Psychrometric chart

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  Psychrometric chart is prepared to represent
graphically all the necessary moist air properties

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  It gives
 Specific humidity.
 RH
 Specific volume of the air-vapour mixture.
 Enthalpy of air-vapour mixture (with datum 0
degree C)

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 Adiabatic saturation process.

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 Problem

 The sling psychrometer reads 40dgree C DBT

and 28 degree C WBT. Calculate.
 Sp humidity , Relative humidity, Dew point
temperature, enthalpy , specific volume / kg of
dry air
 Assume atmospheric pressure to be 1.03 bar.

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 Table 2.1 page2.1
 Partial pressure of water vapour

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  ω

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  Due point temperature is the saturation
temperature of the water vapour at the existing
pressure of water vapour.
 From the steam table, the saturation temperature
at 0.03038 bar is 25 degree C
 DPT= 25 degree C (table 2.1 page 2.1)

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 Note

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  Using chart
 RH= 42%
 Specific humidity= 0.019 kg/ kg of dry air
 .h= 90 KJ/kg of dry air
 Specific volume= 0.9 cu.m/kg

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  A room contains humid air Tdb = 25 0C and wet
bulb temperature 19 0C . Calculate (a) the relative
humidity, (b) specific humidity, and (c) dew point
 Assume standard atmospheric pressure.

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  Using chart
 RH=56%
 Specific humidity= 0.012 kg/kg of dry air.
 .h= 55 kJ/kg of dry air
 Sp vol= 0.85 m3/kg.

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 Sensible heating and Sensible
cooling
 Heating or cooling of air without addition or
subtraction of moisture is termed as sensible
heating or cooling.
 Heating the air by a electric heater.

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 Latent heating and latent
cooling
 Heating or cooling of air due to addition or
subtraction of moisture is termed as latent
heating or cooling.
 Ex. Steam emitted from a hot food.

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 Sensible heating

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 Sensible cooling

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 By pass factor.

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  B*Cp*T1 +(1 – B)Cp*T2 = 1*Cp* T3
 B= (T3-T2)/(T1-T2)
 B= (h3-h2)/(h1-h2)

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 Also for cooling
 B= (h3-h2)/(h1-h2)
 B= (T3-T2)/(T1-T2)

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 Chemical Dehumidification
 Example –silica gel

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 Humidification by steam injection.

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 Heating and Humidification (winter
air conditioning)

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 Summer air conditioning (Cooling
and dehumidification).

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 Mixing of Air Streams

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  The makeup air at rate of 100 m3/min from the
environment having tdb = 40°C and twb = 27°C is
mixed with 600 m3/min of return air from the
conditioned space having state tdb = 23°C and
relative humidity 50%. Compute dry and wet-bulb
temperatures and specific humidity of the mixture.

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  At state 1
 Specific vol= 0.913 cu m / kg
 Sp humidity= 0.017 kg/ kg
 .h1= 86 KJ/Kg-K
 At state 2
 Specific vol= 0.852 cu m / kg
 Sp humidity= 0.009 kg/ kg
 .h2= 67 KJ/Kg-K

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  .m1*h1+m2*h2=(m1+m2)h3

 109*86+705*46=(109+705)*h3
 .h3=51 kJ/Kg-K

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  Locate the point 3
 DBT at point 3= 26 degree C,
 Specific humidity at 3=0.0102 Kg/ Kg of dry air
 WBT=18 degree C
 (point 3 can also be located by dividing the line 1-
2 in m1/m2 ratio)

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 July 2014(10 marks)
 One kg. of air at 40°C DBT and 50 % R.H. is
mixed with two kg. of air at 20°C DBT and 12°C
dew-point temperature. Calculate the temperature
and specific humidity of the mixture.

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 2013
 A mixture of dry air and water vapour is at a
temperature of 21°C. The dew point temperature
is 15°C.Determine:(a) Partial pressure of water.
(b) Relative humidity. (c) Specific humidity.
Assume atmospheric pressure as 1.03 bar

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  Ref table 2.1 page 2.1
 Partial pressure of water vapour= saturation
pressure at DPT , that is 150C = 0.017 Bar
 RH = Pv/ Pvs -------(1)
 But Pvs= Saturation pressure at DBT , That is at
210C
 = 0.0249 Bar
 From (1) RH= 0.017/0.0249 = 68%

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 2012
 The atmospheric air at 25°C DBT and 12°C WBT
is flowing at the rate of 100 cubic m/minute
through the duct. Dry saturated steam at 100°C is
injected into air stream at the rate of 72 kg/hr.
Calculate specific humidity and enthalpy of
leaving air. Also determine dry bulb temperature,
wet bulb temperature and relative humidity of
leaving air.

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 2012
 800 cubic m /minute of re-circulated air at 22°C
DBT and l0°C dew point temperature is to be
mixed with 300 cubic m/minute of fresh air at
30°C DBT and 50% RH. Determine enthalpy,
specific volume, humidity ratio and dew point
temperature of the mixture

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 Different heat sources of a room

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 Sensible heat load of the room
 I. Heat flows through the exterior walls, ceilings,
floors, windows and doors due to the temperature
difference between their two sides.
 2. Load due to solar radiation (sun load) is
divided into two forms.
 (a) Heat transmitted directly by radiation through
glass of windows and ventilators.
 b) Heat from sun will be absorbed by the walls
and roof and later on transferred to room by
conduction.
 3. Heat received from the occupants.
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  4. Heat received from different equipments which
are commonly used in the air-conditioned
building.
 5. Heat received from the infiltrated air from
outside through cracks in doors, windows and
ventilators and through their frequent openings.
 6. Miscellaneous heat sources which include the
followings
 (a) Heat gain by the ducts carrying the
conditioned air and passing through
unconditioned space.
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Manoj Associate transferred
professor(MECH) through interior partition of
 The latent heat load of the room.
 1. The latent heat load from the air entering into
the air-conditioned space by infiltration.
 2. The latent heat load from the occupants.
 3. The latent heat load from cooking foods and
from stored materials.
 4. Moisture passing directly into the air-
conditioned space through permeable walls
where the water vapour pressure is higher.

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 Sensible heat factor(SHF) or
sensible heat ratio

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 RSHF (Room Sensible Heat
Factor)

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 Reference point or circle or
alignment circle

 Tdb = 26°C and ф = 50%

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 Grand(gross) Sensible Heat Factor
(GSHF)
 Grand total heat load = room heating load +
outdoor load on the air conditioning unit due to
mixing of fresh air
 Line joining mixture condition(after mixing with
fresh air) to ADP.

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  GSHF line indicates the condition of air as it
moves through the cooling coil.

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 apparatus dew point (coil ADP)

 If the GSHF line is extended, it strikes the

saturation curve known as apparatus dew point
(ADP)

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 Infiltration load
 The load on the air conditioning unit due to air
leak through doors ,windows etc.
 Infiltration load is considered as room heating
load.

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 Effective sensible heat factor(ESHF)
 It is the line connecting room desired condition to
ADP(coil ADP)
 Effective sensible heat= room sensible heat +
portion of the out door air sensible heat which is
considered as being bypassed through the
conditioning coil.

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 Effective sensible heat factor(ESHF)

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 ESHF
 Approximate method.
 To relate BPF and ADP.
 Simplify the calculation.

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 Air Conditioning Processes

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  An office for seating 30 occupants is to be maintained
at 22°C DBTand55% RH. The outdoor conditions are
36°C DBT and 27°C WBT.

