et al
ABSTRACT
Case Report
Tuberculous peritonitis is a rarely
TÜBERKÜLOZ encountered disease occurring as result
of disease’s spreading out of a primer
PERİTONİTLİ ÇOCUKTA focal point such as pulmonary
RADYOLOJİK BULGULAR tuberculosis. Cirrhosis, HIV, diabetes,
malignancy, and peritoneal dialysis are
among the risk factors. It was reported
Zafer Özmen that the incidence of tuberculous
peritonitis varied between 0.1% and
Gaziosmanpaşa University, School of Medicine,
Department of Radiology, Tokat, Turkey 0.7% among the types of tuberculosis.
888
odağı bulunmayan, sağlıklı çocuklarda Case Report
primer tüberküloz peritoniti görülmesi ise
literatürde çok nadir olarak bildirilmiştir. A 13 year-old female patient applied
with the complaint of excentric
Bu hastalar karında rahatsızlık hissi, abdominal pain six months ago. The
şişlik, kilo kaybı, ateş, tümör patient treated with nonspecific infection
belirteçlerinde yükselme gibi klinik ve treatment applied to the pediatric
laboratuar bulguları gösterebilmektedir. surgery department of our hospital upon
Hastaların tanısında gecikme mortalite ve development of swelling in her abdomen
morbiditede belirgin artmaya sebep and having no recovery in her abdominal
olmaktadır. Biz bu olgumuzda herhangi pain. The patient was referred to our
bir primer hastalığı bulunmayan sağlıklı department by the request of abdominal
çocukta geç tanı konan tüberküloz ultrasonography (US) in order to search
peritonitin radyolojik bulgularını sunmayı for the etiology. On abdominal US, there
amaçladık. was free fluid including septa on pelvic
adjacent to bowel loops. Specific
Anahtar Kelimeler: Çocuk, manyetik thickening was noticed on fat planes
rezonans, peritonit, tüberküloz adjacent to all bowel loops as being more
specific in pelvic region. The border
between bowel wall and fat planes
INTRODUCTION adjacent to the wall could not be noticed
locally (Figure1a,b).
Peritoneal tuberculosis(TB) is a rarely
encountered disease, and it is on the
sixth frequency among the organs where
peritoneal extra-pulmonary TB locates.
TB peritonitis including nearly 1-3% of
TB cases except from the pulmonary TB
causes increase at morbidity, mortality
and delay at diagnosis of patients apply
to a clinic with nonspecific symptoms
such as the feeling of abdominal
discomfort, swelling, weight loss and
fever. Acid, pelvic pain, adnexal mass,
increased CA-125 level determined in Figure 1: On abdominal US (a), free fluid including
clinic, and omental thickening, omental septa in pelvis (asterisk), decrease and
soft tissues determined in radiological heterogeneity were noticed in echogenicity in
pelvic fatty tissues adjacent to the free fluid (white
imaging methods can be considered as arrow). (b), Specific thickening on bowel loop walls
peritonitis carcinomatosis due to and adjacent fatty tissue and decrease at
lymphadenopathy. In pediatric patients, echogenicity were visualized (white arrows). Bowel
it is hard to diagnose at an early period walls and adjacent fatty tissue had glomus
appearance and the border could not be visualized
due to the nonspecific clinical findings exactly.
(1,2).
For that reason, it is necessary to be The bower loops were clustered. There
suspicious of TB for diagnosis.In were a great number of lymph nodes in
patients, having no primary focal point mesenteric fatty tissue. Depending upon
such as the pulmonary TB can delay the this, enhanced dynamic abdominal
diagnosis. In our article, a primer TB magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) was
peritonitis case delayed at diagnosis and planned to the patient for further
had no TB focal point will be presented investigation. On abdominal MRI,
as associated with the literature. especially on enhanced T1 WI series,
2
there was smooth thickening and specific increased. There was minimal free fluid
enhancement (Figure2a,b). in pelvic (Figure4a,b,c,d,e,f).
3
posterior-anterior (P-A) chest
radiography was administered to the
patient for investigating the primer focal
point. The chest radiography was natural
(Figure5).
Discussion
Figure 5: On P-A chest radiography, normal
findings were obtained. TB covers nearly 1-2% of extra-
pulmonary diseases (3,5).In our country,
In physical examination, no TB should be considered as an important
pathological finding was determined in problem and a multi-systemic disease;
lungs. There were infection markers, and and moreover, TB should always be
the number of leucocytes in blood regarded in presence of an intestinal or
biochemistry was 8.000/mm3 and the abdominal pathology.
number of sedimentation was 7/hour.
