FACULTAD DE CIENCIAS
ESCUELA DE QUÍMICA
2014
- Gasolinas.
- Funcionamiento motor gasolina
- OCTANAJE / ÍNDICE DE OCTANO /IAD
- Producción gasolina.
- Mejoradores del Número de octano
- Diesel.
- Indice cetano
- Funcionamiento motor diesel
Funcionamiento del motor a gasolina (COMBUSTIÓN INTERNA)
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=nXmnItLB8sA&list=UUqYMb7p_nn2ZcWzYMy6JTeg&src_vid=6-udN4cZ6HU&feature=iv&annotation_id=annotation_1111955083
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=nXmnItLB8sA
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=V_yRNFkFVcs
GASOLINAS: OCTANAJE / ÍNDICE DE OCTANO /IAD
http://www.km77.com/glosario/o/octano.asp
http://chemwiki.ucdavis.edu/Wikitexts/UC_Davis/UCD_Chem_2A/UCD_Chem_2A%3A_Larsen/Unit_I%3A_Atomic_Theory_and_C
hemical_Compounds/2._Chemical_Compounds/2.6_Industrially_Important_Chemicals
EXAMPLE
You have a crude (i.e., unprocessed or straight-run) petroleum distillate consisting of
10% n-heptane, 10% n-hexane, and 80% n-pentane by mass, with an octane rating of
52. What percentage of MTBE by mass would you need to increase the octane rating of
the distillate to that of regular-grade gasoline (a rating of 87), assuming that the octane
rating is directly proportional to the amounts of the compounds present?
Strategy:
A Define the unknown as the percentage of MTBE in the final mixture. Then subtract
this unknown from 100% to obtain the percentage of petroleum distillate.
B Multiply the percentage of MTBE and the percentage of petroleum distillate by their
respective octane ratings; add these values to obtain the overall octane rating of the
new mixture.
C Solve for the unknown to obtain the percentage of MTBE needed.
EXAMPLE
You have a crude (i.e., unprocessed or straight-run) petroleum distillate consisting of 10%
n-heptane, 10% n-hexane, and 80% n-pentane by mass, with an octane rating of 52.
What percentage of MTBE by mass would you need to increase the octane rating of the
distillate to that of regular-grade gasoline (a rating of 87), assuming that the octane rating
is directly proportional to the amounts of the compounds present?
Solution:
A The question asks what percentage of MTBE will give an overall octane rating of 87
when mixed with the straight-run fraction.
The octane rating of MTBE is 116. Let x be the percentage of MTBE, and let 100 − x be
the percentage of petroleum distillate.
B Multiplying the percentage of each component by its respective octane rating and
setting the sum equal to the desired octane rating of the mixture (87) times 100 gives
final octane rating of mixture=87(100)
To obtain a composition of 55% MTBE by mass, you would have to add more than an
equal mass of MTBE (actually 0.55/0.45, or 1.2 times) to the straight-run fraction.
This is 1.2 tons of MTBE per ton of straight-run gasoline, which would be prohibitively
expensive. Thus there are sound economic reasons for reforming the kerosene
fractions to produce toluene and other aromatic compounds, which have high octane
ratings and are much cheaper than MTBE.
Cooperative Fuel Research Engine
En EE.UU. las gasolinas más comunes se llaman «regular» (octano PON 87), «mid-grade»
(octano PON 89) y «premium» (octano PON 92); casi todos los carros están hechos para
usar regular. No existe la misma relación entre tipo de gasolina y octanaje en todo el territorio
de EE.UU. Una gasolina «regular» no necesariamente tiene el mismo número de octano en
todos los Estados. En esta tabla se pueden ver las equivalencias aproximadas entre esos
tres tipos de combustibles en escala PON, con los de escala MON y RON.
Nafta de F.C.C.
Isomerización:
Reformado catalítico.
Alquilación:
Eterificación
Bioetanol.
