1.

The most abundant neurotransmitter in d brain is

A. GABA

B. Glutamate

C. Dopamine

D. Acetylcholine

E. Norepinephrine

2.Which of the fflg concerning the interaction of the axon is true:

a. It's idiosyncratically and perhaps randomly organised.

b. Excitatory inputs are generally located at the distal ends of dendrites

c. The axon is innervated by chemical contacts with surrounding neuronal cells

d. Inhibitory inputs are generally located at the proximal ends of the dendrites and around the soma

3.The following are contradictions to or precautions to use of TCAs:

A.Acute Myocardial Infarction

B.Presence Intraventricular or bundle block

C.Unexplained black out

D.Elevated Liver Enzymes

E.Leucopenia

4. On the Pharmacology of Hypnosedatives

A.Most hypnosedative enhance the action of GABA

B.Benzodiazepines increase the amount of time spent in stage 3 & 4 sleep

D.Increase REM latency

E.Decrease in amount of time spent in REM sleep

5.Antipsychotics can be used in the following conditions

A.Depression

B.Mania
C.Alzheimer's disease

D.Tourette syndrome

E.Schizophrenia

F.Some personality disorders

6.About Memory:

a. Echoic memory hold visual information for 1-2 secs.

b. Iconic memory holds auditory info for 0.25s.

c. Corresponding memory does not include sight

d. The working memory consist of the executive control system but not the visuospatial sketch pad.

e. Picture completion & matrix reasoning are compo

7.Component of paper circuit

A.Hypothalamus

B.mamillary bodies

C.Dendate gyrus

D.Hippocampus

E.Thalamus

8.About neuroleptic malignant syndrome

A.BP always elevated

B.Has a 90% mortality

C.Incidence is 10-30% of those taking antipsychotics

D.Fever is due to inflammation there is Hemoglobinemia

E.BP can be raised or low

F.10% mortality

G.1% of those taking antipsychotics

H.Fever due to impaired sweating

I.Myoglobinaemia

9. About Kline Levin syndrome eg of dysomnia

Eg of parasomnia

Hyperphagia

Hypersexuality

hypersomia

Klein Levin syndrome is a dysomnia characterised by hyperphagia, hypersomnia n hypersexuality

10. Which of the following is true about sleep

Increase acetyl choline decrease REM

Decrease acetyl choline promotes REM

Increase dopamine promote wakefulness

Decrease dopamine promote sleep

Increase norepinephrine promotes wakefulness n REM

11.With regards to scale;

Ratio scale is the highest level of measurement.

Ratio scale has true zero point.

Interval scale has arbitrary zero point and unit distance.

Nominal scale ranks orders of mild-severe.

Gender and age groups are examples of ordinal scale.

12. Concerning the Gaussian curve;

60% of observation falls within 1SD.

95% of observation falls within 2SD.

99.7% of observation falls within 3SD.

Almost all values lie within 3SD of the mode.

13Desynchronised sleep
Same as REM sleep

Same as paradoxic sleep

Involves cortical synchronization

Involves hippocampal desynchronization

14.About receptors

Only on cell surface

Selectively bind specific substance(s)

Only proteins

Have specific physiological effe

Mechanisms of change in receptor sensitivity to a ligand include

Phosphorylation

Concealment

Reduced synthesis

Structural modification

Reduced uptake

The following r types of genetic probes

Radioactive

ELISA

Western blot

Fluorescent

Hybridized

The following r basis for belief formation

Observational

Inferential

Learning
Informational

Descriptive

Lesions of the basal ganglia include

Parkinson's disease

Huntington's disease

Sydenham's chorea

Wilson's disease

Gaucher's disease

Glia in the CNS

Ependymal cells

Satellite cells

Microglia

Schwann cells

Oligodendrocytes

About the ventricles

Mesodermal in origin

Presence of5th ventricle

3rd located in metencephalon

4th located in part of mesencephalon

There is 125ml of csf in each ventricle

Two median apertures in the 4th ventricle

For the purpose of nationals there is a 5th ventricle if you see am for exams

The following can cause normal pressure

hydrocephalus except

Meningitis
Venous thrombosis

Schizophrenia mood disorder

Tumor

Concerning Dopamine

The nigrostraital DA originates from its cell body in the substantia nigra and terminates in the main
ventral part of the corpus striatum

The mesolimbic- mesocortical tract projects from its cell bodies in the ventral tegmental area to most
areas of the cerebral cortex and the limbic system

The tuberoinfundibular tract projects from its cell bodies in the arcuate nucleus and the periventricular
area of the hypothalamus to the infundibulum and posterior pitutary

It is selectively metabolised by MOA-b

About SSRIs

Clinical efficacy is associated with 70-80% receptor occupancy.

Have prominent cardio-toxic effects.

Cause prominent blockage of Norepinephrine reuptake.

Have weight gain as one of its side effects.

It is safe to co-administer it with MAOI

About Serotonin Syndrome.

Delirium, hyperreflexia, diarrhea, status epilepticus, autonomic instability, agitation, coma and even
death are all features of the syndrome.

Other features could include shivering, cardiovascular collapse, Rigidity and hyperthermia.

Anticonvulsants, benzodiazepines, cyproheptadine, cooling blankets and chlorpromazine can be used for
the treatment.
Nitroglycerine, mechanical ventilation and paralyzing agents could also be used.

It is the same as SSRIs withdrawal syndrome.

About side effects of antipsychotics.

Parkinsonism results from blockage at the Nigro-striatal pathway.

Infertility due low sperm count ant reduced libido is possible.

Akathisia can be protracted and may result in Tardive Akathisia.

Menstrual disturbances are due to blockage of the meso-limbo-cortical pathway.

Tardive dyskinesia is commoner in women and those with diffuse brain pathology.

About the potency of antipsychotics.

Pimozide is very potent as 1mg is equivalent to 100mg chlorpromazine.

Haloperidol Thiothixene are less potent than chlorpromazine.

Trifluoperazine is less potent than Thioridazine.

10-15mg Loxapine is equivalent to 100mg chlorpromazine.

Molindone is more potent than Pimozide.

About side effects of Antipsychotics.

Akathisia is a subjective feeling of physical restlessness.

In Acute dystonic reaction patients describe a sensation having Ants in their pants.

Akathisia involve inability to keep still and pacing up and down.

Acute dystonia is commoner with Butyrophenones and piperidines.

Torticolis, tongue protrusion and grimacing are features of A

About yerkes-dodson law

Stress is always bad for the body

Stress is always good for the mind

Low levels of stress may improve performance

High levels of stress may provide motivation

Excessive stress damages only the mind

About psychological conflicts leading to stress

The approach-approach conflict involves choosing between 2 methods of achieving the same objective

The approach-approach conflict involves deciding between two equally enticing choices

The approach-avoidance conflict involves choosing between an enticing and non-enticing choices

The approach-avoidance conflict involves deciding whether to partake in something that has enticing
and non-enticing features

The avoidance-avoidance conflict may be likened to having to make a hypothetical choice between the
devil and the deep blue sea

concerning learning, the following are true or false

A. In classical conditioning, reinforcement elicits response.

B. In operant conditioning, reinforcement Follows a response.

C. conditioned stimulus produces unconditioned response after Association with unconditioned stimulus

D. learning could be defined as profit in from experience

E. Accommodation is a form of Association

Inhibitory amino neurotransmitters in the brain include the following a.. Amino acid glycine, b .
glutamate c.. G-amino butyric acid. D.. N-Methyl-D-aspartate E... Valinic acid

About psychodynamic theory of personality development

Oedipus complex occurs in the 3rd stage

Oral fixation may result in extremely dependent personality

The latency stage doors not end until adulthood

Children mostly play with the opposite gender during the genital stage

Displacement of the Oedipus/Electra complex occurs in the genital stage

The following are invariant mental disorders

Schizophrenia

Bipolar disorder

Delirium tremens

Agoraphobia

Anorexia nervosa

Koro

ADHD

Antisocial personality disorder

Those that don't vary are called invariant and include

Schizophrenia spectrum disorders

Mood disorders

Intellectual impairment

Substance use disorders

Organic medical disorders

Following may be essential in the Rx and prevention of depression. A. Folate B. Pyridoxine C. Riboflavin
D. Thiamin E. Docosahexaenoic acid

The following improve the level of abstract thought except? A. B9 B. B2 C. B1 D. B6 E. B3

The following can be used to assess Working Memory except? A. Digit span B. Letter-Number sequencing
C. Digit symbol coding D. Block design E. Arithmetic

Commonly used Neuroimaging techniques in Psychiatry include the following except? A. Computerized
Topography B. Magnetic resonance imaging C. Photon Emission tomography D. Single Positron Emission
Computed Tomography E. Magnetic resonance spectroscopy

About cerebellum, the following statements are true? A. It does initiate movement and coordinate
precisely B. It does not receives input from Spinal cord C.Damage to it can cause Paralysis D. It produces
disorders of motor learning E.Ataxia, Hypotonia and Resting tremor are associated with cerebellar lesion
The following are types of memory except A. Sensory unit B.STM C.Haptic unit D.LTM E.Working
memory

Concerning memory

Glutamate is an important neurotransmitter

The temporal lobe handles working memory

The frontal lobe is responsible for conversion of STM to LTM

The limbic system is of no consequence

Epilepsy can be associated with memory deficits

One of the ffg help regulate thyroid hormone? A. Selenium B. Manganese C. Iron D. Zinc E.Iodine

The following are true about perception

Object in a distance appear bigger

Blind people can perceive

Amputated limb can be perceived

Superimposed objects are smaller

Taller objects appear bigger

Thinking

Inductive reasoning is based on theory of probability.

When we think deductively we are accurate

When we think inductively we are accurate

Logical reasoning are inductive and true

Forgetting can occur through

Interference
Storage decay

Encoding failure

Repression

Distraction

Case control study

For investigating cause of dx

Not important in rare dx

Prospective study

Retrospective study

Requires control

Application of PCR

HLA typing

Forensics

Prenatal diagnosis

Infectious diseases

Detection of chromosomal translocation

Regarding sleep

Dopamine decrease promote wakefulness

ACH increase but not decrease induces NREm sleep

ACH decrease suppress Rem sleep

Stage 1 & 2 sleep are slow wave sleep

Presence of saw tooth wave wave pattern in stage 2 sleep

Is located behind the pons and medulla

HaS a ratio of 1:8 with the brain

It is covered by falx cerebri

In aldult weighs 1500g

It is the largest part of the brain stem

The following are part of the limbic cortex

Uncus

Dentate gyrus

Hippocampus

Amygdala

Fornix

Septal cortex

Striatum

Nc accumbens

Primary olfactory cortex includes

Hippocampus

Parahippocampal gyrus

Septal nucleus

Olfactory tubercle

Anterior perforated space

concerning connections of the limbic system

Hippocampus to Amygdala interconnection is the least important intrinsic circuit

It receives direct somatosensory afferents

Output is through hippocampus and mamillary body

Papez circuit involves the anterior thalamus

It receives serotonergic afferents fron the midbrain

the following are part of the original reversing circuit of papez

Anterior thalamus

Mamillary bodies

Cingulate gyrus

Dentate gyrus

Fornix

Amygdala

Kluver Bucy sydrome

Visual apathy

Physical blindness

Hyper aggression

Docility

Hyperorality

Paraphilia

Uncinate fits

Not associated with temporal lobe epilepsy

Visual aura

Dejavu

Schizophrenia like behaviour changes

Involvement of the uncus

Concerning endocrine disorders and their relationship to mental health

Thyroid disorders are the commonest endocrine disorders associated

Thyroid disorders modulate the expression of affective disorders

Thyroid disorders may present like anxiety disorders

T3 supplementation may accelerate response to antidepressants in acute depression

Behavioral problems in young people is associated with cortisol imbalance

About hormones and sexual behavior

Oestrogen increases a females willingness to accept a male's proposal

Progesterone enhance a female's attractiveness

Progesterone can increase a female's sexual receptivity

Progesterone can reduce a female's sexual receptivity

Progesterone enhances paternal behavior

About hypothyroidism

Associated with depression

Cognitive impairment can be present

Psychotic symptoms in severe cases

Myxedema mimics melancholic depression

The following are associated with anxiety states

Hypothyroidism

Hyperthyroidism

Menopause

Phaeochromocytoma

Conn's syndrome
Cushing syndrome

Hypoglycemia

Hyperglycemia

Hyperinsulinaemia

about risk and probability

Odds ratio is for retrospective study

Relative risk is for prospective studies

OR >1 means the event is more likely in the group of interest compared with the control/referred

