LaTeX - WinEdt Hacker's Guide PDF

The WinEdt Hacker’s Guide
Jason Alexander
Colin Marquardt
November 10, 1998

2
Contents
1 Macros 5
1.1 Basics . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6
1.2 Variables/Registers . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8
1.2.1 Strings and things . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9
1.2.2 Setting the values of registers . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 14
1.3 Procedures and Functions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 17
1.4 Recursion . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 20
1.4.1 A lengthy example . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 21
1.5 Interactive Macros . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 24
1.5.1 Getting data from the user . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 25
1.6 Appendix . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 26
2 Syntax Highlighting 29
2.1 Basics . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 29
2.1.1 Filter Sets . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 30
2.1.2 Switches . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 30
2.1.3 Reserved Words . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 30
2.2 Filter Sets . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 31
2.2.1 The “Filter Sets” Dialog . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 31
2.2.2 Set Expressions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 32
2.3 Switches . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 33
2.3.1 Global Switches . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 34
2.3.2 The “Switches” Dialog . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 34
2.3.3 Examples . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 36
2.4 Reserved Words . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 38
2.4.1 The “Reserved Words” Dialog . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 38
2.4.2 A small example . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 39
3
4 CONTENTS
Chapter 1
Macros
Macro programming in WinEdt can be frustrating at first. Common sources of frustration

for first-time macro programmers are: not knowing what macro functions are available (or
appropriate) for the desired task, not understanding the flexibility of the macro functions
that are available, or idiosyncracies of the WinEdt language.
This chapter discusses all these areas, gives numerous examples of macro programming in
WinEdt, and shows some dirty tricks and some conventions that are beginning to be formed
by the WinEdt community. Please send reports of any errors or inadequacies (or neater
examples, as well!) to jalex@uci.edu.
This chapter discusses WinEdt’s macro feature on several different levels simultaneously.
I have adopted a “dangerous bend” convention (first used by the computer scientist Donald
E. Knuth) to flag sections which go beyond what a first-time macro programmer would be
expected to know:
If your reading this on the first time through, didn’t you pay attention to the warning in previous
paragraph? :-) I’ll let it go this time, but you should really try to avoid sections like these in the
future until you have experience with WinEdt’s macro language.
Sections which one might want to defer reading until the second or third time are marked
with two dangerous bend signs. Whenever possible, macro examples will be given following
the “two-column” format employed in The LATEX Companion by Goossens, Mittelbach, and
Samarin. The actual WinEdt macro code usually appears on the left-hand side with the
corresponding WinEdt output appear on the right. For example,
InsText("WinEdt's language");
WinEdt's language
NewLine;
...is powerful.
InsText("...is powerful.");
1.1 An example macro
5
6 CHAPTER 1. MACROS
1.1 Basics
The simplest macros in WinEdt’s library insert text or additional lines into the current
document.
Ins("String to insert");
Inserts a specified string (or the contents of a string register, e.g. “%!9”) using the current wrapping
settings.
InsText("String to insert");
Same as Ins except WinEdt will not wrap the inserted string if it goes beyond the right margin.
NewLine;
Inserts a new line at the current position.
InsLine;
Inserts a new line at the current position if and only if the current line is not empty. Used judiciously,
this macro can prevent multiple blank lines from appearing in a document.
Ins("This is some text..."); This is some text...

NewLine;
NewLine;
Ins("...and this is some more."); ...and this is some more.
Ins("This is some text...");

This is some text...
InsLine;
InsLine;
...and this is some more
Ins("...and this is some more.");
If you want to insert several copies of the same thing, use Repeat(n, "...") — where
n is a number (or a register containing a numeric value) and the string parameter contains
the argument to be repeated. The next example demonstrates how to insert multiple line
breaks into a document using Repeat and NewLine:
From alpha...
Ins("From alpha...");
Repeat(2, "NewLine");
Ins("...to omega.");
...to omega
Repeat also provides a way to move the cursor to a new position in the document when you
know the offset from the current position. E.g.,
Repeat(20, CMD("Char Left"));
Repeat(5, CMD("Line Down"));
moves the cursor twenty characters left and five lines down from the current position. (Luck-
ily, more efficient ways of moving the cursor exist since traveling long distances via Repeat
takes time.)
One important caveat about Repeat (which actually applies to many macros in WinEdt’s
library) concerns using Repeat with macros that take string arguments. Since the second
1.1. BASICS 7
argument of Repeat is itself a string, if you attempt to repeat a command that takes a string
argument, you must take care to correctly nest the strings. One correct use of Repeat to
insert ten copies of the letter a into the document is the following:
Repeat(10, "Ins('a')"); aaaaaaaaaa
1.2 First use of nested strings

One correct way of nesting strings uses different quotation marks to indicate the string inside
the string (as above). Three more ways of writing this macro correctly are:
Repeat(10, 'Ins("a")')
Repeat(10, 'Ins(''a'')')
Repeat(10, "Ins(""a"")").
It really doesn’t matter which convention you adopt, so long as you understand it and can
work with it. See §1.2.1 for a greater discussion of this topic.
Nothing keeps you from putting a lengthy sequence of macros in the second argument of Repeat:
any valid macro sequence can appear in this second argument, including additional uses of Repeat.
This allows one to write macros that perform a certain action a fixed number of times. Notice the word
fixed occurring in that last sentence. Because the first argument of Repeat is a numeric constant specifying
how many times the second argument ought to be repeated, you must always know at the time of writing
how many times the action must be repeated. More complicated macros, requiring an action to be repeated
until some condition occurs (where it is not know ahead of time how many times the action will need to be
repeated) should use the more powerful Loop macro.
Since we’ve already talked about moving the cursor around the screen, we might as
well mention a few more ways to do it. If you just want to automate the kinds of cursor
movements that you can do with the keyboard—i.e., move around the screen, or scroll a
bit—you’ll be happy to know that these operations get handled via the flexible CMD macro.
CMD("Char Left");
Move the cursor one character to the left.
CMD("Char Right");
Move the cursor one character to the right.
CMD("Line Up");
Move the cursor up one line.
CMD("Line Down");
Move the cursor down one line.
CMD("Page Up");
Move the cursor up one page.
CMD("Page Down");
Move the cursor down one page.
The CMD macro provides access to many, many more commands than listed here. Think of
CMD as the macro equivalent of a Swiss-army knife: over 170 different things can be done
with CMD (admittedly, not all of them are ones that you will use frequently, if at all). Using
8 CHAPTER 1. MACROS
CMD is a simple two-step process: (1) look up the name of the desired command in WinEdt’s
on-line documentation, (2) call CMD, giving it the name of the command in quotation marks
as above.
Basically, CMD invokes commands that are essential to WinEdt’s behavior — like cursor movements,
screen refreshes, inserting bullets, setting bookmarks, and so on. One can also invoke all the dialog
boxes used to customize WinEdt’s behavior, e.g., CMD("Preferences..."). Notice that there is some overlap
with the Menu macro here, since both Menu and CMD can be used to bring up the Preferences dialog box. The
need for two different macros, though, stems from the degree to which WinEdt allows customization of its
menus. For example, one could delete the Preferences. . . choice from the Options menu, making it impossible
to invoke the Preferences dialog box with the Menu macro. However, the Preferences dialog box will always
be available via the CMD macro.
The real power of WinEdt’s macro language doesn’t begin to emerge until we consider
macros capable of conditional behavior — taking different actions depending upon the cur-
rent state of some parameter. But this means that WinEdt must allow for certain parameters
to vary over time. It’s time to consider variables or registers.
1.2 Variables/Registers
The WinEdt documentation uses the terms ‘variable’ and ‘register’ interchangeably, so let’s first
note the difference between the two terms, as traditionally understood, and then see where WinEdt’s
macro language falls. Most (if not all) programming languages allow you to declare variables with names
descriptive of their contents, like mass, number_of_loops, and so on. When you declare a variable, a chunk
of memory gets allocated for storing a certain type of data.1 The important point being that variables have
names. A register, on the other hand, can’t be given a special name: it’s a chunk of storage that you have
to refer to by whatever name the designer gave it.
So what does WinEdt have? WinEdt has registers—so you can’t give them custom names—but WinEdt’s
registers are more flexible than variables in languages like C. WinEdt will automatically allocate memory on
an as-need basis for each of its registers—you don’t have to worry about that at all (if you were the sort of
person who would worry about it in the first place). If you want, you can copy several pages of a document
into a register that was previously used to hold a number, and WinEdt won’t complain. So even if you don’t
like not being able to declare named variables to make your macros easier to understand, WinEdt’s registers
can be quite powerful.
We can distinguish between four different types of registers: local, global, editor and
document. There are eleven local registers, eleven global registers, and numerous document
and editor registers. Luckily, though, one can usually identify the type of a register by
looking at its name alone (though there are some exceptions). Identifying registers is easy:
all WinEdt registers have a %-sign in front of them.
Both editor and document registers consist of a single letter, upper or lower. The dif-
ference between these types of registers is primarily semantic rather than syntactic: editor
registers contain values specifying the current state of WinEdt (current line position, column
position, and so forth) and document registers contain values identifying properties of the
1
With some exceptions. C’s union type allows you to store different types of data in the same (approxi-
mately) chunk of memory.
1.2. VARIABLES/REGISTERS 9
active file type, file name, path, etc.). One cannot directly change the value of a document
register, but macro functions exist for changing the value of editor registers.
For example, %n, %p, and %t are all document registers; %n contains the name of the
active file (the file currently having focus in the editor), %p contains the path of the active
file, and %t contains the extension of the current file. So, if the active file is:
c:\My Documents\Sundials-R-Us\Gnomon Sales\data.foo
then %p equals c:\My Documents\Sundials-R-Us\Gnomon Sales, %n equals data, and %t

equals .foo. Changing the active file causes the values of these registers to change.
Examples of editor registers are: %c, containing the column position of the cursor and
%l, containing the line position of the cursor. Note that certain editor registers eliminate
the need for certain macros. Need the word the cursor is currently positioned on? Use %W,
which contains the word located at the current cursor position (%L gives you the contents of
the entire line). As I said above, editor registers can be changed: to change the value of %c,
you have to move the cursor (manually or via the GotoCol or GotoCL macros).
Local registers are the easiest to spot: %!0,. . . , %!9, and %!? are the eleven local registers.
Global registers differ by lacking an exclamation point: %0,. . . , %9 are global registers (so is
%I, but it has a special function we’ll return to later). From the point of view of a macro
programmer local registers are no different than global registers save that global registers
retain their values between WinEdt sessions and should not have multi-line values. The
prohibition on multi-line values arises because global registers have their values stored in the
WinEdt.ini file and multi-line values can corrupt the WinEdt.ini file.
So what? Well, most of the time you will probably want to use local registers when writing WinEdt
macros (especially ones that just save on some typing). But using global registers can allow you to
create state-sensitive macros that respond differently depending upon the current state of the editor, where
the editor remembers it’s current state from time to time.
Take a look at the macros located in %B\macros\math. These macros employ the method of global
registers to toggle between two modes: a LATEX math mode, and a LATEX normal text mode. A number of
macros are provided to hook to active strings. When done so, ‘a gets translated to \alpha when math mode
is on, but gets left as ‘a in normal text mode.
1.2.1 Strings and things

Most of the macros in WinEdt’s standard library take arguments, some several. When
reading arguments there are two different types of arguments WinEdt may expect to find:
numeric and string. A numeric argument can be a constant — e.g., 17 — a register (local
or global) currently set to a numeric value, or an integer expression using the standard
arithmetic operators +-*/. An “integer expression” means any well-formed expression using
those operators, registers containing well-formed integer expressions, and constants (with
parentheses used for grouping. The following are examples of valid integer expressions:
2+3
((2+3)/16)
10 CHAPTER 1. MACROS
%!1+%!2
((%!1*%!2)/12)*(-17/%!3)
The following macro illustrates a simple use of integer expressions:

1 LetRegNum(1,1);
2 LetRegNum(2, "((12+%!1)/4)");
Reg. %!1 = 1
3 LetRegNum(3, "%!2 + %!2");
Reg. %!2 = 3
4 InsText("Reg. %%!1 = %!1"); NewLine;
Reg. %!3 = 6
5 InsText("Reg. %%!2 = %!2"); NewLine;
6 InsText("Reg. %%!3 = %!3");
1.3 Using integer expressions

Line 1 stores the numerical value 1 in register %!1. In line 2, register %!2 receives the
numerical value 3 because the result returned by WinEdt when performing arithmetic di-
vision truncates decimals. Finally, line 3 assigns to register %!3 the value 6 because when
WinEdt processes the second argument of LetRegNum, register %!2 expands to the value 3
and 3 + 3 = 6 (in case you didn’t know).
Note the use of repeated %-signs in lines 4–6. Since WinEdt uses percent signs in the
names of registers, you must tell WinEdt when you really want a percent sign instead of a
register name. This is done by including two percent signs (%%) at the appropriate place.
People familiar with other macro languages, such as TEX, are probably already familiar with
the need to repeat certain “special” characters; if you are not such a person, just remember
to type %% whenever you want % to appear in the text and you will get by fine.2
One occasionally needs to nest strings when writing simple macros (see example 1.2)
and almost always when writing more complicated macros (see examples 1.4, and 1.5).
Mastering nested strings is essential to becoming a real pro at WinEdt’s macro language.
WinEdt recognizes several different ways to nest strings:
Correct:
"this is a 'string' inside a String"
'this is a "string" inside a String'
"this is a ""string"" inside a String"
'this is a ''string'' inside a String'
Incorrect:
'this is NOT a 'string' inside a String'
"this is NOT a "string" inside a String"
Although 1.3 used LetRegNum three times, that wasn’t necessary. You might have a complicated
integer expression that you want to evaluate several times, allowing the values stored in the registers
appearing within that expression to change between evaluations. Using LetRegNum like we did above will
2
Until you start working with nested strings. Then things become considerably more complicated even
though the rules stay the same. Working with registers and percent signs inside nested strings will be dealt
with in a later section, but see 1.4 and 1.5 for a taste of what will come.
give you headaches, since LetRegNum immediately evaluates its second argument to obtain an integer value
for the assignment.
The way around this problem is to store the complicated integer expression in a local register as a
string. This allows one to suppress expansion of the named registers until you actually want to evaluate the
expression. Here’s an example:
1 BeginGroup;
2 LetReg(1,'((100*%%!2)+(10*%%!3)+(%%!2*%%!3)');
3 LetRegNum(2,0);
4 LetRegNum(3,0);
5 Loop('>
6 Loop(">
7 LetRegNum(4, ''%%!1'');>
8 InsText(''%%%%%%%%!2 = %%%%!2, %%%%%%%%!3 = %%%%!3, %%%%%%%%!4 = %%%%!4'');>
9 NewLine;>
10 LetRegNum(3, %%%%!3+1);>
11 IfNum(%%%%!3,3,''='',''Stop'','''');>
12 ");>
13 LetRegNum(2, %%!2+1);>
14 LetRegNum(3,0);>
15 IfNum(%%!2,3,"=","Stop","");>
16 ');
17 EndGroup;
18 End;
1.4 Storing integer expressions for later use
This macro produces the following output:
%!2 = 0, %!3 = 0, %!4 = 0

%!2 = 0, %!3 = 1, %!4 = 10
%!2 = 0, %!3 = 2, %!4 = 20
%!2 = 1, %!3 = 0, %!4 = 100
%!2 = 1, %!3 = 1, %!4 = 111
%!2 = 1, %!3 = 2, %!4 = 122
%!2 = 2, %!3 = 0, %!4 = 200
%!2 = 2, %!3 = 1, %!4 = 212
%!2 = 2, %!3 = 2, %!4 = 224
How? First, the integer expression ((100*%!2)+(10*%!3)+(%!2*%!3) gets stored in %!1 (note the use of
double parentheses to suppress expansion). Then %!2 and %!3 are initialized to 0. We then enter a doubly-
nested loop. We take advantage of some expansion trickery in the first line of the double loop. Here,
LetRegNum is at level 2 since it appears in a string inside a string; if we wanted to suppress expansion of %!1,
we would have to use at least four percent signs %%%%!1 to raise that occurrence of that register to level 3
(or higher). However, we don’t want to suppress expansion since we want to use the contents of %!1 — the
complicated integer expression — when assigning a value to %!4. Thus %%!1 gets expanded before WinEdt
begins processing the LetRegNum call. When WinEdt begins processing the LetRegNum call, it first expands
the second argument of this macro — the complicated integer expression we want to use! Thus, %!4 gets
assigned the value 0 the first time through the double loop, since both %!2 and %!3 equal 0.
String arguments can be explicitly specified — e.g., "This is a string" — or they can
use registers (local or global) whose contents “make sense” when expanded. Make sense?
Here’s what I mean. Consider the macro InsText. It takes a single string argument and
inserts it at the current cursor position. Clearly any string you specify makes sense here,
for WinEdt will expand all registers present in the string and then insert the expanded
string into the document. However, consider the macro Loop. Here, the only strings which
make sense are those which expand into a sequence of macros WinEdt can execute. Giving
"This is a string" as an argument to InsText won’t result in an error, but giving it as

an argument to Loop will cause WinEdt to complain.
Defining the notion of a string “making sense” more precisely would require that we introduce the
notion of a valid string, where the validity of a string depends upon the macro we are speaking of.
(Exercise: prove that no string is valid for every macro.) I leave this to the hands of those more capable at
theoretical computer science than myself.
New users often find the way WinEdt handles string arguments one of the more puzzling
aspects of WinEdt’s macro language. Here’s an example:
LetReg(1, "This is some text.");
This is some text
Ins("%!1");
LetReg takes two arguments, a numeric argument telling which one of the local registers

(%!0,. . . ,%!9) to set and a string argument containing the soon-to-be value of the register.
registers can also be used in places where WinEdt expects a numeric argument and, by using registers
with the Do macro, one can use registers to access string registers. The following example shows
how to exploit this primitive type of pointer.
1 BeginGroup;
2 LetRegNum(0,4);
3 LetRegNum(1,5);
4 LetRegNum(2,6);
5 LetRegNum(3,7);
6 LetReg(%!0, "Jellical cats come out tonight,");
7 LetReg(%!1, "Jellical cats come one, come all,");
8 LetReg(%!2, "The Jellical moon is shining bright,"); %!4: Jellical cats come out tonight,
9 LetReg(%!3, "Jellicals come to the Jellical ball."); %!5: Jellical cats come one, come all,
10 LetRegNum(8,4); %!6: The Jellical moon is shining bright,
11 Loop("InsText('Reg. #%%!8: ');> %!7: Jellicals come to the Jellical ball.
12 Do('InsText(""%%%%!%%!8"");>
13 NewLine;>
14 ');>
15 LetRegNum(8,%%!8+1);>
16 IfNum(%%!8, 7, '>', 'Stop','');>
17 ");
18 EndGroup;
1.5 Using registers as “pointers”

Registers 0,. . . ,3 point to registers 4,. . . ,7 and are used to assign values to registers 4,. . . ,7 via LetReg.
After assigning values to these registers, we loop four times, printing out the contents of one register (plus
a NewLine) on each pass. Note how in the Loop macro we use register %!8 not only to control the number
of iterations we perform, but also to determine the contents of which register we insert.
Omitting quotation marks in Ins("%!1") generates the WinEdt warning: String Para-
meter Expected. Why? Because Ins requires a string argument and %!1 isn’t a string — it’s
the name of a local register containing a string. One might wonder why Ins("%!1") works,
then. After all, why doesn’t WinEdt interpret "%!1" as a string containing the sequence of
characters %, !, and 1, causing the text %!1 to appear in the document?
The answer lies in WinEdt’s treatment of strings parameters. Whenever WinEdt executes
a macro requiring a string parameter, it first expands the string parameter before using it.
When the parameter gets expanded, all registers at the bottom level (i.e., registers that
aren’t suppressed) get replaced by their values, and every register of a higher level gets its
level lowered by one. When WinEdt processes the macro Ins("%!1"), WinEdt replaces the
register %!1 by its value because it occurs at the bottom level. WinEdt then inserts the

translated expression into the document.
Strictly speaking, WinEdt doesn’t keep track of levels at all; as far as WinEdt is concerned, all it
works with are strings (or nested strings) and registers. My reason for introducing the concept of a
level of a register is to make it easier to keep track of how many %-signs are needed at any given point.
If you prefer not to think in terms of levels, here’s how WinEdt actually handles strings and registers
inside nested strings. %!1 is the name of a string register and gets replaced by its contents whenever WinEdt
expands %!1. WinEdt also expands %% to a single percent sign: %. If you write a macro that has a register
appearing inside a nested string, you can control when that register gets replaced by its value by the number
of percent signs you stick in front of it.
Consider the following macro:
LetReg(1, "The best of all possible strings");

