-0 C-0 C-0
frecuentes (m/s) 13:00 hrs. SW - 2 SW - 2 SW - 2 SW - 1 SW - 1 SW - 1 SW - 1 SW - 1 SW - 1 SW - 2 SW - 2 SW - 2
19:00 hrs. SE - 2 SE - 2 SE - 1 SE - 1 SE - 1 SE - 1 SE - 1 SE - 1 SE - 1 SE - 1 SE - 1 SE - 1
1
Se reconoce una amplitud térmica baja cuando es menor a 10 Cº, media cuando es entre 10 y 18 ºC y alta cuando es mayor a 18 ºC.
2
Horas de sol promedio por día.
3
Cantidad mensual acumulada.
Nota: Los datos presentados no han sido obtenidos de fuentes oficiales. Su utilización debe ser únicamente para fines académicos.
APPENDIX I

10. APPENDICES

66
 APPENDIX II

approx. 67 sqm apartment approx. 58 sqm apartment

F W

F
approx. 65 sqm apartment approx. 65 sqm apartment

Skala 1:100
GSEducationalVersion

68 69
 APPENDIX III

F
F

F
F
F

F
Skala 1:200
GSEducationalVersion

70 71
 F

F
F

F
F
F

F
Skala 1:200
GSEducationalVersion

72 73
 F
F

F F
F

F F
F F

Skala 1:200
GSEducationalVersion

74 75
 F
F

F
F

F
F

F
F

Skala 1:200
GSEducationalVersion

76 77