VOL-4

VOL-3
VOL-2
VOL-1

NEET PHYSICS
NEET PHYSICS
NEET PHYSICS
NEET PHYSICS
NEET
NEET
NEET
NEET
PHYSICS
PHYSICS
PHYSICS
PHYSICS MCQ’s with Full Explanations
MCQ’s with Full Explanations
MCQ’s with Full Explanations
MCQ’s with Full Explanations

VOL-4
Ray Optics| Wave Optics| Dual Nature Of Matter & Photo Electric Effect| Atoms X-rays|

VOL-3
Nuclear Physics| Electronic
Electrostatics| Devices|Current
Capacitors| Communication Systems
Electricity| Magnetic Effects Of Current| Magnetism &
Gravitation| Fluid Mechanics| MechanicalWaves
Properties Of Matter| Thermal Properties Of

VOL-2
Matter| Electromagnetic Induction| Electromagnetic
Matter|Units
Simple
& Hormonic Motion| Waves On A String| Sound Waves| Kinetic Motion
Theory Of

VOL-1
Dimensions| Basic Mathematics| Motion In One Dimension| In Two Dimension|
Gases| Calorimetry|
Newtons LawThermodynamics| Heat
Of Motion| Friction TransferMotion| Work, Power & Energy| Centre Of Mass|
& Circular
Linear Momentum & Collision| Rotational Dynamics

VOL-4
VOL-3
VOL-2
VOL-1
NEET CHEMISTRY
NEET CHEMISTRY
NEET CHEMISTRY
NEET CHEMISTRY

VOL-5
VOL-4
VOL-3
VOL-2
VOL-1
NEET
NEET
NEET
NEET
CHEMISTRY
NEET BIOLOGY

CHEMISTRY
NEET BIOLOGY

CHEMISTRY
NEET BIOLOGY

CHEMISTRY
NEET BIOLOGY
NEET BIOLOGY

MCQ’s with Full Explanations

MCQ’s with Full Explanations
MCQ’s with
MCQ’sFull Explanations
with Full Explanations

NEET
NEET
NEET
NEET
NEET
VOL-4

Coordination Compounds| Haloalkanes & Haloarenes| Alcohols, Phenols & Ethers| Aldehydes,
VOL-3

Ketones &Solid State| Acids|

Carboxylic Solutions| Electrochemistry|
Organic Chemical Nitrogen|
Compounds Containing Kinetics| Surface Chemistry|
Bio-molecules| General Principles
Polymers|
VOL-2

chemistry&InProcesses Redox
Every DayOf Reactions|
Isolation Hydrogens-block
Of Elements| p-block Elements (alkali & Alkaline Earth Metals)| P-block Elements|
Life Of Elements|
Chemistry|dStructure
& F Block Elements
VOL-1

Some Basic Concepts Of Atom| Classification Of Elements & Periodicity

Organic Chemistry ( Some Basic Principles & Techniques)| Hydrocarbons| Environmental
In Properties| Chemical Bonding & Molecular Structure| States Of Matter : Gases & Liquids|
Chemistry

BIOLOGY
Thermodynamics| Equilibrium

BIOLOGY
BIOLOGY
BIOLOGY BIOLOGY
MCQ’s with Full Explanations
MCQ’s with Full Explanations
MCQ’s with Full Explanations
Strategies for enhancement in food production |Microbes in human welfare| MCQ’s with Full Explanations
VOL-5

Biotechnology & its principles|Biotechnology & its applications |Organisms & Population| MCQ’s with Full Explanations
VOL-4

Reproduction in Organisms |Sexual

Ecosystem|Bio-diversity Reproduction in floweringIssues
& Conservation|Environmental plants|Human Reproduction
|Reproductive Health
Body|Principles of Inheritance
Fluids & circulation & Variation
|Respiration |Molecular
in Plants |Plant Basis
Growthof Inheritance
& Development|
VOL-3

|Evolution|Human Health & Disease

Excretory Products & their Elimination| Locomotion & Movement| Neural Control
VOL-2

Cell-The unit of&life |Transport in

Coordination plants|Mineral
| Chemical Nutrition|Photosynthesis
Coordination & Integration in higher plants|
VOL-1

Livingcycle
Biomolecules |Cell World |Plant
& Cell Kingdom|Morphology
division|Digestion of flowering
& Absorption plants|Anatomy
| Breathing & Exchangeofofflowering
gases plants
|Biological Classification |Animal Kingdom|Structural Organisation in Animals

The best price guaranteed

Cover Page with your
branding
On-time dispatch
Biology Times May 18

1
Biology Times May 18

By: SHWETHA .S (Mysore)

Introduction carried in air currents and come in contact with the

The formation of the seed is part of the process of opening of the ovules borne on megasporophylls.
reproduction in seed plants, the spermatophytes, The pollen tube carrying the male gametes grows
including the gymnosperm and angiosperm towards archegonia in the ovules and discharge
plants. their contents near the mouth of the archegonia.
The gymnosperms (gymnos: naked, sperma: Following fertilisation, zygote develops into an
seeds) are plants in which the ovules are not embryo and the ovules into seeds. These seeds
enclosed by any ovary wall and remain exposed, are not covered.Eg. Pine seed
both before and after fertilisation. The seeds that The flowering plants are also known as
develop post-fertilisation, are not covered, i.e., angiosperms(angeion(“case” or “casing”) and
are naked. Gymnosperms include medium-sized sperma (“seed”).Flowers are the seat of sexual
trees or tall trees and shrubs. They do not produce reproduction in angiosperms. In the flower,
flowers. They do not produce fruits. androecium consisting of stamens represents
the male reproductive organs and gynoecium
consisting of pistils represents the female
reproductive organs.
The pistil has
three parts – the
stigma, style and
the ovary. Ovules
are present in the
ovary. The ovules
have a stalk called
funicle, protective
integument(s),
and an opening
called micropyle.
In gymnosperms the male and the female The central tissue
gametophytes do not have an independent free- is the nucellus in
living existence. They remain within the sporangia which the
retained on the sporophytes. The pollen grain is archesporium
released from the microsporangium. They are differentiates.

2
 Biology Times May 18

When pollen stands on the stigma, it germinates and gives rise to a pollen tube that grows through the
tissues of the flower until it reaches an ovule inside the ovary. The nucleus of the pollen grain (the male
gamete) then passes along the pollen tube and joins with the nucleus of the ovule (the female gamete). This
process is called fertilisation. After fertilisation, ovary develops into fruit and ovules develop into seeds.
The Fruit
The fruit is a characteristic feature of the flowering plants. It is a mature or ripened ovary, developed
after fertilisation.The wall of the ovary develops into the wall of fruit called pericarp. The fruits may be
fleshy as in guava, orange, mango, etc., or may be dry, as in groundnut, and mustard, etc.

3
Biology Times May 18

Most fruits such as Mango, Blueberry, Peach etc. develop only from the ovary and are called true fruits.
However, in a few species such as apple, strawberry, cashew, etc. the floral parts other than ovary,
contributes to fruit formation. Such fruits are called false fruits or pseudo-carp e.g., peduncle in cashew-
nut, thalamus in apple, pear, gourd and cucumber; fused perianth in mulberry and calyx in Dillenia. Jack
fruit and pine apple are also false fruits as they develop from the entire inflorescence. False fruits are also
called spurious or accessory fruits.

If a fruit is formed without fertilisation of the ovary, it is called a parthenocarpic fruit. In most of
the species, fruits are the results of fertilisation, there are a few species in which fruits develop without
fertilisation. Such fruits are called parthenocarpic fruits. Banana is one such example. Parthenocarpy can
be induced through the application of growth hormones and such fruits are seedless.
Structure of Fruit
Generally, the fruit consists of a wall or pericarp and seeds. The pericarp may be dry or fleshy. When
pericarp is thick and fleshy, it is differentiated into the outer epicarp, the middle mesocarp and the inner
endocarp.

In mango and coconut, the fruit is known as a drupe. They develop from monocarpellary superior ovaries
and are one seeded. In mango the pericarp is well differentiated into an outer thin epicarp, a middle fleshy
edible mesocarp and an inner stony hard endocarp. In coconut which is also a drupe, the mesocarp is
fibrous.
Classification of Fruits
There is a great variation in the shape, size and even structure of fruits. Broadly, they are divided into three
groups on the basis of their origin and development.
(1) Simple (2) Aggregate (3) Composite
1. Simple Fruits: These fruits develop from monocarpellary ovary or multicarpellary syncarpous ovary and
only one fruit is formed by the gynoecium. Simple fruits are of two types:
(I) Dry fruit
(II) Fleshy fruit

4
 Biology Times May 18

(I) Dry Fruit:

Pericarp of simple dry fruits is hard and dry and not diffrentiated into epicarp, mesocarp and endocarp.
Such fruits are called dry fruit. In some fruits, pericarp does not dehisce even after maturing/ripening. Such
fruits are called Indehiscent Fruits.
In some dry fruits, this pericarp is ruptured and seeds are dispersed. These fruits are called dehiscent fruits.
In some fruits, pericarp is divided into one or more seeded segments. Such fruits are called schizocarpic
fruits.
Simple dry fruits can be divided into following three groups:
(A) Indehiscent
(B) Dehiscent
(C) Schizocarpic
(A) Indehiscent Fruits: These simple dry fruits are generally of small size and single seeded.

(a) Cypsela: It is a small, one seeded dry fruit which develops from bicarpellary, syncarpous inferior
ovary. In it, pericarp and seed coat are free from each other. In these fruits a bunch of hair is attached with
the fruit which is known as Pappus. Pappus helps in fruit dispersal. Pappus is modification of calyx. Eg.
Mainly compositae family plants. Eg. Sunflower, Marigold.
(b) Caryopsis: These are small, one seeded dry fruits, which develop from monocarpellary, superior
ovary. Pericarp of these fruits is fused with the seed coat and form a joint surface. These fruits are present
in family gramineae. Eg. Wheat, rice, maize etc.
(c) Achene: These are single seeded fruit which develops from monocarpellary superior ovary. In it,
pericarp is free from the seed coat Eg. Clematis, Mirabilis, Boerhaavia.

5
Biology Times May 18

(d) Samara: These are dry indehiscent one seeded feathery fruit. It develops from bi or tri carpellary,
syncarpous and superior ovary. The main character of these-fruits is that wing like structure develops
from its pericarp which helps in dispersal. Eg. Holoptelea.
(e) Nut: This is a single seeded fruit which develops from bi or multicarpellary, syncarpous superior
ovary. In it pericarp is hard and unilocular. Eg. Quercus (oak), Anacardium occidentale (Cashewnut),Trapa
(Water chest-nut), Litchi.
In Litchi, epicarp and mesocarp is fused and give leathery appearance. Endocarp is membrane like thin.
Outer seed coat grows forward and forms an additional coat arround the seed which is called as aril. In
mature fruit, this aril is fleshy and is only edible part.

(B) Dehiscent Fruits: After ripening when the pericarp of the fruit become dry and hard then these fruits
are called dry fruit. When pericarp of such fruits are ruptured and seeds are dispersed outside, then such
fruits are called dehiscent fruits.
These fruits are mainly of 5 types:
(a) Legume or pods: These fruits develop from monocarpellary, unilocular, superior ovary. It is
generally long and multiseeded fruit. Dehiscense of fruit occurs at both sutures i.e. Dorsal and ventral side.
Dehiscence start from apex and reaches to basal part. Eg. Pea, Beans.
When only one or two seeds are present in fruit, then it is also called as pod.

(b) Follicle: It is also multi seeded fruit which develops from superior unilocular, monocarpellary
ovary but the dehiscence of it occur only at ventral suture. Eg. Asclepias, Calotropis, Delphinium.
(c) Siliqua: This fruit develops from bicarpellary, syncarpous superior ovary and ovary has parietal
placentation. Dehiscence occurs at both dorsal and ventral suture and starts from lower part and proceeds
upward. Due to false septum ovary become bilocular. On false septum, seeds are attached. This type of
fruit is found in Cruciferae family.
Eg. Brassica, Mustard.
(d) Silicula: It is reduced form of siliqua. It’s dehiscense is similar to siliqua. It is also found in Cruciferae
family.
Eg. Candy tuft (Iberis amara)

6
 Biology Times May 18

(e) Capsule: This is dry multichambered and multi seeded fruit and develop from multicarpellary
syncarpous, superior ovary. In it, axile placentation is found and dehiscence occurs by various methods.
Poricidal (Porous), loculicidal, septifragal, septicidal.
Eg: Papaver (Poppy), Gossypium (Cotton), Datura, Hibiscus, Lady finger.

(C)Schizocarpic fruit: It is a multi-seeded fruit. After ripening, it is divided into mericarp and seeds come
out sometimes after destruction of pericarp.The fruits develop from mono or bi or multicarpellary superior
or inferior ovary. The mericarp, contains one or two seeds.
Schizocarpic Fruits are of Four Types
(a) Lomentum: It develops like the legume. These are bisutural fruits which are constricted or divided
in one seeded mericarp, after maturity these are separated from each other.Eg. Tamarind, Cassia fistula,
Mimosa pudica, Arachis hypogea, Desmodium.

(b) Cremocarp: It is a double seeded fruit and develops from bicarpellary, syncarpous, inferior ovary. It is
generally found in urnbellifetae family. On maturation, it dehiscence from apex to base in such a way that
two mericarp forms and each contain one seed. These mericarp are attached with carpophore. Carpophore
is -the extended part of receptacle.
Eg. Coriander, Daucus, Cuminum, Foeniculum.

7
Biology Times May 18
(c) Regma: This fruit develops from tri to pentacarpellary, syncarpous superior ovary. In it 3 to 5
locules are present and its fruit is breaks into 3 to 5 one seeded part. Each part is known as coccus. At the
outer end of pericarp, spines are found. Eg. Euphorbiaceae family (Castor) has three cocii and Geranium
has 5 coccus.
(d) Carcerulus: It is a dry fruit which develops
from multi carpellary or bicarpellary, syncarpous,
superior ovary. It is divided into four and seeded
locules. Eg. Ocimum (Basil), Salvia.
In hollyhock and abutilon (family malvaceae),
the no. of locules is more than four because it
develops from multicarpellary ovary.
(e) Utricle: It is a single seeded fruit which has
thin membrane. It dehiscence generally from
cap. It develops from bicarpellary, unilocular,
syncarpous, superiorovary.
8
(II) Fleshy Fruit:
In fleshy fruit, fruit wall is differentiated into
epicarp, mesocarp and endocarp. These fruit
develop from superior or inferior syncarpous
gynoecium. These may be unilocular or
multilocular, these fruits are indehiscent.
Dispersal of fruit occurs after pericarp is
destroyed. In this fruit pericarp is distinguished
into epicarp, mesocarp and endocarp.
Fleshy Fruits are of Following Types
(A) Drupe fruit: These fruit develops from
mono or multicarpellary, syncarpous, superior
ovary. In these fruits endocarp is hard and stony
so these fruits are also called stony fruits. Eg.
Mango, coconut, almond, peach walnut, plum.
In mango the outermost cover or rind is called
epicarp. Edible fleshy part is mesocarp and the
part where seed is protected is called as endocarp.
The rind of Almond and walnut are endocarp and
their edible part is seed. In coconut epicarp is hard
and thin while mesocarp is thick and consists of
hard fibres. The endocarp is hard and -seed is
protected in it. The sweet water of coconut are
liquid and solid endosperm.
 Biology Times May 18

(B) Berry: These fruits develop from mono or multicarpellary syncarpous ovary. Ovary may be superior
or inferior. Placentation is axile or parietal. In these, epicarp is thin like membrane and seeds are embedded
in fleshy part. Initially seeds are attached with placenta of fruit but after maturation these seeds are detached
with placenta and are spread randomly in fleshy part.
(i) Plants with superior ovary = Tomato, Grapes, Brinjal.
(ii) Plants with inferior ovary = Guava, Banana, Date palm.

(C) Pepo: These fruits develop from tricarpellary, syncarpous and inferior ovary. These fruits are
unilocular and have parietal placentation. These fruits are fleshy and spongy. Eg. Fruits of cucurbitaceae
family like cucumber, cucurbita maxima, bitter gourd, and muskmelon.
(D) Pome: This fruit develops from bi or multicarpellary syncarpous inferior ovary. The rind and sponge
are made up of thalamus. The main part of ovary is like cartilage. It means it is hard and dry, remain inside
the fruit and seeds are present in it. Eg. Apple, Pear. These are false fruits. Fleshy swollen thalamus of these
fruits is edible part.
(E) Hesperidium: This fruit develops from multicarpellary, syncarpous, superior ovary. This fruit is
specialy found in plants of Rutaceae family. Eg. Orange, Lemon.
Epicarp of these is made up of thick rind which is leathery and many oil glands are found in it. Mesocarp is
the white fibrous structure which is attached with epicarp. Membranous endocarp projects inward and form
many chambers. Many glandular hairs are present on the inner side of endocarp. These glandular hairs are
only edible parts.
(F) Balausta: It is a multilocular multiseeded fruit, which develops from inferior ovary. Its pericarp
is hard. Calyx is persistent which is arranged in the form of crown. If persistant carpels are arranged
systemetically. Seeds are irregularly arranged on placenta. Endocarp is hard. Testa is fleshy and Juicy. This
is the edible part of fruit. Eg. Pomegranate (Punica granatum).
(G) Amphisarca: This fruit is multicarpellary and multichambered which develops from superior ovary.
Pericarp is hard and fleshy placenta is found in them. The inner part of pericarp and placenta is edible part
of fruit. Eg. Wood apple (Aegle marmelos), elephant apple.
2. Aggregate Fruits: These fruits develop from multicarpellaryapocarpous ovary. In apocarpous ovary, each
carpel is separated from one another, therefore it forms a fruitlet. These fruits make a bunch of fruitlets
which is known as etaerio.

9
Biology Times May 18

(i) Etaerio of follicles: Each fruit of etaerio are

follicle.
. Eg. Calotropis, Catharanthus, Magnolia.
In calotropis only stigma are fused or jointed
in bicarpellary ovary and ovaries of ovoule are
separated. It means only two follicles are present
in etaerio. In Catharanthus and Magnolia etaerio
develops from many follicles.

(iv) Etaerio of drupes: In this type of fruit, many

small drupes develop from different carpels.
Eg. Raspberry
In this type, carpel of apocarpus ovary form drupe
fruit.

(ii) Etaerio of achenes: In this aggregate fruit, each

fruit is an achene. Eg. Rananculus, Strawberry,
Rose, Lotus.
In lotus, thalamus become spongy and some
achenes are embedded in it. In strawberry,
thalamus is fleshy and small achenes are found on
its surface. In rose, many achenes are present on
asaucer (Cup) like inner surface of thalamus.

(iii) Etaerio of berries: It is an aggregate of small

berries.
Eg. Polyalthia, Annona squamosa (Custard-
3. Composite Fruits
apple). In etaerio of Anona all the berries are
All composite fruits are false fruits.
arranged densly on thallamus.
This type of fruit differ from aggregate fruit that

10
 Biology Times May 18

in place of single ovary many ovaries and other (ii) Syconas: This fruit develops from hypanthodium
floral parts combine together to form fruit. In inflorescence. Receptacle become hollow having
composite fruits, generally whole inflorescence is a pore surrounded by small scales. Staminate
modified into fruit. These are of two types: pistillate flowers are present near the pore and
(i) Sorosis: This fruit develops from spike, spadix normal pistillate as well as gall pistillate flowers
or catkin inflorescence. Peduncle become thick are present on the lower side. Many achenes
spongy and woody or spongy sepals of female develop from the pistillate flower.
flower fused with each other resulting into a mass Eg. Ficus species Peepal
formed by the flowers of a whole inflorescence. Geocarpic fruit: Underground fruits are called
Eg: Jack fruit, Kevda (screwpine). geocarpic fruit.
In jack fruit (Kathal), pistillate flowers are Eg: Arachis
developed arround the penducle. In fruit
formation pericarp become spongy and fused.
Spiny and rough rind is formed by the upper
part of ovaries. In Pine apple peduncle bracts
and perianth become fleshy. Due to the fusion of
perianths of flower a composite fruit is formed.
Outer growth indicates the flower.
In mulberry perianth becomes fleshy and calyx of
every flower becomes thick, sweet and fleshy and
are edible.

The Seed
The seed is defined as a fertilized mature ovule
that possesses embryonic plant, stored material,
and a protective coat or coats. In the seed, life
activities are temporarily suspended in order to
enable the plant to successfully pass through
unfavourable and injurious climatic conditions.
On the approach of favourable conditions,
(adequate moisture, oxygen and suitable
temperature), they germinate and grows into full
plant.
Structure of Seed
In angiosperms, the seed is the final product of
sexual reproduction. A seed typically consists of
seed coat(s), cotyledon(s) and an embryo axis.
The seed is covered by two distinct seed coats;
the outer whitish one is the testa, while the
otherinner thin, hyaline and membranous
covering is thetegmen. The seed coats give
necessary protection to the embryo which lies
within.
The whitish fleshy body, as seen after removing
the seed coats is the embryo. It consists of fleshy
cotyledons and a short axis to which cotyledons
are attached. The cotyledons store up food
material. Hence, the cotyledons of the embryo
are simple structures, generally thick and swollen
due to storage of food reserves (as in legumes).

11
Biology Times May 18

The position of the axis lying outside the cotyledons is the radicle and the other portion of the axis lying
in between the two cotyledons is the plumule. The radicle gives rise to the root and the plumule gives rise
to the shoot which is crowned by some minute young leaves.

At maturity, on one side of the seed coat a narrow, elongated scar representing the point of attachment
of seed to its stalk is distinctly seen which is the hilum. Close to the hilum situated at one end of it there
is a minute pore, micropyle. During seed germination, oxygen and water is absorbed mainly through
micropyle, and radicle comes out through it.
The epicotyl is a part of a seedling, the point along the embryonic shoot (the stem from which everything
grows) just above the cotyledons (the seed leaves) that ends with the plumule (the growth that becomes the
first true leaves).
The hypocotyl (meaning “below seed leaf”) is the stem of a germinating seedling, found below the
cotyledons (seed leaves) and above the radicle (root).
Classification of Seeds
Matured seeds are classified into two type based on thereserve food material present in them that is –

12
 Biology Times May 18

1. Non-albuminous.
2. Albuminous.
Mature seeds may be non-albuminous or albuminous. Non-albuminous seeds have no residual endosperm
as it is completely consumed during embryo development (e.g., pea, groundnut). Albuminous seeds retain
a part of endosperm as it is not completely used up during embryo development (e.g., wheat, maize, barley,
castor, sunflower). Occasionally, in some seeds such as black pepper and beet, remnants of nucellus are
also persistent. This residual, persistent nucellus is the perisperm.
On the basis of the number of the cotyledons in the embryo in the seeds, the angiosperms have been
divided into two large groups:
1. Monocotyledons, having embryos with only one cotyledon, and
2. Dicotyledons, having embryos with two cotyledons
1. Structure of Monocotyledonous Seed:
Generally, monocotyledonous seeds are endospermic but some as in orchids are non-endospermic. In the
seeds of cereals such as maize the seed coat is membranous and generally fused with the fruit wall. The
endosperm is bulky and stores food. The outer covering of endosperm separates the embryo by a proteinous
layer called aleurone layer. The embryo is small and situated in a groove at one end of the endosperm.
It consists of one large and shield shaped cotyledon known as scutellum and a short axis with a plumule
and a radicle. The plumule and radicle are enclosed in sheaths which are called coleoptile and coleorhiza
respectively.

13
Biology Times May 18

Structure of a Dicotyledonous Seed:

The outermost covering of a seed is the seed coat. The seed coat has two layers, the outer testa and the inner
tegmen. The hilum is a scar on the seed coat through which the developing seeds were attached to the fruit.
Above the hilum is a small pore called the micropyle. Within the seed coat is the embryo, consisting of an
embryonal axis and two cotyledons. The cotyledons are often fleshy and full of reserve food materials. At
the two ends of the embryonal axis are present the radicle and the plumule. In some seeds such as castor the
endosperm formed as a result of double fertilisation, is a food storing tissue. In plants such as bean, gram
and pea, the endosperm is not present in mature seeds and such seeds are called nonendospermous.
Apomixis and Polyembryony
Although seeds, in general are the products of fertilisation, a few flowering plants such as some species of
Asteraceae and grasses, have evolved a special mechanism, to produce seeds without fertilisation, called
apomixis. Thus, apomixis is a form of asexual reproduction that mimics sexual reproduction. There are
several ways of development of apomictic seeds.
Some angiosperms produce more than one embryo in their seed. This phenomenon is called polyembryony.
In some species, the diploid egg cell is formed without reduction division and develops into the embryo
without fertilisation. More often, as in many Citrus and Mango varieties some of the nucellar cells
surrounding the embryo sac start dividing, protrude into the embryo sac and develop into the embryos. In
such species each ovule contains many embryos. Occurrence of more than one embryo in a seed is referred
as polyembryony.

Dispersal of Fruits and Seeds

Many fruits have evolved mechanisms for dispersal of seeds. In most plants, by the time the fruit develops
from the ovary, other floral parts degenerate and fall off.
Most of the plants do not move from one place to another. They grow, produce flower and fruits while
remaining fixed at one and the same place. The seeds falling directly under the mother plant have to
germinate and develop under limited food supply and space. To overcome this problem, the fruits and
seeds have developed several special devices for wide dispersal. The natural agents like wind, water and
animals and even mechanism of dehiscence in some fruits, help the seeds and fruits to disperse from one
place to another, and to long distances from the parent plant.
(1) Dispersal By Wind (Anemochory)
The wind is probably the most important agency of seed dispersal in nature. The fruits and seeds show
following devices which help in dispersal by wind.
i. Light weight and minute seeds: Seeds of some plants (e.g., Orchids) are sufficiently light and minute in
size to be easily carried away to great distances by air currents.
ii. Winged seeds and fruits: Some seeds (e.g., Oroxylon, Cinchona, Moringa) or fruits (Acer, Hiptage,
Terminalia, Dipterocarpus) develop one or more thin membranous wings to ensure their dispersal by wind.
14
 Biology Times May 18

iii. Parachute mechanism: In members of the ii. Sticky fruits and seeds: Some fruits like those of
family Asteraceae (Compositae) e.g., Taraxacum, Boerhaavia, Cleome, and Plumbago have sticky
Sonchus, sepals are modified into tufts of hairs glands by which they adhere to the fur of grazing
called pappus. The pappus is persistent and hence animals and are thus dispersed. Seeds of Viscum
found attached to even small, single seeded fruits. (mistletoe), Loranthus, etc. have a viscid layer
It acts like a parachute that allows the wind to which adhere to the beak of the bird which eat
carry them to great distances. Seeds of many them.
nasty weeds are also dispersed by this method. iii. Edible fruits: Human beings, birds, squirrels,
iv. Censer mechanism: In Antirrhinum (dog flower), bats, etc. are of great help in the dispersal of
Aristolochia, Papaver (poppy), Argemone edible fruits from one place to another.
mexicana (Prickly poppy), Nigella (love-in-a- (4) Dispersal By Explosive or Spring Like
mist), etc. the fruit is a capsule. At maturity it Mechanism (Autochory)
ruptures but the seeds do not come out. However, A less common method of seed dispersal is by
when the capsule is shaken violently by the wind, means of explosive fruits. Such fruits open with
the seeds are scattered in all directions. In this force and scatter the seeds in all directions. e.g.,
process all the seeds do not escape together. Balsam fruit (Impatiers), Oxalis, night jasmine
v. Rolling mechanism: In some species, like (Nyctanthus), castor (Ricinus), camel’s foot
Amaranthusalbus, Chenopodium album, etc., climber (Bauhinia vahlii).
plants dry out after bearing fruits and seeds.
Eventually the entire plant breaks off at the base
of the stem due to the force of wind and rolls over
the ground, shedding the seeds all along the way.
1. Coconut fruit is a: (NEET 2017)
Such rolling plants are collectively known as
(a) Berry (b) Nut
tumble weeds.
(c) Capsule (d) Drupe
vi. Hairs: In cotton, hairs are the outgrowth from the
2. The morphological nature of the edible part of
seed coat and occur all along its surface.
coconut is: (NEET 2017)
vii. Persistent styles: Clematis, Naravelia, Geranium
(a) Cotyledon (b) Endosperm
etc. have persistent and feathery styles which help
(c) Pericarp (d) Perisperm
the fruit to be easily carried by wind.
3. An aggregate fruit is one which develops from
viii.Balloon like appendages: In plants like
(AIPMT 2014)
Cardiospermum and Nicandra fruits develop
(a) Multicarpellary syncarpous gynoecium
balloon like appendages which make the fruits
(b) Multicarpellary apocarpous gynoecium
light to be easily carried by wind.
(c) Complete inflorescence
(2) Dispersal By Water (Hydrochory)
(d) Multicarpellary superior ovary
Fruits and seeds, specialized for dispersal by
4. Seed coat is not thin , membranous in
water, generally develop some kind of floating
(NEET 2013)
devices and a protective covering which makes
(a) Bean (b) Maize
them water resistant. e.g., fibrous mesocarp in
(c) Gram (d) Coconut
Coconut, spongy thalamus in Lotus.
5. A drupe develops in: (NEET 2011)
(3) Dispersal By Animals (Zoochory)
(a) Mango (b) Wheat
Fruit and seeds dispersed by animals can be
(c) Pea (d) Tomato
divided into following three categories on the
6. The scutellum observed in a grain of wheat or
basis of their adaptive features :
maize is comparable to which part of the seed in
i. Hooked fruits and seeds: The surface of many
other monocotyledons
fruits is covered with hooks (e.g., Xanthium,
(NEET 2010)
Urena), barbs (e.g., Andropogon), spines (e.g.,
(a) Endosperm (b) Aleurone layer
Tribulus), bristles (e.g., Pupalia), or stiff hairs
(c) Plumule (d) Cotyledon
(e.g., Aristida), by means of which they adhere to
7. The fruit is chambered , developed from inferior
the body of animals or clothes of human beings
ovary and has seeds with succulent testa in
and they are carried unwarily from one place to
(AIPMT2008)
another.

15
Biology Times May 18

(a) Pomegranate (b) Orange (a) Testa (b) Hilum

(c) Guava (d) Cucumber (c) Micropyle (d) Chalaza
8. Geocarpic fruit is 4. Match the followings and choose correct option
(AIPMT2002) Group A Group B
(a) Potato (b) Groundnut A. Aleurone layer i. without fertilization
(c) Onion (d) Garlic B. Parthenocarpic fruit ii. Nutrition
9. Edible part of banana is (AIPMT2011) C. Ovule iii. Double fertilization
(a) Epicarp D. Endosperm iv. Seed
(b) Mesocarp and less developed endocarp (a) A - i, B - ii, C - iii, D - iv
(c) Endocarp and less developed mesocarp (b) A - ii, B - i, C - iv, D - iii
(d) Epicarp and mesocarp (c) A - iv, B - ii, C - i, D - iii
10. The embryo in sunflower has (d) A - ii, B - iv, C - i, D - iii
(AIPMT1998) 5. Reticulate and parallel venation are characteristic
(a) One cotyledon (b) Two cotyledons of _____________ and _____________
(c) Many cotyledons (d) No cotyledon respectively.
11. Plant having column of vascular tissues, bearing (a) Monocot and Dicot
fruits and having a tap root system is (b) Dicot and Monocot
(AIPMT1994) (c) Monocot and Epigeal germination
(a) Monocot (b) Dicot (d) Dicot and Hypogeal germination
(c) Gymnosperm or dicot 6. Maize grain is usually called as a fruit and not a
(d) Gymnosperm or monocot seed because
12. Mango juice is got from (a) It is a caryopsis type of fruit developing from
(AIPMT1989) monocapillary pistil.
(a) Epicarp (b) Mesocarp (b) In maize, the grain has a pericarp of the fruit
(c) Endocarp (d) Pericarp and thalamus fused with the seed coat.
(c) It develops with superior unilocularuniovuled
ovary.
(d) All the above.
7. Shoot system develops from of the embryo
1. d 2. b 3. b 4. d 5. a (a) Cotyledons (b) Roots
6. d 7. a 8. b 9. c 10. b (c) Plumule (d) Callus
11. b 12. b 8. Which one of the following statements is correct?
(a) In tomato, fruit is capsule
(b) Seeds of orchids have oil –rich endosperm
(c) Placentation in primrose is basal
(d) Flower of tulip is a modified shoot.
9. How many plants in the list given below
1. The mature seeds of plants such as gram and have composite fruits that develop from an
peas, possess no endosperm, because inflorescence?
(a) These plants are not angiosperms Walnut, poppy, radish, pineapple, apple, tomato,
(b) There is no double fertilization in them mulberry.
(c) Endosperm is not formed in them (a) Five (b) Two
(d) Endosperm gets used up by the developing (c) Three (d) Four
embryo during seed development 10. Which is the correct pair for edible part?
2. Endosperm, a product of double fertilization in (a) Tomato - Thalamus (b) Maize – Cotyledons
angiosperms is absent in the seeds of (c) Guava - Mesocarp (d) Date palm- Pericarp
(a) Gram (b) Orchids 11. Water inside a coconut is :
(c) Maize (d) Castor (a) Liquid endosperm (b) Liquid endocarp
3. The placenta is attached to the developing seed (c) Liquid Mesocarp (d) Liquid Nucleus
near the

16
 Biology Times May 18

12. Which fruit is a type of nut?

(a) Ground nut (b) Oat
(c) Walnut (d) Cashew nut
13. Wheat grain is an example of :
(a) Achene (b) Caryopsis
(c) Nut (d) Follicle
14. A composite or multiple fruit develops from :
(a) Polycarpellary ovary
(b) Bicarpellary and syncarpous ovary
(c) Apocarpous ovary
(d) Inflorescence
15. In censer mechanism, seed dispersal occurs
through
(a) Birds
(b) Entangling of seeds to skin of roaming L.S. Zea mays seed
animals 19. Arrange the following in correct order
(c) Shaking by wind 1. lometum —A. fig
(d) Floating on water 2. regma —–B. groundnut
16. Censer mechanism of seed dispersal occurs in 3. sorosis—–C. castor
(a) Bombax (b) Alstonia 4. syconus—D. pine apple
(c) Moringa (d) Poppy (a) 1-A, 2-C, 3-D, 4-B
17. Choose the correct option of a parts of a dicot (b) 1-B, 2-D, 3-A, 4-C
seed (c) 1-C, 2-A, 3-D, 4-B
(d) 1-B, 2-C, 3-D, 4-A
20. The fruit of rice and wheat is called
(a) achene (b) siliqua
(c) follicle (d) caryopsis

1. d 2. b 3. d 4. b 5. b
6. d 7. c 8. d 9. c 10. b
11. a 12. d 13. b 14. d 15. b
(a) A- first leaves; B- seed coat; C- cotyledons; 16. d 17. d
D- embryonic root 18.
(b) A- first leaves; B- cotyledons; C-seed coat;
D- embryonic root
(c) A- embryonic root; B- first leaves; C- seed
coat; D- cotyledons
(d) A- first leaves; B- embryonic root;
C-cotyledons; D-seed coat
18. Label EACH of the following features in the
diagram below:
(a) scutellum/coptyledon
(b) plumule
(c) aleurone layer
(d) endosperm
(e) radicle
(f) coleoptile 19. d 20. d

17
Biology Times May 18

ZOOLOGY

1. Which statement about trophoblast cells is true? (b) They lack important characteristics of the
(a) They are capable of producing dizygotic twins fungi and plants
(b) They are derived from the endoderm (c) They appear to be more closely related to
(c) They secrete proteolytic enzymes unicellular eukaryotes
(d) They are endodermal cells (d) All of the above
2. What is incorrect for chemosynthetic autotrophic 6. Match the following
bacteria :- Column I Column II
(a) Oxidise various organic and inorganic A. Spiral 1. Nitrogen fixation
substances B.Coccus 2. Anthrax
(b) Uses the energy released through oxidation C.Bacillus 3. Cholera
for their ATP production D.Vibrio 4. Nitrogen assimilation
(c) Play great role in recycling of nutrients like E.Spirochaete 5. Syphilis
nitrogen, phosphorus, iron and sulphur (a) A-3, B-2, C-4, D-1, E-5
(d) They are most abundant in nature (b) A-2, B-1, C-4, D-3, E-5
3. Assertion:Protochordates are often called (c) A-4, B-1, C-2, D-3, E-5
invertebrate chordates. (d) A-1, B-3, C-4, D-5, E-2
Reason: They are connecting link between 7. Which of the following statement is /are incorrect
invertebrates and chordates. in reference to earthworms?
(a) If both Assertion and Reason are correct and I. They are soft and naked and hence cannot
Reason is the correct explanation for survive in the dry earth
Assertion. II. They respire through the nasal openings
(b) If both Assertion and Reason are correct, but III. The decaying organic matter of the soil forms
Reason is not the correct explanation for their chief food
Assertion. IV. Rain makes the earth soft for burrowing
(c) If Assertion is true but Reason is false. (a) II and IV (b) II and III
(d) If Assertion is false but Reason is true. (c) II and IV (d) I and IV
4. The Dolphin found in Chilka lake is 8. Assertion: Female frog croaks more loudly than
(a) Narwhal (b) Irrawaddy dolphin male frog
(c) Porpoise (d) Ganges dolphin Reason: The males clasp females about the
5. Slime moulds and multicellular algae are included pelvic region
in the kingdom protista because (a) If both Assertion and Reason are correct and
(a) Kingdom Protista includes eukaryotic Reason is the correct explanation for
organisms that do not clearly belong in the Assertion.
other three kingdoms

18

(b) If both Assertion and Reason are correct, but
Reason is not the correct explanation for
Assertion.
(c) If Assertion is true but Reason is false.
(d) If Assertion is false but Reason is true.
9. Cysticerci in pig muscles can remain viable upto
(a) Six months (b) One year
(c) One month (d) Six years
10. The largest clam is
(a) Unio (b) Mytilus
(c) Teredo (d) Tridacna
11. Suppose two species A and B share 94% of their
DNA with each other and species C shares 75%
of DNA sequence with A and B . What inference
can be drawn from it?
(a) Species A and B share more recent common
ancestor with each other than either shares
with C.
(b) Species C evolved more recently than species
A and B
(c) Species C is more closely related to species B
than to species A.
(d) Species A and B have common ancestor but
neither have common ancestor with species C.
12. Read the following four statements (A-D)
A. Colostrum is recommended for the new born
because it is rich in antigens.
B. Chikangunya is caused by a gram –ve
bacterium
C. Tissue culture has proved useful in obtaining
virus free plant
D. Beer is manufactured by distillation of
fermented grape juice
How many of the above statements are wrong?
(a) 2 (b) 3 (c) 4 (d)1
13. Go through the following diagram describing
muscle contraction.
Now identify A to E.
(a) A - Cross bridge, B - Cross bridge formation,
C - Breaking of cross bridge D - Sliding (rota
tion), E - Attachment of new ATP
Biology Times May 18
(b) A - Cross bridge, B - Thin filament, C - Sliding
(rotation), D - Breaking of cross bridge, E -
Attachment of new ATP
(c) A - Cross bridge, B - Breaking of cross bridge,
C - Sliding (rotation), D - Cross bridge forma
tion, E - Attachment of new ATP
(d) A - Cross bridge, B - Cross bridge formation,
C - Sliding (rotation), D - Breaking of cross
bridge, E - Attachment of new ATP
14. In plant tissue culture, the tissues can be
regenerated into complete plantlets primarily by
altering the concentration of
(a) Sugars (b) Vitamins
(c) Amino acid (d) Hormones
15. How many out of the following feature is/are
common between skeletal and cardiac muscle
fibres?
(1) presence of T tubules
(2) Number of nuclei per fibre
(3) intercalated discs
(4) presence of striations
(5) cylindrical shape of fibres
(6) only aerobic contractions
(a) Three (b) four
(c) one (d) two
16. Which of the following is/are important species
of honeybee utilised in apiculture are
i. Apis mellifera ii. Apis indica
iii. Apis dorsata iv. Apis florae
(a) i,ii (b) i, ii & iii
(c) i,ii, iii, iv (d) ii & iv
17. Assertion: Mutations occurring in germinal cells
of gonads are called germ mutations.
Reason: They are heritable raw materials for
natural selection lead to origin of new species.
(a) If both Assertion and Reason are correct and
Reason is the correct explanation for
Assertion.
(b) If both Assertion and Reason are correct, but
Reason is not the correct explanation for
Assertion.
(c) If Assertion is true but Reason is false.
(d) If Assertion is false but Reason is true.
18. Which hormones are directly involved in cardio-
vascular activity?
(a) Adrenaline and insulin
(b) Cortisol and progesterone
(c) Cortisol and catecholamine
(d) Catecholamine and Oestrogen
19
Biology Times May 18
19. A man takes large amount of proteins. He is likely
to excrete a greater amount of
(a) Urea (b) Uric acid
(c) Sugar (d) None of these
20. Which correctly pairs an ECG phase with the
cardiac event responsible?
(a) QRS wave – depolarisation of ventricles
(b) P wave- depolarisation of AV node
(c) T wave – repolarisation of atria
(d) P wave - depolarisation of ventricles
21. Find out the correct option for the chemical
structure of a drug and from which plant it is
extracted.
(a) A-Cannabinoid; B- Cannabis sativa
(b) A-Cocaine; B- Erythroxylum coca
(c) A-Morphine; B-Opium poppy
(d) A-opioid; B- Coffea arabica
22. Based on the structure given below identify the
type of lipid and to which category it belongs to?
(a) Cholesterol-Derived lipid
(b) Palmitic acid-Simple lipid
(c) Lecithin-Compound lipid
(d) Stearic acid- Derived lipid
23. Match the items correctly in Column I with
column II.
Column I Column II
A. Secretion of pancreatic 1.Vasopressin
juice
B. Hypertonic urine 2. Estrogen
20
C. Milk ejection 3. Growth hormone
D. Maintenance of 4. Secretin
secondary sexual
characters in females
E. Over secretion leads 5. Oxytocin
to gigantism
(a) A-4, B-1, C-5, D-2, E-3
(b) A-2, B-3, C-1, D-5, E-4
(c) A-3, B-5, C-1, D-2, E-4
(d) A-5, B-2, C-1, D-3, E-4
24. Osteoporosis, an age related disease of skeletal
system, may occur due to
(a) accumulation of uric acid leading to
inflammation of joints
(b) decreased level of estrogen
(c) high concentration of Ca2++ and Na+
(d) immune disorder affecting neuromuscular
junction leading fatigue.
25.Which of the following is a correct pairing
regarding a specific disorder of muscular or
skeletal system?
(a) Osteoporosis – Decrease in bone mass and
higher chances of fractures with advancing
age
(b) Gout – Inflammation of joints due to extra
deposition of calcium
(c) Muscular dystrophy – age related shortening
of muscles
(d) Myasthenia gravis- Autoimmune disorder
which inhibits sliding of myosin filaments
26. At which of the following sites is the partial
pressure of carbon dioxide (PCO2) highest?
(a) exhaled gas
(b) alveolar gas
(c) systemic arterial blood
(d) systemic venous blood
27. Which one of the following statement is correct
with respect to the kidney function regulation?
(a) When someone drinks lots of water, ADH
release is suppressed.
(b) Exposure of cold temperature blood flow
stimulates formation of Angiotensin II.
(c) An increase in glomerular blood flow
stimulates formation of Angiotensin II.
(d) During summer when body loses lot of water
by evaporation, the release of ADH is
suppressed.
28. Test tube babies are produced by
(a) Fertilizing the egg removed from the body of
the females with the husband’s sperm outside

in vitro culture. The zygote is transferred
back.
(b) Complete development of a baby in vivo
(c) Development upto 32 cells stage and
transplanting embryo in the uterus of a
surrogate mother.
(d) External fertilization and development in
vitro culture till 32 cells stage before putting
the embryo back into mother’s uterus.
29. Ringworm in humans is caused by
(a) Viruses (b) Bacteria
(c) Fungi (d) Nematodes
30. Assertion: In amphibians, the heart is two
chambered.
Reason: The deoxygenated and oxygenated
blood is returned to the heart through the sinus
venosus.
(a) If both Assertion and Reason are correct and
Reason is the correct explanation for Assertion.
(b) If both Assertion and Reason are correct, but
Reason is not the correct explanation for
Assertion.
(c) If Assertion is true but Reason is false.
(d) If both Assertion and Reason are false.
31. Mark out correct and incorrect statements.
A. Synaptic cleft of neurons secrete adrenaline.
B. Myelinated nerve fibres are enveloped with (b) If both Assertion and Reason are correct, but
Schwann cells that secrete myelin sheath
around axon.
C. Non-myelinated nerve fibres are enclosed by (c) If Assertion is true but Reason is false.
Schwann cells that do not form myelin sheath.
D. Spinal cord and cranial nerves are made of
non-myelinated nerve fibres.
(a) A, B, C correct, D incorrect
(b) C, D correct, A and B incorrect
(c) A, B correct, C and D incorrect
(d) B, C correct, A and D incorrect
32. July 11 is observed as
(a) World population day (b) No tobacco day
(c) World environment day (d) World health day
33. Alzheimer’s disease in humans is associated with
the deficiency of (c) Calcium and phosphorus
(a) Glutamic acid
(b) Acetycholine
(c) Gamma aminobutyric acid (GABA)
(d) Dopamine
34. Match the source gland with its respective
hormone and function and select the correct
option.
Biology Times May 18
Source gland, Hormone, Function
(a) Anterior pituitary, Oxytocin, Contraction of
uterus muscles during childbirth
(b) Posterior pituitary, Vasopressin, Stimulates
resorption of water in the Distal tubules in
the nephron
(c) Corpus luteum, Oestroge, Supports
pregnancy
(d) Thyroid, Thyroxin Regulate blood calcium
level
35. Use of Cannabis products results in.
(a) Alteration in perception, thoughts and feelings
(b) Depressed brain activity and feeling of
calmness
(c) Suppressed brain function and relief in pain
(d) Stimulation of nervous system, increased
alertness and activity
36. Assertion: In haemodialysis, Blood drained from
a convenient artery is pumped into a dialyzing
unit after adding an anticoagulant like heparin.
Reason: The cleared blood is pumped back to the
body through an artery after adding anti-heparin
to it.
(a) If both Assertion and Reason are correct and
Reason is the correct explanation for
Assertion.
Reason is not the correct explanation for
Assertion.
(d) If both Assertion and Reason are false.
37. Glycogenolysis involves
(a) Oxidation of sugar
(b) Conversion of glycogen into fat
(c) Conversion of glycogen into sugar
(d) Conversion of sugar into glycogen
38. About 98% of the mass of every living organisms
is composed of just six elements including carbon,
hydrogen, nitrogen, oxygen and
(a) Sulphur and Magnesium
(b) Magnesium and Sodium
(d) Phosphorus and Sulphur
39. Peyer’s patches are groups of:
(a) Veins (b) Arteries
(c) Lymph nodes (d) All of these
40. Which of the following is not correct?
(a) All proteins are enzymes
(b) Almost all enzymes are proteins
(c) Ribozymes are catalytic nucleic acids (RNA)
21
Biology Times May 18

(d) An enzyme like any protein have primary (a) If both Assertion and Reason are correct and
structure, i. e., amino acid sequence of the Reason is the correct explanation for
protein. Assertion.
41. Micronutrients are: (b) If both Assertion and Reason are correct, but
(a) As important as macronutrients but are Reason is not the correct explanation for
required in small amount Assertion.
(b) Called micro as they play only a minor role (c) If Assertion is true but Reason is false.
in animal nutrition (d) If both Assertion and Reason are false.
(c) Less important than macronutrients 44.Chrysophytes, Euglenoids, Dinoflagellates and
(d) None of the above Slimemoulds are included in the kingdom
42. Cancer cells can be easily destroyed by radiations (a) Protista (b) Fungi
due to (c) Animalia (d) Monera
(a) fast mutation (b) rapid cell division 45. Lederbergs replica plating experiments suggest
(c) lack of mutation (d) lack of oxygen (a) Characters are heritable
43. Assertion: Human sense of smell is relatively (b) Natural selection plays an important role in
poor fixing a mutation of survival value
Reason: Olfactory receptors are limited to only (c) Genes are independent entities
small areas of the nasal chambers (d) Bacteria can multiply in culture medium

22

ENVIRONMENTAL ISSUES-III
Soil Pollution:
Soil contamination or soil pollution as part of
land degradation is caused by the presence of
xenobiotic (human-made) chemicals or other
alteration in the natural soil environment. It is
typically caused by industrial activity, agricultural
chemicals or improper disposal of waste.
Causes of soil pollution:
• Industrial Activity: Industrial activity has been
the biggest contributor to the problem in the last
century, especially since the amount of mining and
manufacturing has increased. Most industries are
dependent on extracting minerals from the Earth.
Whether it is iron ore or coal, the by-products are
contaminated and they are not disposed off in a
manner that can be considered safe. As a result,
the industrial waste lingers in the soil surface for
a long time and makes it unsuitable for use.
Some industries include: Oil drilling, Mining and
activities by other heavy industries
• Agricultural Activities: Agrochemicals, such as
pesticides, herbicides and fertilisers. Chemical
utilisation has gone up tremendously since
technology provided us with modern pesticides
and fertilisers. Plants absorb many of these
pesticides and when they decompose, they cause
soil pollution since they become a part of the land.
• Waste Disposal: Industrial waste is sure to cause
contamination, there is another way in which we
are adding to the pollution. Every human produces
a certain amount of personal waste products by
way of urine and faeces. While much of it moves
into the sewer system, there is also a large amount
that is dumped directly into landfills in the form
of diapers. Even the sewer system ends at the
Biology Times May 18
landfill, where the biological waste pollutes the
soil and water. This is because our bodies are full
of toxins and chemicals which are now seeping
into the land and causing pollution of soil.
Other forms of wastes such as oil and fuel
dumping, nuclear wastes. Direct discharge of
industrial wastes to the soil, landfill and illegal
dumping, coal ash, electronic waste, ammunitions
and agents of war.
The most common chemicals involved are
petroleum hydrocarbons, solvents, pesticides,
lead and other heavy metals.
• Accidental Oil Spills: Oil leaks can happen
during storage and transport of chemicals. This
can be seen at most of the fuel stations. The
chemicals present in the fuel deteriorates the
quality of soil and makes them unsuitable for
cultivation. These chemicals can enter into the
groundwater through soil and make the water
undrinkable.
• Acid Rain: Acid rain is caused when pollutants
present in the air mixes up with the rain and falls
back on the ground. The polluted water could
dissolve away some of the important nutrients
found in soil and change the structure of the soil.
Effects of soil pollution:
• Endangering Human Health: More than 70%
of the soil pollutants are carcinogenic in nature,
intensifying the chances of developing cancer in
the humans exposed to the polluted soils. Long-
term exposure to benzene and polychlorinated
biphenyls (PCBs), for instance, is linked to the
development of leukaemia and liver cancer
respectively. They can also cause skin diseases,
muscular blockage, and central nervous system
disorders and lead to premature death.
23
Biology Times May 18
• Economic Losses: Crops and plants grown
on polluted soils can accumulate poison to an
extent deemed unfit for human consumption.
Consequently, it leads to enormous economic
losses. In some parts of the world, heavily
polluted soils with metals and chemicals such
as lead, asbestos and sulphur are considered
unfavourable for crop production and cannot be
used to grow crops.
• Air and Water Contamination: air contamination
by discharging volatile compounds into the
atmosphere. So, more the toxic contaminants in
the soil, the higher the level of toxic particles and
foul gases emitted into the atmosphere.
Soil pollution can also lead to water pollution if
the toxic chemicals and materials like dangerous
heavy metals leach into groundwater or
contaminate storm water run-off, which reaches
lakes, rivers, streams or oceans.
• Effect on Plant Life: When soils are repeatedly
contaminated and accumulate large amounts
of poisonous materials and chemicals, the soil
reaches a point where it cannot support plant
life. When these changes occur, beneficial soil
bacteria, soil microorganisms, soil nutrients and
soil chemical processes begin to deteriorate to an
extent where they diminish soil fertility.
Soil pollution can as well change plant metabolism
and lower crop productivity.
• Acidification: Soil pollution allows emission
of relatively large quantities of nitrogen via
denitrification, volatilisation of ammonia and the
decomposition of organic materials in the soil.
As a result, this releases sulphur compounds and
sulphur dioxides into the atmosphere, causing
acid rain.
• Diminished Soil Fertility: The most evident and
crucial element of the soil is its fertility. Once the
soil is contaminated with chemicals and heavy
metals or degraded due to human activities such
as mining, its fertility depreciates and might even
be lost entirely. The harmful chemicals and heavy
metals in the soil decrease soil microbial and
chemical activity.
Soil acidification as a consequence of pollution
also leaches away essential natural minerals like
magnesium and calcium.
• Changes in the Soil Structure: Acidification,
diminished soil fertility and death of soil
organisms in the soil can lead to changes in soil
24
structure. This is because soil microorganisms
help in breaking down organic matter that
promotes soil structure regarding vitality and
water penetration as well as retention.
• Increase in Soil Salinity: The increase in
soil salinity, salinisation, is an effect of salt
accumulation in the soil. Salts occur naturally in
the soil. However, increased accumulations are
linked to soil pollution. Irrigation and agricultural
processes that discharge nitrate and phosphate
deposits in the soil are the primary contributors to
increasing salt levels in the soil.
Prevention of soil pollution/Control of soil
pollution:
• People should be educated and made aware of the
harmful effects of littering. Discuss with friends
and family and talk about it.
• Reuse any items that you can. Items like clothing,
bottles, wrapping paper and shopping bags can be
used over and over again, rather than buying new
things.
• Reduce Waste, Reuse things and Recycle things.
This is true even for governments.
• Personal litter should be disposed properly.
• We can separate household waste at home for
recycling. More than half of our household waste
could be recycled or reused but once it is mixed
up, it becomes more difficult to separate different
components for recycling. This is also true for the
waste we make at school or hospitals.
• Buy biodegradable products.
• Store all liquid chemicals and waste in spill-proof
containers.
• Eat organic foods that are grown without
pesticides. Look out for fertiliser or pesticide free
products when you go to the market.
• Don’t use pesticides if you can.
• Use a drip tray to collect engine oil.
• Buy products that have little packaging.
• Don’t dump motor oil on the ground.
• Governments can also ensure that there are
incentives for people to recycle and reusable
products.
GlobalEnvironmental Changes
Man’s constant interference with the environment,
direct or indirect, our environment has changed
to a considerable extent, over the past few
decades. It could be due to population explosion,
deforestation, urbanisation or industrialisation.

All done for the benefit of mankind.
Three major issues are greenhouse effect, global
warming and ozone depletion.
GreenHouse Effect
The greenhouse effect is a natural phenomenon
that warms the Earth’s surface. When the Sun’s
energy reaches the Earth’s atmosphere, some of it
is reflected back to space and the rest is absorbed
and re-radiated by greenhouse gases.
Greenhouse gases include water vapour, carbon
dioxide, methane, nitrous oxide, ozone and some
artificial chemicals such as chlorofluorocarbons
(CFCs).
The absorbed energy warms the atmosphere and
the surface of the Earth. This process maintains
the Earth’s temperature at around 33 degrees
Celsius warmer than it would otherwise be,
allowing life on Earth to exist.
Causes for greenhouse effect:
The greenhouse effect is caused by the interaction
of the sun’s energy with greenhouse gases such
as carbon dioxide, methane, nitrous oxide and
fluorinated gases in the Earth’s atmosphere. The
ability of these gases to trap heat is what causes
the greenhouse effect.
Greenhouse gases are made of three or more
atoms. This molecular structure makes it possible
for these gases to trap heat in the atmosphere
and then re-emit it towards the surface which
further warms the Earth. This continuous cycle
of trapping heat leads to an overall increase in
global temperatures. This process, which is very
similar to the way a greenhouse works, is why the
gases that can produce this effect are collectively
known as greenhouse gases.
The principal forcing gases of the greenhouse
effect are:
• Carbon dioxide (CO2)
• Methane (CH4)
• Nitrous oxide (N2O)
• Fluorinated gases
Major source of these gases are vehicle exhausts,
industrial gases, incomplete combustion of fossil
fuel, forest fire, burning of wood and coal.
Possible Solutions for greenhouse effect:
1. Reducing use of fossil fuels would considerably
reduce the amount of carbon dioxide produced, as
well as reducing the levels of the pollutants which
cause acid rain. This can be achieved by either
Biology Times May 18
using less energy altogether, or using alternative
energy sources.
You can help save energy in lots of ways:
• Turn off lights when you leave a room
• If you have a car, don’t use it for short
journeys
• Basically, anything at all that uses less
energy
2. Eliminating the use of CFCs:
Chlorofluorocarbons (CFCs) were invented in the
1920s, they are a compound of carbon containing
chlorine and fluorine. CFCs are man made
chemicals, so we call them synthetic chemicals.
Since their introduction CFCs have been used as:
• Refrigerants in refrigerators and air
conditioning units
• Propellants in aerosol cans
• Foaming agents in the production of
packaging
• Cleaners used in the electronics industry
• Fire extinguisher chemicals
3. New refrigerants have been developed, and new
aerosols use other propellants such as butane, so it
is now actually quite difficult to get hold of CFCs
(assuming you wanted to get some for something
anyway).
4. Stopping deforestation by using renewable forests
and planting a new tree whenever one is felled
would help to raise the carbon dioxide absorbing
ability of the planet.
25
Biology Times May 18
Global Warming
Global Warming is the increase of Earth’s average surface temperature due to effect of greenhouse gases,
such as carbon dioxide, carbon monoxide, methane, nitrogen dioxide, CFC’s, emissions from burning
fossil fuels or from deforestation, which trap heat that would otherwise escape from Earth.
Causes of global warming:
Natural causes:
1. Forest Fires: Deforestation by nature is another
leading cause of global warming. Forest fires
emit carbon-filled smoke into the atmosphere,
and new forests’ growth is slow and not stable
enough to produce the much needed oxygen into
the newly, suffocating carbon air. Natural forest
fires will eventually run their course, but left in
the ashes are polluting gases that get trapped in
the atmosphere.
2. Permafrost: When frozen soil increases, it keeps
in the carbon and methane gases. They leak out
into the atmosphere in due course. While scientists
cannot stop permafrost from emitting these gases,
the earth’s melting icecaps at incredibly fast rates,
are cause for concern.
3. Sunspots: According to the Environment
Protection Agency (EPA), sunspots are increasing
global temperature. Sunspots restrict the passing
of solar plasma, which in affect gives off
radiation. Sunspots and solar flares are powerful
and unstoppable. They can change the energy
radiating to earth’s atmosphere, and thus increase
climate temperature.
26
4. Water Vapour: The water vapour is unable
to escape, and also traps a lot of greenhouse
gas along with it. Thus results in hotter climate
changes.
Man made cause:
1. Man-induced Deforestation: Deforestation is
the cutting down of trees and plants for the use
of crop cultivation, fuel, paper, lumber and other
consumption. Fuel used for wood and charcoal
only adds to the polluted gases in the atmosphere.
The loss of our forests results in a chain reaction
where too much carbon is released into the air,
with not enough oxygen to combat it.
2. Fossil Fuels: Every day billions of vehicles
release various gases into the atmosphere. This
causes earth to warm up and increase its average
temperature. Electricity causes pollution in many
ways. Over 75% of the electricity worldwide is
produced by burning of fossil fuels. Fossil fuel
like coal is burnt to produce electricity. Coal is
the major fuel that is burnt to produce power.
Coal produces around 1.7 times as much carbon
dioxide per unit of energy when flamed as does
natural gas and 1.25 times as much as oil.

