Rehabilitation of Hala Sultan Tekke Mosque Part 4

CENTRE FOR CONSERVATION & PRESERVATION
OF ISLAMIC ARCHITECTURAL HERITAGE
• Extra care should be taken to capture and remove all washing and rinse water before it is
absorbed into the walls.
•Cleaning using de-ionized distilled •Cleaning using de-ionized distilled •Cleaning using Triton X-100 and
water under normal pressure water and soft brushes Phosphoric brushes
•Portico external wall after cleaning. •Applying pads of Triton X-100

(octlyphenoxyethoxyethanol) on portico external wall.
•Applying pads of Graffiti Gone- Step 2 on marble •Marble column after removing paint
column, painted green in the mosque
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85, Ramsis Street, Cairo, 11511 EGYPT - P.O. Box: 764 Cairo - Egypt Tel.: (202) 5776122 / 5752495 Fax.: (202) 5748872
E-MAIL ADDRESS: info@ ciah.biz http:// www.ciah.biz
Associated institute, ICOMOS Associated institute , Organization of Islamic Capitals & Cities
•Marble plate after cleaning •Applying pads at the marble plate
•Applying pads of Triton X-100 (octlyphenoxyethoxyethanol)

on marble column inside the mosque.
Microblasting
These methods could be successful when using
soft abrasive powder applied by well trained
technicians to gain full control of the cleaning and
its depth, where the utmost caution is necessary.
The method is also well suited for cleaning pre-
consolidated stone.
Notre Dame De Paris

Recently cleaned using microplasting
Historic Building, Germany

During cleaning using microplasting Notre Dame De Paris, After 2 years, resulted severe
surface deterioration
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1.2 Desalination:
Treatment For Salt-Contaminated Masonry With Clay Packs:

• Clays make very efficient poultices for reducing the amount of salts.
• A 50 micron attapulgite or sepiolite clay powder is added to enough clean water to produce a
thick, sticky cream (the water should not be added to the clay, because a lumpy paste will be
produced).
• The poultice may be effective within a few days, but it may need to be left for several weeks.
The render should have open texture and rough finish to increase surface area.
Attabulgite: Fibrous clay mineral; hydrous magnesium and aluminum silicate
Sepiolite: Fibrous clay mineral; hydrous aluminum silicates, principal ingredient of China clay
(Kaolin)
Desalination using attapulgite poultices
Treatment For Salt- Contaminated Masonry With Sacrificial Render:
• The surface should be scraped down after rendering

with fine teethed edge of a hacksaw blade; this is
carried out after surface has begun to stiffen.
• Treatment should be repeated as one render coat may
be insufficient to reduce salt content to a safe level.
• Before applying the second coat, the first coat should
be carefully removed and wall rewetted.
• Leave the coats for several months as sacrificial (lime:
sand) renders are relatively slow method of masonry
Removal of attapulgite poultices
desalination.
1.3 Stone Replacement:

• Decaying stones which have a structural role and on which the stability and survival of the
stones or other elements of the structure depend have a clear priority for replacement almost
regardless of their intrinsic value.
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Stone Cutting Stone Dressing Stone Replacement

Adhesives and pinning
• Sometimes new stones, or new stone faces

may be secured with epoxy adhesive.
• A typical example of this is the halving of
decayed mullions, where the decayed stone is
cut back and half mullions glued to the face of
the surviving internal half.
• Excellent as modern resin adhesives may be it
is always unwise to rely on the interface bond
alone.
• The halving technique relies, on dowel pins of
Titanium or Teflon bars. Stone facing fixation,
using dowel pins of titanium or teflon bars and epoxy
• Spalls and missing parts can be built up phosphor bronze wire and matching mortar.
• The use of pins and epoxy mortars has enabled valuable masonry features, shattered to be
saved, which otherwise would have been lost.
1.4 Plastic Repairing:

• Plastic repairs are of a particular interest and importance to
conservators because the technique frequently permits the
retention of more original material with much less disturbance
than would be possible for the execution of conventional
masonry repairs.
• The repair must be prepared as samples on a piece of stone, not

in a wooden mould, and judged on the dry and wet appearance.
• Plastic repairs should always be carried out by a stone mason or

stone conservator.
Plastic Repairing
National Theater – Berlin - Germany
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1.5.Consolidation:
• Modern conservation techniques aim at consolidation of the stone, which in this connection
mainly means replacing the binder that has been lost by weathering.
• A good consolidant for stone. It should penetrate,
be strong enough to join the stone and must not
react with acids.
• The consolidant should allow the stone to breathe

in order to allow moisture to pass. No changes of
the colour of the stone are allowed and it is even
desirable that the consolidant should be invisible
after treatment.
Stone sample before treatment
Stone sample after treatment with Wacker strengthener
• As with all methods of conservation there is an ultimate requirement that the method used
should comply with the demand of minimum intervention and be reversible.
• A variety of consolidants for stone have been tested both in laboratories and in practical
treatment, Wacker silicones (Wacker OH 100 stone strengthener based on ethyl silicate) seem
to give the best results hitherto, It has good penetration and give good mechanical strength to
the stone as it forms a mineral binder (silica gel binder SiO2) that is compatible with the stone
material.
Absorption measurement using Karsten Tube

before and after treatment with water replant
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2. Repairs For Walls And Foundations:
2.1 Grout Mixtures
• One of the most useful grouting materials is undoubtedly low sulphate pulverized fuel ash
('PFA' or 'fly ash') which, over the last few decades has been used increasingly with cement, or
lime, or both, and other additives which provide bulk or aid mobility and suspension.
• Non-hydraulic lime cannot be used without a setting aid. Combined PFA and lime can produce
a mobile, low- to medium-strength grout which is frequently just what is required to fill voids in
double-skin, rubble cored walls.
• Reactive PFA is a pozzolanic additive which, in addition, aids penetration. Avoiding 'settling
out' during the grouting process.
• Unless the grouting operation is small or very specialized, it is recommended that pre-bagged
grout mixtures are used as much as possible. These are available for a very wide range of
functions and specialist suppliers will recommend grouts for particular situations.
2.2 Grouting Operations:

• The use of liquid grout avoids dismantling and rebuilding defective
masonry in many cases.
• In its simplest form grouting may be carried out by hand pouring
into clay grout cups formed on the face of a wall. There is a choice
of four basic methods which will be dictated by the nature and
condition of the masonry.
• Gravity grouting is particularly suitable where the masonry is very
vulnerable to movement under pressure and is the system most
commonly used on ancient monument work.
2.3 Hand Grouting:

• Local grouting can be carried out very efficiently by hand.This technique is suited to small,
isolated voids or fine cracks and is frequently carried out in association with tamping and
pointing.
2.4 Gravity Grouting:

• The grouting apparatus required for filling large voids.
Hand Grouting Gravity Grouting
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3.Joints Pointing & Repointing:

General:
• As a general rule joints should be cleaned out to a minimum depth of
25 mm (1 in) and never to a depth less than their width; but wide
joints, especially those liable to exposure to extreme weathering,
should be cut out to a minimum 38 mm (1½ in) or even 50 mm (2 in).
• Sometimes the mortar has disintegrated to such an extent that the
joints are largely empty, in which case they must first be deep tamped
and, if necessary, hand grouted to fill the joint to the required depth
for pointing. If tamped or grouted mortar comes closer to the face
than 25 mm-38 mm it must be cut back to the proper depth and to a
square face before pointing.
3.1.Raking & Cutting Out The Joints:

• Raking out may be a simple operation without risk
to the fabric where mortar is substantially decayed,
but it is over-simplifying the situation to say that the
joint does not need re-pointing if it requires cutting
out.
• The empty joint at the face may be too much of a
risk to leave alone, and additional cutting out may be
necessary to achieve enough depth for pointing.
• More often, cutting out (as distinct from raking out
with a knife blade or bent spike) is necessary to
remove dense re-pointing of an earlier period,
especially where this mortar -fortunately usually
shallow in depth- is causing problems because of its
high strength, impermeability and tendency to trap
water behind it and accelerate the decay of stones.
• All Cutting out should leave a clean, square face at the back of the joint to provide optimum
contact with the new mortar. Time for cutting out, which may be considerable, must be
properly programmed.
3.2. Filling The Joint:
If the joints have dried out after cleaning they must be re-wetted before placing the new mortar.
The mortar is pushed into the joint from a board and ironed in with the maximum possible
pressure.
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• Pointing trowels are in common use, but it

is regrettably unusual to see pointing keys,
which can be improvised to suit the
particular work in hand. These may be
cranked bronze or steel fleet, or beaten out
rod or even wood. The mortar must
subsequently be packed with a pointing
key.
• The function of these keys is to push the
mortar evenly into the joint for the full joint
width; this they can do because they fit into
the joint and do not try to achieve
compaction from the surface alone.
3.3.Filling Fine Joints:
• Injection grouting of these joints is notoriously difficult, as the grout tends to disappear without
any effect into the wide, open joints behind the face.
Method 1: Putty Sandwich Method 2: Taping and Pointing Method 3: Mortar Injection
4.Treatment Of Algae, Lichens And Mosses:
• Sources of nutrition for organisms-such as dust, deposits of various organic substances, bird
droppings, and unsuitable restoration materials must be removed from stone surface.
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• Periodic cleaning as a preventive conservation

measure is the principal and sometimes only way
to prevent and control biological attack in outdoor
environments.
• It has been found effective in controlling
establishment of mosses, lichens, fungi, algae and
higher plants by discouraging the accumulation of Biological growth
wind borne spores and seeds of plants and their (Algae, mosses, lichens and fungi)
subsequent germination.
• Partially removing of biological growth before
applying biotical agents is usually recommended.
• Mechanical methods are favored for removing
biological growth, as they eliminate the danger of
leaving behind unwanted substances on the stone.
Biological growth (mosses colonization)
4.1 Biocides:
• Biocides refer collectively to bactericides, fungicides, algaecides and herbicides. They are
normally used to eliminate and inhibit biological growth ( lichens, algae and mosses).There are
numerous ready-made chemical cleaners available on the market, but before using any of these
it should be verified that there is no risk of damage to the actual stone object to which they are
applied.Only well known products should be used as the damage caused by some substances
might be detected only after a long time.
• Treatments have also been carried out using biological packs covered with polyethylene
sheeting.
• These chemicals, however, are also potentially harmful to wildlife and humans.
• For this reason, there is a mandatory need to identify and disclose the toxicological properties
of biocides. The most common indices for quantifying toxicity are LD50 (Lethal Dose 50 %)
and LC 50 (Lethal Concentration 50 %).
• Mechanical methods are favored for removing biological growth, as they eliminate the danger
of leaving behind unwanted substances on the stone.
Toxic values Oral LD50 Dermal LD50 Inhalation LC50

Very Toxic 0- 50 0- 200 0- 2000
Moderate Toxic 50- 500 200- 2000 2000- 20000
Slightly Toxic 500- 5000 Greater than 2000 Greater than 20000
* Normal Asprin has oral LD50 of 1375
• The biocides for treatment of masonry covered with algae, lichen, mosses and small plants is
based on a quaternary ammonium compound effect the initial bill, and when combined with
tributyl-tin oxide will have long term inhibiting effect on recolonization.
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• By handling and mixing biocides, worker should wear rubber gloves; when spraying he should
wear safety glasses, mask and goggles.
5.Treatment Of Soil Against Termites:
• Soil poisoning is only the first line of defense against termites attack.
• Dielrin, Aldrin and Chlordane have been found suitable.
• Foundation should be exposed and the earth should be poisoned as it is replaced with the refill
new soil mixed with the biocide material.
• The bottom of the trenchs should be poisoned by injection under pressure through drilled holes
to the depth of 50 cm at least and distance between holes of 30-50 cm.
6.Repairing Of Metals Elements