OR of zero implies that the probability of the event is the same b between the group of interest and
control

RR is a good approximation for a population when studying rare diseases

About regression

Linear regression is an example

Simple linear regression is used for categorical variables

ANOVA increases risk of you're 2 error when used for multivariate statistics

multiple linear regression can include categorical variables

Logistic regression is used when the outcome variable is categorical

About statistical error

Type 1 error is alpha error

Type 2 error is rejecting a true null hypothesis

Beta error is failure to reject a false null hypothesis

Alpha error is accepting a false alternate hypothesis

Pls reminder abeg incase it comes out... Answers needed

The following genes have been implicated I schizophrenia

A. RELN

B. CHRNA7

C.FABP7

D.DTNBP1

E.COMT gene....

Endophenotype

A. its a psychiatric concept

B. it is heritable

C. Its a special kind of biomarker

D. its associated with illness in population

E. its primarily state independent

Answers needed....

Restriction enzymes

A. Specific endonuclease

B. palindromes

C. Usually recognizes sequences at 4 or 6 bases

D. Are isolated from bacteria

Application of PCR

A. HLA typing

B. forensics

C. prenatal diagnosis

D. Infectious diseases
E. detection of chromosomal translocation

**Neurotransmitters coreleased

**Health seeking behaviour

** Alzheimers

**Down syndrome

**Amnesia

** Brain tracts for neurotransmitters

Which of the following vitamins serve as antioxidant

A. Vit E

B. Selinium

C. Iron

D. Manganese

E. Zinc

The following are non-encapsulated receptors

A. kruase bulbs

B. ruffini

C.muscle spindle

D. Hair cells

**Autosomal recessive and dorminant

** Autism

**Neurotransmitters especially dopamine

**Fugue

** Vitamins esp thiamine

**Functional neuroimaging types

[22/03 19:16] +234 803 287 4335: **Pataus syndrome xters

[22/03 19:18] +234 803 287 4335: **Eg of neuro peptides

** Component of reflex arc

Damage to the dominant parietal lobe causes : A. Left to right disorientation. B.getting
lost in familiar environment. C.dyscalculia. D. Dysgraphia. E. Finger agnosia

** Derivatives of rhombencephalon

**Sick role

Non parametric tests;

Student T

Kruskal walis

Man Whitney U

**Corpus callosum

Inborn metab disorders;

Gauchers

Fragile X

Lesch Nyan

Phenylketonuria

**Conduct disorder

:** Ascending serotonin system

Facial nerve palsy;

Pseudobulbar palsy

Nose deviation
Loss of lacrimation

Loss of taste sensation to the post 2/3rd of the tongue

Functional imaging

Pet

Spet

Skull xray

CT

Magnetic neuroimaging

The following are types of receptors? A.Organoreceptor B. Osmoreceptor C. Mechanoreceptor etc

Types of Glioblastomers A.Melanoma B.Mmenongioma C.Oligodendrocytoma

Which of the vitamins is Sensitive to light. A.Riboflavin Other options Niacin, Thymine etc

Classical condition A. First described by Skinner B. Discrimination etc

Operant conditioning A. Aka instrumental learning B. First described by Pavlov C. Extinction may occur
etc

***Questions for Riboflavin, Thiamine on Korsakoff and Burning feet

Factors for considering society classes

Area of residence

Tribalism

Education

*finance

Education

Synthesis of Noradrenaline

Tyrosine is a precursor

Tryptophan is a precursor

Dopamine is an intermediate

Serotonin is an intermediate
*

The ffg are long dopaminergic tracts?