Industries, on the other hand, release various gases
into the water and air. Carbon dioxide, methane
and nitrous oxide are the major greenhouse gases.
3. Landfills: Landfills are those big chunks of
garbage that stink and can be seen in so many
places around the world. The garbage is then used
by big recycling companies to make some useful
products out from it. Most of the time that garbage
is burnt which releases toxic gases including
methane into the atmosphere. These enormous
amounts of toxic greenhouse gases when go into
the atmosphere make global warming worse.
4. Overpopulation: More population leads to more
demand for food, more carbon dioxide in the
atmosphere, more demand for cars and more
demand for homes. More demand for food will
lead to more transportation since movement
of goods and services is done by transportation
sector. More demand for cars means more
pollution in the air and more traffic on the roads
which means longer waiting time on the traffic
lights and that will result in burning of more fuel.
More demand for homes means cutting down of
plants and trees to make way for homes, schools
and colleges.
5. Mining: Oil and coal mining leads to
accumulation of Methane and carbon di oxide.
With the continued use of mining operations,
these harmful gases will only increase.
6. Fertiliser Use: Fertiliser produces nitrous oxide
once it absorbs the soil. Nitrous oxide is 300
times more dangerous than carbon dioxide. The
EPA strongly warns that the farming industry’s
use of fertiliser is one of the leading causes of
global warming.
7. Meat Consumption: The raising, grazing, and
manufacturing of animal products contributes
greatly to the rise of global temperature.
According to research, 51% of the greenhouse
gases: methane, carbon dioxide and nitrous oxide
are caused by animal agriculture. If we would stop
ordering juicy cheeseburgers, excessive amounts
of carbon dioxide by animals stop emitting the
atmosphere.
Effects of global warming:
1. Melting of Glaciers: The melting of glaciers will
create plethora of problems for humankind and
the animals living on the earth. Due to increased
global warming, the level of the sea will rise
which will lead to flooding and this will in turn
create havoc in human life. Apart from raising the
sea levels, it will also endanger several species of
animals and thus will hamper the balance of the
ecosystem.
Biology Times May 18
2. Climate Change: Irregular weather patterns
have already started showing results. More global
warming will lead to more evaporation which
will cause more rains. Animals and plants cannot
easily adapt to increased rainfall. Plants may die
and animals may migrate to other areas, which
can cause entire ecosystem out of balance.
3. Droughts: While it may be flooding in Savannah,
severe drought is happening elsewhere in the
world. As temperatures warm, the presence of
drought has increased in the western U.S. And on
top of that heat waves and no precipitation, whole
forests have begun to disappear including tens of
millions of trees in Colorado’s Rockies.
4. Diseases: As the temperature becomes warmer, it
can affect the health of humans and the diseases
they are exposed to. With the increase in the
rainfall, water borne diseases are likely to spread
like malaria. The earth will become warmer and
as a result heat waves are likely to increase that
can cause a major blow to the people.
Prevention of global warming:
1. Reduce, Reuse, Recycle: Reduce waste by
choosing reusable products instead of disposables.
Buy products with minimal packaging. Recycle
paper, plastic, newspaper, glass and aluminium
cans.
2. Use Less Heat and Air Conditioning
3. Change your lightbulbs: Replace regular light
bulbs with compact fluorescent light (CFL) bulbs.
CFLs last 10 times longer than incandescent
bulbs, use two-thirds less energy, and gives off 70
percent less heat.
4. Drive less and drive smarter: Walk and ride your
bike more and check out options for carpooling
to work or school. When you do drive, make
sure your car is running efficiently. For example,
keeping your tires properly inflated can improve
your petrol mileage by more than 3 percent.
5. Buy Energy-Efficient Products.
6. Use less Hot Water: Set your water heater at a
lower temprature to save energy and buy low-
flow showerheads to save hot water.
7. Use the “Off” Switch: Save electricity and
reduce global warming by turning off lights when
you leave a room, and remember to turn off your
television, video player, stereo and computer
when you’re not using them.
8. Plant a Tree or two: A single tree will absorb
approximately one ton of carbon dioxide during
its lifetime for photosynthesis.
Switching to renewable energy, changing lifestyles
and diets, and controlling our consumption of
non-renewable products, can greatly make a huge
difference. 27
Biology Times May 18

BOTANY

1. Which of the following points further strengthened (i) It was performed in 1979
Mendelism ? (ii) It was performed by Stanley Cohen and
(a) Law of independent assortment which was Herbert Boyer
based on monohybrid cross (iii) It was a transfer of an antibiotic resistant
(b) Incomplete dominance gave a new way to gene
Mendelism (iv) Gene was transferred from Salmonella
(c) Law of independent assortment which could typhimurium into E.coli
be stated on the basis of segregation of (v) Gene could not replicate successfully in the
gametes target bacterium
(d) A character controlled by a pair of unit factors (a) (i) and (v) (b) (i), (ii) and (iii)
2. Petiole is modified into green leafy structure (c) (ii), (iii) and (iv) (d) (iii), (iv) and (v)
called 7. Which of the following meristems is responsible
(a) Phyllode (b) Phylloclade for extrastelar secondary growth in dicotyledonous
(c) Cladode (d) Foliaceous petiole stem?
3. Prokaryotic cell does not possess (a) Intrafascicular cambium
(a) Cell wall (b) Nuclear membrane (b) Interfascicular cambium
(c) Cytoplasm (d) Plasma membrane (c) Intercalary meristem
4. Which of the following statements about food (d) Phellogen
chains and energy flow through ecosystem is 8. Which microorganism is growing on potato
false? dextrose agar containing petriplate?
(a) A single organism can feed at several trophic
levels
(b) Detritivores feed at all trophic levels except
the producer level.
(c) The lower the trophic level at which an
organism feeds , the more energy available
(d) Those who are not producers are consumers.
5. Which ones are degenerate codons?
(a) UAA, UAG and UGA
(b) GUA, GUG, GCA, GCG and GAA (a) Bacteria (b) Fungi
(c) UUC, UUG, CCU. CAA and CUA (c) Virus (d) Viriods
(d) UUA, UUG, CUU, CUC, CUA and CUG 9. All photosynthetic green plants contain
6. What is true about the first case of constructing a (a) Chlorophyll a (b) Chlorophyll b
recombinant DNA– (c) Chlorophyll c (d) Chlorophyll d

28
 Biology Times May 18

10. The population size is more technically called 19. Microfilaments are made up of
(a) Population gradient (b) Population census (a) Actin (b) Tubulin & Actin
(c) Population pressure (d) Density (c) Desmin (d) Porein
11. Use of biotechnology for medicinal purposes 20. The breakdown of detritus into smaller particles
including production of antibiotics and cures by earthworm is a process called
through genomic manipulation is called (a) Humification (b) fragmentation
(a) Red biotechnology (b) Grey biotechnology (c) Mineralisation (d) catabolism
(c) Green biotechnology (d) Blue biotechnology 21. Assertion: Gene expression is a molecular
12. Most water flow in roots occur via apoplast as mechanism by which a gene express a phenotype.
(a) Cortical cells are living Reason: structural genes are controlled by control
(b) Cortical cells are loosely arranged genes.
(c) Cortical cells are thin walled (a) If both Assertion and Reason are correct and
(d) All the above Reason is the correct explanation for
13. The nitrate formed by nitrification is absorbed Assertion.
by plants and is transported to the leaves. In the (b) If both Assertion and Reason are correct, but
leaves, it is reduced to form Reason is not the correct explanation for
(a) Nitrogen (b) Ammonia Assertion.
(c) NO2 (d) N2O (c) If Assertion is true but Reason is false.
14. Which hormone is recognised for its growth (d) If Assertion is false but Reason is true.
promoting as well as growth inhibiting role? 22. Match the following
(a) Ethylene (b) Cytokinin Column I Column II
(c) Abscisic acid (d) Auxin A. Stanley Cohen 1. Separation of DNA
15. The unicellular green algae that undergo both and Herbert Boyer fragments
asexual and sexual reproduction are B. Hind II 2. Construction of first
(a) Chlamydomonas (b) Nostoc recombinant DNA
(c) Anabaena (d) Oscillatoria C.Gel electrophoresis 3. First restriction
16. The sequence of development of embryo sac is endonuclease
(a) Archesporium>megaspore> D. Bam III site 4. At tetracycline
megasporangium>embryo sac resistance gene in
(b) Archesporium>megasporangium> vector pBR 322
megaspore>embryo sac (a) A-2, B-3, C-4, D-1
(c) megasporangium>megaspore>archesporium (b) A-2, B-3, C-1, D-4
> embryo sac (c) A-2, B-4, C-1, D-3
(d) Archesporium> megaspore mother cell> (d) A-4, B-3, C-2, D-1
megaspore> embryo sac 23. A simple mechanical tissue with non lignified
17. Read the statements regarding sieve elements. walls is
(i) They allow selective and restricted diffusion (a) Parenchyma (b) Collenchyma
of soluble organic substances. (c) Sclerenchyma (d) Chlorenchyma
(ii) Sieve tubes are syncytes and the perforations 24. The first stable product of fixation of atmospheric
are surrounded by callose. nitrogen in leguminous plants is
(iii) They may possess simple or compound (a) NO2- (b) Ammonia
sieve plate. (c) NO3- (d) Glutamate
(iv) Sieve elements show nacreous thickenings 25. Dark reactions in photosynthesis is called so
on lateral walls. because
Select the option with all correct statements. (a) It does not require light energy
(a) (i) and (iv) only (b) (ii) and (iv) only (b) It does not occur in daytime
(c) (ii), (iii) and (iv) only (d) (i), (ii) and (iii) only (c) Occurs rapidly in night
18. Gynoecium has many free pistils in (d) It can occur in dark
(a) Aloe (b) Tomato 26. In a population unrestricted reproductive capacity
(c) Papaver (d) Michelia is called

29
Biology Times May 18

(a) Carrying capacity (b) Biotic potential (d) trimming promotes lateral buds growth
(c) Birth rate (d) Fertility rate 31. Match the following items with column I and
27. Given figure depicts the different steps involved column II
in production of genetically engineered insulin. Column I Column II
Select the correct statement regarding the A. Chlorella & Spirulina 1. Single cell protein
enzymes involved in step P,Q and R B. Gelidium & Gracilaria 2. Iodine
C. Nostoc & Anabaena 3. Nitrogen fixers
D. Laminaria & Porphyra 4. Phycocolloid
(a) A-4, B-2, C-3, D-1
(b) A-1, B-4, C-3, D-2
(c) A-3, B-4, C-1, D-2
(d) A-3, B-4, C-2, D-1
32.Identify the correct match from the columns I, II
and III

(a) 1-B-ii, 2-A-i, 3-D-iii, 4-C-iv

(b) 1-A-ii, 2-B-i, 3-D-iii, 4-C-iv
(a) Enzyme involved in step R are DNA ligases (c) 1-C-iii, 2-D-ii, 3-B-iv, 4-A-i
(b) Enzyme involved in step P and Q is (d) 1-D-ii, 2-C-iii, 3-A-i, 4-B-iv
Restriction exonucleases 33. A male human is heterozygous for autosomal
(c) Enzyme involved in step Q and R is genes A and B and is also hemizygous for
Restriction endonucleases haemophilic gene h. What proportion of his
(d) Both (b ) and (c) sperms will be abh?
28. Attraction of water molecules to polar surfaces is (a) 1/16 (b) 1/32
known as (c) 1/4 (d) 1/8
(a) Cohesion (b) Capillarity 34. A flower without nonessential whorls is
(c) Surface tension (d) Adhesion (a) Monoecious (b) Bisexual
29. Assertion: Sodium, silicon, cobalt and selenium (c) Dioecious (d) Achlamydeous
are required by higher plants 35. Crossing over occur in this stage
Reason: All elements present in a plant are (a) Leptotene (b) Pachytene
required by them. (c) Metaphase I (d) Diakinesis
(a) If both Assertion and Reason are correct and 36.Which of the following representation shows the
Reason is the correct explanation for pyramid of numbers in a forest ecosystem?
Assertion.
(b) If both Assertion and Reason are correct, but
Reason is not the correct explanation for
Assertion.
(c) If Assertion is true but Reason is false.
(d) If Assertion is false but Reason is true. (a) S (b) P
30. In botanical gardens and tea gardens, gardeners (c) Q (d) R
trim the plant regularly. So, that they remain 37.Following is a relevant portion of a-chain of
bushy. Does this practice have any scientific haemoglobin of a normal human. The sixth codon
explanation GAG mutates to GAA due to Mutation-A and into
(a) trimming promotes apical dominance GUG due to Mutation-B. Which mutation type
(b) trimming removes apical dominance will cause sickle cell anemia?
(c) trimming induces apical bud growth (a) Mutation-A (b) Mutation-B

30
 Biology Times May 18

(c) Both A and B (d) None of these (b) PCR and RAPD
38. There is a restriction endonuclease called Eco RI. (c) Electrophoresis and HPLC
What does ‘co’ part in it stand for? (d) Northern blotting
(a) Colon (b) coli 44. An experiment proposed by munch which
(c) Coelom (d) Colon explains the movement of molecules
39. Leaf primordium grows into an adult leaf lamina
by means of
(a) Marginal meristem (b) Lateral meristem
(c) First apical meristem (d) Apical meristem
40. Mycorrhiza helps in
(a) Absorption of water
(b) Absorption of minerals
(c) Protection from soil borne pathogens
(d) All of these
41..Maximum solar energy is trapped by
(a) Planting trees (b) Cultivating crops (a) Mass flow hypothesis
(c) Growing algae in tanks (d) Growing grasess (b) Apoplastic movement
42. Select the correct statement. (c) Starch hydrolysis
(a) Mode of reproduction does not depend upon (d) Transpiration
the habitat of organisms. 45. The relationship of the I and H genes affects the
(b) Asexual reproduction occurs only in expression of the ABO blood type in the following
unicellular organisms ways: genotype HH or Hh, AB produces blood
(c) During maturity stage, organism develops the type AB while genotype hh, AB produces blood
capacity to reproduce. type O. This is an example of :
(d) A mango tree has a much shorter life span as (a) Codominance
compared to a peepal tree. (b) Epistasis
43. Invitro clonal propagation in plants is (c) Incomplete dominance
characterized by (d) Complete dominance
(a) Microscopy

31
Biology Times May 18

ZOOLOGY

1. Which of the following is not a function of Sertoli (a) Intestine of cartilaginous fishes
cells? (b) Intestine of bony fishes
(a) To absorb the parts being shed by developing (c) Respiratory system of cartilaginous fishes
spermatozoa (d) Respiratory system of bony fishes
(b) To form blood testis barrier 5. Viruses of the genus Nucleopolyhedrovirus are
(c) To secrete testicular hormones called employed as
androgens (a) Atmospheric nitrogen fixing agents
(d) To release anti Mullerian factor (AMF) to (b) biological control agents
prevent development of Mullerian duct in (c) antibiotics
male (d) anaerobic sludge digesters
2. Find the incorrect statement about fungi :- 6. Columella is a specialized structure found in the
(a) They show a great diversity in morphology sporangium of
and habitats (a) Spirogyra (b) Rhizopus
(b) Fungi are cosmopolitan and occur in air, (c) Ulothrix (d) None of these
water, soil and as parasites also 7. Assertion: Cockroach shows sexual dimorphism
(c) They prefer to grow in cold and dry places Reason: The female cockroach bears a pair of
(d) Fungi are filamentous except yeast short thread like anal styles
3. In which of the following the genus name, its two (a) If both Assertion and Reason are correct and
characters and its class/phylum are correctly Reason is the correct explanation for
matched? Assertion.
Genus name Two characters Class/Phylum (b) If both Assertion and Reason are correct, but
a.Aurelia 1. Cnidoblast Coelenterata Reason is not the correct explanation for
2. Organ level Assertion.
of organization (c) If Assertion is true but Reason is false.
b.Ascaris 1. Body segmented Annelida (d) If Assertion is false but Reason is true.
2. Males and females 8. The kidney of an adult frog is
distinct (a) metanephros (b) opisthonephros
c.Salamandra 1. A tympanum Amphibia (c) pronephros (d) mesonephros
represents ear 9. Valveless single chambered heart is found in
2. Fertilization is external (a) Catla (b) Herdmania
d.Pteropus 1. Skin possess hair Mammalia (c) Scoliodon (d) Amphioxus
2. Oviparous 10. In Bufo melanostictus, toxins occur in
4. Scroll valve is present in (a) Saliva (b) Skin warts

32

(c) Secretion of parotid glands
(d) Both b and c
11. Selection will not eliminate a lethal recessive
allele from a large population of diploid organisms
because:
(a) gene fixation will occur in the population
(b) heterozygotes are at a selective advantage
(c) the allele will have some good effects and
these will become dominant
(d) there will always be some heterozygote
carrier for the allele
12. What is correct to say about the hormone action
in humans?
(a) FSH stimulates the secretion of prolactin.
(b) In females, FSH first binds with specific (c) Follicle Stimulating Hormone.
receptors on ovarian cell membrane.
(c) Secretion of thymosin is increased with
ageing.
(d) Glucagon is secreted by β-cells of islets of (b) Ornithine , citrulline and arginine
Langerhans and stimulates glycogenolysis.
13. Match the following
Column I Column II
A. Atlas vertebra 1. Tube feet
B. Axis vertebra 2. Centrum absent
C. Star fish 3. 12 in number
D. Thoracic vertebra 4. Second vertebra
(a) A-2, B-4, C-1, D-3
(b) A-3, B-2, C-1, D-4
(c) A-4, B-1, C-3, D-2
(d) A-2, B-1, C-3,D-4
14. . Find the incorrect statement
(a) Each testis has about 250 testicular lobules
(b) Seminiferous tubules open into rete testis
through vasa efferentia
(c) Transfer of sperms into female genital tract is
insemination
(d) Scrotum helps in maintaining low
temperature of the testes 2–2.5°C less than
normal, necessary for spermatogenesis
15. Assertion: Unit of nervous tissue is neuron
Reason: The nerve tissue is developed from
ectoderm
(a) If both Assertion and Reason are correct and
Reason is the correct explanation for
Assertion.
(b) If both Assertion and Reason are correct, but
Reason is not the correct explanation for (c) Oxido reductase
Assertion.
(c) If Assertion is true but Reason is false.
(d) If Assertion is false but Reason is true.
Biology Times May 18
16. A protoplast is a cell
(a) Without cell wall (b) Without plasma membrane
(c) Without nucleus (d) Undergoing division
17. Identify the incorrect option
(a) Ramapithecus was more ape like
(b) Homo erectus had a large brain around 900
cm3
(c) The brain capacities were between 650 to 800
cm3 of Homo habilis
(d) About 15 million years ago , primates called
Dryopithecus and Ramapithecus appeared.
18. What is full form of FSH?
(a) Follicular Stimulating Hormone.
(b) Follicle Stimular Hormone.
(d) Follicular Stimular Hormone.
19. Which one is a component of ornithine cycle?
(a) Ornithine, citrulline and alanine
(c) Amino acid are not used
(d) Ornithine, citrulline and fumaric acid
20. Which of the following is the correct pathway for
propagation of cardiac impulse?
(a) SA node →AV node →Bundle of His
→Purkinje fibres
(b) AV node →Bundle of His →SA node
→Purkinje fibres
(c) SA node →Purkinje fibres →AV node →
Bundle of His
(d) Purkinje fibres →AV node →SA node
→Bundle of His
21. Addiction to tobacco is caused due to
(a) Nicotine (b) Benzodiazepines
(c) THC (d) Chlorides
22. Identify the below fastest enzyme, which
accelerates the following reactions 10 million
times.
(a) Alcohol dehydrogenase
(b) Carbonic anhydrase
(d) Succinic acid dehydrogenase
23. Which hormone is secreted by Zona fasciculata?
33
Biology Times May 18

(a) ADH (b) Mineralocorticoids 30. The smallest blood vessel in the body is:
(c) Glucocorticoids (d) Hydrocorticoids (a) Vein (b) Artery
24. Select the correct matching of the type of the joint (c) Capillary (d) Vena cava
with the example in human skeletal system. 31. On stimulation, sympathetic nervous system
Type of Joint Example (a) Increase sweat secretion
(a) Cartilaginous joint between frontal and (b) Increase tear secretion
parietal (c) Decrease saliva
(b) Pivot joint between third and fourth (d) All the above
cervical vertebrae 32. Bohr’s effect is related with
(c) Hinge joint between humerus and (a) reduced carbon dioxide level in blood
pectoral girdle (b) oxidised phosphorus level in blood
(d) Gliding joint between carpals (c) reduced oxygen level in haemoglobin
25. Given below is a list of traits of a muscle fibre. (d) reduced carbon level in lymph
i. Number of mitochondria less 33. Assertion: Human sense of smell is relatively
ii. Number of mitochondria more poor
iii. Sarcoplasmic reticulum is abundant Reason: Olfactory receptors are limited to only
iv. Myoglobin content high small areas of the nasal chambers
v. Sarcoplasmic reticulum moderate or less (a) If both Assertion and Reason are correct
vi. Aerobic muscles and Reason is the correct explanation for
vii. Depend on anaerobic respiration for energy Assertion.
viii. Less myoglobin content (b) If both Assertion and Reason are correct, but
Which of the following traits are applicable to the Reason is not the correct explanation for
redmuscle fibres only? Assertion.
(a) ii, iv, v & vi (b) i, ii, iii & iv (c) If Assertion is true but Reason is false.
(c) ii, iii, iv & v (d) ii, iv, v & vii (d) If both Assertion and Reason are false.
26. The maximum quantity of air one can expire after 34. A decrease in blood pressure / volume will not
maximal inspiration is known as cause the release of:
(a) Residual air (b) Vital capacity (a) Atrial natriuretic factor (b) Aldosterone
(c) Tidal volume (d) Total lung capacity (c) ADH (d) Renin
27. Kidneys are situated close to the dorsal inner wall 35. Match the following.
of the abdominal cavity between the Column I Column II
(a) Fifth thoracic and third lumbar vertebra A. Neoplasm 1.Hematopoietic cell
(b) T12 and L3 vertebra tumour
(c) Last thoracic and third lumbar vertebra B. Benign tumour 2. Bone cartilage tissue
(d) Both B and C cancers
28. Infertility is the relative state of failure to C. Carcinomas 3. Malignant tumour
conceive after how many/years of sexual life D. Sarcomas 4. Cancer of epithelial
without contraception. tissue
(a) One (b) Two E. Lymphomas 5. Noncancerous tumour
(c) Three (d) Four (a) A-3, B-5, C-4, D-2, E-1
29.At which stage of HIV infection does one usually (b) A-6, B-4, C-3, D-2, E-1
show symptoms of AIDS? (c) A-3, B-5, C-4, D-1, E-2
(a) Within 15 days of sexual contact with an (d) A-2, B-5, C-4, D-3, E-6
infected person 36. Assertion: kidneys maintain the osmotic
(b) When the infected retro virus enters host cells concentration of the blood.
(c) When HIV damages large number of Reason: kidneys eliminate either hypotonic or
T-lymphocytes hypertonic urine according to the need of the
(d) When the viral DNA is produced by reverse body.
tanscriptase (a) If both Assertion and Reason are correct and
Reason is the correct explanation for
Assertion.