LetRegNum(2,1);
IfNum(%!2, 1, "=",>
"Repeat(3, 'InsText(""%%%%!1"");
NewLine;')",>
"Exit">
);
This macro is a convoluted way of inserting three copies of "The best of all possible strings" into
the document (with line breaks appearing between each copy). However, it illustrates how WinEdt expands
strings.
When WinEdt begins executing this macro, it begins on the first line with LetReg. WinEdt takes the
string argument, expands it, and assigns the expanded string to register %!1. Since there were no regis-
ter expressions occurring in the string argument, %!1 now contains The best of all possible strings.
WinEdt then processes the second line and assigns %!2 the numeric value 1.
When WinEdt begins to process the third line, it first concatenates all the lines ending with > (this
allows us to use line breaks to increase the readability of macros, since, technically, all WinEdt macros must
lie on a single line). Once that has been done, WinEdt checks to see whether %!2 equals 1 or not. Since it
does, WinEdt will execute the fourth argument of IfNum.
Before WinEdt executes this fourth argument, it expands the string. After expansion, WinEdt faces the
sequence of macros:
Repeat(3, 'InsText("%%!1"); NewLine;')
Notice how the four %-signs was reduced to two. Why? As WinEdt expanded the fourth argument of IfNum,
it encountered the expression %% which it replaced by %. WinEdt then found another occurrence of the
expression %% which also was replaced by %%. WinEdt left !1 alone since this was not part of any register.
(WinEdt also adjusts the quotation marks so that the strings are nested correctly.)
WinEdt then executes the Repeat macro. In doing so, WinEdt first expands the second argument of
Repeat. The sequence of commands after expansion is:
InsText("%!1"); NewLine;
which gets repeated three times. As WinEdt executes the InsText macro, it first expands the string argu-
ment. In the process of expansion, WinEdt finally finds an occurrence of the register %!1 and replaces it by
the text The best of all possible strings which WinEdt finally inserts into the document.
One might want to suppress WinEdt’s automatic replacement of registers (this happens most fre-
quently when writing complicated macros containing nested loops). WinEdt provides two ways to
suppress register replacement: (1) doubling the number of %-signs at the register’s name raises its level by
one (thus delaying its replacement), or (2) adding a ! before the string parameter prevents the entire string
from being translated, effectively raising the level of every register inside the string by one.
Suppressing translation of the entire string can be used to eliminate the need to include horribly long
streams of parenthesis in deeply nested macros, but it doesn’t provide the same level of control that method
(1) has.
LetReg(1, "It was...");

LetReg(2, "the best of times."); It was... the best of times
Ins("%!1 %!2");

LetReg(2, "the best of times."); It was... %!2
Ins("%!1 %%!2");

LetReg(2, "the best of times."); %!1 %!2
Ins(!"%!1 %!2");
1.2.2 Setting the values of registers

First of all, what registers have values one can modify from within a macro? Certainly the
local string registers (%!0,. . . ,%!9), since these registers are intended to be the macro writer’s
main temporary storage area. You can also modify the value of the global string registers
(%0,. . . ,%9) but, if you do so, you must keep in mind the following very important restriction:
Do not attempt to place an expression spanning multiple lines inside any global
string register. Since the values of these registers are stored permanently in your
WinEdt.ini file, this file can become corrupted if one assigns multi-line values to
the global string registers.
This restriction does not usually present a problem since one rarely is tempted to use a global
register. And, in the cases where one does need a global register, there is either no need
to use multi-line values, or this limitation can be easily circumvented. See §?? for further
discussion.
WinEdt provides several ways to modify the values of the local string registers. Modifi-
cations which do not require any input from the user can be done using LetReg (assigning
string values to local registers) or LetRegNum (assigning numerical values to a local register).
WinEdt also provides a way to write interactive macros that collect input from the user, but
discussion of these macro methods won’t appear until §1.5.
LetRegNum(StrRegister: 0..9, Num_Expression: -999999999..999999999);
This function can be used to assign the result of a numeric expression to the string Register (eg. %!0).
LetReg(StrRegister: 0..9, "Value");

Assigns the specified value to the String Register (eg. %!0).
If you really want to fly in the face of danger, you can assign values to the global regis-
ters (but do heed the above warning) via LetStr—the global register equivalent of LetReg.
LetStr assumes you know what you’re doing when you make assignments and it will not
check to see if you attempt to assign a multi-line value to a global register. As said before,
unless you are careful this is a really easy way to irreversibly damage your WinEdt.ini file.
LetStr(StrRegister: 0..9, "Value");
Assigns the specified value to the Global String Register (eg. %0).
WinEdt provides another way to set the value of local string registers which often comes in handy.
GetSel copies the currently selected block of text into the specified string register, if the active file
has selected text. If no text is selected, the behavior of GetSel depends on the value of its first parameter: if
0, the specified string register receives the empty string; if 1, the specified string register receives the entire
document. Obviously, one should exercise caution when using the latter case: you probably don’t want to
select the entire document if the next command is CMD('Delete') or CMD('Sort Lines...')!
Occasionally, the need arises to check the character to the immediate left or right of the cursor, performing
some conditional action based on what you find there. GetSel provides a way to do this. Note, though, that
this technique should only be used for isolated tests; using this technique inside a loop can cause the macro
to run slowly because CMD('Select Char Left') and CMD('Select Char Right') do not execute quickly.
The following macro demonstrates how to use GetSel in this way. Can you guess what this macro might be
useful for?
1 CMD('Backspace');
2 CMD('Select Char Left');
3 GetSel(0,9);
4 CMD('Char Right');
5 IfStr('%!9',' ','=','InsText("‘‘");End','');
6 IfStr('%!9','.','=','InsText("''''");End','');
7 IfStr('%!9',',','=','InsText("''''");End','');
8 IfStr('%!9','!','=','InsText("''''");End','');
9 IfStr('%!9','?','=','InsText("''''");End','InsText(''"'')');
1.6 Conditional insertion of characters based on surrounding text
Let’s walk through this macro to see what, exactly, it does. First of all, line 1 shows I lied when I said
the macro checks the character to the left of the cursor; the macro begins by deleting the character to the
left of the cursor. Once that’s done, lines 2–4 copy the character to the left of the cursor into register %!9
and then move right. (We need to move right in line 4 because the command in line 2 causes the cursor to
move one character to the left. If we did not move right one character, the text inserted in lines 5–9 would
appear in the wrong place.)
Lines 5–9 demonstrate one way of performing a multiple-way branch—that is, a conditional operation
like C’s switch statement or TEX’s \ifcase. Since WinEdt doesn’t have command providing a multiple-way
branch outright, we need to manufacture one by using multiple If... statements. Simply use one If...
test for each possible branch, where each If... test (they need not all be the same) has an empty else-
clause. If you want to specify a default branch, that is, a sequence of commands to be executed when none
of your explicit If... tests succeed (always a good idea), put this sequence of commands in the else-clause
of the last If... test. The above macro uses this construction: notice the use of End; to terminate macro
execution after a successful IfStr test and how the IfStrs of lines 5–8 all have empty else-clauses.
Lines 5–9 check the character in register %!9 to see whether it’s a space, period, comma, exclamation
point, question mark, or other (that’s the default case). If it’s a space, WinEdt inserts ‘‘ into the text at
the current cursor position. If it’s one of the four punctuation symbols, WinEdt inserts '' into the text. In
all other cases, a single " gets inserted. Note how four '-marks were needed in lines 6–9 to get two '-marks
in the text.
When would such a macro be needed? Consider what would happen if " were made an active string
with this macro bound to it. Then whenever a " was typed, WinEdt would replacing the " with one of three
possibilities depending upon the character preceding the ". In other words, this macro would create “smart
quote” behavior inside WinEdt, similar to that available in Emacs or word processors like Microsoft Word.
Macro 1.6 runs slowly, so slowly it might frustrate some users. If you need to write macros that test
surrounding text in order to decide what type of action to take, a faster way needs to be found. The
author has found that, when speed is of the essence, avoiding CMD("Select Char Left") entirely gives the
best results.
Using CMD("Select Char Left") (or its sister command CMD("Select Char Right")) slows macro
execution down because they use Windows messaging commands to perform the indicated actions—internally,
essentially the same sorts of procedures as if you move the cursor into position, held the Shift key down,
and then moved either left or right. I.e., a Windows message is generated, sent through the message loop,
dispatched, and processed.
All that involves unnecessary computational overhead. This overhead can be avoided by using GotoCol,
GotoLin, or GotoCL to move the cursor into the correct position, SetSel(0) to first deselect everything,
and then SetSel(1) (some other nonzero number may also be used) to begin the selection process. At this
point, using GotoCol, etc. moves the cursor to the specified position, selecting all the text in between the
cursor position when SetSel(1) was called at the new position. At this point, GetSel may be used to copy
the selected text into the desired register.
Macro 1.6, rewritten using these techniques, will then look like:
1 CMD('Backspace');
2 Mark(0);
3 IfNum('%c',1,'=','InsText("‘‘");End','');
4 SetSel(1);
5 GotoCol('(%c-1)');
6 GetSel(0,9);
7 SetSel(0);
8 Goto(0);
9 IfStr('%!9',' ','=','InsText("‘‘");End','');
10 IfStr('%!9','.','=','InsText("''''");End','');
11 IfStr('%!9',',','=','InsText("''''");End','');
12 IfStr('%!9','!','=','InsText("''''");End','');
13 IfStr('%!9','?','=','InsText("''''");End',>
14 'InsText(''"'')');
15 End;
1.7 Faster conditional insertion of characters based on surrounding text
After deleting the undesired " character in line 1, the cursor is correctly positioned for inserting the desired
character(s) (either ‘‘ or '' or "). However, selecting the text requires that we move the cursor to the
right by one, once the text has been selected. The use of Mark(0) in line 2, following by Goto(0) in line
8, performs these needed movements. If you try both forms of the macro on a fast (but not blazingly so)
computer, you may detect the speed difference between the two versions.
1.3. PROCEDURES AND FUNCTIONS 17
Aside from the local and global string registers, most of WinEdt’s other registers have
their values changed indirectly through the use of other macro commands. For example, the
editor registers %c and %l contain, respectively, the current column and line number (the
current column and line number identifies the position of the cursor in the active document).
You cannot use LetRegNum to change the value of these registers. To change the value of %c
or %l, you must either manually move the cursor (the changes are automatically reflected
in the values of %c and %l) or use GotoCol, GotoLin or GotoCL to jump the cursor to a
particular spot in the document.
GotoLin(LineNum: 1..16000000);
Go to the specified line and track the Caret’s position.
GotoCol(ColumnNum: 1..99999999);
Go to the specified column and track the Caret’s position.
GotoCL(ColumnNum: 1..99999999, LineNum: 1..16000000);