6.1.Cast Iron/ Wrought Iron
• Corrosion of iron is the formation of Iron Oxide (rust) by

the reaction of iron with oxygen and water.
• Application of paint is the most practical method of
protecting iron.Cast iron and wrought iron is of intristic
value and is preferable to repair than renew.
Mechanical cleaning:
• This process involve the power–driven tools
such as grinders and rotary wire brushes.
Needle guns can be used successfully to
remove the rust and scale and can reach into
awkward corners and angles inaccessible to
other equipment.
• It is advisable to start at a pressure of 40 psi
(6 kpa) with copper slag; satisfactory
cleaning pressure should not exceed 60-70
psi (8-10 kpa).
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Acid Pickling
• This process involve immersing items in a
bath of warm diluted phosphoric acid to
remove mill seal and rust.
• The reaction with iron results is a protective
layer of phosphate on the surface (anodic
inhibitors)
Repairs
• Corroded ends can be tipped with stainless

steel, delta bronze; for distance of housing at
least 12 mm from masonry face.
• Embedded parts into pillars should be
painted with epoxy resin. To replace loss of
thickness, use a filler based on steel particles
with an with epoxy resin.
Painting with protective paint
• Selection of the protective system should consider the historic and archaeological value of the
existing coating, the method of preparation, difficulties of maintenance.Surface should be dry,
to achieve satisfactory results in protecting internal and external iron work, a total film
thickness of 125-250 microns, two coats of primer and 4 coats of air dry paint (alkyd resin
paints) are recommended if they are applied to a rust and scale- free surface.
7.Removing Old (non historic) Paints From Wooden Surface:
• Using the brush, a thick layer of methylene chloride paint could be applied to the wooden
surface.
• After five minuets, the old paint could be removed using scraping tool. For better results the
previous step could be repeated for several times until the old paint is removed completely.
• To have a clean surface free from residue, fine sandpaper can be use parallel to wooden fibers.
8.Cleaning Of Wooden Elements:
• Stained or dirty wood work can be successfully cleaned by

removing all dust and dry dirt by vacuum cleaner, scrubbing
with natural PH soap and warm clean water.
• Old varnish can be removed using solvent made up from
American turpentine (not substitute) and acetone. Surface
should be washed down.
• When surface is dried, a thick protective coat made up from
microcrystalline wax and preservative (natural turpentine)
should be applied, to be rubbed down with clean soft cloth.
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9.Treatment Of Wood Against Termites:
• All wooden elements to be treated against termites

by brushing with proposed material to penetrate in
soft wood 2- 4 mm.
• Wooden batten on wall plinth and ground
(flooring), wood board for flooring and for timber
in contact with the walls or the ground to be treated
by Pressure Creosote in accordance with BS 913;
1972 or Dursban 4 TC.
10.Artificial Lighting:
• Artificial lighting for historic buildings introduces new aesthetic and technical problems. Apart
from visual effects, it effects the internal environment by radiation and heat input which, if
high, can have undesirable side effects such as timber shrinkage and may even extreme case
can be cause of the out break of fire.
• To maintain suitable low levels
of light and reduce danger of UV
rays, it is recommended to use
artificial light, in our case; a
medium chandelier is enough to
light the praying hall to the
height of 3.5- 4.0 meters from
flooring level.
• It is also recommended to use
dimmers, which run bulbs at a
lower output until their full
capacity is required.
‘Umayyad Mosque Ba’alabeck - Lebanon
A specialized company will be consulted to propose a complete project for suitable electrical
systems and aesthetic lighting for Tekke mosque outdoors.
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Farm house- Riyadh - KSA
Typical Ottoman Chandelier
11.Lightning Protection:
• The possibility of a Lighting strike to the structure