34
 Biology Times May 18

(b) If both Assertion and Reason are correct, but (b) It is not fatal disease
Reason is not the correct explanation for (c) It provides immunity against malaria
Assertion. (d) It is controlled by dominant genes
(c) If Assertion is true but Reason is false. 43. Which one is correctly matched?
(d) If Assertion is false but Reason is true. Feature SNS PNS a .
37.Which of the following vitamins has some Salivary 1. Stimulates 1. Inhibits
physiological effects similar to those of glands secretion secretion
parathormone? b. Pupil of 2. Dilates 2. Constricts
(a) Vitamin A (b) Vitamin D eye
(c) Vitamin C (d) Vitamin B c. Heart rate 3. Decreases 3. Increases
38. Select the correct answer from the following d. Intestinal 4. Stimulates 4. Inhibits
statements. peristalsis
I. Cutin is fatty acid polymer. 44. Refer the following figure and select the incorrect
II. Starch is glucose polymer figures
III. Sucrose is monosaccharide
IV. Maltose is polymer of fructose
(a) I, II, III are correct (b) I and II are correct
(c) II and IV are correct (d) I and III are correct
39. Carboxypeptidase is secreted by :
(a) Stomach (b) Pancreas
(c) Gall bladder (d) Intestine
40. Which ones are not true? (a) P is simple unbranched forms without
(i) Glycerol is a 3-carbon alcohol with 3-OH heterocysts and akinetes
groups as binding sites (b) Q is multicellular colonial form which is a
(ii) Waxes are esters of long chain alcohols and source of vitamin C.
saturated fatty acids (c) R shows heterotrichous filaments with true
(iii) The term protein was coined by Mulder branching
(iv) Agar is an indispensable polysaccharide, (d) S is colonial cyanobacterium which can fix
being a complex polymer of glucose atmospheric nitrogen in specialized cells
and sulphur containing carbohydrates 45. Darwin explains all the following except
(a) i and ii ony (b) iv only (a) organisms tend to produce more number of
(c) i and iv only (d) i, ii and iv only offspring than can survive
41. Secretion of gastric juice is stimulated by: (b) within each species there are variations
(a) Gastrin (b) Enterogastrin (c) offspring with better traits that overcome
(c) Cholecystokinin (d) None of these competition are best suited for the environment
42. Sickel-cell anaemia has not been eliminated from (d) variations may or may not be inherited from
the African population because parents to offspring through genes
(a) It is controlled by recessive genes

35
Biology Times May 18
CELL-THE UNIT OF LIFE - II
Cell wall
• Cell wall is outer rigid, protective, non-living
supportive and a semi-transparent covering
found around plant cell, fungal cell and bacterial
cells. It was first observed by Robert Hooke in Middle Lamella
cork tissue of oak tree.
• Cell wall is absent in animal cell.
Chemical composition of cell wall:
Water - 30-60%
Hemicellulore - 5 - 15%
Pectin - 2 - 8%
Lipids - 0.5 - 0.8%
Proteins - 1 - 2%
Cellulore- Microfibrils - 20 - 40%
Bacteria cell wall
• Bacterial cell wall is made up of peptidoglycans.
• The sugars found in the bacterial cell wall are
N-acetyl glucosamine (NAG) and N-acetyl
muramic acid (NAM).
• NAG and NAM alternate with each other in
backbone and are linked by 1 - 4- linkage • Primary wall is present in a newly formed cell
polypeptide chain is attached to one side of
NAM.
• Glutamic acid, alanine, glycine, lysine or
diaminopimelic acid are some aminoacids
found in bacterial cell wall.
• Bacterial cell wall contains D-amino acids while
other organisms have L-amino acids.
Fungal cell wall
• Most of the fungi have a cell wall composed of
chitin , a nitrogen containing polysaccharide .
Chitin is a structural polymer which consists of
N-acetyl glucosamine monomers.
Plant cell wall
• In plant cell, the cell wall is present outside the
cell membrane.
36
• Cell wall of a plant has the following layers:
(i) Middle lamella
(ii) Primary wall
(iii) Secondary wall
• It is first structure formed from cell plate between
newly formed daughter cells at the time of
cytokinesis.
• It is the outermost layer of cell wall, which will
separate the wall of adjacent cells.
• Composition of middle lamella includes calcium
and magnesium pectate.
• Middle lamella attaches neighbouring cells
together.
• Softening of ripe fruits is due to partial
solubilisation of pectins present in the middle
lamella.
Primary wall
• Primary wall is the initial wall that develops on
both sides of middle lamella.
since beginning.
• Composition of primary cell wall includes
cellulose, hemicelluloses, pectin and Proteins.
• Primary cell wall has plasmodesmata.
• Growth of the primary cell wall diminishes as
the cell matures.
• Growth occures due to incorporation of materials
into inside of primary wall such growth is called
intussusception.
Secondary wall
• It is laid in 3 layers namely S1, S2 and S3.
• It is produced in some mature cells.
• Secondary wall is inner to primary wall.
• It is formed by external deposition of new
materials over the existing structure. Such
growth is Accretion.
 Biology Times May 18

• Its composition includes lignin, suberin , cutin, wax and mucilage. sides of the layer of proteins
• Secondary wall is formed only in some cells like sclerenchyma, , hydrophophilic head of lipid
cork, xylem. layer will be facing protein.
• The continuity of cytoplasm between cells is maintained by • Robertson in 1959 stated that
cytoplasmic connections called Plasmodesmata. plasma membrane is a three
• Plasmodesmata facilitates movement of substance between layered structure (trilaminar).
adjoining cells. • Trilaminar membrane has a
• In xylem, the secondary wall exhibits unthickened areas called pits thickness of 75Å(7.5nm).
to support intercellular transport. • It has a central lipid layer with
thickness of 35Å and two
peripheral layers of proteins
with thickness of 20Å each.
• Robertson’s model of plasma
membrane failed to explain
the permeability and transport
across the membrane.
Fluid Mosaic Model
• This model was proposed
by Singer and Nicholson in
1972.
• As per this model, plasma
membrane is composed of
phospholipids, extrinsic
proteins (peripheral proteins
and intrinsic proteins)
(integral proteins) and
Transmembrane proteins.
Functions of Cell wall
• Provides protection to protoplasm
• Provides rigidity and shape to cell
• Maintains osmotic pressure of cell
Cell Membrane / Plasma membrane
• The term cell membrane was coined by Nageli
and Cramer
• The term Plasma membrane or plasmalemma by
Plowe.
• Plasma membrane is a membrane that occurs
outside the cytoplasm of a cell.
• It occurs both in prokaryotic and eukaryotic cell.
• It is also called as Plasmalemma. It is selectively
permeable and controls the inward and outward
movement of particles in a cell.
• Most of the studies on plasma membrane have
been done on the membrane of human RBC.
• Bilayer model of plasma membrane
• It was given by Danielli and Davson.
• According to Danielli and Davson, there are
two layers of phospholipids and two layers of
proteins.
• Phospholipid bilayer will be covered on both

37
Biology Times May 18

The quasifluid nature of lipids enables lateral either from one face of the bilayer to the other
movement of proteins with the overall bilayer. It is restricted.
also enables cellular functions like • The carbohydrate moieties attached to some
• Cell growth proteins and lipids of the plasma membrane
• Formation of intercellular junctions. are exposed on the extracellular surface of the
• Secretion membrane.
• Endocytosis. • Carbohydrates of plasma membranes are mainly
• Cell division. hexose, hexosamine, fructose and sialic acid.
• Width of combined fatty acyl chains of both • Selective permeability of the membrane can be
leaflets is 3nm. Polar head groups of fatty acids explained by this model.
with associated shell of hydration make the • Phytosterol is the major component of plant
bilayer 5-8 nm thick. cell membrane and Cholesterol is the major
• Phospholipids form bilayer – the non - polar component of animal cell membrane.
regions face the core of the bilayer and their
polar head groups face outward . Functions of Plasma membrane
• There are two types of proteins in plasma • They protect the cell.
membrane i.e extrinsic and intrinsic proteins. • Plasma membrane allows cells to receive or
• The extrinsic or peripheral proteins are loosely transmit signals through receptors that only
bound at the polar surface of lipid bilayer. allow select chemicals to bind to them.
• Intrinsic or integral proteins penetrate deeply • They allow cell recognition.
into lipid layers. They are held by hydrophobic • They provide sites that anchor internal filaments
interactions with their non - polar amino acid or to external components. This allows the cell
side chains. to maintain its shape .
• Integral proteins which project on both surfaces • Its glycoproteins and glycolipids play a distinct
are called transmembrane or tunnel proteins. role in blood grouping, immune responses etc.
• Both proteins and lipids are free to move laterally • They provide sites to which enzymes can bind
in the plane of the bilayer, but movement of and catalyse reactions.

38
 Biology Times May 18

• Plasma membrane regulate passage of materials in and out of cell or among areas within the cell. It can
be Passive transport like diffusion and osmosis.
• Transport may be also active transport
• Transport also can be a bulk one. Ex: Exocytosis, Phagocytosis, Pinocytosis.
• Many molecules can move briefly across the membrane can without any utilization of energy is called the
passive transport.
• Transport of molecules across the membrane with the utilization of energy in the form of ATP is called
active transport. Ex: Na+/K+ pump.

39
Biology Times May 18
BOTANY
1. Cytoplasmic inheritance is the result of presence
of genes in
(a) Mitochondria and Chloroplasts
(b) Ribosomes and chloroplasts
(c) Lysosomes and ribosomes
(d) Endoplasmic reticulum and mitochondria
2. Identify the wrong statement
(a) A plant that bears male, female and bisexual
flowers is polygamous
(b) Actinomorphic flower can be dissected into
two equal halves from any plane
(c) Superior ovary is found in hypogynous
flowers (c)
(d) Side of the flower towards the bract is called
posterior side
3. Select the wrong statement:
(a) Bacterial cellwall is made up of peptidoglycan
(b) Pili and fimbriae are mainly involved in (a) Large lacuna
motility of bacterial cells
(c) Cyanobacteria lack flagellated cells
(d) Mycoplasma is a wall less microorganism
4.The primary succession refers to the development
of communities on a :-
(a) Forest clearing after fire
(b) Newly exposed habitat with no record of ear
lier vegetation
(c) Freshly cleared crop field
(d) Pond, freshly filled with water after a dry 9. Which range of wavelength is called
phase
5. Translation starts in cytoplasm when
(a) t-RNA comes in contact with m-RNA
(b) Two sub-units of ribosomes come in contact
(c) Smaller sub-unit of ribosome encounters a
mRNA
(d) t-RNA encounters the bigger sub-unit of m-
RNA
40
6. This segment of DNA has restriction sites I &
II which create restriction fragments a, b and
c.Which of the following gel produced by
electrophoresis would represent the separation
and correct position of these fragments ?
(a)
(b)
(d)
7. Special feature of dividing cells is
(b) Thick cell walls
(c) Dense cytoplasm devoid of lacuna
(d) Large intercellular space
8. In STPs major part of sludge is pumped into large
tanks called
(a) Anaerobic sludge digesters
(b) Aerobic sludge digesters
(c) Biological sludge digesters
(d) None of these
photosynthetically active radiation (PAR)
(a) 100-390 (b) 390-430
(c) 400-700 (d) 760-1,00,000
10. Shade loving plants are called
(a) Xerophytes (b) Sciophytes
(c) Halophytes (d) Hydrophytes
11. Which Indian plants have either been patented or
attempts have been made to patent them by
western nations for their commercial uses.
 Biology Times May 18

A. basmati rice B. turmeric (c) If Assertion is true but Reason is false.

C. neem D. none (d) If Assertion is false but Reason is true.
(a) A, B (b) B, C 20. Select the correct statement for the given
(c) A, B, C (d) A, B, C, D ecological pyramid
12. Transpiration and root pressure cause water to
rise in plants by
(a) Pushing and pulling it, respectively
(b) Pulling it upward
(a) More than 20% of the biomass of one
(c) Pulling and pushing it, respectively
generation is passed on to next trophic level
(d) Pushing it upward
(b) Large standing crop of phytoplanktons
13. The studies about mechanism of absorption of
supports small standing crop of zooplankton
elements revealed that the process of absorption
(c) A number of generation of phytoplanktons is
can be demarcated into two main phases. The first
consumed by a single generation of
phase and second phase are
zooplanktons
(a) Active and passive phase
(d) Life span of phytoplanktons is higher than
(b) Active and active respectively
zooplanktons
(c) Passive and active respectively
21. Match the column I and Column II for Griffith’s
(d) Passive and passive respectively
experiment
14. During water stress, rise in ABA levels initially
cause
(a) Stomatal closure
(b) Stomatal opening
(c) Reduced transpiration
(d) Increased transpiration
15. The predominant stages of life cycle of moss is
gametophyte, which consists of two stages they
are
(a) Protonema, prothallus
(b) Spore mother cell, Protonema
(c) Protonema, leafy stage
(d) Protonema, zygote
16. In caryopsis fruit
(a) Seed is absent
(b) Three layer of pericarp are distinct
(c) Seed coat and pericarp are fused
(d) Pericarp is absent
17. In Drosophila, gene for white eye mutation is also
responsible for depigmentation of body parts.
Thus, a gene that controls several phenotypes is
called
(a) Oncogene (b) Epistatic gene
(c) Pleiotropic gene (d) Hypostatic gene (a) A-iii; B-i; C-iv; D-ii (b) A-ii; B-iv; C-i; D-iii
18. Swollen placentae, oblique septum and conniving (c) A-i; B-ii; C-iii; D-iv (d) A-iii; B-ii; C-i; D-iv
anthers are characteristics of family 22. A single strand of nucleic acid tagged with a
(a) Brassicaceae (b) Asteraceae radioactive molecule is called
(c) Poaceae (d) Solanaceae (a) vector (b) probe
19. Assertion: ER acts as a circulatory system. (c) plasmid (d) selectable marker
Reason: ER functions as cytoskeleton. 23. Identify the wrong statement in context of
(a) If both Assertion and Reason are correct and Heartwood
Reason is the correct explanation for (a) It is highly durable
Assertion. (b) It conducts water and minerals efficiently
(b) If both Assertion and Reason are correct, but (c) It comprises dead elements with highly
Reason is not the correct explanation for lignified walls
Assertion. (d) Organic compounds are deposited in it
41
Biology Times May 18
24. What is the value of BOD of sewage water in
comparison to normal water?
(a) More (b) Less
(c) Normal (d) Zero
25. During photosynthesis the reaction when PGA is
converted into PGAL, is called
(a) Isomerization (b) Reduction
(c) Oxidation (d) Phosphorylation
26. Which type of vegetation is found in this diagram
(a) Coniferous forest (b) evergreen forest
(c) deciduous forest (d) alpine vegetation
27. Which pair is not matched correctly?
(a) Transgenic sheep - “ANDI” carrying human
gene for blood clotting factor IX
(b) Transgenic salmon - First transgenic animal
for food production
(c) Transgenic chicken - Resistant to avian leuko
sis virus
(d) Transgenic pigs - Serve as bioreactors
28. Stomata of a plant opens due to
(a) Influx of hydrogen ions (c) Metaphase
(b) Influx of calcium ions 36. Energy transfer from one trophic level to other in
(c) Influx of potassium ions a food chain is
(d) Efflux of potassium ions (a) 10% (b) 20%
29. Mineral absorption occurs
(a) If soil is hypotonic
(b) if soil is hypertonic
(c) independent of water potential
(d) independent of water absorption
30. Assertion: The apical bud is the only source of
auxins.
Reason: Removal of apical bud promotes lateral
bud growth.
(a) If both Assertion and Reason are correct and
Reason is the correct explanation for
Assertion.
(b) If both Assertion and Reason are correct, but
Reason is not the correct explanation for
Assertion.
(c) If Assertion is true but Reason is false.
(d) If Assertion is false but Reason is true.
31. The most advanced order in gymnosperms
42
(a) Cycadales (b) Coniferales
(c) Gnetales (d) Taxales
32. How many nuclei are involved in double
fertilization?
(a) 2 (b) 3 (c) 4 (d) 5
33. Assertion: The strength of linkage will be more
when the distance between two genes is greater.
Reason: Crossing over will be relatively less
frequent.
(a) If both Assertion and Reason are correct and
Reason is the correct explanation for
Assertion.
(b) If both Assertion and Reason are correct, but
Reason is not the correct explanation for
Assertion.
(c) If Assertion is true but Reason is false.
(d) If Assertion is false but Reason is true.
34.Which one is not characteristic feature of
Asteraceae
(a) Cypsela fruit (b) Syngenesious stamens
(c) Ovary bicarpellary superior
(d) Placentation marginal
(e) Head type inflorescence
(a) a, b only (b) c and e only
(c) e only (d) c and d only
35. If you view a cell in which the genetic material
is beginning to be visible as separate bodies and
the nucleoli have disappeared from the view
(particularly noticeable in plant cells) you may
conclude that the cell is in
(a) Telophase (b) Anaphase
(d) Interphase
(c) 1% (d) 2%
37. Assertion: DNA polymerase I acts as proof
reader.
Reason: DNA polymerase I removes mismatched
nucleotides
(a) If both Assertion and Reason are correct and
Reason is the correct explanation for
Assertion.
(b) If both Assertion and Reason are correct, but
Reason is not the correct explanation for
Assertion.
(c) If Assertion is true but Reason is false.
(d) If Assertion is false but Reason is true.
38. Which statement is incorrect?
(a) T-DNA is present in Ti plasmid.
(b) Retroviruses convert common cells to
cancerous cells,
(c) pBR 322 is a natural plasmid-
(d) Agrobacterium tumifaciens is a natural
genetic engineer

39. Chlorenchyma is known to develop in
(a) Pollen tube of Pinus
(b) Cytoplasm of Chlorella
(c) Mycelium of a green mould such as
Aspergillus
(d) Spore capsule of a moss
40.Trichoderma harzianum has proved a useful
microorganism for
(a) Bioremediation of contaminated soil
(b) Gene transfer in higher plants
(c) Biological control of soil borne plant
pathogens
(d) Reclamation of wastelands
41. Plants are removed from the patient’s room at organism
night because
(a) They release more CO2 at night
(b) They produce CO2 all the time but release O2
also during the day time
(c) They do not consume O2 during night
(d) They do not photosynthesise at night,
therefore fail to liberate O2 in the room and
hence their presence will increase CO2
concentration
42. Assertion: On planet earth, life exists not just in
a few favourable habitats but even in extreme
harsh habitat such as scorching Rajasthan desert,
perpetually rain soaked Meghalaya forest, deep
ocean trenches, torrential streams, permafrost
polar region, high mountain tops, boiling thermal
springs and stinking compost pits etc.
Reason: Even our intestine is a unique habitat for
hundreds of species of microbes
(a) If both Assertion and Reason are correct and
Reason is the correct explanation for
Assertion.
Biology Times May 18
(b) If both Assertion and Reason are correct, but
Reason is not the correct explanation for
Assertion.
(c) If Assertion is true but Reason is false.
(d) If Assertion is false but Reason is true.
43. Transgenic animals developed for study of
normal physiology & development contain a
foreign gene that
(a) alters the formation of a particular factor
helping in getting information of role of this
factor
(b) hastens the formation of a particular factor
(c) itself produces a particular factor in a healthy
(d) produces all of these
44. The amount of water held by soil after drainage is
known as
(a) Mineral water (b) Soil water
(c) Field capacity (d) Gravitational capacity
45. Assertion: Translocations may not involve a loss
or an addition of chromosome.
Reason: During translocation a part of a
chromosome becomes detached and joins a part
of a nonhomologous chromosome.
(a) If both Assertion and Reason are correct and
Reason is the correct explanation for
Assertion.
(b) If both Assertion and Reason are correct, but
Reason is not the correct explanation for
Assertion.
(c) If Assertion is true but Reason is false.
(d) If Assertion is false but Reason is true.
Biology Times May 18

ZOOLOGY

1. Match the following based on the figure given in 4. Acorn worm is

column. (a) Rhabdopleura (b) Balanoglossus
(c) Doliolum (d) Salpa
5. Assertion: Obligate parasites can live only on
dead host
Reason: There are some organisms which
grow and live together but each one is always
harmed by the other. This phenomenon is called
antagonism.
(a) If both Assertion and Reason are correct
and Reason is the correct explanation for
Assertion.
(b) If both Assertion and Reason are correct,
but Reason is not the correct explanation for
Assertion.
(a) 1-B, 2-A, 3-C, 4-D, 5-E, 6-F, 7-G (c) If Assertion is true but Reason is false.
(b) 1-A, 2-B, 3-C, 4-D, 5-E, 6-F, 7-G (d) If Assertion is false but Reason is true
(c) 1-A, 2-B, 3-D, 4-C, 5-E, 6-F, 7-G 6. Which one is a wrong statement?
(d) 1-A, 2-B, 3-C, 4-D, 5-F, 6-E, 7-G (a) Mucor has biflagellate zoospores
2. The unique kingdom of heterotrophic organisms (b) Archegonia are found in Bryophyta,
with loose tissue level organisation shows Pteridophyta and Gymnosperms
I. Diversity in habitat (c) Haploid endosperm is typical feature of
II. Diversity in morphology of mycelium Gymnosperms
III. NAG polymer in cell wall (d) Brown algae have chlorophyll a and c and
IV. Degeneration of sex organs from lower to fucoxanthin.
higher group 7. Which one of the following groups of structures /
V. Optimum in growth in cool and humid places organs have similar function?
(a) All are correct (a) Typhlosole in earthworm, intestinal villi in
(b) I, II, III and V are correct rat and contractile vacuole in Amoeba
(c) III and V are incorrect (b) Nephridia in earthworm , Malpighian tubules
(d) Only V is incorrect in cockroach and urinary tubules in rat
3. Which of the following birds cannot perch? (c) Antennae of cockroach, tympanum of frog
(a) Robin (b) Crow and clitellum of earthworm
(c) Sparrow (d) Duck