Go to the specified text position and track the Caret.
However, WinEdt does allows the user to change a few document registers directly
through the commands SetFileName and SetFileMode. These commands will probably
be used rather infrequently, but they are there in the event you need to use them.
SetFileName("File Name");
Changes the file name of the current document.
SetFileMode("File Mode");
Changes the ”Mode” of the current document and resets certain properties. Check WinEdt’s documen-
tation on modes for more information.
1.3 Procedures and Functions

Macro languages can save time and reduce errors by automating repeated tasks. As people
become more familiar with the flexibility of a macro language, they tend to write longer
macros to perform more complicated tasks. As macros grow in length, it becomes impor-
tant (from the programmer’s point of view—the macro interpreter couldn’t care less!) to
impose some sort of structure upon the macros, making them easier to follow and to write.
This structure usually involves the creation of subroutines and procedures, so that a single
subroutine can be called every time it’s needed, obviating the need to include that code at
every point it’s used.
As a trivial example, suppose we want a macro to automatically create a new LATEX
document, configuring the document by adding text at various places. In particular, suppose
we want the document to look like this when the macro completes operation:
\documentclass[12pt]{article}
\usepackage{amsmath}
\usepackage{verbatim}
\begin{document}
\bibliography{mybibliography}
\bibliographystyle{plain}
\end{document}
One way to code the macro without using subroutines (or procedures) would be:
1 CMD("New");
2 Mark(0);
3 Ins("\documentclass[12pt]{article}"); NewLine;
4 Ins("\usepackage{amsmath}"); NewLine;
5 Ins("\usepackage(verbatim}"); NewLine; NewLine;
6 Ins("\begin{document}"); NewLine; NewLine;
7 Ins(" "); NewLine; NewLine;
8 CMD("Go To Beginning Of Line");
9 Ins("\bibliography{mybibliography}"); NewLine;
10 Ins("\bibliographystyle{plain}"); NewLine;
11 Ins("\end{document}");
12 Goto(0);
13 CMD("Next Bullet");
1.8 Macro without subroutines

Without explicitly instructing WinEdt, in line 7, to go to the beginning of the line, the text
of lines 8–10 would be inserted in the wrong column. Note how we used Mark in line 2 to
“memorize” a cursor position and Goto in line 12 to return to that position. (The only reason
for returning to that position is that it moved the cursor before the bullet, thus guaranteeing
that the call to CMD("Next Bullet") would snap the cursor to the desired point.)
This macro works perfectly well and most people would stop here. One problem, though,
is that LATEX documents have a certain structure to them: a preamble (everything appear-
ing before the \begin{document}) and what I’ll call a “postamble” (everything appearing
after the \end{document}). This macro assumes the postamble to be empty—a reasonable
assumption since LATEX ignores anything in the postamble—but, conceivably, there may be
instances where the postamble would not be empty: version control information might be
placed there, information about the author, etc. Since the preamble and postamble consti-
tute logically separate parts of a LATEX document, let’s rewrite the macro using subroutines
to reflect this fact. While we’re at it, let’s include a subroutine for all the middle stuff not ap-
pearing in either the preamble or postamble. (Although further enhancement of this macro
might seem an unnecessary exercise in obfuscation, it illustrates how to use subroutines. In
the future we’ll see many cases where using subroutines clarify the operation of a macro.)
1.3. PROCEDURES AND FUNCTIONS 19
Strictly speaking, WinEdt doesn’t provide for subroutines. WinEdt provides the Exe macro, which
looks for a specified macro file; if the file exists, WinEdt executes the sequence of commands contained
within that file. But this allows us to write code that behaves as if WinEdt allowed one to define subroutines:
simply write your code for the function, but save it to a file with a descriptive name and use Exe("...") to
call the subroutine.
Rewriting macro 1.8 so it uses subroutines as described means we must create two macro
files on disk, one for the preamble and one for the postamble. You can save your macro
files wherever you want to, just make sure you remember where they are. The author finds
it convenient to prefix the name of macro files containing subroutines with two underscore
characters, __, so he can tell just by looking at the file name that they aren’t stand-alone
macro files (and that he might get into trouble if he deletes them!).
Since the postamble subroutine is the easiest to write, let’s start with it:
Relax;
1.9 Postamble subroutine for macro 1.8

Assume the postamble subroutine is saved as %B\macros\__Postamble.edt, where the %B
register stands for the WinEdt base directory.
The preamble subroutine isn’t much longer:
Ins("\documentclass[12pt]{article}"); NewLine;
Ins("\usepackage{amsmath}"); NewLine;
Ins("\usepackage(verbatim}"); NewLine; NewLine;
1.10 Preamble subroutine for macro 1.8

(Assume the preamble subroutine is saved as %B\macros\__Preamble.edt.)
And for the middle stuff subroutine we have:
Ins("\begin{document}"); NewLine; NewLine;

Ins(" "); NewLine; NewLine;
CMD("Go To Beginning Of Line");
Ins("\bibliography{mybibliography}"); NewLine;
Ins("\bibliographystyle{plain}"); NewLine;
Ins("\end{document}");
1.11 Middle stuff subroutine for macro 1.8

(Assume it was saved as %B\macros\__MiddleStuff.edt.)
When rewritten using subroutines, macro 1.8 looks like:

1 CMD("New");
2 Mark(0);
3 Exe("%B\macros\__Preamble.edt");
4 Exe("%B\macros\__MiddleStuff.edt");
5 Exe("%B\macros\__Postamble.edt");
6 Goto(0);
1.12 Macro with subroutines

Compare macro 1.12 to 1.8. Trivially, we see that 1.12 is shorter, but not so much so that
this should convince us to use subroutines whenever possible. The author believes that
the logical structure of 1.12 is clearer than 1.8 but this, too, may be disputed. However,
three advantages of using subroutines are as follows: (1) future modifications of macro code
become easier since the code has been broken down into bite-size chunks, and (2) debugging
macros becomes easier since one can (usually) debug the subroutines in isolation from the
main code, and (3) the need to use strings containing strings containing strings. . . disappears.
Judicious use of subroutines should enable you to avoid working with nested strings of level
greater than two. If you find WinEdt’s conventions for nested strings and repeated %-signs
confusing, this alone might convince you to use subroutines.
Using subroutines can make writing complicated macros easier, too. You can define Exe to be
an active string so that when you double-click on it, WinEdt will automatically try to open the
specified macro file. Simply go to Options Settings... Active Strings and bind the macro [Do('Open(%?)')]
to a double-click of Exe(?).
1.4 Recursion
Good macro languages allow for recursive programming, and WinEdt’s language does not
prove exception to the rule. Recursive programming in WinEdt requires that we use the
method of subroutines sketched in §1.3. Since writing recursive functions often requires
several macro files to be saved to disk, we need to indicate in our examples what macro code
belongs to which macro file. The convention that shall be adopted is to surround macro code
by comments indicating the file name and where the file ends. This allows us to include the
code for several files in the same display. E.g.,
// Filename: _MyMacro.edt
...
// Endfile
// Filename: _MyOtherMacro.edt
...
// Endfile
Consider the following simple example:

1.4. RECURSION 21
// Filename: %B\macros\guide\_recursion.edt
InsText("a");
IfNum(%c,10,'<',‘Exe("%B\macros\guide\_recursion.edt")','');
InsText("b");
// Endfile
1.13 A simple recursive macro

When started at the beginning of a line, WinEdt produces
aaaaaaaaabbbbbbbbb
If started five spaces in, we get

aaaabbbb
(Only four as appear when started five spaces in because column numbering starts at 1.
When at the beginning of a line, the cursor is in column 1. Five spaces in, the cursor is at
column 6, so WinEdt can only insert four as until the test fails.)
1.4.1 A lengthy example

Consider the following problem, posed by Heiner Richter: can WinEdt be customized so that
it will automatically convert any string of digits (such as 1235678) to the form 1.235.678?
Before starting, let’s generalize the problem to the following: customize WinEdt so that
it will take a string of digits and insert the contents of a string register after every three
digits (counting from the right). This generalization makes the macro more useful since
conventions vary on whether to use a period, comma, raised dot, or space when separating
digits.
First off, let’s consider how this macro will be invoked. We don’t want to invoke the
macro until the digit string has been fully entered, but how do we postpone execution of
the macro until the string has been completed? One natural way of doing this is to use
active strings. But what active string? We can’t make every digit active because WinEdt
will then invoke the macro each time we type a digit. We could require that the user wrap
the digit string will an identifier unlikely to occur in ordinary text, say @digits{...}, but
this solution is clumsy: we want the macro to make it easier to type a string of digits, and
typing @digits{12345} when you want 12,345 just makes more work for yourself.
One solution recognizes that a digit string has, as a natural delimiter, a digit followed by
a space. Thus we can make the strings ‘0 ’ (zero followed by a space),. . . , ‘9 ’ (nine followed
by a space) active. This guarantees that the macro gets invoked only at the end of a digit
string.
Second, we note that the macro will need to do some initialization: we need to place
the desired delimiter into a string register and set a counter to 0 so that we can count off
three digits at a time. Now, we can write the macro using either Loop or recursion. The
problem using Loop is that it requires us to nest strings and—if the macro is long—this can
be a headache. However, if we use recursion, we have to be careful of how we set the initial
conditions. We cannot set the initial conditions inside the same subroutine used for the
recursion because each time the recursion occurs the initial conditions will be re-established!
Consequently, we will put the initialization code in a macro called _APstartup.edt, calling
the recursive subroutine at the very end.
1 // Filename: %B\macros\ap\_APstartup.edt
2 BeginGroup;
3 StartWorking("Adding separators...");
4 LetReg(5,','); // <--- Change this if you want commas instead of periods
5 LetRegNum(6,0); // Stop indicator
6 LetRegNum(7,%c); // Original column position
7 LetRegNum(8,0); // Found digit indicator
8 GotoCol('%c-1'); // Backup behind the space delimiter
9 Exe('%B\macros\AddPeriods\_APchew.edt');
10 // Endfile
1.14 Initialization routine for the “add periods” macro

Line 1 contains BeginGroup so that the separator addition can be undone with a single Undo.
We call StartWorking in line 2 out of courtesy for the user since the macro might take some
time to complete. Register %!5 contains the delimiter string (here we use a comma). Register
%!6 contains a binary flag indicating whether the macro has completed (we’ll see later why
this is necessary). Register %!7 contains the column that the cursor will return to when
macro execution finishes. Finally, register %!8 contains the number of digits we’ve found so
far.
After initialization, WinEdt calls the macro _APchew.edt. This subroutine decides where
to place the separators. Consider part of it:
1 SetSel(0); SetSel(1);
2 IfNum(%c,1,'=',>
3 'Exe("%B\macros\AddPeriods\_APend.edt")',>
4 '');
5 GotoCol('(%c-1)'); GetSel(0,9);
6 IfStr('%!9','0','=',>
7 'LetRegNum(8,"%%!8+1");>
8 IfNum("%%!8","4","=",>
9 "SetSel(0);>
10 GotoCol(''%%%%c+1'');>
11 InsText(''%%%%!5'');>
12 GotoCol(''%%%%c-1'');>
13 LetRegNum(8,0);>
14 LetRegNum(7,''%%%%!7+1'')",>
15 "">
16 );>
17 Exe("%B\macros\AddPeriods\_APchew.edt")',>
18 ''>
19 );
20 IfNum(%!6,1,'=','Exe("%B\macros\AddPeriods\_APend.edt")','');
1.15 Part of the recursive subroutine called in 1.14

1.4. RECURSION 23
Lines 1–5 copy the character to the left of the cursor (if there is one) into register %!9. The
test in line 2 checks to see if we at the beginning of a line (calling GotoCol with a negative
argument generates an error message). If the character to the left of the cursor is a digit,
one of two possible actions can occur. If we have counted four digits, insert a separator,
since three digits have passed since the end of the digit string or the last separator inserted,
and then set the digit counter (register %!8) to zero again. If we have not yet encounter four
digits, add one to the digit counter and move left one space.
Now, the trick is telling whether the character copied into register %!9 is a digit or
not. Recall the discussion on page 15 about how to get the logical equivalent of a switch
statement in WinEdt’s language. We use that technique here: we have ten different IfStr
tests to see whether the copied character is 0,. . . ,9. In 1.15, we have only listed the code for
the first IfStr test (the complete code can be found in the Appendix).
Line 7 of 1.15 increments register %!8 by 1. Line 8 checks to see if this is the fourth
digit found. If it is, all text is deselected by a call to SetSel. (At this point we have not
yet deselected the character copied into register %!9. Without deselecting it, the InsText
of line 11 would delete that digit!) Finally, we move the cursor to the left one column, reset
the digit counter, and increment the counter tracking the number of separators inserted.
Nothing is done if the character stored in %!9 was not the fourth digit found.
When the character in %!9 is not a digit, the ten IfStr tests in _APchew fail. Then
%!6 gets assigned the value 1 (this occurs at line 155 in the full listing of the macro in the
appendix). The IfNum test of macro 1.15, line 20, calls the shutdown routine. The complete
listing of this macro is listed below:
// Filename: %B\macros\ap\_APend.edt
GotoCol(%!7);
SetSel(0);
EndGroup;
StopWorking;
Exit;
// Endfile
The shutdown routine moves the cursor to the correct final position, deselects all text, ends
the group started in _APstart.edt, and returns the cursor to its normal mode.
You might wonder why we hassle with the %!6 flag indicating when the processing of the digit string
has completed. The reason has to do out of concern for speed. Exit causes the macro to prematurely
terminate, preventing it from backing out of the recursive Exe calls properly. Ordinarily, one wouldn’t need
to do this, but the multiple-way branching used in this macro results in a significant speed decrease.
1.5 Interactive Macros

WinEDT provides several macros that can be used to make your macros a little more user-
friendly. The macros listed below fall into three types: getting data from the user (either
numeric or string), prompting the user to make a choice at a certain key point in macro pro-
cessing, or displaying the notorious Windows hourglass cursor (with an explanatory message
in the WinEDT message area). The particular macros are:
EnterLongReg(StrRegister: 0..9, "Prompt","Caption")
Prompts you to enter the value of the specified string register (%!0. . . %!9). Allows multi-line values.
EnterReg(StrRegister: 0..9, "Prompt","Caption")

Prompts you to enter the value of the specified string register (%!0. . . %!9). The value is a one-line string.
GetLongString("Prompt","Caption")
Same as EnterLongReg except that the value is stored in a special %!? string register (an extension of
%!0. . . %!9)
GetString("Prompt","Caption")
Same as EnterReg except that the value is stored in a special %!? string register (an extension of
%!0. . . %!9)
GetDim
Displays the dialog allowing you to enter the values of %!x and %!y numeric registers. Their values are
used in Macros that insert n × m environments (such as Array.edt).
GetCounter
Displays the dialog that allows you to enter the values of %!z numeric register. Its value can be used for
repeat loop and such. . .
Prompt("Prompt",Type,Buttons: 0..3, "Macro 1","Macro 2")

Displays the dialog box with the specified prompt. Macro execution is resumed after the user closes the
dialog box. ‘Type’ and ‘Buttons’ above can be any number in the range 0,1,2, or 3. These numbers
alter the dialog boxes appearance and behavior in the following way: Types 0, 1, 2, or 3 tell the dialog
box to appear as either a Information, Confirmation, Warning, or Error box, respectively. Button values
0, 1, 2, or 3 cause the dialog box to have OK/Cancel buttons (where clicking on Cancel terminates
macro execution), an OK button, OK/Cancel buttons (where clicking on Cancel will invoke a special
user macro), or Yes/No buttons.
StartWorking("Message")
Changes the Cursor to the Hour Glass form and displays the specified message in the last field of the
Status Line. Intended to indicate time-consuming macros,
StopWorking
Restores the cursor and removes the message from the status line.
With the exception of the last two macros (whose function should, hopefully, be more-
or-less clear), all of these macros cause a dialog box to be displayed, allowing the user to
enter a certain kind of data. If you’ve never done any Windows programming before, you
might feel a certain rush of power at the ability to create a dialog box with such ease.
1.5. INTERACTIVE MACROS 25
1.5.1 Getting data from the user
Close inspection will reveal some apparent redundancy between some of the above macros.
For example, the macros GetLongString and GetString seem to be two ways of doing the
same thing (sticking a string in the register %!?), and the difference between EnterLongReg
and EnterReg also might not be immediately clear. The basic difference between them
concerns the form of the dialog box that gets created. If you use either GetLongString or
EnterLongReg the dialog box that appears has a large multi-line edit box allowing the user
to type in whole paragraphs of text. On the other hand, GetString and EnterReg only use a
single-line edit box, which (I suppose) implicitly tells the user to be concise. WinEdt doesn’t
perform any length checking on the argument for either of the short entry commands, so
nothing prevents the user from typing an entire paragraph into the single-line edit box if
they want.
The following macro illustrates one possible use of the GetString command:
1 BeginGroup;
2 GetString("What environment do you want to create?","Insert Environment");
3 LetRegNum(9,%c); // Store current column number
4 Mark(0);
5 InsText("\begin{%!?}");
6 NewLine;
7 GotoCol(%!9);
8 InsText(" "); NewLine;
9 GotoCol(%!9);
10 InsText("\end{%!?}");
11 Goto(0);
13 EndGroup;
1.16 The Insert Environment macro

Line 1 begins a group so that the entire macro operation can be undone by a single undo
operation. Line 2 contains the call to GetString that asks the user to type in the name of
the environment that they want to insert. Line 3 stores the current column position of the
cursor in the register %!9 so that we can correctly position the rest of the lines.
For example, suppose the user wants to use this macro to insert a cases environment
inside of an equation. Typically, this macro will be invoked when the user has typed only
the following:
and so we define the incredibly important function as follows:

\[
f(x) =
where the cursor is at the point indicated by ‘ ’. Now, without keeping track of the column
that the Insert Environment macro was invoked from (and consequently without including
lines 3, 7, and 9 in the macro definition), the macro output would look like:

\[
f(x) = \begin{cases}
\end{cases}
which is probably not what the user wanted. The Newline macro creates a new line and
moves the cursor beneath the f, the InsText(" ") macro inserts the box directly beneath
the x, and the second Newline macro creates a new line and moves the cursor directly beneath
the (assuming that WinEdt’s default line wrapping conventions are on). Including lines 3,
7, and 9 causes the macro to insert the environment so that the \begin and \end have the
correct vertical alignment like so:
\[
f(x) = \begin{cases}
\end{cases}
1.6 Appendix
1 SetSel(0); SetSel(1);
2 // Check to see if we are at the beginning of a line. If so,
3 // invoke __APend.
4 IfNum(%c,1,'=',>
5 'Exe("%B\macros\AddPeriods\__APend.edt")',>
6 '');
7 GotoCol('(%c-1)'); GetSel(0,9);
8 IfStr('%!9','0','=',>
9 'LetRegNum(8,"%%!8+1");>
10 IfNum("%%!8","4","=",>
11 "SetSel(0);>
12 GotoCol(''%%%%c+1'');>
13 InsText(''%%%%!5'');>
14 GotoCol(''%%%%c-1'');>
15 LetRegNum(8,0);>
16 LetRegNum(7,''%%%%!7+1'')",>
17 "">
18 );>
19 Exe("%B\macros\AddPeriods\__APchew.edt")',>
20 ''>
21 );
22 IfNum(%!6,1,'=','Exe("%B\macros\AddPeriods\__APend.edt")','');
23 IfStr('%!9','1','=',>
24 'LetRegNum(8,"%%!8+1");>
25 IfNum("%%!8","4","=",>
26 "SetSel(0);>
27 GotoCol(''%%%%c+1'');>
28 InsText(''%%%%!5'');>
29 GotoCol(''%%%%c-1'');>
30 LetRegNum(8,0);>
31 LetRegNum(7,''%%%%!7+1'')",>
1.6. APPENDIX 27
32 "">
33 );>
35 ''>
36 );
38 IfStr('%!9','2','=',>
39 'LetRegNum(8,"%%!8+1");>
40 IfNum("%%!8","4","=",>
41 "SetSel(0);>
42 GotoCol(''%%%%c+1'');>
43 InsText(''%%%%!5'');>
44 GotoCol(''%%%%c-1'');>
45 LetRegNum(8,0);>
46 LetRegNum(7,''%%%%!7+1'')",>
47 "">
48 );>
50 ''>
51 );
53 IfStr('%!9','3','=',>
54 'LetRegNum(8,"%%!8+1");>
55 IfNum("%%!8","4","=",>
56 "SetSel(0);>
57 GotoCol(''%%%%c+1'');>
58 InsText(''%%%%!5'');>
59 GotoCol(''%%%%c-1'');>
60 LetRegNum(8,0);>
61 LetRegNum(7,''%%%%!7+1'')",>
62 "">
63 );>
65 ''>
66 );
68 IfStr('%!9','4','=',>
69 'LetRegNum(8,"%%!8+1");>
70 IfNum("%%!8","4","=",>
71 "SetSel(0);>
72 GotoCol(''%%%%c+1'');>
73 InsText(''%%%%!5'');>
74 GotoCol(''%%%%c-1'');>
75 LetRegNum(8,0);>
76 LetRegNum(7,''%%%%!7+1'')",>
77 "">
78 );>
80 ''>
81 );
83 IfStr('%!9','5','=',>
84 'LetRegNum(8,"%%!8+1");>
85 IfNum("%%!8","4","=",>
86 "SetSel(0);>
87 GotoCol(''%%%%c+1'');>
88 InsText(''%%%%!5'');>
89 GotoCol(''%%%%c-1'');>
90 LetRegNum(8,0);>
91 LetRegNum(7,''%%%%!7+1'')",>
92 "">
93 );>
95 ''>
96 );
98 IfStr('%!9','6','=',>
99 'LetRegNum(8,"%%!8+1");>
100 IfNum("%%!8","4","=",>
101 "SetSel(0);>
102 GotoCol(''%%%%c+1'');>
103 InsText(''%%%%!5'');>
104 GotoCol(''%%%%c-1'');>
105 LetRegNum(8,0);>
106 LetRegNum(7,''%%%%!7+1'')",>
107 "">
108 );>
110 ''>
111 );
113 IfStr('%!9','7','=',>
114 'LetRegNum(8,"%%!8+1");>
115 IfNum("%%!8","4","=",>
116 "SetSel(0);>
117 GotoCol(''%%%%c+1'');>
118 InsText(''%%%%!5'');>
119 GotoCol(''%%%%c-1'');>
121 LetRegNum(7,''%%%%!7+1'')",>
122 "">
123 );>
125 ''>
126 );
128 IfStr('%!9','8','=',>
129 'LetRegNum(8,"%%!8+1");>
130 IfNum("%%!8","4","=",>
131 "SetSel(0);>
132 GotoCol(''%%%%c+1'');>
133 InsText(''%%%%!5'');>
134 GotoCol(''%%%%c-1'');>
136 LetRegNum(7,''%%%%!7+1'')",>
137 "">
138 );>
140 ''>
141 );
143 IfStr('%!9','9','=',>
144 'LetRegNum(8,"%%!8+1");>
145 IfNum("%%!8","4","=",>
146 "SetSel(0);>
147 GotoCol(''%%%%c+1'');>
148 InsText(''%%%%!5'');>
149 GotoCol(''%%%%c-1'');>
151 LetRegNum(7,''%%%%!7+1'')",>
152 "">
153 );>
155 'LetRegNum(6,1)'>
156 );
Chapter 2
Syntax Highlighting
Syntax Highlighting is another one of the powerful features of WinEdt. Certain parts of
your text can be highlighted, that means formatted visually in a different color or font.
This allows to have your document structured in an easy to spot way. In addition, Syntax
Highlighting can help you to avoid typo’s. The behaviour of the Syntax Highlighting feature
is dependent on the mode of your document. Of course, you can customize the highlighting
completely. To show you how is the aim of this chapter.
2.1 Basics
Before experimenting with Syntax Highlighting settings, it is a good idea to save your current
state of WinEdt’s customization. All customizations are stored in the file winedt.ini1 . Use
the menu entry Options Save Settings As... make a backup copy of your current winedt.ini
under another name. If you want, you can then revert to your previous state by renaming
this file to winedt.ini. You also have a “factory settings” winedt.ini in the subdirectory
\support.
WinEdt provides a way to exchange settings from some dialogs (including the Syntax
Highlighting) via an human-readable format. You can access this feature by clicking the
secondary mouse button in the dialog. Now, the context menu offers you the entries Extract...,
Append... and Load From....
Syntax Highlighting in WinEdt is based on the idea of three different highlighting levels.
These levels specify the syntax elements which are subject to highlighting. Believe it, you
want it that way!
1
If you haven’t specified an alternative ini-file when calling WinEdt.
29
30 CHAPTER 2. SYNTAX HIGHLIGHTING
2.1.1 Filter Sets

Take, for example, a simple text where you give some numeric values. Some of these values
are negative, and you want to spot them immediately. A good way to achieve this is to use
a different color for the minus sign in front of theses negative values, say blue. No problem,
you tell WinEdt to color all occurrences of the minus sign blue.2 To oppose the negative
values, you decide to mark important positive values with an explicit plus sign in front of
them. Again, you want this plus sign to be in an other color than black, this time red. This
is nice and also easy, and would be done using a syntax element what WinEdt calls a Filter
Set.
2.1.2 Switches
You look now at your partly colored text. It looks good, but you’d wish that also the values
itself would be colored, not only minus and plus. From what you know now, you could tell
WinEdt to color all ‘1’s green, all ‘2’s green, and so on. It would work, and you could even
group the numbers together, using only one of WinEdt’s Filter Sets. But no, you aren’t
satisfied with that, you want the negative numbers blue and the important positive numbers
with a plus before it in red. You have now entered a new dimension of highlighting, the
dimension of the Switches.
Switches set a number of successive, random characters to a certain color (or font),
depending on a condition. In our case, the condition is the minus or plus sign. If a minus
sign is followed by a number, then you want to have both in blue. You don’t want numbers
without minus or plus to be colored, nor do you want a blue hyphen or such. The condition
itself is specified as a Filter Set, as we have already seen.
2.1.3 Reserved Words

There is another syntax element that you could want to highlight. Switches “switch” to
another look depending on the condition, and the order of the characters to highlight doesn’t
matter; they only need to match some criteria (such as “being a number” in our example)3 .
To impress and flatter your boss, you want now to have his name, Miller, in bold font.
You don’t want to have all uppercase ‘M’s, all ‘i’s, ‘l’s, ‘e’s and ‘r’s in bold, just this specific
order that forms the word “Miller”. This is a so called Reserved Word, and of course you
can base it on a certain condition too, e. g. a “Mr ” before it.
Most problems that you have for highlighting can be solved with a combination of these
three syntax elements.
2
How this is done is explained later in this chapter.
3
Often the criterion is “be any character”.
2.2. FILTER SETS 31
2.2 Filter Sets

As we have seen, Filter Sets form the basic syntax element in WinEdt’s Syntax Highlighting.
They are used in the other two highlighting syntax elements, the Switches and the Reserved
Words. In addition, Filter Sets are also used in the context of Active Strings.
2.2.1 The “Filter Sets” Dialog

If you look into the dialog for Filter Sets (open Options Highlighting on the first tab page),
you’ll see that there are a lot of predefined Filter Sets. This is the list on the left of this
dialog. Browse through the entries and check how these look, but do not delete or modify
any of these predefined sets.
You can, of course, add your own entries here. In fact, this is why this chapter is written.
The order of the entries in the list box does not matter.4 Use the secondary mouse button
(usually the right button) to Insert a new entry. Type in a descriptive name for your Filter
Set (it is not restricted to one word, use whatever you want). This name is not to be confused
with the definition of the Filter Set!
Immediately below the list of Filter Sets there is a field which is called “Definition”.
You specify the criteria for the Filter Set selected above here. Please see section 2.2.2 for
information about these Set Expressions.
In the middle column in this dialog there are two fields which are “Filters”, “Before:”
and “After:”. If your Filter Set is dependent on another Filter Set, you specify this here. To
extend our introductory example, you could want to have a Filter Set which is “+-”. This
is either a plus “Before” a minus or a minus “After” a plus. To use a Filter Set in this list
box it has to be defined first. Although you could write directly in this box (say, a “+”), this
alone is not functioning without a matching Filter Set entry on its own.
The checkboxes for the filters can specify further restrictions:
• if the option “Before:” is checked then the beginning of line is not an admissible
position for a character to belong to the filter,
• if the option “After:” is checked then the end of line is not an admissible position for
a character to belong to the filter.
Below the “Filters” field is “Options”, where you can enable a Filter Set for highlighting
of certain modes. You don’t have to enable highlighting for a Filter Set in order to use it
elsewhere! You only enable a Filter Set if you want to highlight something directly with it.
A Filter Set can be given a priority from “0” (lowest) to “9” (highest), which determines
highlighting inside Switches and Reserved Words.
Filter Sets (as well as Switches and Reserved Words) are highlighted with respect to the “Priority”
value. Priority can be specified to determine highlighting of the currently selected filter set inside
Switches and Reserved Words. This does not mean that when two or more Filter Sets compete, the one
4
As long as you do not specify entries with the same name. In this case, the last of these entries is used.
with the higher priority is highlighted. In such a case, always the last specified Filter Set applies, regardless
of priority. However, a Filter Set with a high priority rules over a Switch with a lower priority.
The “Sample” field shows you how your Filter Set will look if you have given it certain
“Font” or “Color” attributes in the right column of this dialog. Of course, this does only
apply in your document if it matches the enabled mode definition.
Note that certain fields in this dialog (or, to be correct, in almost every WinEdt dialog) give
useful context-sensitive menus, that means they respond to the secondary mouse button.
2.2.2 Set Expressions
You use Set Expressions to specify the “Definition” field in the Filter Set dialog. There are
four predefined sets: Numeric, Alpha, Upper and Lower. These sets are language sensitive,
that means their definition is dependent on the Language Settings in Windows’ Control
Panel.
To define sets, you use the following syntax:
character : Either "?", where ? stands for any character, or #{code}, with 0 < code <= 255.
interval: character..character
set: Either a predefined set or a [sequence of characters and intervals].
[] is also allowed and means the empty set.
operators: ~ (not),
+ (union),
- (difference),
* (intersection)
2.3. SWITCHES 33
Examples:
Character:
"a" the letter a,
"b" the letter b,
#32 the ASCII code 32.
Interval:
a..z the lowercase letters a, b, c . . . z.
Set:
Numeric the numbers 0 to 9 (a predefined set),
["ab"] the letters a and b,
["a","b"] also the letters a and b,
["+-*/^<>=(){}&#[]"] Math stuff (from the default WinEdt entry),
[] the empty set.
Operators:
~[] not empty, that means All,
Alpha+Numeric union of the predefined sets Alpha and Numeric,
thus specifying all letters and all numbers,
Alpha-Lower all letters minus the lowercase ones, giving the uppercase ones
(which happens to have its own predefined set, Upper),
SetA*SetB gives you the elements that are in SetA as well as in SetB.
(I cannot think of a straightforward example, sorry . . . )
These examples show the basics of defining Set Expressions. We will come to some more
complicated definitions in later, concrete examples. Making up not-too-easy examples for
Filter Sets only is hard. Since a good and sensible Switch usually requires a good and sensible
Filter Set too, we will give its both definitions in the section about Switches.
If you are not sure about the correct syntax of a Filter Set’s definition: don’t hesitate
to experiment. You cannot do much wrong as long as you do not modify WinEdt’s default
entries. Enable the Filter Set you are working on and give it an easy to spot color. If you
think it is right, you can again switch it off and use it in e. g. the Reserved Words tab page
(remember, you don’t have to highlight a Filter Set to use it elsewhere).
2.3 Switches
A Switch tells WinEdt to highlight certain parts of your text. These parts are started by a
clearly defined condition, and are ended on another condition. Unless in Filter Sets, you don’t
define the part of the text to highlight, you define which condition “switches” highlighting
on instead.
2.3.1 Global Switches

Global Switches are one of the things that WinEdt 1.414 (the 32-bit version) introduced.
These allows highlighting to extend over more than one line. Because of the complicated
algorithm WinEdt has to use, enabling Global Switches can be slow, especially for longer
documents. By default, Global Switches are only enabled for TEX documents. You can set
the settings for other modes via the menu Options Preferences Defaults. Here is a “Disable
Global Switches” checkbox. Global Switches for the current document can be enabled or
disabled in Project Document Settings Options (accessible also from the Mode Field in the
status line). In the examples it is assumed that you have turned on Global Switches, but
you will not always need it. If highlighting over more than one line doesn’t work, check your
setting.
2.3.2 The “Switches” Dialog

To define or modify a Switch, you use the second tab page in Options Highlighting. As in
the tab page for Filter Sets, there are already some entries, which give an idea how such an
entry looks. If you use WinEdt to write TEX or LATEX documents, you will recognize some
of these Switches.
As in the other dialogs for Syntax Highlighting(and almost every dialog in WinEdt), a
mouse click with the secondary button (which is usually the right one) pops up a context
menu with commands for manipulating entries, such as Inserting a new one.
In the dialog for defining Switches, only the middle column differs from that of the “Filter
Sets” dialog. Since you should know a little about Filter Sets when playing with Switches,
I’m not going to explain the rest of the dialog here. The remarks in the section 2.2.1 (The
“Filter Sets” Dialog) apply here as well.
In the middle column in this dialog there are two fields which are “Filters”. These say
“Begin:” and “End:” here. As you can imagine, you tell WinEdt what Filter Set begins or
ends a Switch here. To select such a Filter Set from the list, it has to be defined before.
To understand what the checkboxes in front of the “Begin:” and “End:” fields do, we
first must explain how the “Definition” field comes into play.
The “Begin:” Filter and “Definition”

To take up our example in the introduction of this chapter, assume we want to specify a
Switch for marking all negative numbers.
There are basically two different possibilities to make such a combination of a Filter Set
and a Switch work.
In a first case, you only need to give the “minus” Filter Set in the “Begin:” field, provided
you have set up the Filter Set. The field “Definition” can stay empty. Since highlighting
starts according to the “Begin:” field, the minus and the following number will be highlighted.
The second possibility is to specify a “-” (without the quote signs) in the “Definition”
field, and Numeric in the “Begin:” field (with the checkbox not checked). Since Numeric is a
2.3. SWITCHES 35
predefined set, you don’t even have to create a new Filter Set. As already said, highlighting
starts according to the “Begin:” field. In this case, we have Numeric there, so the numbers
in our document will be highlighted. But, and this is the crucial point, the minus will not be
highlighted! You have to decide whether this is acceptable. You could, of course, set up and
enable a Filter Set with “minus” in addition. While this is practicable, it is usually better

to think about other ways.
Now, there seems to be a third way of setting up this Switch. This would be to make “-” the
“Begin:” specifier, and to set Numeric as the “Definition”. Good idea, but . . . With Filter Sets, you
were allowed to have (predefined) sets in the “Definition” field. This, however, is not possible with Switches.
WinEdt treats text in the “Definition” field in the Switches dialog verbatim! Specifying Numeric here would
expect the word “Numeric” after the “minus” sign.
Let’s sum up what this “Begin:” checkbox does:
“Begin:” unchecked: Definition + Filter Set – The Switch starts if the characters
specified in the “Definition” field (taken verbatim) precede the syntax elements as
specified by the Filter Set in the “Begin:” field. The characters in the “Definition”
field are not highlighted since Syntax Highlighting starts if the Filter Set matches.
“Begin:” checked: Filter Set + Definition – The Switch starts if the Filter Set in the
“Begin:” field matches and is followed by the “Definition”, which is taken verbatim.
Here, “Definition” is highlighted, since it comes after the Filter Set which begins the
Switch.
In the “Options” section of this dialog there is a checkbox named “BOLN” (Beginning Of
Line). If this box is checked, then the whole Switch only applies if it starts at the beginning
of a line.
Ending a Switch
After setting up a condition which begins a Switch, you now need another condition which
end this Switch. This is achieved by the “End:” field in the “Filters” section. Also, a
Switch has a “Scope” in which it is highlighted. Text outside the scope of a Switch is not
highlighted; this is the second condition which ends a Switch.
As you see, the listbox for “End:” gives the list of all defined Filter Sets. The Switch
is ended when the “End:” Filter Set applies. The checkbox before the “End:” field tells
whether the occurrence of this Filter Set is part of the Switch, that means whether it is
highlighted or not.
Now, what is the scope of a Switch? The “Scope” field in the “Options” section can have
a number from “0” to “4”. The meaning of these numbers is:
0 The Switch ends with the first non-alpha character. This is meant for TEX control se-
quences.
1 The Switch ends at the end of line. This is useful for one-line comments in programming
languages.
2 The Switch ends at the hard return (not used).
3 The Switch ends at the first empty line. This can be used for TEX Math sequences ($...$).
4 The Switch ends with the specified “End:” Filter Set. Take care, as this is potentially
slow in large documents.
Priority
Switches can be nested. The default settings of nested switches are combined if the switches
have equal priorities and the inner switch has the option “Default Font” or “Default Color”
enabled. A Switch with a lower priority is ignored inside a Switch with greater priority.
2.3.3 Examples
The following examples are given in the syntax which WinEdt uses to Extract... the entries
in the Syntax Highlighting dialogs. This syntax should be self-explanatory.
The Negative Number scheme

Let us see how the example with the negative number can be set up. We already noted that
here are (at least) two ways to achieve this. We begin with the first possibility, which only
needs a Filter Set to begin the Switch.
The Filter Set with which our Switch begins is simply a “minus” sign, followed by a
number. We know already that there is a predefined set called Numeric which provides
exactly this. Thus, the Filter Set with the name “-Numeric” is:
Name:-Numeric
Definition:["-"]
Before:0
After:1Numeric
Enabled:0
Priority:0
Color:1040
You can see, the “Definition” of the Filter Set is a minus, in a syntax that follows the rules
from section 2.2.2, “Set Expressions”. The “Before:” field is not checked (the ‘0’) and empty.
The “After:” field contains the (predefined) set Numeric and is checked, so that a minus
ending a line does not get highlighted (without this, in addition to Numeric, the end of the
line would be valid). The Filter Set itself is not enabled, since we only use it indirectly in
the Switch. Priority is zero, the color is the standard color, but this does not come to effect
since the Filter Set is not enabled.
Okay. We have all what we need to begin the Switch. But how do we switch it off? The
highlighting should stay in effect for all digits in the negative number, but not for text or
other non-numeric characters. Therefore, a good “End:” condition is “not numeric”. But
before we come to set this Filter Set up, let’s think a little: a number, if it is not an integer,
2.3. SWITCHES 37
can also have a decimal point. If we would simply say: “switch off on all but numbers”, the
decimal point would switch highlighting off too. Since we do not want this, we must also
allow the decimal point. We can count the decimal point as numeric in this case, but of
course it is not included in the predefined set Numeric. Thus the Filter Set with the name
Not Numeric is:
Name:Not Numeric
Definition:~Numeric-["."]
Before:0
After:0
Enabled:0
Priority:0
Color:1040
We remember: the tilde (~) is the negation symbol in the Set Expression syntax. The
“Definition” reads as follows: we want “not numeric”, which leaves all other characters in
the ASCII table except the numbers from ‘0’ to ‘9’. From this remaining set of characters
we subtract also the minus sign.5 Thus, the Filter Set specifies all characters except the
numbers from ‘0’ to ‘9’ and the ‘minus’. We can now use this set to end our Switch.
Since this is possibility One, let us call this Switch Negative Number 1.
Name:Negative Number 1
Definition:
Begin:1-Numeric
End:0Not Numeric
Enabled:1*
Priority:2
Color:3082
Case Sensitive:0
BOLN:0
Scope:1
As said before, this switch does not need a “Definition”, since all is done with Filter Sets.
The “Begin:” field is checked (the ‘1’). This means, we remember, that WinEdt expects
the sequence Filter Set + Definition. As our “Definition” is empty, it would not matter
whether this field is checked or not; the Filter Set alone does the work. But in contrast to
possibility Two, let us have this field checked.
The “End:” field is not checked, since we do not want the Filter Set after our Negative
Number to be highlighted. This Filter Set is our just created Not Numeric set.
The Switch itself is enabled (since we want the highlighting), the ‘*’ means “all modes”.
Of course, you can restrict highlighting of this Switch to specific modes, just enter the names
here (multiple entries divided by semicolons).
Priority is ‘2’, that means the Switch can be overridden by Filter Sets, Switches and
Reserved Words with higher priority values. The color is set to 3082, which happens to be
5
Of course, you can specify this Filter Set in other ways, as long as it is logically correct and follows the
syntax for Set Expressions.
bright green. The Switch is not case sensitive (why should it?) and it does not need to start
at the beginning of the line (but it can). The scope of the Switch is ‘1’, that means it is
switched off at the end of the line if it is not already switched off before.
Now, we have set up our first highlighting scheme!
2.4 Reserved Words