A. Nigrostiatal B. Mesolimbic C. Mesocortical Etc

Primitive reflexes

Sucking

Plantar

At birth the following perception are present? A. Colour vision B. C.Depth perception etc

The ffg are Superficial reflex... A. Abdominal B. Cremasteric C. Plantar etc

The ffg are correctly matched? A. Jaw jack-CN VII B. Biceps-C5,6 C. Triceps-, D. Ankle etc

Which of the ffg NTs are Tyrosine derived except? A. Dihydroxyphenylalanine B. Epinephrine C.
Dopamine D. Serotonin E. Norepinephrine

Examples of Excitatory Amino acids...simplest

Examples of inhibitory NTs

** About Nitric oxide

** Ectacy...then questions follow

** The following neurotransmitters are secreted together. A. Glutamate-Glycin. B.

Glutamate- substanceP

** Read indept about Abraham Maslow hierarchy of needs...2 stems were twisted

** There was a question about SSRI and activation of Cyt450

**Patau syndrome

** Inborn errors of metabolism

Persuasive communicator are A.women B.leaders C.dishonest etc

The ffg SSRIs can activate CYP450...A.Rebexetin B.Paroxetin ....E.Fluvoxamine

On statistics...SD curve and mean

The following are neuroglia cells:

a) Schwann cells

b) Ependyma cells

c) Satellite cells

d) Microglia

e) Astrocytes

:Vitamins linkage to Increase Homocysteine? Cant remember how was asked specifically

Classification of neurotransmitters.

Two stems on increase in homocysteine

B1....

B9&B12

: Present in REM sleep? A.Muscle atonia B. Decreased BP

**Psychosis and hallucinatory experiences?

**Organic psychotic disorder...

**Alcohol use & presence of Lilliputian hallucinations

Neuroleptic malignant syndrome...repeated twice..there was A.Hypothermia, B.Pallor C.BP instability etc

Rigidity

Urinary incontinence

A question *Compared Vascular dementia to Alzheimer's dementia* options are a bit lengthy but easy...

About insight

A. All or non phenomenon B it's patient's awareness of symptoms bla bla bla

Drugs dat increase dopamine...Amphetamine, Cocaine and so on

A question on Second messenger...

Tardive dyskinesia viz Up regulation

The ffg are Autosomal recessive A.Hurler syndrome B.Fragile X C.H--syndrome

2 questions on Taste and CN supply of the tongue...Gossophageal and facial!

Bupropion and 5HT relationship

There was a clinical question that has de Gilles Tourette syndrome as its option E...can anyone
remember!

A question on hormones in depression:. Serotonin, thyroid, etc

About xmosomes containing; entrons, exons, both, codon

Components of cortical limbic sx

Hippocampus

Fornix

Amygdala

The ffwing are correct

Newborn Visual cliff

6–12 months Darkness; height

12 months–3 years Strangers; separation

3–6 years Learn fear responses; animals

6–12 years Social shame

Teenage onwards Failure; illness; death

Adulthood Neurotic/stress-related disorders

Don't forget Emotion Aggression & Attachment

examples of qualitative nd quantitative data

eg of measure of dispersion

*** note that d 4th stage is most decisive(erik eriksen)

the example on mean,mode median in d update came out verbatim

definition of mean,mode,median eg affected by extreme value or not

calculation came out on chi square

example of scales of measuremnt:eg ordinal scale -socioeconomics status

**read about dementia well

** about their developmental theory

** read about Jean piaget,Sigmund freud,Erik Erikson well

on jean Piaget:question came out on sensorimotor stage,note the age,nd dat the oda features

on Sigmund freud:question came out on psychosexual theory,specifically on Id

on ERIK ERIKSON:question came out from the psychosocial theory

i mean socially most decisive stage @ stage 4

note the 7th stage dat is period of middle adulthood.there was a question like dat

dat was lifted from KAPLAN verbatim

Read about attachment and bonding

question came out dat attachment is only to the mother(false)

attachment provides security for d mother(false)is for the baby

attachment is same as bonding(false)

note dat attachment is fully established by 6/12

question came out on stranger anxiety:note d period is btw 8 months-1yr

question came out on separation anxiety

read abt impact of bereavement nd parental divorce on children

question came out on effects of prematurity

: read abt GRief , bereavement,mourning

question came out on KUBLER -ROSS 5 stages of death.shock nd denial-anger-bergaining-depression-

acceptance. it was twisted badly.accronym will b helpful

: read this part(human growth nd development)from revision note.questions were lifted from the book