of a building such as a small mosque or church is
much greater, at around 1:500 per year. Electrical
circuits may also be damaged by the electo-
magnetic field generated. The effect of a lightning
conductor placed appropriately on any building is
to create an 'apparent earth' short circuiting the
intense electric field below a thundercloud. This
allows positive ions to be transferred through the
conductor to the atmosphere, as an upward
streamer.
Proposed Lightning system for the Tekke mosque
Maintenance Programme:
Introduction:
• The maintenance programme is aimed at keeping the cultural resources in a manner that will
prevent the loss of any part of them.
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• It concerns all practical and technical measures that

should be taken to maintain the site in proper order. It
is a continuous process, not a product.
• Maintenance should use natural forces to enhance the
beauty of the cultural resource, but over-maintenance
can destroy its beauty.Maintenance planning is an art
which needs cultural and ecological sensitivity.
• Climate and the causes of decay control the appropriate degree of maintenance, together with
the users' needs, but maintenance policies and programmes should also take into account the
specific nature of every culture, aiming at a balance with natural forces.
• A maintenance programme should follow well-established
cycles describing who does what work, how this work is done,
and how frequently. It should describe the actions in simple
terms that can be implemented by cleaners, crafts persons,
supervisors and all other individuals involved in the upkeep of
the cultural resource.
• The implementation of the maintenance programme is followed
by its re-evaluation based on results and time expended.
• Detailed descriptions of accurate hours worked and materials
used are essential; traveling time should be kept entirely
separate.
• Tasks should be clearly described so that outside workers can
bring all the necessary tools and consumable supplies to the site,
avoiding time wasted on abortive journeys.
A good maintenance strategy can prevent a great deal of damage and decay, and thus save money.
Unfortunately, it is difficult to quantify these savings, and, as a result, those administering cultural
heritage too often see only the cost of the professional service and are tempted to economize
unwisely in this field.
Stone Visual Deterioration Maps:
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• Stone Visual Deterioration Maps of the existing situation were carried out by CIAH.
Rehabilitation Work Plan:
A- Structural Works:
1. Dismantling floor tiles outside and inside the building.

2. Dismantling wooden floor boards, battens and wooden plinth on walls and columns.
3. Dismantling roof screed (mosque and mausoleum).
4. Dismantling roof tile, palm leaves and D.P.C.
5. Dismantling window metal screen and lattice.
6. Dismantling wooden doors, windows leaves and windows shutters.
7. Removing new plaster from pillars inside mosque/ deteriorated plaster from mosque and
mausoleum walls.
8. Excavation of soil inside and outside the building.
9. Injecting soil and foundation’s walls with termicide.
10. Grouting of foundation walls, cleaning and repointing of

joints.
11. Execution of rain water collection project.
12. Refilling inside building and repaving with Cyprus marble
tiles.
13. Dismantling additional outside wall in transition zone on the
south and west Mosque’s walls.
14. Reconstructing portico’s roof.
15. Installing of roof rain metal gutters.
16. Laying new screed roofs and dome’s surfaces.
17. Reconstructing stair flights as original on the south and west
side of the mosque transition zone after cleaning and
repointing of original walls and finally treatment with
strengthening and water repellent material.
18. Paving outside walk with lime stone tiles- Paving portico and
ambulatory around mausoleum with Cyprus marble tiles.
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B- Restoration Works:Stone Repairs:

1.Cleaning all stone and marble surface; (mosque and mausoleum).
2.Treating with fungicide where necessary.
3.Desalinating all wall surfaces.
4.Repointing joints where necessary.
5.Treating stone surface- inside and outside- with strengthening material.
6.Treating stone surface columns, pillars- inside and outside – with water repellent material.
II- Wood Repairs:

1. Removing modern paints from wooden structural elements, windows and shutters, wooden
doors mezzanine, and screen around mausoleum.
2. Treating of all wooden structural elements, wooden windows leaves and shutters, wooden
doors, wooden mezzanine and wooden screen around mausoleum with termicide.Repairing
where necessary.
4. Dying of wooden structural elements,

wooden doors mezzanine, wooden stair
flights and wood screen around
mausoleum shutters and leaves.
5. Painting all wood work with teak oil.
6. Rehousing of all wooden elements.
III- Plaster Repairs:

1.Cleaning plaster surface from new paint.
2.Plastering repair where hollow area exists.
3.Providing new plaster in areas defined by conservation architect.
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IV- Iron Repairs:

1. Removing paint from iron fence, iron screens, iron lattice and iron structure ties.Cleaning all
iron elements.Surface treatment against rust.Repairing where necessary.Painting all iron
elements with protecting paint.Rehousing of iron elements.
V- Fine Restoration:
1. Wooden minbar
2. Wa’z wooden stool
3. Stone Mihrāb
4. Inscription plates
(inside- outside mosque)
It is obvious that preservation, conservation and restoration operations need a high scientific
experience which should be available in the Arab region to safeguard the cultural heritage of the
Arab nation and to take part in the sustainable development strategies for the benefit of the Arab
societies.
Therefore I recommend the following:
1. To improve the traditional handcraftsmanship and to establish specialized Centers for the
conservation of cultural heritage.
2. To establish courses on conservation and restoration of cultural properties for undergraduate

and graduate studies at Arab Universities.
3. To activate the cooperation with the centers of Conservation at foreign universities and
International societies and centers to get acquainted with new scientific approaches in the field
of conservation and restoration.
4. To establish a regional scientific center in the field of conservation, preservation and restoration
of Arab Cultural properties connected with the information network of other International
Centers.
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CENTRE FOR CONSERVATION & PRESERVATION

OF ISLAMIC ARCHITECTURAL HERITAGE

•Portico external wall after cleaning. •Applying pads of Triton X-100

•Marble plate after cleaning •Applying pads at the marble plate

•Applying pads of Triton X-100 (octlyphenoxyethoxyethanol)

Notre Dame De Paris

Historic Building, Germany

Treatment For Salt-Contaminated Masonry With Clay Packs:

Desalination using attapulgite poultices

Treatment For Salt- Contaminated Masonry With Sacrificial Render:

• The surface should be scraped down after rendering

1.3 Stone Replacement:

Stone Cutting Stone Dressing Stone Replacement

• Sometimes new stones, or new stone faces

1.4 Plastic Repairing:

• The repair must be prepared as samples on a piece of stone, not

• Plastic repairs should always be carried out by a stone mason or

• The consolidant should allow the stone to breathe

Stone sample after treatment with Wacker strengthener

Absorption measurement using Karsten Tube

2. Repairs For Walls And Foundations:

2.1 Grout Mixtures

2.2 Grouting Operations:

2.3 Hand Grouting:

2.4 Gravity Grouting:

Hand Grouting Gravity Grouting

3.Joints Pointing & Repointing:

3.1.Raking & Cutting Out The Joints:

3.2. Filling The Joint:

• Pointing trowels are in common use, but it

3.3.Filling Fine Joints:

4.Treatment Of Algae, Lichens And Mosses:

• Periodic cleaning as a preventive conservation

Toxic values Oral LD50 Dermal LD50 Inhalation LC50

5.Treatment Of Soil Against Termites:

6.Repairing Of Metals Elements

• Corrosion of iron is the formation of Iron Oxide (rust) by

• Corroded ends can be tipped with stainless

7.Removing Old (non historic) Paints From Wooden Surface:

8.Cleaning Of Wooden Elements:

• Stained or dirty wood work can be successfully cleaned by

9.Treatment Of Wood Against Termites:

• All wooden elements to be treated against termites

Farm house- Riyadh - KSA

Typical Ottoman Chandelier

• The possibility of a Lighting strike to the structure

• It concerns all practical and technical measures that

Stone Visual Deterioration Maps:

Rehabilitation Work Plan:

1. Dismantling floor tiles outside and inside the building.

10. Grouting of foundation walls, cleaning and repointing of

B- Restoration Works:Stone Repairs:

II- Wood Repairs:

4. Dying of wooden structural elements,

III- Plaster Repairs:

IV- Iron Repairs:

Therefore I recommend the following:

2. To establish courses on conservation and restoration of cultural properties for undergraduate

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