1.

pH
>7 alkaline (red litmus > blue blue / purple)
=7 neutral (red / blue limus > no change green)
< 7 acidic (blue litmus > red red / orange / yellow)

2. reactions

CO2 turns lime water milky.

delivery tube
stopper

dilute hydrochloric acid lime water

limestone chips

Hydrogren gas is tested with a burning splint, when the burning splint is put near the mouth of the test tube, a
pop sound is heard.

gas W

acid X

iron beads
3. acid + alkali -> salt + water (Neutralization)
a. antacid contains alkali, it neutralizes the gastric acid in the stomach
b. chemical waste treatment (acidic waste + alkali / alkaline waste + acid)
c. insects stings (ant / bee: acidic, wasp: alkaline) soap / vinegar
d. regulate soil pH

4. acid rain
pH < 5.6
corrode metal objects
corrode building material
kill water lives
damage plants

burning of fossil fuel > sulphur dioxide / nitrogen oxides > reacts with oxygen and water in the atmosphere >
forms acids > dissolves in rainwater

5. safety
wear safety goggles
wear protective gloves
carry out the experiment in a fume cupboard

wash the affected area with slow running water for 10 minutes
rinse the eye with eyewash bottles
remove contaminated clothing
call the ambulance, and take a sample of the acid / alkali

6. diluting concentrated acid / alkali

add the concentrated acid / alkali into a large amount of water

reason: if water is added to the concentrated acid / alkali, heat is produced, which may cause the concentrated
acid / alkali to splash out. and they are corrosive.
7. chemicals
hydrochloric acid
sulphuric acid
nitric acid

distilled water

sodium hydroxide
calcium hydroxide
ammonia solution

citric acid
acetic acid
malic acid

universal indicator
pH indicator / paper
litmus indicator / paper (red / blue)

natural indicator (e.g. red cabbage leaves, hibiscus petals, strawberries, blueberries, red rose, hydrangea)