44
 Biology Times May 18

(d) Incisors of rat, gizzard of cockroach and tube 6. Fertilisation is external & development is direct
feet of starfish (a) 2 & 6 (b) 3 & 5
8. The terga, sterna and pleura of cockroach body (c) 2 & 5 (d) 5 & 6
are joined by 15. Assertion: Deep part of dermis is composed of
(a) Muscular tissue (b) Arthrodial membrane rather loose connective tissue and is infiltrated
(c) Cartilage (d) Cementing glue with fats
9. Starvation leads to decrease in size of Reason: It lacks adipocytes
(a) Herdmania (b) Balanoglossus (a) If both Assertion and Reason are correct
(c) Saccoglossus (d) Branchiostoma and Reason is the correct explanation for
10. Group where adults are degenerated while larvae Assertion.
are well developed (b) If both Assertion and Reason are correct,
(a) Amphibia (b) Agnatha but Reason is not the correct explanation for
(c) Tunicata (d) Cephalochordate Assertion.
11. Of the following possibilities the best way to (c) If Assertion is true but Reason is false.
estimate an organisms evolutionary fitness is to (d) If Assertion is false but Reason is true
measure 16. System of rotating crops with legume or grass
(a) number of eggs it produces pasture to improve soil structure and fertility is
(b) size of its offsprings called
(c) number of eggs it produces over its lifetime (a) strip farming (b) shifting agriculture
(d) number of offsprings it produces over its (c) ley farming (d) contour farming
lifetime that survive to breed 17. On the basis of phylogenetic ‘tree’ of animal life,
12. Which of the following statement/s is/are not which of the following is assumed to be more
true? primitive than lizards but more complex than
(A) Connective tissues are most abundant and sharks?
widely distributed in the body of complex (a) Salamander (b) Amphioxus
organism. (c) Cray fish (d) Petromyzon
(B) The function of connective tissue is linking 18. It causes glycogenesis
and supporting other tissues / organs of the (a) Glucogen (b) Insulin
body. (c) Melatonin (d) Somatostatin
(C) Areolar tissue often serves as a support 19. Hyperosmotic urine secretion depends upon
framework for epithelium. (a) Width of Bowman’s capsule
(D) Blood is an example of loose connective (b) Length of loop of Henle
tissue where cells and fibres are loosely (c) Length of proximal convoluted tubules
arranged. (d) Length of distal convoluted tubules
(a) A, B and C (b) B and D 20. Which of these accelerates the neurogenic heart
(c) A and D (d) Only D beat?
13. The cervical vertebrae in human is (a) Adrenaline (b) Acetylcholine
(a) same as in whale (c) Norepinephrine (d) All of these
(b) more than that in rabbit 21. Chronic bronchitis is caused by the use of
(c) double than that of horse (a) Alcohol (b) Tobacco
(d) less than that of giraffe (c) Opium (d) Contaminated food
14. Which is not a character of phylum porifera? 22.An element playing important role in nitrogen
1. Generally marine & mostly asymmetrical fixation is
2. Water in canal system moves from osculum (a) Zinc (b) Copper
spongocoel ostia (c) Manganese (d) Molybdenum
3. Water transport helps to gather food, 23. It is steroid hormone of thyroid
respiratory exchange & removal of waste (a) T3 (b) TCT
4. Digestion is intracellular (c) T4 (d) None of the given
5. Sexes are not separate i.e, eggs & sperms are 24. Select the correct statement regarding the specific
produced by same individual disorder of muscular or skeletal system

45
Biology Times May 18

(a) Muscular dystrophy – Age related shortening 28. What do you mean by induced abortion?
of muscles (a) Voluntary termination of pregnancy after
(b) Osteoporosis – Decrease in bone mass and foetus become viable
higher chances of fractures with advancing (b) Voluntary termination of pregnancy before
age foetus become viable
(c) Myasthenia gravis – Autoimmune disorder (c) Foetus removed at incomplete gestation
which inhibits sliding of myosin filaments method
(d) Gout – Inflammation of joints due to extra (d) Accidentally foetus is lost
deposition of calcium 29. Transplantation of tissues/organs fails often due
25.Which of the following options shows correct to non-acceptance by the patient’s body. Which
order of some stages of muscle contraction from type of immune-response is responsible for such
the beginning to the end of the process? rejections?
(a) Stimuli Neurotransmitter secretion (a) Cell - mediated immune response
cross bridges formation Excitation of (b) Hormonal immune response
T-system Sliding of actin filaments (c) Physiological immune response
(b) Stimuli Excitation of T-system (d) Autoimmune response
Neurotransmitter secretion cross 30. The haemoglobin content per 100 ml of blood of
bridges formation Sliding of actin a normal healthy human adult is
filaments ‘H’ band diminishes (a) 5-11 mg (b) 25-30 mg
(c) Stimuli Neurotransmitter secretion (c) 17-20 mg (d) 12-16 mg
Excitation of T-system Release of 31. The tympanic cavity communicates with the
Ca2+ cross bridges formation Sliding pharynx by a pair of
of actin filaments ‘H’ band diminishes (a) Bartholin’s ducts (b) Internal nares
(d) Stimuli Neurotransmitter secretion (c) Eustachian tubes (d) None of these
Release of Ca2+ cross bridges formation 32. Why in ART procedures sometimes involve the
Excitation of T-system Sliding of use of donor eggs or donor sperms?
actin filaments (a) A woman cannot produce ovum
26. Assertion: Aerobic respiration is bioenergetically (b) When the woman or man has genetic disease
more efficient than anaerobic respiration. (c) Problem in coitus
Reason:Aerobic respiration takes place in (d) Both (a) and (b)
mitochondria whereas anaerobic respiration takes 33.Myelin sheath is produced by:
place in cytoplasm. (a) Astrocytes and Schwann cells
(a) If both Assertion and Reason are correct (b) Oligodendrocytes and Osteoclasts
and Reason is the correct explanation for (c) Osteoclasts and Astrocytes
Assertion. (d) Schwann cells and Oligodendrocytes
(b) If both Assertion and Reason are correct, 34. Identify the glands marked A-F.
but Reason is not the correct explanation for
Assertion.
(c) If Assertion is true but Reason is false.
(d) If Assertion is false but Reason is true
27. In peritoneal dialysis
(a) Blood is removed from the body and a natural
filter is employed
(b) Blood is not removed from the body and
natural filter is employed
(c) Blood is not removed from the body and an
artificial filter
(d) Blood is removed from the body and an
artificial filter is employed

46
 Biology Times May 18

(a) A-pituitary, B-thyroid, C-parathyroid, (d) G - cells

D-adrenal, E-pancreas, F-ovaries (e) Peptic cells
(b) A-thymus, B-pituitary, C-thyroid, 38. Temperature is increased from 3° to 40°. The rate
D-pancreas, E-adrenal, F-ovaries of enzyme controlled biochemical reaction will
(c) A-pituitary, B-thymus, C-thyroid, D-adrenal, (a) Not change
E-pancreas, F-ovaries (b) Increase
(d) A-thyroid, B-parathyroid, C-pituitary, (c) Increase initially and then decrease
D-adrenal, E-pancreas, F-ovaries (d) Decrease
35. Tumour cells have been shown to avoid detection 39. How many of the twenty two amino acids are
and destruction by immune system. Therefore essential amino acids for children?
the patient are given certain substances called (a) 6 (b) 8
biological response modifiers (BRM) which (c) 10 (d) 11
activates their immune system and helps in 40. Assertion: sucrose is a non-reducing sugar
destroying the tumour. Identify the BRM Reason: all disaccharides are reducing sugars
(a) Alpha interferon (b) Alpha – 1 antitrypsin (a) If both Assertion and Reason are correct
(c) Alpha lactalbumin (d) Gamma globulin and Reason is the correct explanation for
36. Based on the figure and chemical structure Assertion.
provided choose the correct option for metabolic (b) If both Assertion and Reason are correct,
waste materials from the following organisms. but Reason is not the correct explanation for
Assertion.
(c) If Assertion is true but Reason is false.
(d) If Assertion is false but Reason is true
41. The pulp cavity is lined by:
(a) Osteoblasts (b) Ameloblasts
(c) Odontoblasts (d) Chondroblasts
42. Which one of the following fungi contains
hallucinogens?
(a) Morchella esculenta (b) Amanita muscaria
(c) Neurospora sp. (d) Ustilago sp.
43. Specific part of hypothalamus responsible for
physiological sweat secretion is
(a) Supra optic nucleus
(b) Para ventricular nucleus
(c) Pars distalis
(d) Median eminence
44. Which one of the following is true for fungi?
(a) They lack a rigid cell wall
(b) They are heterotrophs
(c) They lack nuclear membrane
(d) They are phagotrophs
45. Darwins theory of pangenesis shows similarity
with the theory of inheritance of acquired
(a) A-Ammonia; B-Urea; C-Uric acid characters then what shall be correct according
(b) A- Uric acid; B-Urea; C- Ammonia to it?
(c) A-Ammonia; B- Uric acid; C- Urea (a) Development of organs is due to will power
(d) A- Urea; B- Ammonia; C-Uric acid (b) There should be some physical basis of
37. Cod and Shark liver oil is a source of: inheritance
(a) F - cells (c) Size of organs increase with aging
(b) Castle’s intrinsic (d) Useful organs become strong and developed
(c) Constructive nutrients factor while useless organs become extinct.

47
Biology Times May 18

BOTANY

1. F1 hybrid is intermediate between the two parents. (a) B, C and E (b) B, C and D
The phenomenon is (c) B and C only (d) C and E only
(a) Dominance (b) Codominance 6. Which of the following is not a component
(c) Incomplete dominance of downstream processing?
(d) Blending inheritance (a) Separation (b) Preservation
2. Pappus occurs in compositae for (c) Purification (d) Expression
(a) Air pollination (b) Air dispersal 7. Sieve tubes are best suited for translocation
(c) insect pollination (d) Animal dispersal because they :
3. Which one of the following is a convoluted (a) Posses no end wall
membranous structure formed in a prokaryotic (b) Are broader than longer
cell? (c) Posses a broad lumen and perforated wall end
(a) Mesosome (b) Glycosome (d) Posses bordered pits
(c) Lysosome (d) Peroxisomes 8. Insecticides usually act upon
4. Which of the following statements regarding food (a) Digestive system (b) Nervous system
chain is false? (c) Muscular system (d) Circulatory system
(a) Primary consumers belong to the first trophic 9. _______ are placed one above the other to form
level stack of coins
(b) The detritus food chain begins with dead (a) Oxysomes (b) F1 particles
organic matter. (c) Cristae (d) Thylakoids
(c) In terrestrial ecosystems, a large fraction of 10. Insectivorous plants are best adapted to
energy flows through detritus food chain. (a) water rich soil
(d) In an aquatic ecosystem, grazing food chain (b) water deficient soil
is the major conduit for energy flow. (c) trace mineral deficient soil
5. Read the following statements and find out the (d) nitrogenous deficient soils
incorrect statement. 11. Mark the incorrect statement regarding an event
A. The length of DNA is usually defined as in the application of biotechnology.
number of nucleotides or base pairs present (a) Introduction of human α -lactalbumin gene is
in it. a cow named Rosie in 1997.
B. In DNA, every nucleotide residue has an (b) Production of humulin by Eli Lilly, an
addition of al-OH group present at 2′ position American firm in 1983.
in the deoxyribose. (c) Clinical therapy given to treat adenosine
C. Nuclein was discovered and named by deaminase deficiency to a 4-year old girl in
Meischer in 1969. 1997.
D. Adenine pair with Thymine and Guanine (d) In 2001, a Canadian firm transferred spider
with Cytosine through H-bonds. This makes silk gene in lactating goats so as to obtain silk
one strand complementary to the other. from milk.
E. The position of double helical model of DNA 12. Water in plants are transported by or ascent of sap
was also based on the observation of Erwin takes place through
Charagaff. (a) Cambium (b) Xylem
48
 Biology Times May 18

(c) Phloem (d) Epidermis In above diagram B is :-

13. Exanthema is a result of deficiency of (a) Primary consumer (b) Decomposer
(a) Cu (b) Ca (c) P (d) Na (c) Top consumer (d) Producer
14. Ethylene production by organisms can be detected 21. During DNA replication, Okazaki fragments are
by used to elongate ….
(a) Column chromatography (a) The leading strand towards replication fork
(b) Paper chromatography (b) The lagging strand towards replication fork
(c) Gas chromatography (c) The leading strand away from replication fork
(d) Gel chromatography (d) The lagging strand away from the replication
15. In ferns, anterozoids are fork
(a) Coiled and multiflagellate 22. Bacterial artificial chromosome (BAC),
(b) Sickle shaped and biflagellate phages, cosmids, plasmids and yeast artificial
(c) Coiled and biflagellate chromosomes(YAC) are cloning vectors that
(d) Sickle shaped and multiflagellate differ in their cloning capacities with a range
16. Which of the following statement is true? from approximately 100 bp to 1000kb. Which of
(i) Pollen release and stigma receptivity are the following is the correct order of the vectors in
always synchronized in all species. terms of decreasing cloning capacity
(ii) Pollination does not guarantee the transfer of (a) YAC, BAC, cosmid, phage, plasmid
right type of pollen. (b) BAC, YAC, phage, plasmid, cosmid
(iii) Micropyle represents the basal part of ovule. (c) Phage, plasmid, cosmid, BAC, YAC
(iv) Most zygotes divide only after certain amount (d) Plasmid, cosmid, phage. BAC, YAC
of endosperm is formed. 23. A correct situation of mesophyll in an isobilateral
(a) i. iii (b) i. ii, iv grass leaf is shown by
(c) ii. iv (d) ii . iii. Iv (a) Palisade towards adaxial surface
17. When linked characters or genes are inherited (b) Palisade towards abaxial surface
together through two or more generations, it is (c) Undifferentiated mesophyll
called (d) Palisade along both the surface
(a) Continuous linkage (b) Incomplete linkage 24. In gobar gas, the maximum amount is that of
(c) Complete linkage (d) Consistant linkage (a) Butane (b) Methane
18. Marginal placentation is found in (c) Propane (d) Carbon dioxide
(a) Solanaceae (b) Cruciferae 25. Dimorphic chloroplasts are present in
(c) Fabaceae/Leguminosae (a) Zeamays (b) Saccharum officinale
(d) Asteraceae/Compositae (c) Sorghum bicolor (d) All of these
19. Select the correct statement from the following 26. In a population unrestricted reproductive capacity
regarding cell membrane: is called
(a) Na+ and K+ ions move across cell membrane (a) Carrying capacity (b) Biotic potential
by passive transport. (c) Birth rate (d) Fertility rate
(b) Proteins make up 60 to 70% of the cell 27. Production of a human protein in bacteria by
membrane. genetic engineering is possible because
(c) Lipids are arranged in bilayer with polar head (a) Bacterial cell can carry out the RNA splicing
towards the inner part reactions
(d) Fluid mosaic model of cell membrane was (b) The human chromosome can replicate in
proposed by Singer and Nicolson bacterial cell
20. (c) The mechanism of gene regulation is identical
in humans and bacteria
(d) The genetic code is universal
28. Transport of food materials in higher plants takes
place through
(a) Tracheids (b) Transfusion tissue
(c) Companion cells (d) Sieve elements
29. Assertion: Rhizobium lives as aerobes under
free-living conditions but during nitrogen fixing
events, they become anaerobic

49
Biology Times May 18

Reason:The enzyme nitrogenase is highly C. Down Syndrome 3.Trisomy of autosome

sensitive to the molecular oxygen D. Colour blindness 4. Trisomy of sex
(a) If both Assertion and Reason are correct and chromosome
Reason is the correct explanation for (a) A-1, B-2, C-3, D-4
Assertion. (b) A-2, B-3, C-4, D-1
(b) If both Assertion and Reason are correct, but (c) A-3, B-4, C-1, D-2
Reason is not the correct explanation for (d) A-4, B-1, C-3, D-2
Assertion. 34. Match the column
(c) If Assertion is true but Reason is false. Column I Column II
(d) If Assertion is false but Reason is true. A. Hibiscus rosa-sinensis 1. Poaceae
30. Which plant is LDP? B. Oryza sativa 2. Malvaceae
(a) Tobacco (b) Glycine max C. Tridax Procumbans 3. Febaceae
(c) Mirablis jalapa (d) Spinach D. Crotalaria juncea 4. Liliaceae
31. In the diagram, identify the algae A- D, and E. Bloriosa superba 5. Asteraceae
choose the correct option among the following: (a) A-2, B-5, C-1, D-4, E-3
(b) A-5, B-1, C-4, D-2, E-3
(c) A-3, B-4, C-1, D-5, E-2
(d) A-2, B-1, C-5, D-3, E-1
35. Interkinesis is a period between
(a) Prophase I and metaphase I
(b) Metaphase I and anaphase I
(c) Anaphase I and Telophase I
(d) Meiosis I and meiosis II
36. Consider the following statements concerning
food chains
A. removal of 80% tigers from an area resulted
in greatly increased growth of vegetation
B. Removal of most of the carnivores resulted in
an increased population of deers.
C. The length of food chains is generally limited
to 3-4 trophic levels due to energy loss
D. The length of food chains may vary from 2-8
trophic levels
Which two of the above statements are correct?
(a) A, D (b) A, B
(a) A-Nostoc, B-Volvox, C-Chara, (c) B, C (d) C, D
D-Chlamydomonas 37. Assertion: ‘DNA finger printing’ has become a
(b) A-Volvox, B-Chara, C-Nostoc, powerful tool to establish paternity and identity
D-Chlamydomonas of criminals in rape and assault cases.
(c) A-Chara, B-Nostoc, C-Volvox, Reason: Trace evidences such as hairs, saliva and
D-Chlamydomonas dried semen are adequate for DNA analysis.
(d) A-Volvox, B- Chlamydomonas, C- Chara, (a) If both Assertion and Reason are correct and
D-Nostoc Reason is the correct explanation for
32. Seedless fruit in banana is produced because of Assertion.
(a) Asexual reproduction (b) Parthenocarpy (b) If both Assertion and Reason are correct, but
(c) Triploid (d) Cross pollination Reason is not the correct explanation for
33. Match the items in Column-I with those in Assertion.
Column-II, and choose the correct answer. (c) If Assertion is true but Reason is false.
Column-I Column-II (d) If Assertion is false but Reason is true.
A. Klinefelter Synrome 1. Mutation in 38. Which statement is incorrect?
autosomal gene (a) T-DNA is present in Ti plasmid.
B. Thalassaemia 2. Mutation in sex (b) Retroviruses convert common cells to
chromosome linked cancerous cells,
gene (c) pBR 322 is a natural plasmid-
50
 Biology Times May 18

(d) Agrobacterium tumifaciens is a natural C. Warning colouration 3. Monarch butterfly

genetic engineer D.Echolocation 4. Praying mantis
39. The given diagram is the anatomy of (a) A-2, B-4, C-3, D-1 (b) A-3, B-4, C-2, D-1
(c) A-4, B-1, C-3, D-2 (d) A-4, B-3, C-1, D-2
43. Match the following
Column-I Column-II
A. Vitamin B2 1. Somatotropin
releasing hormone
B. ELISA 2. Prednisone
C. β- carotene 3.Choanephora
cucurbitarum
D. Human growth 4. Ashbya gossypii
hormone
E. Cortisone 5. Alkaline phosphatase
(a) A-4, B-5, C-3, D-1, E-2
(b) A-3, B-4, C-5, D-1, E-2
(a) Dicot stem (b) Monocot stem (c) A-3, B-2, C-1, D-5, E-4
(c) Monocot root (d) Dicot root (d) A-4, B-3, C-5, D-1, E-2
40. Mycorrhiza is an example of 44. The osmosis means
(a) Endoparasitism (b) Decomposers (a) Movement of molecules from area of higher
(c) Symbiotic relationship (d) Ectoparasitism concentration into area of lower concentration
41.Formation of ATP in photosynthesis and (b) Uptake of water by plants
respiration is an oxidation process which utilises (c) Passage of solvent from a weak solution to
the energy from a strong solution when the two are separated
(a) Cytochromes (b) Ferredoxin by a semi permeable membrane
(c) Electrons (d) Carbon dioxide (d) Passage of solute from a weak solution to a
42. Match column I and column II and select the strong solution when the two are separated
correct option by a semi permeable membrane
Column I Column II 45. In the ABO system of blood groups, if both
A.Camouflage 1. Dendrobates pumilio antigens are present but no antibody, the blood
B. Batesian mimicry 2. Horse-shoe bat group of the individual would be:
(a) AB (b) A (c) B (d) O

