Target for massive aggregation in data center and service provider networks,
400 Gigabit Ethernet (400GbE) was approved as IEEE802.3bs standard on
December 6, 2017. The 400GbE standardization marks a milestone towards 1
Tbps per port speed. With Chip vendors keeping up their game, 400GbE is
now available in per port speed at 1 RU form factor and in chassis form
factor. For a standard 32 ports 400 GbE 1 RU switch such as Delta’s
Agema® AGC032, total bandwidth is whopping 12.8tbps. At chassis level, a
combination of chips could provide service provider an option of upto 1 Pbps
(Petabit per Second) system. To put in perspective, 1 Pbps is nearly thousand
times bandwidth of 1 terabit system. That’s about breaking the barrier: like
5,000 two-hour-long HDTV videos in one second (Sverdlik, 2015).
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std and subsequent revisions thereof for 1/10/100GbE. For those who are not
familiar with sublayers of IEEE802.3 architecture, I am providing a brief
herein below:
The sublayer of CDMII is not implemented and reserved for future use for
which physical instantiation in not needed (D’Ambrosia, 2015).
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What’s in a box?
A typical SoC can packed up enough horse power to support more than 12
tbps of bandwidth for a 32 ports 1 RU switch. For example, Delta’s Agema®
AGC032 supports upto 12.8tbps for 32 x 400GbE switch (please refer the
figure below).
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Such design generally needs densely packed front panel ports and uses
QSFP-DD form factor of optical transceivers for link level transport. The
QSFP-DD expands QSFP/QSFP28 (an optical pluggable module commonly
used in 40GbE and100GbE respectively) from four lanes electrical signals to
eight lane signals. The QSFP-DD MSA group defines the specification for
QSFP-DD. If you need further details on qsfp-dd, please download the
specification from http://www.qsfp-dd.com/specification/ (QSFP-DD MSA,
2017). The QSFP-DD specification (QSFP-DD MSA, 2017) defines power
classes for upto 14 Watts for single QSFP-DD module, however depending
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upon cage and module design power consumption may vary (please refer to
table 5 and 6 of QSFP-DD specification for further details). Similar to QSFP-
DD, other MSA (Multi-source Agreement) groups are also working on
optical module specification for 400G and a list of them are given below.
Please note, MSA is not a standard group rather an interest group comprised
of optical transceiver vendors that often specifies form factor and electrical
interface for optical modules.
The Interconnects
400GbE supports four different types of transceivers: 400G-DR4, 400G-
SR16, 400G-FR8 and 400G-LR8. The following table depicts particulars for
each type of interconnect.
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Typical Deployment
400G Ethernet Switches can be deployed in various configurations in Data
Centers for Super Spine in a five folded Clos, Data Center Interconnect
(DCI), Telecom Networks for aggregation and IXCs for transport peering etc.
The following diagrams shows some typical deployments.
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For distance over 10km, 400G deployment may need to use transponder and
ROADM for better transport distribution on a dark fiber. Hopefully, distance
limitation can be overcome with new optical transceivers for upto 100km in
near future. However, transponders and ROADM will be necessary for
distance beyond 100km and even for sharing single fiber at lower distance.
Conclusion
Welcome to the world of terabit transport. 400GbE is a great step towards
terabit per port transport capabilities and given that whitebox switch is
offering such possibilities at a better price, data centers and service providers
are now able to build infrastructure for future payloads. Hence, addressing
bandwidth demands would not be issue. With significant CAPEX and OEPX
reduction offered by whitebox switches, service providers and hyperscale
data center now can focus on more service offerings for what future holds.
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Reference: