TRANSPORT PHENOMENA
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Lesson outcomes
1. Describe the scope, aims and methods of
Transport Phenomena course
2. Explain the importance and the general concept
of Transport Phenomena
3. Derive general transport equations for
momentum, energy and mass
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Lesson outcome 1
1. Describe the scope, aims and methods of
Transport Phenomena course
2. Explain the importance and the general concept
of Transport Phenomena
3. Derive general transport equations for
momentum, energy and mass
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Transport phenomena - Overview
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Lesson Outcomes
1. Describe the scope, aims and methods of
Transport Phenomena course
2. Explain the importance and the general concept
of Transport Phenomena
3. Derive general transport equations for
momentum, energy and mass
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What are the Transport Phenomena?
The subject of transport phenomena includes
three closely related topics:
• Fluid dynamics
Transport of momentum
• Fluid flow
• Heat transfer
Transport of energy
• Heat exchangers
• Mass transfer
Transport of mass of various chemical species
• Absorption, distillation, evaporation,
adsorption, drying, etc.
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What are the Transport Phenomena?
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Ammonia Reactor
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Chemical Reactors: CSTR
In exothermic CSTR there will be
• Momentum transfer
• Due to the flow material into and out of the
reactor
• Mixing of the reacting medium
• Due to the movement of cooling medium
into and out of the reactor
• Heat transfer
• Because the heat generated due to reaction
is transferred from the reaction medium to
the cooling medium through the solid wall
• Mass Transfer
• The reaction components should come into
contact for the reaction to occur
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Heat Exchangers
In heat exchangers there will be
• Momentum transfer
• Due to the movement of the heating
and cooling medium into and out of
the heat exchanger
• Heat transfer
• Because heat transfers from the
heating medium to the cooling
medium
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Distillation Column
In Distillation column there will be
• Momentum transfer
Due to the movement of
• Feedstock into the distillation
• Liquid down the column
• Vapor up the column
• Heat transfer
• Between the liquid and vapor
• In the condenser
• Re-boiler
• Mass Transfer
• Movement the light component and
heavy component in the vapor and
liquid phase
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Levels of Study of Transport Phenomena
A flow system containing N2 and O2
How mass,
momentum &
energy change?-
‘Macroscopic
balance
equations’
What is happening in
the small region?-
Microscopic What is happening at
‘Equation of Change’ molecular level?
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The concept of Transport phenomena:
Conservation Laws
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Example: Laws of Conservation at Molecular Level
O
N
N O
N
O
O
N
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Example: Colliding of two Diatomic Particles
Consider a case of two chemically inert
colliding diatomic molecules.
O
N N2 = Molecule A
N
N O2 = Molecule B
O A1, A2= atoms of N
B1, B2= atoms of O
mA= mass of molecule A
N O mA1= mass of atom A1
O
N mA2= mass of atom A2
mB= mass of molecule B
mB1= mass of atom B1
mB2= mass of atom B2
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Assumptions
Assumptions
• The molecules are homonuclear (the atomic
nuclei are identical)
m A1 m A2 m A
1
2
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Conservation Laws: An Example
Conservation of mass:- the total mass of the molecules
entering and leaving the collision must be equal.
m A mB mA mB
Since there are no chemical reactions, the masses of
individual species will also be conserved.
m A mA
mB mB
Note that mass of a molecule is the sum of mass of each
of the atoms in the molecule
m A m A1 m A2 mB mB1 mB 2
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Conservation of Momentum
Position vector and velocities
rA1 position vector of atom A1
rA2 position vector of atom A2
Atom A2
rA position vector of center of
Atom A1 mass of molecule A
rA1 velocity of atom A1
rA rA2 velocity of atom A2
rA1 rA2
rA velocity of center of mass of
Center of mass molecule A
of molecule A
rA1 rA RA1
Arbitrary origin rA 2 rA RA 2
fixed in space
RA 2 RA1
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Conservation of Momentum
Conservation of Momentum:- the sum of the momenta of all atoms
before the collision must be equal to that after the collision
m A1rA1 m A 2 rA 2 mB1rB1 mB 2 rB 2 mA1rA1 mA 2 rA 2 mB1rB1 mB 2 rB 2
(1)
From the vector relations
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Conservation of Momentum
Noting the following simplifications from (4)
m A1 R A1 m A 2 R A 2 0 since R A 2 R A1 and m A1 m A 2
mB1 R B1 mB 2 R B 2 0 since R B 2 R B1 and mB1 mB 2
m A m A1 m A 2
mB mB1 mB 2
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Conservation of Energy
The energy of colliding pair of molecules must be the
same before and after the collision.
E A EB E A EB
where
E A The total energy of molecule A before collision
EB The total energy of molecule B before collision
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Conservation of Energy
The conservation equation can be further investigated
Therefore,
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Conservation of Energy
E A 12 m A rA2 u A (5)
The internal energy, uA is the kinetic energy of the atoms with respect to the
center of mass of molecule A ( vibrational and rotational energies) and the
interatomic potential energy.
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Conservation of Energy
The final form of the energy conservation equation becomes
1
2
m A rA2 u A 1
2
mB rB2 u B 1
2
mA rA2 u A 1
2
mB rB2 u B (7)
Conclusion: The sum of the kinetic energy and the internal energy of the
molecules before and after collision is the same.
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Conservation of Energy
Summary
Each molecule in motion has
1. kinetic energy with respect to any stationary
reference frame
2. kinetic energy due to the motion ( vibration Internal
and rotation) of its atoms with respect to its
center of mass
Energy
3. Intermolecular potential energy due to the
bond between the atoms
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Lesson Outcomes
1. Describe the scope, aims and methods of
Transport Phenomena course
2. Explain the importance and the general concept
of Transport Phenomena
3. Derive general transport equations for
momentum, energy and mass
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General transport equations
driving force
Rate of transfer process
resis tan ce
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Momentum Transport Equation - Newton’s
Law
F V
(1.1-1)
A Y
dv x
yx (1.1-2)
dy
kinematic viscosity, (1.1-3)
1
dv x
yx (1.1-4)
dy
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Momentum Transport Equation - Newton’s
Law
dv x
yx
dy
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Energy Transport Equation– Fourier’s Law
Heat transfer rate, Q
Q T1 T0
k (9.1-1)
A Y
dT
q y k (9.1-2)
dy
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Mass Transport Equation – Fick’s Law
Mass transfer rate,ω
wAy A0 0 (17.1-1)
D AB
A Y
d A
j Ay D AB
dy (17.1-4)
wAy
mass flow rate of helium per unit area
A
density of the silica helium system
DAB Diffusivity
A0 solubility in mass fraction of helium in silica
j Ay molecular mass flux
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Concluding Remarks
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