: on basic psychology:question came out on learning theory,an example was given

question came out dat availability of tryptophan is d rate limiting in serotonin synthesis(true).lifted from
KAPLAN

Dem like snri, all dat unusual classes of antidepressants

on neurotransmitter:question came out on examples of biogenic amine NT

acetylcholine nd ALZHEIMER

some questions came out on Dopamine NT

note the examples of neuropeptide NT

on neurophysiology:there were terrible questions on synapses,neurons,Action potential.u can read the

update for dat

bye nd large read NT from KAPLAN.questions were lifted from it

on social sciences:kinship,note the types of descent:bilateral,patrilineal,matrilemeal

Attitude:cognitive dissonance,a question on it

Validity,the various types.it was badly twisted.read it well.

Meta-analysis,question on it

questuon came out on Randomized controlled trial.read abt it

Mind theory:lifted from KAPLAN

also Reliability

yerke dodson law(arousal/anxiety nd performance) question on it

Central anticholinergic effects of typical antipsychotic drugs include:

Dry mouth

Convulsions

Blurred vision

Urinary retention

Constipation

The anastomosis btwn antr and postr circulation is by: a. Antr communicating artery. b. Postr comm
artery. c. Middle cerebral art. d. ?internal carotid

Cavernous sinus
All dose communicating artery

Major blood supply to the pons

Artery that supplies d pons. A. Basilar artery. B.

Ventricles.. corresponding of lateral ventricle

The diencephalic stuctuew that produce melanin

Allo cortex correspongmding..

Pre central gyrus , area 6,7,8

Cell*

Eric Erickson stages,

Pavlov hierarchy of need

Gene expression

Characteristics of neurotransmission / synapse

Thurstone theory of intelligence

Suicide..

a.atomic

b. More in schizophrenia of high society class

c. More in rural areas due to recession

d. .. low socioeconomic. ..

: Christiana morgan... The name is synonymous to: a. Draw a picture test. b. Aperception test. c.

MMPI..

Wais .. read all materials u can find on it

: If the membrane is permeable to K+ and permeability to Na+ is constant,

A. There will be no change

B. The membrane potential will Increase

C. The membrane will become more excitable

D. Action potential will be initiated.. E.....

Parasympathetic has its ganglia in

@ . Thoracic spine

b. Thoracic nucleus

b. Cervical spine

Cervical nucleus

The preganglionic of sympathetic nerve.. acetylcholine

Serotonin in humans alone not in animal

90% in got

In chromatin crlls

[ Opiods..

In pituitary

Already 20 types is known

Inhibitory neuropeptide

Mechanism of antipsychotic action

[: Melatonin ingestion

Eeg patterns of cocaine ingestion

Structural abnormality...

Etc

One of the following doesnt have parasympathetic function

A. Occulomotor nerve

B. Optic nerve

C. Facial nerve

D. Glosopharyngeal nerve

E. Vagus nerve
pulvina is located at

A. Anterior part of thalamus

B. postetior part of thalamus

C. Post central gyrus

D. Pituitary

E...

Westenblot m northern blot question from nuerogenetics

Neuroanatomy 20qs,genetics 10qs,psycholological assessment 26qs,neurochemistry,neurophysiology, I

tink social psychology n like 2-3areas DT I cnt remember now.

: Which of the following is not an example of exrrapyramidal Tract

A. Cirticospinal tract

B. Rubrospinal tract

C. Tectospinal tract

D. Vestibulospinal tract

E...................

Affect is.

A. Sustained emotional tone

B. Transient emotional tone

C. Synonymous with Mood

D....

E.....

Answer is A

One of The following is part of mesenchephalon

A. Hypothalamus

B Epithalamus
C. Tegmentum

D......

E......

Answer C

Components of grief

A. Shock

B. Denial

C. Anger

D. Comfront

E. Depression

Cavernous sinuses

Nuclei in the cerebellum

The cerebellum connect to the brain stem by....

The structure in the medial wall of4th ventricle

Nucleus of the 3rd can at the level of

3rd cranial nerve

About voltage gated channels

Which of the following is not part of the cells of the cerebellar cortex

A. Molecular layer

B. Purkinje layer

C. Granular layer

D. Stellate cells
E....