Reserved Words are the third syntax element in WinEdt’s Syntax Highlighting algorithm.
They are sequences of characters given explicitly, and like Switches, their activation can be
controlled by certain conditions, the Filter Sets.
Reserved Words are mostly used to get highlighting of keywords of programming lan-
guages. Given WinEdt’s TEX background (a programming language to typeset texts), it is
not surprising that most of the entries in the default setup of WinEdt’s Reserved Words
dialog are aimed at TEX.
Highlighting of Reserved Words, however, is not restricted to programming languages.
To give a relatively useful example not connected to programming, we wanted to get the
word “Miller” highlighted in an ordinary text. If this example doesn’t convince you, think
about a foreign business partner, whose complicated name you have to write over and over
(I have to resist the temptation to invent a funny name here). Politeness commands you
to have the name spelled correctly, and highlighting helps you with this. Only the correct
spelling will be highlighted. (Of course, WinEdt can help you also with Active Strings, spell
checking or word completion.)
2.4.1 The “Reserved Words” Dialog

The “Reserved Words” Dialog does not look very complicated. In the left column, there are
two fields, called “Reserved Words” and “Words”. The upper one lists groups of Reserved
Words that build a unit, e. g. all keywords for the programming language “C”. In the list-box
below you give the words itself, e. g. “while” and “volatile” for the language “C”. To get
back to our example, “Miller” could be one word (given one per line in the “Words” field)
in the group “Complicated Names” (given in the “Reserved Words” field).
As in all the other dialogs for Syntax Highlighting, a mouse click with the secondary
(usually the right) button pops up a context menu with commands for manipulating entries,
such as Inserting a new one in the field “Reserved Words”.
The field “Filters” lets you specify whether a Filter Set needs to come “Before:” or
“After:” the Reserved Word. The checkboxes here define whether the beginning of line (the
“Before:” checkbox) or the end of line (the “After:” checkbox) is not an admissible position
for the Reserved Word. That means, if you check the “Before:” field, a Reserved Word will
not be highlighted if it starts immediately at the beginning of the line.
Reserved Words can be enabled for certain modes. The priority can be specified to
determine highlighting of the currently selected group of Reserved Words inside Switches.
2.4. RESERVED WORDS 39
The “Case Sensitive” checkbox tells whether the words given should be treated case sensitive
or case insensitive.
About speed, the WinEdt online help has to say this (in TEX, every command starts with
a backslash): “It makes a difference to specify a TEX command by its first letter and use ‘\’
as a Filter Set or to define all TEX Control Sequences under ‘\CS’. The second method is
less efficient!” (read: “slower”)
2.4.2 A small example

Let us look at one of the default entries in WinEdt. It highlights some words that are used
in the introductory text file to WinEdt. This group of Reserved Words is called “Special”:
Name:Special
Before:0~Alpha
After:0~Alpha
Enabled:1
Priority:4
Color:1027
Case Sensitive:1
TeX
LaTeX
WinEdt
BibTeX
DVIWIN
MiKTeX
YAP
emTeX
Both “Before:” and “After:” fields are not checked, so the Reserved Words in this group
can start at the beginning of the line and can end at the end of the line. The definition
~Alpha (“not Alpha”) ensures that the words are not highlighted if they are part of another
word. This group is enabled, the empty field here tells that highlighting is in effect in all
modes. Priority is “4”, so all highlighting with a lower priority is overridden. These words
are highlighted with a certain color.
Case Sensitive:1 tells WinEdt to take care to highlight only words which match the
entries in the group in case. Thus, “Latex” is not highlighted, only “LaTeX” is.
This group of Reserved Words contains eight words, namely ‘TeX’, ‘LaTeX’, ‘WinEdt’,
‘BibTeX’, ‘DVIWIN’, ‘MiKTeX’, ‘YAP’ and ‘emTeX’.
Most other entries in the Reserved Words dialog are no more complicated than this one.
If you understand what the Filter Set in the “Before:” and “After:” field does, you will have
no problem.
“I get incorrect highlighting!”

Sort your keywords in decreasing order (WinEdt has a “Sort Lines” function). If you do not
do this, you get wrong highlighting with words that begin with the same letter(s). Sorting
the words in decreasing order makes sure that longer words become before shorter ones when
having the first letters in common, which is essential in most cases.
Note: this example is a TEX example. You do not need to know about this language, just notice
that all TEX commands start with a backslash.
Say you have the Reserved Words \par and \part. If you have not taken care to sort the words
in decreasing order, WinEdt would highlight only the letters ‘p’, ‘a’ and ‘r’ of part. When applying its
algorithm, WinEdt goes through the list of Reserved Words and sees that the pattern \par matches the
word “\part” perfectly (see it as a stencil), and highlights it. This looks like “\part”. WinEdt does not go
further down the list (which can be rather long, and usually is) for speed reasons, so it does not see that the
stencil \part would match even better.
If, however, you have sorted the words in decreasing order, then \part is found first, and correctly
applied. WinEdt would not need to go further down the list of Reserved Words, since there will be only
\par, which does not fit the stencil because of the missing “t”.
There is another way to get correct highlighting in this case, and this has a pleasing side-effect. To be
honest, this second way was ‘invented’ in the first place to get the side-effect. So let’s see what the side-effect
is. In TEX or LATEX you can define functions yourself. You could now define a function called \parent. Since
this is neither standard TEX or LATEX you will not have it in the Reserved Words list. Without taking care,
you will have the “\par” part of your function highlighted, resulting in “\parent”. This is really annoying.
The solution is to specify an “After:” Filter Set. In our TEX example, a ~Alpha (not Alpha, you
remember) Filter Set matches best, since normally TEX commands may only have alphabetic characters. The
~Alpha Filter Set here says: “After a Reserved Word may come everything except an alphabetic character.”
This prevents highlighting of words that do not fit exactly in writing (while it leniently overlooks all non-
alphabetic characters after the word). Our \parent function does not fit exactly in writing, and thus is not
highlighted. Great.
Let’s get back to the “\part” example from the beginning: here too, \par does not fit “\part” exactly
anymore. It does not matter whether the list of Reserved Words is sorted in increasing or decreasing order:
WinEdt can not apply its highlighting. It has to find an exact match, and only \part matches “\part”.

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The WinEdt Hacker’s Guide

November 10, 1998

Macro programming in WinEdt can be frustrating at first. Common sources of frustration

1.1 An example macro

Ins("This is some text..."); This is some text...

Ins("This is some text...");

1.2 First use of nested strings

c:\My Documents\Sundials-R-Us\Gnomon Sales\data.foo

then %p equals c:\My Documents\Sundials-R-Us\Gnomon Sales, %n equals data, and %t

1.2.1 Strings and things

The following macro illustrates a simple use of integer expressions:

1.3 Using integer expressions

1.4 Storing integer expressions for later use

This macro produces the following output:

%!2 = 0, %!3 = 0, %!4 = 0

1.5 Using registers as “pointers”

LetReg(1, "The best of all possible strings");

Repeat(3, 'InsText("%%!1"); NewLine;')

LetReg(1, "It was...");

LetReg(1, "It was...");

LetReg(1, "It was...");

1.2.2 Setting the values of registers

LetReg(StrRegister: 0..9, "Value");

1.6 Conditional insertion of characters based on surrounding text

1.7 Faster conditional insertion of characters based on surrounding text

GotoCL(ColumnNum: 1..99999999, LineNum: 1..16000000);

1.3 Procedures and Functions

1.8 Macro without subroutines

1.9 Postamble subroutine for macro 1.8

The preamble subroutine isn’t much longer:

1.10 Preamble subroutine for macro 1.8

And for the middle stuff subroutine we have:

Ins("\begin{document}"); NewLine; NewLine;

1.11 Middle stuff subroutine for macro 1.8

When rewritten using subroutines, macro 1.8 looks like:

1.12 Macro with subroutines

Consider the following simple example:

1.13 A simple recursive macro

If started five spaces in, we get

1.4.1 A lengthy example

1.14 Initialization routine for the “add periods” macro

1.15 Part of the recursive subroutine called in 1.14

1.5 Interactive Macros

EnterReg(StrRegister: 0..9, "Prompt","Caption")

Prompt("Prompt",Type,Buttons: 0..3, "Macro 1","Macro 2")

1.5.1 Getting data from the user

1.16 The Insert Environment macro

and so we define the incredibly important function as follows:

and so we define the incredibly important function as follows:

2.1.1 Filter Sets

2.1.3 Reserved Words

2.2 Filter Sets

2.2.1 The “Filter Sets” Dialog

2.2.2 Set Expressions

2.3.1 Global Switches

2.3.2 The “Switches” Dialog

The “Begin:” Filter and “Definition”

2 The Switch ends at the hard return (not used).

The Negative Number scheme

2.4 Reserved Words

2.4.1 The “Reserved Words” Dialog

2.4.2 A small example

“I get incorrect highlighting!”