Diagnostic laparoscopy was planned to TB generally develops as result of
the patient in Pediatric surgery clinic. On active pulmonary TB’s diffusing through
laparoscopic imaging, common nodules, blood. In nearly half of the patients,
and specific thickening in peritoneum and abdominal findings are generally
omentum were noticed in whole associated with abnormal direct chest
abdomen. Common cohesion was radiography. It can rarely occur after the
visualized between the bowel loops direct dispersion of TB bacillus from the
(Figure6). adjacent organs such as bowel or
fallopian tubes. At an especially early
period, TB peritonitis can easily be
overlooked. In this case, it can be
considered as intra peritoneal lesions.
4
73% of the cases with TB peritonitis, Radiological findings, clinical symptoms
abdominal pain was present in 64.5%, and laboratory results of TB peritonitis
weight loss in 61%, fever in 59% and and carcinomatosis are similar. There is
abdominal intolerance in 47.7%. The no pathognomonic finding related to the
abdominal pain is generally associated diagnosis. Peritonitis carcinomatosis,
with abdominal distention. The pain lymphoma, acid in primer peritoneal
generally depends upon peritoneal and masses and other peritonitis, irregular
mesenteric inflammation (1). In our finite abdominal masses and omentum
case, the patient firstly applied to the involvement can be noticed (10). Unless
hospital with abdominal pain complaint, proven otherwise; mass, acid and high
and this pain was associated with serum CA 125 level in abdomen makes
abdominal distention during the us consider the ovarian cancer (11).
subsequent period. However, no specific However, because the gynaecologic
high fever was noticed. diseases such as pelvic infections, TB,
Meigs syndrome and endometriosis can
In TB peritonitis, peritoneal thickening increase the level of CA-125, this maker
and intensely enhancing parietal is the indicator of a nonspecific ovary
peritonitis are typically encountered. tumour (12,13). Whereas the presence
Lymphadenopathy is the high incidence of smooth peritonitis and specific
finding of abdominal TB, and it is the enhancement associated with thickening
unique abdominal finding determined in in mesentery on computed
nearly half of the patients (6,7). tomography( CT) proves TB peritonitis,
Mesenteric, omental, peripancreatic, nodular and irregular peritoneal
periportal, pericaval and upper paraaortic thickening proves peritonitis
lymph nodes are frequently involved. carcinomatosis. Similarly, peritonitis TB
Exudative acid, mesenteric infiltration of cases who considered as the peritoneal
omentum and caseous nodules can be invasion of ovary cancer were reported in
commonly noticed (5). the literature, and the attraction was
drawn to the fact that TB can clinically
Three-type peritoneal involvement of trigger several diseases (14).
TB peritonitis was defined. Wet type is
noticed in 90%, and includes a great TB peritonitis is among the etiologic
amount of acid. Fibrotic-fixed type is factors that can cause abdominal cocoon
encountered at the rate of 7%, and syndrome defined as sclerosant
includes omental masses, acid in small encapsulated peritonitis (15,16).In
quantities, soft small intestine loops and abdominal cocoon syndrome, there are
mesentery. In dry type, dense thick fibrotic membranes and adhesions
adhesions, fibrous peritoneal reaction surrounding the bowel loops; and the
and caseous nodules are encountered clinical findings and symptoms are
(8).The amount of acid is changeable nonspecific. The diagnosis is generally
and it can be free or locular. Due to high hard to establish. Because CT
protein content and cellular content of characterizes bowel lumen, wall and
high density can be noticed. Koleosacid extra-intestinal tissue, it is substantial
is rare, and can be considered to be for the diagnosis (17). It can be treated
related with central necrotic lymph nodes appropriately without administrating
(9). In our case, there were soft small bowel resection through the early
intestine loops and mesentery, and acid diagnosis (18,19).
was noticed at a small quantity.
Moreover, there were enlarged lymph The quickest and most correct method
nodes in omental fatty tissue. The for TB peritonitis diagnosis is peritonitis
fibrotic-fixed type as the more rarely biopsy and mycobacterial culture of
encountered TB peritonitis type was tubercles (20).The diagnosis is generally
evaluated as TB peritonitis. established through paracentesis and
5
peritoneal biopsy. If not treated, the rate 7) SY Kim, MJ Ki, JJ Chung, JT Lee , HS Yoo.
for mortality reaches up to 50%. Delay Abdominal tuberculous lymphadenopathy: MR
at diagnosis can be fatal (21). In our imaging findings.
Abdom Imaging.2000;25:627-632
case, as well, the final diagnosis was
established through peritoneal biopsy.In 8) RA Leder ,VH Low . Tuberculosis of the
treatment of the patient, response to abdomen. Radiol Clin North Am 1995;33:691-
antibiotic medication was obtained. 705
6
21) KM Chow , VC Chow , LC Hung , SM Wong , CC
Szeto . Tuberculous peritonitis-associated
mortality is high among patients waiting for
the results of mycobacterial cultures of ascitic
fluid samples. Clin Infect Dis.2002;35(4):409-
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