51
Biology Times April 18

EVA AITS (NEET [ZOOLOGY] -17)

is caused by virus. Beer is manufactured by

distillation of fermented barley .
14.Sol: In plant tissue culture, the tissues can be
1. c 2. d 3. c 4. b 5. d regenerated into complete plantlets primarily by
6. c 7. c 8. d 9. a 10. d altering the concentration of hormones.
11. a 12. b 13. d 14. d 15. a 15.Sol: Skeletal fibres are syncytial while cardiac
16. c 17. a 18. c 19. a 20. a fibres are uninucleate. Intercalated discs are
21. c 22. a 23. a 24. b 25. a present only in cardiac fibres. Striated fibres show
26. d 27. a 28. a 29. c 30. d both aerobic and anaerobic contractions while
31. d 32. a 33. b 34. b 35. a cardiac fibres contract only aerobically.
36. c 37. c 38. c 39. c 40. a 16.Sol: Four important species of honeybee utilised
41. a 42. b 43. a 44. a 45. b in apiculture are: Apis mellifera, Apis indica, Apis
dorsata, Apis florae.
18.Sol: Cortisol and catecholamine.
20.Sol:The QRS complex corresponds to the
depolarisation of the right and left ventricles of the
3.Sol: Protochordates are often called invertebrate human heart. T wave represents the repolarisation
chordates and they are connecting link between or recovery of the ventricles. The P wave indicates
vertebrates and early chordate ancestors. They atrial depolarisation.
lack a vertebral column. Therefore, Assertion is 23.Sol: A. Secretion of pancreatic juice – Secretin
true but Reason is false. B. Hypertonic urine - Vasopressin
4.Sol: ChilkaLake is a brackish water lagoon, spread C. Milk ejection – Oxytocin
over the Puri, Khurda and Ganjam districts of D. Maintenance of secondary sexual characters
Odisha state on the east coast of India, at the Estrogen
mouth of the Daya River, flowing into the Bay E. Over secretion leads to gigantism - Growth
of Bengal. Around 152 rare and endangered hormone
Irrawaddy dolphins have also been reported 24.Sol: Osteoporosis is reduction in bone mineral
7.Sol: Earthworms respire through moist body density resulting in bones that are brittle and
surface. liable into fracture. Decreased levels of oestrogen
8.Sol: The male frog croaks louder than female during menopause cause bone resorption. Bone
because male frog has presence of 2 vocal sacs resorption overtakes the building of bones
situated on the posterior part of the throat in a which makes the bonesweak, porous and fragile.
male frog , that act as a resonators. Croaking is a Oestrogen regulates the osteoclasts, the cells
courtship behaviour , it is a mating call to attract which build new bones. With decreased level
female frog. The male frog jumps on the back of of oestrogen, the number of these cells is also
the female frog and holds female frog tightly with reduced.
the help of the fore limbs . Holding female frog 25.Sol: Osteoporosis is a disorder where there
by the male frog is aided by the presence of the is reduction in bone tissue mass, resulting
nuptial pads. in weakness of skeleton strength. The bones
9.Sol: Cysticerci in pig muscles can remain viable become brittle or fragile and get fractured easily.
upto six months. Osteoporosis occurs due to excessive absorption
10.Sol: The giant clam (Tridacna gigas), is a clam of calcium and phosphorous from bones and
that is the largest living bivalve mollusk. decreased oestrogen levels
Tridacna gigas is one of the most endangered 26.Sol: Systemic venous blood contains both the CO2
clam species. that was in systemic arterial blood plus the CO2
12.Sol: Colostrum is recommended for the new born that is added to the blood by tissue metabolism as
because it is rich in antibodies. Chikunganya the blood passes through the systemic capillaries.

52

27.Sol: When someone drinks lots of water, kidney
release of ADH is suppressed.
29.Sol: Ringworm in humans is called by fungi.
30.Sol: Amphibians have a three-chambered heart.
The three-chambered heart consists of two atria
and one ventricle. Both atria empty into the single
ventricle, mixing the oxygen-rich blood returning
from the lungs with the oxygen-depleted blood
from the body tissues. Thus, both Assertion and
Reason are false.
33.Sol: The pathogenesis of Alzheimer’s disease
(AD) has been linked to a deficiency in the brain
neurotransmitter acetylcholine.
34.Sol: Posterior pituitary secretes vasopressin which
stimulates resorption of water in the distal tubules
in the nephron.
36.Sol:
• Blood drained from a convenient artery is
pumped into a dialyzing unit after adding an
anticoagulant like heparin.
• The unit contains a coiled cellophane tube
surrounded by a fluid (dialyzing fluid) having
the same composition as that of plasma except
the nitrogenous wastes.
• The porous cellophane membrane of the tube
allows the passage of molecules based on
concentration gradient.
• As nitrogenous wastes are absent in the dialyzing
fluid, these substances freely move out, thereby
clearing the blood.
• The cleared blood is pumped back to the body
through a vein after adding anti-heparin to it.
37.Sol: Glycogenolysis, process by which glycogen,
the primary carbohydrate stored in the liver and
muscle cells of animals, is broken down into
glucose to provide immediate energy and to
maintain blood glucose levels during fasting.
38.Sol:
• Living organisms requires 6 elements in
relatively large amounts. C, H, O, N, P, S. These
elements contribute to the structural organization
of living organisms.
• Phosphorus is important constituent of nucleic
acids, sulphur and nitrogen constituent of amino
acids.
• Carbon, hydrogen, oxygen are frame work
element. Nitrogen forms DNA base pairs.
• Smaller quantities of the elements required are
Na, K, Mn, Ca, Fe, Mg, CI, Mg, CI, I, Co, Bo.
• Plants obtained their supplies of material from
air, water, and soil. Animals obtained these by
Biology Times April 18
eating plants and drinking water.
• All are present in rocks and are released by
erosion and weathering into soils, rivers, lakes
and oceans.
• Some such as N, O, and C are also present in the
atmosphere.
• The movement of the nutrient element through
the biosphere is called the biogeochemical cycle.
Eg, Carbon, nitrogen, sulphur, phosphorus,
oxygen and water cycles.
39.Sol: Peyer’s patches are small masses of lymphatic
tissue found throughout the ileum region of the
small intestine.
40.Sol:
• Proteins are biological molecules that come in a
wide variety of forms.
• They play a lot of different important roles in
our bodies from being a structural part of cells
(like the protein keratin in our hairs and nails)
to messengers (in the form of hormones) in our
body.
• Enzymes are just one of the many functions of a
protein.
• They help speed up life processes so our bodies
can immediately receive their needs without
disrupting other bodily chemical processes.
41.Sol: Micronutrients are needed only in minuscule
amounts, these substances enable the body to
produce enzymes, hormones and other substances
essential for proper growth and development.
As tiny as the amounts are, however, the
consequences of their absence are severe.
43.Sol: The human sense of smell is commonly
believed to be relatively poor compared to that of
other mammals, including great apes. Olfactory
receptors are limited to only small areas of the
nasal chambers. Both Assertion and Reason
are true and Reason is correct explanation of
Assertion.
44.Sol:All single celled eukaryotes are placed under
Protista. Chrysophytes, Dinoflagellates, Slime
moulds, Euglenoids, come under Protista. Being
eukaryotes, protistian cell body contains a well
defined nucleus and membrane bound organelles.
45.Sol: Lederbergs replica plating experiment
suggest that natural selection plays an important
role in fixing mutation of survival rate. Lederberg
gave an evidence that drug penicillin and
streptomycin permitted pre-existing mutations to
express themselves.
53
Biology Times April 18

EVA AITS (NEET [ZOOLOGY] -18)

In Rhizopus mycelium is differentiated into 3 types

namely, rhizoidal, stolon and sporangiophores.
The columella is a sterile dome shaped structure
1. c 2. c 3. b 4. a 5. b found at the tip of a sporangiophore, or within a
6. b 7. c 8. d 9. b 10. d sporangium
11. d 12. b 13. a 14. b 15. b 7.Sol: Cockroach shows sexual dimorphism i.e
16. a 17. a 18. c 19. b 20. a by visualizing morphological features we can
21. a 22. b 23. c 24. d 25. a distinguish male and female individuals.
26. b 27. d 28. b 29. c 30. c Anal styles are absent in a female cockroach.
31. c 32. c 33. a 34. a 35. a Anal styles are present in male cockroach. They
36. a 37. b 38. b 39. b 40. b occur as projections from the 9th sternum.
41. a 42. c 43. b 44. c 45. d 8.Sol: Kidney of an adult frog is mesonephros. It is
present in both adult as well as embryo of frog.
It develops from middle part of intermediate
mesoderm, posterior to each pronephros after its
degeneration.
1.Sol: Sertoli cells doesnot secrete androgens instead 9.Sol: Herdmania has myogenic valveless heart. It has
it is secreted by interstitial cells of Leydig. a double circulation. The blood of Herdmania is
2.Sol: Fungi pefer to grow in warm and humid green due to the presence of vanadium in blood.
condition. 10.Sol: Bufotoxins are a family of toxic steroid
3.Sol:Salamandra is a tailed amphibian, has lactones found in the parotid glands, skin and
tymphanum which represents ear. poison of many toad species of genera Bufo.
4.Sol: The intestine of sharks and cartilaginous fishes 11.Sol: Heterozygotic condition is when one gene
contains two and a half coil of scroll valve. is dominant and another gene is the recessive.
5.Sol: The Nuclear polyhedrosis virus (NPV) which In such conditions lethal gene will be recessive
belongs to the family Baculoviruses is a virus and dominant gene will express itself. The
affecting insects, predominantly moths and recessive gene can be expressed in the next
butterflies . Heliothis sp. is a cosmopolitan insect generation and selection cannot eliminate lethal
pest attacking at least 30 food and fibre yielding recessive allele from large population of diploid
crop plants. They have been controlled by the organisms. Recessive lethals produce effect only
application of NPV’s Baculovirus heliothis as it in homozygous condition, their heterozygotes are
can be used as the biocontrol agent. normal.
6.Sol: 12.Sol: Pomato is developed by somatic hybridization
of tissue culture. Somatic hybridization is a
technique which allows the manipulation of
cellular genomes by protoplast fusion. Its major
contribution to plant breeding is in overcoming
common crossing barriers among plant species
and in organelle genetics and breeding.
14.Sol: Seminiferous tubules open into vasa
efferentia through rete testis.
15.Sol: Neuron is structural and functional unit of
neural tissue. Neural tissue includes neurons
and Neuroglia. The neural tissue develops from
ectoderm layer of the germ layer.

54

16.Sol: A plant cell that had its cell wall completely
or partially removed using either mechanical or
enzymatic means.
17.Sol: Ramapithecus occurred during late Miocene
and early Pliocene. They were found in the
Shivalik hills in India. They were having man like
characters.
18.Sol: Follicle stimulating hormone or FSH is
secreted by the pituitary gland.
19.Sol: Structure of urea cycle components showed
by Fischer projections, left, and polygonal
model, right. The compounds correspond, in the
order, carbamoyl phosphate (CbP), citrulline
(Cit), aspartate (Asp), argininosuccinate (ArgS),
fumarate (Fum), arginine (Arg), urea, and
ornithine (Orn)
20.Sol:SA node →AV node →Bundle of His
→Purkinje fibres
21.Sol: Nicotene is a stimulant and a highly poisonous
substance.
Nicotine normally affects all parts of human body
but the body system like respiratory, circulatory
and nervous are the worst hit.
22.Sol: In the absence of the enzyme, only 200
molecules of H2CO3 are formed in an hour. In
presence of carbonic anhydrase about 6,00,000
molecules are formed per second.
23.Sol:The zona fasciculata chiefly produces
glucocorticoids which regulates the metabolism
of glucose mostly during stress.
24.Sol: In a gliding joint, the bones that are
articulating can slide upon one another.
25.Sol: Red muscle fibres have more mitochondria
& sarcoplasm but lesser sarcoplasmic reticulum.
High amount of myoglobin provides them red
colour and aerobic nature.
26.Sol: Vital capacity (VC): This is the maximum
amount of air that can be expired forcefully from
lungs after first filling these with a maximum
deep inspiration. It is about 4600 ml.
VC = IRV + TV + ERV
= 3000+500+1100 = 4600 ml.
30.Sol: Capillaries are the smallest of a body’s blood
vessels and lymph vessels that make up the
microcirculation.
Biology Times April 18
31.Sol:The sympathetic nervous system
involves the composition of saliva secreted
rather than the volume of saliva secreted.
33.Sol: The human sense of smell is commonly
believed to be relatively poor compared to that of
other mammals, including great apes. Olfactory
receptors are limited to only small areas of the nasal
chambers. Both Assertion and Reason are true
and Reason is correct explanation of Assertion.
34.Sol: ANF is a vasodilator and does not work in
condition of low blood pressure.
36.Sol: Kidneys play an important role in maintaining
the concentration and osmotic pressure of the
blood. When water intake of an animal is high,
the urine excreted has to be hypotonic and lower
in osmotic pressure than their blood in order to
remove the excess of water. On the contrary when
there is a shortage of water, the urine excreted
needs to be hypertonic and higher in osmotic
pressure than their blood to reduce the loss of
water with urine
39.Sol: The enzyme carboxypeptidase A is secreted
by the pancreas and is used to speed up this
hydrolysis reaction.
41.Sol: Gastrin controls the secretion of gastric juice.
42.Sol: Sickle-cell anaemia ( in which RBCs become
sickle-shaped and stiff) is a genetic disorder that
is autosomal and linked to a recessive allele. It has
not been eliminated from the African population
because it provides immunity against malaria.
People who are heterozygous for sickle cell
allele are much less susceptible for falciparum
malaria which is one of the main causes of illness
and death in them. Thus, sickle cell allele is
maintained at high levels in populations where
falciparum malaria is common.
43.Sol: Pupil of eye: Sympathetic NS- Dilates;
Parasympathetic NS- Constricts
45.Sol:Darwin’s theory cannot explain the inheritance
of variations from parents to offsprings through
the genes. Darwin didn’t have any idea regarding
the genes nor genetics. It was gregor mendel who
discovered the basic principles of heredity.
55
Biology Times April 18

EVA AITS (NEET [ZOOLOGY] -19)

11.Sol: Best way to estimate evolutionary fitness

is by knowing number of offsprings it produces
in a life time that have survived to breed larger
1. b 2. d 3. d 4. b 5. d number of offspring that have survived to breed,
6. a 7. b 8. b 9. a 10. c then it is evolutionarily more fit.
11. d 12. d 13. a 14. a 15. c 12.Sol: Blood is the fluid connective tissue.
16. c 17. a 18. b 19. b 20. b 13.Sol: Number of cervical vertebrae in human and
21. b 22. d 23. d 24. b 25. c whales are same, i.e. 7.
26. b 27. b 28. b 29. a 30. d 14.Sol: In the members of Phylum Porifera, water in
31. c 32. c 33. d 34. a 35. a the water canal moves from Ostia to Spongocoel
36. c 37. b 38. c 39. c 40. c and to Osculum. Sponges undergo internal
41. c 42. b 43. a 44. b 45. b fertilization and have indirect development with
larval stages.
15.Sol: It contains adipocytes and adipocyte is the fat
storage tissue.
16.Sol: Ley farming is an agricultural system where
2.Sol: Fungi grows in warm and humid condition. the field is alternately seeded for grain and left
3.Sol: Since the Ducks have webbed feet they are not fallow for growing hay or used for pasture .
able to perch. 17.Sol: Salamander which is an amphibian is more
4.Sol: Balanoglossus is commonly known as Acorn primitive than lizard (reptile) and more complex
worm. than shark (pisces).
5.Sol: Obligate parasites are those organisms that 18.Sol: Glycogenesis is the formation of glycogen
compulsorily need to lead a parasitic mode of life from glucose. If both glucose and ATP are present
for their survival . Association between organisms in relatively high amounts, then the excess of
in which one gets benefitted by harming another insulin promotes the glucose conversion into
is antagonism. glycogen for storage in liver and muscle cells.
6.Sol: Mucor is a member of Zygomycetes in which 20.Sol: All known neurogenic hearts are accelerated
motile cells like zygospores, planogametes by acetylcholine (Ach).
are absent. Sexual reproduction takes place 21.Sol: Tobacco smoke contains smoke carbon
by formation of non-motile zygospores, monoxide, polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons like
while asexual reproduction takes place by benzopyrene and tar.
sporangiospores( non-motile). Carbon monoxide combines with haemoglobin in
7.Sol: Nephridia in earthworm, Malpighian tubules RBCs and reduces its oxygen carrying capacity.
in cockroach and urinary tubules in rat all are 22.Sol: The notable influence of molybdenum on
involved in excretion of nitrogenous wastes. plant nitrogen metabolism is in nitrogen-fixing
8.Sol: Arthrodial membrane is a tough cuticle which legumes. Supply of molybdenum to bacteroids is,
joins skeletal elements of cockroach. It connects therefore, an important process and most likely a
sterna, pleura and terga of cockroach body. key regulatory component in the maintenance of
9.Sol: During the period of starvation the size of nitrogen fixation in legumes.
Herdmania gets reduced. 23.Sol: All are non-steroid hormones. T3, T4 and
10.Sol: The adults are degenerate, sac-like, sessile TSH are tyrosine-based hormones produced by
animals with a well developed pharynx. During its the thyroid gland that are primarily responsible
development, the Sea squirt produces a tadpole- for regulation of metabolism.
like free-swimming larva which possesses a 24.Sol: Osteoporosis is a disorder of bone, where
notochord. bone loses minerals and fibres. Osteoporosis

56

is caused due to imbalance of hormones like
calcitonin, parathormone and deficiencies of
calcium and vitamin D.
25.Sol: The contraction of skeletal muscle
includes biochemical and ultrastructural
events. Ultrastructural events leads with stimuli
excitation of T-system followed by cross bridge
formation and the cross bridge breakage.
Biochemical events explain that stimuli leads to
neurotransmitter secretion, excitation of T-system
and release of Ca2+.
26.Sol:Aerobic respiration is characteristic of
eukaryotic cells when they have sufficient oxygen
and most of it takes place in the mitochondria.
Anaerobic respiration (both glycolysis and
fermentation) takes place in the fluid portion of
the cytoplasm whereas the bulk of the energy
yield of aerobic respiration takes place in the
mitochondria. Anaerobic respiration leaves a lot
of energy in the ethanol or lactate molecules that
the cell cannot use and must excrete.
30.Sol: Percentage of Haemoglobin in Human Body:
Men: 13.5 to 16.5 g/dl, Women: 12.1 to 15.1 g/dl
and Children: 11 to 16 g/dl.
31.Sol: The auditory tube or Eustachian tube is
the channel through which the tympanic cavity
communicates with the nasal part of the pharynx.
33.Sol: Myelin is made by two different types of
support cells. In the central nervous system
(CNS) i.e., the brain and spinal cord cells
called oligodendrocytes wrap their branch-like
extensions around axons to create a myelin
sheath. In the nerves outside of the spinal cord,
Schwann cells produce myelin.
35.Sol: This medication is used to treat various
cancers (e.g., leukemia, melanoma, AIDS-related
Kaposi’s sarcoma). It is also used to treat virus
infections (e.g., chronic hepatitis B, chronic
hepatitis C, condylomataacuminata).
This medication is the same as a protein that your
body naturally produces (interferon).
Biology Times April 18
37.Sol: CIF is secreted by gastric glands.
39.Sol: Out of 22 amino acids commonly occurring
in foods, 8 are essential for adults - isoleucine,
leucine, lysine, methionine, phenylalanine,
threonine, tryptophan and valine and two more
histidine and arginine are also essential for
children and infants.
40.Sol: The reason that sucrose is a non-reducing
sugar is that it has no free aldehyde or keto group.
Additionally, its anomeric carbon is not free and
can’t easily open up its structure to react with
other molecules.
41.Sol: The dental pulp is the part in the center of
a tooth made up of living connective tissue and
cells called odontoblasts.
42.Sol:
• Amanita muscaria is noted for its hallucinogenic
properties, with its main psychoactive constituent
being the compound muscimol.
• The mushroom was used as an intoxicant and
entheogen by the peoples of Siberia, and has a
religious significance in these cultures.
43.Sol: Supra optic nucleus in the anterior part of
hypothalamus is responsible for physiological
sweat secretion.
44.Sol: Fungi are heterotrophic, non-photosynthetic,
achlorophyllous, non-vascular, spore producing,
eukaryotic organisms which often contain chitin
in their cell walls.
57
Biology Times April 18