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  The various loads In the office are:
 Solar heat gain 8500W,
 Sensible heat gain per occupant 83W,
 Latent heat gain per occupant 100W,
 Lighting load 2500W,

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  Sensible heat load from other sources 12000W,
 infiltration load 15 cubic meter/minute .
 Assuming 40% fresh air and 60% of re-circulated air
passing through the evapourator coil and
 ADP of the coil is 8 0C.
 Find capacity of the plant and
 mass flow rate of air

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  The flow diagram for the given air-conditioning
system is shown in Fig.
 • Locate point I at the intersection of 36°C DBT
and 27°C WBT lines.
 • Locale point 2 at the intersection of 22°C DBT
line and 55% RH curve.
 • Locate point A by drawing vertical and horizontal
lines through points I and 2 respectively.

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  Since bypass factor is 0.15, and ADP is8 degree

 Divide line 1-2 in 4: 6

 Mark point 3 near to 2
 Since ADP is 8 0Cdegree c, draw line 3-6 . Find
intersection 4.

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 problem
 An air conditioned space is maintained at 260 C
DBT and 50% RH. When out side air conditions
are 350C DBT and 280C WBT.
 (a) if the space has a sensible heat gain of 17.6
kW and air is supplied to the room at a condition
of 80C saturated, calculate

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  1. the mass and volume flow rate of air supplied
to the room.
 2. the latent heat gain of the space
 3. the cooling load of the refrigeration plant if 25%
of total weight of the air supplied to the space is
fresh air and the reminder is recalculated air

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 Problem
 An air-conditioned plant is to be designed for a
small office room for winter conditions.
 Out-door conditions = 10°C DBT and 8°C WBT.
 Required indoor-conditions = 20°C DBT and 60%
R.H.
 Amount of free air circulation = 0.3
m3/min/person.
 Seating capacity of the office = 50.
 The required condition is achieved first by heating
and then by adiabatic humidifying. Find the
followings:
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  (a) Heating capacity of the coil in kW and the
surface temperature required if the bypass factor
of the coil is 0.32.
 (b) The moisture added per kg of dry air in the
humidifer.

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  Locate the points ‘a’ and ‘c’ on the psychrometric
chart as their conditions are known and then draw
a constant enthalpy line through ‘c’ and constant
specific humidity line through a. The point b is
located as an intersection of the above two
mentioned lines.

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 Effective temperature.

 is a measure of feeling warmth or cold to the

human body in response to the -air temperature,
moisture content and-air motion.

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 Effective temperature.
 It is the dry bulb temperature of a sample of
saturated air which will give a particular feeling of
comfort to the same percentage of people as any
other combination of dry bulb temperature and
relative humidity.

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  Effective temperature is effected by clothing, age
, sex, and degree of work.

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 Comfort chart.

 The chart which gives different percentages of

people ,feeling comfort at different - effective
temperatures is known as comfort chart.

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 Factor Governing Optimum
Effective Temperature.

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 1. Climatic and Seasonal
Differences.
 The people living in colder climates feel
comfortable at lower effective than the people
living in warmer regions.
 The comfort chart shows that the optimum
effective temperature in winter is 19°C is shifted
to 22°C optimum effective temperature in
summer.

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 2. Clothing.
 Light clothing requires less optimum effective
temperature compared with heavy clothing.

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 3.Age and Sex.
 The metabolic rate of women is less than man by
nature itself. So the women require greater
effective temperature (1°C) than the man.
 Similar, case exists for young and old people
also,
 The children require higher effective temperature
compared with adults.

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 4. Activity.
 The dancing people require lower effective
temperature whereas the visitors seating in the
dancing room require higher effective
temperature than the dancers.

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 5. Duration of stay.
 For longer duration use indoor effective
temperature.
 Short duration –use - out-door effective
temperature .
 The thermal shock

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 6. Air velocity.
 Higher air velocities less effective temperature.

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 Industrial application.

 manufacturing chemicals,
 petroleum refinery - crystallize wax and separate it
out, fractional distillation of the lighter hydrocarbons .
 Rubber industries
 paper and pulp industries,
 where one of the main purposes is to It is also
needed. It has also applications in many heat
treatment.
 Ice plants.
 food preservation.
 Transport refrigeration.
 Marine application
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