Blue: Fiona ​ ​Green: Francis ​Violet: Cami ​Red: Joseph ​white: Ghost

Decision: Establish a compromise between the homeowners (us) and the hotel where the
building would be permitted only with the contribution of a portion of the profit invested in
methods to prevent erosion.

Causes/Effects of Erosion:
Erosion is influenced by several factors regarding to natural forces. For instance, ​water
functions as a significant influence on erosion with currents in oceans and rivers which wash
minerals from their initial location and deposit them to a separate one. As a result, this leads to
the destruction of coastlines from loads of sediments being washed away by currents. Storm
waves also influence the destruction of coastlines and beach erosion by carrying the sand
offshore and depositing them in sandbars. Beach erosion threatens the infrastructure of roads,
buildings, and coastal homes. ​Wind​ is also a primary influence on erosion. For instance, when a
raindrop falls from the sky, it’s impact is weak. But if a wind comes into contact with it, the
raindrop contains a higher momentum and thus, the raindrop will carry more particles as it hits
the ground. The raindrop also results in traveling at a speed of 19 km per hour that will enable it
to break down rock material and soil that will increase the scattering of these minerals.
Therefore, wind also involves with water erosion in a sense where it may influence the effect of
water erosion. Wind erosion also takes a toll on barren areas and beaches lacking or incapable of
supporting vegetation which enforces an ease for sediments to be eroded and deposited
elsewhere. This is also similar to water erosion and its impacts on coastlines and beaches that are
heavily influenced by whether these areas are supported with a large amount of vegetation.
Another cause of erosion is ​glaciers​, as ice located underneath a glacier begins to melt, a glacier
may start to move, resulting in the eroding of mountains. As a glacier moves into a mountain, it
collects sand grains and giant boulders that are dragged along the bedrock. The sand grains then
carve out the bedrock as the glacier travels across the terrain. All three of these natural forces
enforce detrimental effects on natural terrains and involves the reduction of soil infertility by
eroding away the topsoil of natural terrains. But the processes that they undergo differ from each
other. But The effect of erosion caused by glaciers can speed up by the natural forces of wind
and water as wind pushes the water and the glacier as the glacier moves across the terrain. The
effects imposed by glaciers and wind differ from the ones involving water where with the effects
of water are enforced more on humans as opposed to the rare instances where there are
detrimental effects on humans from erosion caused by glaciers and wind.

Potential Solutions/Drawbacks:
Methods that can be imposed to prevent beach erosion include the construction of groins,
jetties, breakwaters, and seawalls. ​Groins​ are long structures that are usually made of timber and
steel, and they extend towards the ocean and are perpendicular to the shoreline. They serve as
walls or barriers to longshore currents which prevents a modification in sand movement. By
decreasing the velocity of a longshore current as it initiates contact with the groin, the sediment
load is enforced on the upcurrent side of the groin. But, the drawback of erosion occurring on the
downcurrent of the groin will lead to the building of more than one groin along the beach. ​Jetties
are similar to groins in terms of construction, they are made of timber, stone, concrete, and steal,
but their main function is to prevent sand from flowing into a ship channel. Sand that is build up
overtime against a jetty, is then redistributed along the beach. They can prevent storm waves
from protected channels along with literal drifts. However, the drawbacks include downdrift and
sand starvation. ​Breakwaters,​ unlike groins and jetties, are constructed offshore, but parallel to
the shore. They prevent erosion by dispersing wave energy, which permits material to be
deposited on or behind the breakwater. The drawback with breakwaters is that any portion of the
coast that is not protected by breakwaters will suffer from erosion.​ Seawalls, ​as suggested by the
name, are walls constructed along the coastline to prevent waves from hitting the other side. The
only drawback with seawalls is that they can only protect the portion of the coast that they are
installed along.

Reference/Resource Bias and No Bias Evidence:

The Hawaii news site or one of the two opinionated resources regards to the reactions and
opinions of individuals after discovering that their coastal homes are eroding away at a drastic
rate along with their beaches that are imperative in regards to state and government revenue. It
addresses towards the homeowners of the state more and also discusses about methods that could
prevent beach erosion. The methods are based off of records conducted in the past years and is a
news site with a broadcast of the level of beach erosion in Hawaii. The second opinionated
source addressed more with the methods to prevent beach erosion and is based around a group in
Florida applying these methods of prevention. The site contains photos of their projects and
when the photos were ran under a google search they all applied to the website. With the
methods of prevention in beach erosion addressed in both opinionated sources they were
accurate with the information presented in the organizational resource. The organizational source
provided information that was addressed in both the opinionated ones and it was all tied together.
Plus, the website is labeled as a .org site. With the other organizational website and the
educational one regarding to the causes and effects of erosion, both sites were accurate with their
information since the information was almost similar with addressing the several key
components and tied together. Plus, organizational source was labeled as a .org site and the
educational one as a .edu site.
References/Resources:

Yaeger, Beth. “Ways To Prevent Beach Erosion.” Foundation Professionals of Florida, 2017,
http://www.seawallprosfl.com/about-us/. Accessed 19 February 2018. (Opinionated Resource)

American Geosciences Institute. “How do you deal with shoreline erosion?”

https://www.americangeosciences.org/education/k5geosource/content/rocks/how-do-you-deal-wi
th-shoreline-erosion. Accessed 19 February 2018. (Organizational Resource)

Rubin, Ken. “What are the causes and effects of beach erosion?” Ask-An-Earth-Scientist,
https://www.soest.hawaii.edu/GG/ASK/beacherosion.html. Accessed 20 February 2018.
(Educational Resource)

Hawaii News Now. “Study shows Hawaii beaches are eroding at alarming rate.” 2013,
http://www.hawaiinewsnow.com/story/23320391/study-shows-hawaii-beaches-are-eroding-at-al
arming-rate. Accessed 20 February 2018. (Opinionated Resource)

St. Petersburg Coastal and Marine Science Center. “Coastal Change Hazards: Hurricanes and
Extreme Storms.” 5 December. 2016,
https://coastal.er.usgs.gov/hurricanes/coastal-change/beach-erosion.php. Accessed 20 February
2018. (Organizational Resource)
Causes/ Effects Of Erosion
Erosion is caused by many natural factors including water and plant life. Water can erode
things in many ways, such as ocean waves causing abrasion to a rock surface on shore. The
effect is that over time the water will continue to wear it away. Water can also erode rocks by
rainwater falling into a small crack of a rock, and then freezing and expanding multiple times.
The effect is that the rocks crack keeps getting bigger and bigger in the process. Lastly, plant life
such as trees can erode rock such as the sidewalk. If a tree is planted on the side of a sidewalk as
a sapling, it will not affect anything until lots of years later (when the tree is an adult), the tree
will have strong large roots and the then harmless sidewalk will be in the trees way of growing.
The result of that is the sidewalk will be ruined and need to be repaired.

Solutions
There are many options to help keep the beach from eroding. I think the easiest and most
cheapest way would be to plant small plants or trees, which will have strong enough roots to
grasp the sediment and keep it from eroding. Another cost effective way is to install sand fences.
A sand fence (or a sand break) is a thin wooden fence placed in the sand, and is used to force
windblown sand into a desired place to accumulate (instead of being eroded). However if we
have a bigger budget there are plenty of options too, such as seawalls. Seawalls are large
concrete strips that go around the coast of a beach to prevent erosion. They are pretty expensive,
but way cheaper than the beach being eroded and the damages from that.

Stoffer, Phil. ​Our Dynamic Desert, pubs.usgs.gov/of/2004/1007/erosion.html.

Lima, Izael A., et al. “Optimal Array of Sand Fences.” Nature News, Nature Publishing Group,
24 Mar. 2017, www.nature.com/articles/srep45148.

Stoffer, Phil. ​Our Dynamic Desert,22 Feb. 2007 pubs.usgs.gov/of/2004/1007/erosion.html.

The Three Main Causes of Coastal Erosion
The first common cause of coastal erosion is ​gradual change in sea level​. The sea level
naturally increases over time, but in recent times the sea levels have been rising at extremely
quick and high rates. This is due to climate change. As the major icebergs and glaciers at the
poles melt the sea levels worldwide are increasing. A number of islands and shorelines have been
destroyed by erode coastlines. The places affected the most are usually near or below sea level.
With water and wind constantly crashing into the shoreline undoubtedly there will be bits of rock
and other grains and minerals on the beach washing and blowing away.
The second main causes of coastal erosion are,​ natural disasters.​ Some natural disasters
that contribute to coastal erosion are, floods, hurricanes, and tropical storms with heavy winds.
Because of issues like Climate Change there has been an increase in natural disasters. When
heavy storms like Hurricanes Harvey, Maria, and Katrina and others come over land they
disrupt the shoreline and take bits of the coastline with them. When hurricanes uproot trees and
plants on the beach they move around the sand and rock beneath or around the plants. When
plantlife is moved around or destroyed it leaves exposed rock vulnerable. When rocks are
exposed to the elements they can be weathered. Weathering is the breaking down of large rocks
into smaller rocks. Smaller rocks can be moved around easier than large rocks. That is exactly
what erosion is the moving around of rocks.
The third,​ human activity.​ People in the coastal regions love the water and outdoor
activities on the beach. As more tourist come to beaches and spend time on the beach the more
and more water recreation equipment is demanded and produced. Recreational motorcraft like jet
skis are contributing factors to coastal erosion. Huge cargo boats have to dock day in and day out
and they have huge repellers that are pushing out large amounts of water at high speeds. If these
things are wearing at the same rocks constantly it’s going to erode that rock over time. A lot
these factors are things that subtly erode away at shorelines but they erode them nonetheless.

Possible Solutions
A largely suggested solution for beach erosion is ​beach nourishment​. It is not a solution
rather a treatment, just masking over the problem not eliminating it. Beach nourishment is a
coping mechanism and depressant for beach erosion. Sand, rock and other minerals are moved
from inland areas and spread over beaches with heavy beach erosion. So it is basically filling in
the blank. If there is a gap in the shoreline due to erosion pour sand or synthetic sand in its place.
The main argument against beach nourishment is that it’s expensive and ineffective. It can cost a
lot of money to develop, package, and ship the resources required for nourishment. It also not a
great method for getting to the root of the problem or providing long term security. Putting on
beach that's eroding is a waste of resources and time and it not proving help. It will just wash
away.
Another, more permanent solution, is building​ groins or offshore breakwaters​. A
breakwater by definition is a “barrier built into a body of water to protect shore from the effect or
force of waves”. There are different types of breakwaters but they all do the same thing. They
look like long thin islands usually made up of some metal and mostly natural stone or concrete.
As waves travel toward the shore they go over the breakwater and they decreased in size and
speed. It was mentioned that it is more permanent than the prior. Though this be the case, even
break waters can not provide a totally permanent solution to beach erosion.
The third solution for beach erosion is the least popular and practical. It is ​textiles and
spinning “snowflakes”​. This is just a large wheel that can be put in a body water near the shore.
How this can be put into the water is unclear. That is why it is not the best idea. It is an
underwater stabilizer that best chances of success are in small bodies of water. The main job of
the textile is to reduce the effect of crashing waves and moving water. The textile will defer the
waves as it spins. This causes them to change direction, breakdown or reduce in size and power.
The obvious argument against this is that the can not properly be placed into the floor of the
oceans even at its most shallow parts.

Sources:
Opinionated source: Onion, Amanda “Weighing best ways to fight coastal erosion”
www.​abcnews.go.com, Abcnews, “n.d.” 1 March 2018
This Source is opinionated because it was written by a geologist who is very critical of the
available solutions of coastal erosion. He is critical because there have not been any long term
solutions or solutions that are permanent.
Educational source: Brunswick Beaches “Coastal Erosion”​www.ncbeaches.com, North
Carolina Beaches, “n.d.” 1 March 2018
This source educational because the information was laid out in bullets, the information was
listed and very factual.There were no opinions on the site and the site was not trying to persuade
the reader. The website was not promoting anything. The purpose of this site is to educate the
reader on the rates, causes and solutions of coastal erosion.
Organizational source: Beachapedia “State of the beach”​www.beachapedia.org, Surfinder
foundtion “10 January 2018” 1 March 2018
The website was sponsored by organizations trying to promote solutions. The website itself has
“org” in it.
Causes of Coastal Erosion:
Water is the main cause of erosion on earth, because water is the most powerful forces on
the planet. Some examples of ways water causes erosion is rainfall,river ,waves,and floods. Wind
is another cause of erosion, this is mostly occur in dry areas. Wind can erode by picking up and
carrying loose particles and dust away. It also erode when these flying particles strike the land
and break off more particle. The last cause of erosion is Glaciers.Glaciers are giant rivers of ice
that slowly move carving out valleys and shaping mountains.
Solutions:
Ways to prevent coastal erosion is ​to build sea walls, revetments, and jetties along the
shoreline so some water would be blocked from coming to land.
Bias:​Coastal erosion has been greatly affected by the rising sea levels globally. There
has been great measures of increased coastal erosion on the Eastern seaboard of the
United States. Locations such as Florida have noticed increased coastal erosion. In
reaction to these increases Florida and its individual counties have increased budgets to
replenish the eroded sands that attract visitors to Florida and help support its
multibillion-dollar tourism industries.

Educational ​http://www.ducksters.com/science/earth_science/erosion.php
Org ​ ​https://www.erosionpollution.com/beach-erosion.html
Bias ​https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Coastal_erosion

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