EVA AITS (NEET [BOTANY] -17)

15. (a) Chlamydomonas is unicellular green algae

undergo both asexual and sexual reproduction.
18. Sol: Gynoecium is apocarpous, if the carpels are
1. c 2. a 3. b 4. b 5. d free, e.g., Michelia, Ranunculus.
6. c 7. d 8. b 9. a 10. d 19.Sol: The primary types of fibers comprising the
11. a 12. d 13. b 14. a 15. a cytoskeleton are microfilaments, microtubules,
16. d 17. c 18. d 19. a 20. b and intermediate filaments. Microfilaments
21. c 22. b 23. b 24. b 25. a are fine, thread-like protein fibers, 3-6 nm in
26. c 27. a 28. d 29. b 30. a diameter. They are composed predominantly of a
31. b 32. a 33. d 34. d 35. b contractile protein called actin, which is the most
36. d 37. b 38. b 39. a 40. d abundant cellular protein.
41. d 42. d 43. b 44. a 45. b 20.Sol: The breakdown of detritus into smaller
particles by the earthworm is a process called
fragmentation. Others are performed by
heterotrophic microbes
23. Sol: Collenchyma is a simple permanent
1.Sol: Law of independent assortment that could be mechanical tissue which has pectin deposition in
stated on the basis of segregation of gametes. the walls.
This point further strengthened Mendelism. 24.Sol: N2 N2H2 N2H4 2NH3
3.Sol: In prokaryotic cell an organised nucleus is Nitrogen Dimide Hydrazine Ammonia
absent, instead a nucleoid is found. So, prokaryotic 25.Sol: Dark reactions are called as light-independent
cell does not possess nuclear membrane. reactions which takes place in the absence of
7.Sol: Phellogen or cork cambium is a part of light.
periderm. It presents between phellem or cork 26.Sol: The reproductive capacity is the ability of the
towards outerside and phelloderm or secondary organisms to give birth into younger ones.
cortex towards inner side. Phellogen appearing 28.Sol: Adhesion is the tendency of dissimilar
in the cortical regions cuts off new cells for particles or surfaces to cling to one another.
extrastelar secondary growth-cork on the outer 30.Sol: In botanical gardens and tea gardens,
side and secondary cortex on the inner side. gardeners trim the plant regularly so that they
8.Sol: Fungi is growing on potato dextrose agar remain bushy because trimming promotes apical
containing petriplate. dominance.
9.Sol: Chlorophyll-a is universal in occurrence when 31.Sol: Algal members produce commercial
compared to other types and the next abundant products and very good nitrogen fixers. Chlorella
chloroplast is chlorophyll-b. and Spirulina are used as single cell protein,
10.Sol: Population density is a measurement of Gelidium & Gracilaria produces phycocolloid
population per unit area or unit volume; it is a agar, and Nostoc & Anabaena are nitrogen fixers,
quantity of type number density. Laminaria & Porphyra used as sea food rich in
11.Sol: Red Biotechnology includes producing iodine.
vaccines and antibiotics, developing new drugs, 33.Sol: A human male is heterozygous for autosomal
molecular diagnostics techniques and also curing genes A and B and is also hemizygous for
diseases by gene manipulation . haemophilic gene h.
13.Sol: In the plants nitrogen is uptaken and in leaves His chance of getting a = 1/2
it is reduced to ammonia His chance of getting b = 1/2
14.Sol: Ethylene is recognised for its growth His chance of getting h = 1/2
promoting as well as growth inhibiting role. So, his chance of getting sperms with abh =
1/2×1/2×1/2 = 1/8.

58
 Biology Times April 18

34.Sol: Not chlamydeous; having neither calyx nor
corolla.
35.Sol: The exchange of genetic material between
two homologous chromosomes in pachytene is
called crossing over.
36.Sol: Forest Ecosystem is always represented
upright in the pyramid because higher trophic
level comprising the tertiary consumers is
generally smaller than that of lower trophic level.
37.Sol: Accordingly, mutation B will cause sickle
cell anemia. SCD is usually caused by a point
mutation in the a-globin chain of hemoglobin,
that causes the hydrophilic amino acid glutamic
acid to be replaced with the hydrophobic amino
acid valine at the sixth position.
38.Sol: The convention of naming restriction
enzymes is the first letter comes from the genus,
second two letters come from the species of
prokaryotic cell from which it is isolated.
Ex: Eco RI, R is derived from name of the strain.
Roman numbers following the names indicate the
order in which enzymes were isolated from the
strain of bacteria.
40.Sol: Mycorrhiza helps in Absorption of water,
Absorption of minerals and Protection from soil
borne pathogens.
41.Sol: Maximum solar energy is trapped by growing
grasses as grass have the larger surface area for
absorption.
42.Sol: Arctic tern travels for about 19,000kms
annually, from arctic breeding grounds to
antarctica
44.Sol: The Pressure Flow Hypothesis/the Mass
Flow Hypothesis, is the best supported theory to
explain the movement of sap through the phloem.
It was proposed by Ernst Munch, a German plant
physiologist in 1930.
45.Sol: The Hh blood type has the H antigen,
that is basically found in all RBC’s and also is
the elementary unit for the production of the
antigens inside the ABO blood group. The lack
of production of H substance shows mutation
in a distinct gene from the IA , IB, IO allelic
sequence. The H antigen deficiency is known
as the “Bombay phenotype”. The Bombay
phenotype is misled as Type O due to the absence
of either A or B antigens connected with a failure
to check the H antigen presence.

EVA AITS (NEET [BOTANY] -18)

2.Sol: Mother Axis is the axis (stem) upon which the

flowers are borne.
When the flowers are borne laterally upon it,
1. a 2. d 3. b 4. b 5. c the side of the flower towards the mother axis
6. b 7. c 8. a 9. c 10. b (or precisely towards the apex of mother axis) is
11. c 12. c 13. c 14. a 15. c known as the posterior sides while the side away
16. a 17. c 18. d 19. b 20. c from it (the side of the flower towards the bract
21. a 22. b 23. b 24. a 25. b when it is present) is called as the anterior side.
26. a 27. a 28. c 29. d 30. d When the flower is solitary terminal, the flower
31. c 32. d 33. d 34. d 35. c terminates the mother axis and all sides of it have
36. a 37. a 38. a 39. d 40. c the same relation to the mother axis.
41. a 42. b 43. a 44. c 45. a However, when the flower is solitary, axillary the
side of flower towards the stem is the posterior
side and the side towards the subtending leaf is
the anterior side.
3.Sol: Pili and fimbriae are surface structures of the
1.Sol: Extranuclear inheritance is a consequence of bacteria but do not play a role in motility.
present of genes in cytoplasmic organelles such 7.Sol: Actively dividing cells are made up of dense
as mitochondria and chloroplasts. protoplasm and no lacuna.

59
Biology Times April 18
8.Sol: In sewage treatment plant major part of sludge
is pumped into large tanks called Anaerobic
sludge digesters.
9.Sol: Photosynthetically Active Radiation is the
amount of light available for photosynthesis, 400
to 700 nanometer wavelength range is PAR. PAR
changes seasonally and varies depending on the
latitude and time of day.
10.Sol: Sciophytes are called shade loving plants.
These plants have more photosynthetic units than
sun plants.
11.Sol: Patents granted for biological entities and for
products derived from it is called a Biopatent.
12.Sol: Transpiration, i.e. the loss of water by aerial
parts of the plants, pulls water upwards from the
xylem components. Root pressure causes water to
rise in plants by pushing it upwards through the
xylem vessels.
14.Sol: During water stress, rise in ABA levels
initially causes stomatal closure.
15.Sol: The predominant stages of lifecycle of moss
are gametophyte, which consists of two stages
they are protonema and leafy stage.
17.Sol:The white eye mutation in Drosophila, is
responsible for depigmentation of body parts
allowing a pleiotropic effect.
19.Sol: Endoplasmic reticulum functions as
cytoskeleton or intracellular and ultrastructural
skeletal framework by providing mechanical
support to colloidal cytoplasmic matrix. The
endoplasmic reticulum may act as a circulatory
system for intracellular circulation of various
substances. Membrane flow may also be an
important mechanism for carrying particles,
molecules and ions into and out of the cells.
22.Sol: A probe is a 15–30 long radioactive or non-
radioactive segment of DNA or RNA which is
used in hybridisation with the DNA segment.
23.Sol: Heart wood will not conduct water and
minerals because heartwood is physiologically
inactive due to deposition of organic compounds
and tyloses formation.
24.Sol: The value of BOD of sewage water is more
compared to normal water.
25.Sol: During reduction process, ATP and NADPH
are used to convert the six molecules of
3-PGA into six molecules of a chemical called
glyceraldehyde 3-phosphate.
27.Sol: Transgenic sheep is produced, human genes
for blood clotting factor IX and α-1-antitrypsin
60
is transferred to sheep and made to express in a
mammalian tissue. ANDI is a transgenic monkey
with DNA of a fluorescent jelly fish.
28.Sol: During day time there will be accumulation
of K+ ions in the guard cells which leads to
migration of water molecules from subsidiary
cells to guard cells. This increases turgidity of
guard cells and thus stomata become open.
30.Sol: The apical bud is not the only source of
auxins. Young developing leaves also produce
auxins and it has been shown that auxins from
this source may inhibit lateral bud growth. When
the apical bud is removed, the lateral buds sprout.
However, if a paste of auxin is painted on the
cut end of the decapitated shoot, the lateral buds
remain inhibited, as if the apical bud is removed.
31.Sol: The most advanced order in gymnosperms is
Gnetales show some of angiospermic characters.
32.Sol: Double fertilization is fusion of one male
gamete with egg cell and another fusion of diploid
secondary nucleus with male gamete. Totally 4
cells and 5 nuclei takes place in this process.
33.Sol: The strength of linkage is decided by the
distance between two genes.The greater the
distance, the lower would be the linked strength.
So, the crossing over would be rather more
constant, if the distance between the two genes
is more than where the distance between genes
is less.
34.Sol: The pistil consists of two connate carpels.
The style has two lobes. Stigmatic tissue may be
located in the interior surface or form two lateral
lines. The ovary is inferior and has only one
ovule, with basal placentation.
35.Sol: Metaphase is the third phase of mitosis, the
process that seperates duplicated genetic material
carried in the nucleus of a parent cell into two
identical daughter cells. During metaphase,
the cells chromosomes align themselves in the
middle of the cell through a type of cellular
“Tug of war”. The chromosomes which have
been replicated and remain joined at a central at
a central point called the centromere, are called
sister chromatids.
37.Sol: DNA polymerase I can remove thymine
dimers produced due to UV radiation and fill the
gap due to excision. The newly formed segment
is sealed by DNA ligase
38.Sol: Ti plasmid means Tumor Inducing Plasmid.
Ti plasmid contains RNA. The Ti plasmid has 196
 Biology Times April 18

genes and it will code for 195 proteins.
39.Sol: The apophysis of moss capsule contains
chloroplast bearing parenchymatous cells, called
as chlorenchyma. Due to the presence of
chloroplasts, chlorenchyma cells have the ability
to prepare food by the process of photosynthesis.
40.Sol: Some common fungal inhabitants of soil help
to combat disease caused by soil borne fungi.
Trichoderma lignorum, Trichoderma harizianum
and Gliocladium fimbriatum are found in damp
soil. They have inhibitory effect on the growth
of mycelium of pythium. They serve to suppress
fungi causing damping off disease of the seedlings
and thereby favours growth of crops.
41.Sol: During night, photorespiration will be
occurring in plants, hence releases CO2 during
night.
45.Sol: At times a part of chromosome detaches and
joins to a part of a non-homologous chromosome,
accordingly results in translocation. Exchanges
can take place between non-homologous parts of
the same chromosome pair, in heteromorphic sex
chromosomes. Translocations does not involve a
loss or an addition of chromosome yet usually it
is associated with deficiencies and duplications,
as well as unbalanced blend of genetic units.

EVA AITS (NEET [BOTANY] -19)

The Asteraceae pappus may be composed of

bristles (sometimes feathery), awns, scales, or
may be absent.
1. c 2. b 3. a 4. a 5. c Pappus enables the seed to be carried by the wind.
6. d 7. c 8. b 9. d 10. d 3.Sol: Mesosome is a convoluted membranous
11. c 12. b 13. a 14. c 15. b structure formed in a prokaryotic cell by the
16. b 17. c 18. c 19. d 20. b invagination of the plasma membrane. Its
21. d 22. a 23. c 24. b 25. d functions are as follows:
26. c 27. d 28. d 29. a 30. d (1) These extensions help in the synthesis of the
31. d 32. a 33. d 34. d 35. d cell wall, replication of DNA. They also help
36. c 37. b 38. a 39. a 40. c in the equal distribution of chromosomes into
41. c 42. d 43. a 44. c 45. a the daughter cells.
(2) It also increases the surface area of the plasma
membrane to carry out various enzymatic ac
tivities.
(3) It helps in secretion processes as well as in
1.Sol: Incomplete dominance is a type of intermediate bacterial respiration
inheritance in which one allele for a particular 4.Sol: Primary consumer belongs to second trophic
trait is not completely expressed over its paired level (T2)
allele. Because of this a third phenotype is formed 6.Sol: Downstream processing includes separation
in which the expressed physical character is a and purification process. The product obtained is
blend of the phenotypes of both alleles. In this subjected to quality control, testing and kept in
the phenotypic and genotypic monohybrid ratio suitable preservatives.
in F2 generation is 1(RR- red) :2 (Rr- pink ) : 1 7.Sol: Sieve tubes elements have broad lumen and
(rr- white). sieve plate which consists of sieve pores situated
2.Sol: The pappus is the modified calyx, the part of at the ends of the tubes
an individual floret, that surrounds the base of the 8.Sol: Insecticides usually act upon nervous system.
corolla tube in flower heads of the plant family 9.Sol: Thylakoids are piled up one above the other on
Asteraceae. the stroma of thylakoid which forms grana.
10.Sol: Insectivorous plants are grown in nitrogen
deficient soil. Plants have been modified for

61
Biology Times April 18
trapping insects to overcome nitrogen deficiency.
11.Sol: First clinical gene therapy was given to a 4
year girl who had ADA deficiency (Adenosine
deaminase deficiency). Enzyme ADA is essential
for the functioning of immune system. Gene
therapy was given in the year 1990
14.Sol: Ethylene is a gaseous phytohormone, so its
production is detected by gas chromatography.
15.Sol: The antheridia are sessile and reduced,
embedded or projected and produce motile sperms
(Biflagellated in selaginella and multiflagellated
in ferns).
17.Sol: In complete linkage, the genes located on the
same chromosome are not separated rather they
are inherited through two or more generations
due to the absence of crossing over. This kind
of linkage allows the combination of parental
traits to be inherited by itself. For example, the
genes for bent wings and shred bristle of the IV
chromosome of Drosophila displays complete
linkage.
19.Sol: According to the fluid mosaic model, of cell
membrane structure proposed by Singer and
Nicolson (1972). Plasma membrane contains
about 50-60% proteins and 50-40% lipids. Lipids
form bilayer with hydrophilic heads pointing
outwards. Cell membrane allows transport of
some molecules by passive transport e.g., water,
neutral solutes while some are transported
actively e.g. Na+ and K+ pump.
21.Sol: Two DNA polymerase molecules work
simultaneous at the DNA fork, one on the leading
strand and the other on the lagging strand.
Each Okazaki fragment is synthesized by DNA
polymerase at lagging strand in 5’ →3’ direction.
New Okazaki fragments appear as the replication
fork opens further. As the first Okazaki fragment
appears away from the replication fork, the
direction of elongation would be away from
replication fork.
22.Sol: YAC – upto 1Mb long DNA fragments, BAC
–upto 300-350Kb long DNA fragments , Cosmid-
upto 45Kb long DNA fragments, Phage –upto
23Kb long DNA fragments and Plasmid generally
upto 15Kb long DNA fragments.
23.Sol: Grass leaf anatomy shows uniform distribution
of the cells where there is undifferentiated
mesophyll.
62
24.Sol: Biogas or gobar gas is a methane rich
fuel (gas) produced by anaerobic breakdown
or digestion of biomass with the help of
methanogenic bacteria. It is made up of methane
(50-70%), carbon dioxide (30-40%) with traces
of nitrogen, hydrogen sulphide and hydrogen.
25.Sol: All of these plants are C4 plants, the
characteristic of C4 plants is kranz anatomy of
leaf which has dimorphic chloroplast.
26.Sol: The reproductive capacity is the ability of the
organisms to give birth into younger ones.
27.Sol: Genetic code is the set of nucleotides in
the polynucleotide chain which determines
the sequence of amino acids. Genetic code is
universal. Each code for the same amino acid in
all the organism.
28.Sol: Sieve tube elements have pores called sieve
plate through which the food molecules are
transported in the plant body.
30.Sol: Plants which require long day photoperiod for
flowering and a small dark period for vegetation
are known as long day plants e.g, spinach.
31.Sol: In the diagram A-Volvox, B- Chlamydomonas,
C- Chara, D- Nostoc.
32.Sol: Parthenocarpy is a production of fruits
without fertilization. Fruits resembles normal
fruits but are seedless.
35.Sol: Interkinesis is a period between meiosis I and
meiosis II.
36.Sol: The series of organisms eating and being eaten
by others is called the food chain. The number
of trophic levels in the food chain is restricted to
3–5 as there is loss of energy during the transfer
from one trophic level to another. The food chain
helps in the maintenance of ecological balance.
If carnivores are removed from any ecosystem,
it will result in an increase in the population of
herbivores .
38.Sol: Ti plasmid means Tumor Inducing Plasmid.
Ti plasmid contains RNA . The Ti plasmid has
196 genes and it will code for 195 proteins.
39.Sol: Dicot stem has Eustele where vascular
bundles are arranged in radial manner. Vascular
bundles can be described as collateral, conjoint
and open type
40.Sol: Mycorrhiza is a result of symbiosis between
the roots of higher plants and fungi. In this
association, plants provides space and prepared
food material to fungi in exchange of this fungi
help in absorption of minerals and water to plants.

41.Sol: Cytochromes are electron transport
intermediates containing haem in which iron
undergoes valency changes during electron
transfer and produces energy (ATP) in both
photosynthesis and respiration.
43.Sol: Ashbya gossypii, a fungi is used in production
of riboflavin as it gives extremely high yields in
low- cost nutrient media. Alkaline phosphatase
Biology Times April 18
is used in ELISA. Choanephora cucurbitarum is
a pathogen from which β-carotene is extracted.
Prednisone and cortisone are both glucocorticoid
drugs that are used to treat inflammation and
immune system disorders.
45. Sol:The blood group of the individual would be
AB if both antigens A and B are present but no
antibody is present.
63
Biology Times April 18

64
 South India's best magazines for
NEET & IIT-JEE preparation

PCMB TIMES MAGAZINES

s XI
Clas II
&X

To Achieve, "success & nothing less" in

NEET & JEE subscribe to PCMBTIMES

Subscribe @ www.pcmbtimes.com GO

For more information & details Contact No: 9036023567, 8095851469 | email-id: info@pcmbtimes.com
 Elite Series...

JEE PHYSICS

Elite Series
Elite Series
Elite Series
Elite Series
(VOL-1)
Units & Dimensions | Kinematics | Laws of Motion | Centre of Mass &
Conservation of Linear Momentum | Rotational Dynamics

JEE PHYSICS
JEE PHYSICS
JEE PHYSICS
JEE PHYSICS
VOL-4
VOL-3
VOL-2
VOL-1
Elite Series...

JEE CHEMISTRY
Elite Series
Elite Series

Elite Series
Elite Series

(VOL-1)
Some Basic Concepts of Chemistry | Structure of Atom | Classification of elements & Periodicity in
Elite Series...
Properties | Chemical Bonding & Molecular Structure | States of Matter : Gases & Liquids |

JEE MATHEMATICS
Elite Series
Elite Series
Elite Series
Elite Series
Thermodynamics | Equilibrium

(VOL-1)
Sets | Trigonometry | Properties of Triangle, Heights & Distance | Theory of Equations |
Complex Numbers | Permutations & Combinations | Binomial Theorem | Sequence & Series
JEE CHEMISTRY VOL-2
JEE CHEMISTRY

JEE CHEMISTRY
JEE CHEMISTRY

JEE MATHEMATICS VOL-1

JEE MATHEMATICS VOL-2
JEE MATHEMATICS VOL-3
JEE MATHEMATICS VOL-4
VOL-4

VOL-1
VOL-3

The best price guaranteed

Cover Page with your
branding
On-time dispatch