Nafta de F.C.C. : Este proceso convierte componentes pesados, en particular
Gasóleo de vacío, en diferentes hidrocarburos ligeros, de los cuales, alrededor del
50% es la denominada "Nafta de FCC" apropiada para ser formulada en la
gasolina final.
Reformado catalítico: Las naftas pesadas (C6 a C9) son convertidas en aromáticos.
Hoy día se prefiere "aditivos" o compuestos oxigenados: Éteres como el Etil Terc
Butil Éter (ETBE) y Alcoholes como etanol o butanol, que además de tener
Números de Octano superiores a 110, si son de origen biológico, contribuyen a
la sostenibilidad de los recursos.
DETONACIÓN DE LA GASOLINA
The ignition quality of diesel fuel is linked to the ignition delay time, the time between the
start of injection and the start of combustion. Fuels of high ignition quality are
characterized by short ignition delay and vice versa, fuels of poor ignition quality produce
long ignition delay.
While ignition quality is a property of the fuel itself and is determined by the molecular
composition of the fuel, the ignition delay time used to characterize it is not. Ignition delay
time is also strongly affected by conditions such as the temperature and pressure of the
environment into which the fuel is injected. Therefore, tests developed to measure
ignition quality of a particular fuel have to be carried out under carefully controlled test
conditions to ensure that only fuel effects are being measured.
Cetane Number
Cetane numbers are measured using a method developed in the 1930s by the Cooperative
Fuel Research (CFR) Committee, and later standardized as ASTM D613. The test involves
running the fuel in a single cylinder, continuously variable compression ratio CFR Cetane
Engine.
Two primary reference fuels (hydrocarbons) define the cetane number scale:
n-hexadecane (also called cetane, n-C16H34), which has very good ignition quality, was
assigned the cetane number of 100;
1-methylnaphthalene, which has a poor ignition quality, was assigned a cetane number of
zero.
In 1962, the low cetane number reference fuel was replaced with
2,2,4,4,6,8,8-heptamethylnonane (also called isocetane or HMN), which had better
oxidation stability and was easier to use in the CFR engine.
In routine operations, the two primary reference fuels are replaced by two secondary
reference fuels: T-fuel and U-fuel. These fuels are calibrated against the primary
reference fuels and made available to testing labs by Chevron Phillips, the sole source
supplier. The fuel supplier provides blend ratio instructions to achieve cetane numbers
bounded by the values for the U and T fuels. Table 1 provides an example of T and U
reference fuels, as well as their specifications.
Table 1. Typical Properties and Specifications for U and T Reference Fuels
U fuel
Property U-16 T-23 T fuel specification
specification
Specific gravity at 15.6°C (60°F) 0.7840 0.7830 - 0.7883 0.7920 0.7900 - 0.7975
API gravity 48.9 48.0 - 49.2 47.1 45.9 - 47.6
Flash point, °C 30.6 26.7 - 54.4 70 61 - 74
Sulfur, ppm 1 10 max 127 120 - 150
Viscosity at 40°C, cSt 1.1 1.0 - 2.0 2.1 2.1 - 2.3
Cetane number 19 18 - 20 75 74 - 77
Cetane index 40.1 38.8 - 41.4 64.8 63.1 - 66.6
Distillation range at 760 mm Hg, °C
Initial boiling point 158 149 - 163 186 182 - 193
10% 166 160 - 171 218 216 - 227
50% 177 174 - 185 250 246 - 260
90% 226 216 - 227 273 271 - 288
End point 280 271 - 288 311 304 - 332
Hydrocarbon type, vol%
Aromatics 21.2 20.0 - 23.0 6.7 5.0 - 8.0
Olefins 0.8 0.0 - 2.0 2.4 1.0 - 3.0
Saturates 78.0 Report 90.9 Report
Source: Chevron Phillips Chemical Company LP
Sistema de Lubricación
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=m9WwJoQQX4I
Filtros aceite
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=q3LrATASdsA