436-405
Advanced Control Systems
Lecture presentations
Semester 2, 2002
L1:2
Lecture 1
Multivariable control
• Examples of MIMO systems
• Representation of MIMO systems
• Controllability and observability
• State-space realisations of transfer
function matrices
References: Kailath, T. Linear Systems, Prentice-Hall, 1980.
Franklin, G., Powell, J. & Workman, M. Digital Control of
Dynamic Systems, 3rd edn, 1998.
MATLAB Control System Toolbox Users Guide.
L1:4
é β ù é Y v -1 0g/ U 0 ù é βù é Y δr Y δa ù
ê ú ê ú ê ú ê ú
ê r ú ê N β Nr Np 0ú ê r ú ê N δr N δa ú é δr ù
ê ú= ê ú ê ú+ê ú ê ú y
ê p ú ê Lβ Lr Lp 0ú ê p ú ê Lδr Lδa ú ëδa û δa
ê ú ê ú ê φú ê ú δr
ë φû ë 0 0 1 0û ë û ë 0 0û
éβ ù
ê ú
é r ù é0 1 0 0 ù ê r ú
ê φú = ê 0 0 0 1 ú ê p ú U0
G
ë û ë û
êφú β
ë û δa
x .
p=φ
r
U1(s) H
H11 (s)
11(s)
+ Y1(s)
H(s)
L1:9
2. State-space description {A, B, C, D}
A = x (t ) = Ax(t ) + Bu (t )
-0.0558 -0.9968 0.0802 0.0415
0.5980 -0.1150 -0.0318 0 y (t ) = Cx(t ) + Du(t )
-3.0500 0.3880 -0.4650 0
0 0.0805 1.0000 0 e.g. Jet transport
B =
model: Mach 0.8,
0.0729 0.0001
-4.7500 1.2300 H=40,000ft
1.5300 10.6300 Matlab jetdemo.m
0 0
C =
0 1 0 0
0 0 0 1
D =
0 0
0 0
[
Y( s ) = C(sI − A ) B + D U( s )
−1
]
= H( s)U( s )
• Thus, transfer function matrix is:
H ( s ) = C(sI − A ) B + D
−1
L1:11
H = tf(G)
% or
H = zpk(G)
L1:12
H = zpk(G)
Zero/pole/gain from input "rudder" to output...
-4.75 (s+0.4981) (s^2 + 0.02379s + 0.2381)
yaw rate: -------------------------------------------------
(s+0.5627) (s+0.007278) (s^2 + 0.06587s + 0.8972)
» H(1,2) é R ( s ) ù é H11 H 12 ù é δ r ù
êΦ ( s ) ú = ê H H 22 úû êëδ a úû
output #1 input #2 ë û ë 21
» H(1,2)
input #2 output #1
Zero/pole/gain from input "aileron" to output "yaw rate":
1.23 (s+0.4484) (s^2 - 0.2024s + 0.7605)
-------------------------------------------------
(s+0.5627) (s+0.007278) (s^2 + 0.06587s + 0.8972)
L1:14
State-space realisations of
transfer function matrix
• Recall that a set of state variables is a minimal,
sufficient, statistic: it contains just enough
information to allow the calculation of future
responses, given future inputs
• For SISO systems, the number of states (n) is equal
to the degree of the characteristic polynomial
• For MIMO systems, when the system dynamic model
has been derived directly using state variables, the
required number of states is obvious
– e.g. the EoM for aircraft lateral dynamics shown previously
L1:15
State-space realisations of
transfer function matrix
• For SISO systems, we can easily generate canonical
state-space realisations of a given transfer function
– e.g. controller and observer canonical forms
Co = [B AB L A n −1B ]
é C ù
• A realisation {A, B, C} is state observable ê CA ú
iff the np × n observability matrix Ob(C, A) Ob = ê ú
ê M ú
has full rank n êCA n −1 ú
ë û
• A minimal realisation is one that has the smallest-size A
matrix for all triples {A, B, C} satisfying
C(sI − A ) B = H ( s ), a given transfer function
−1
Modal realisation
• If eigenvalues are distinct, can transform to diagonal,
modal realisation. E.g., jet transport:
Gm = canon(G, 'modal')
a =
beta yaw roll phi
Dutch-roll mode beta -0.032935 0.94665 0 0
yaw -0.94665 -0.032935 0 0
Roll mode
roll 0 0 -0.56265 0
Spiral mode phi 0 0 0 -0.007278
b = If any row in B = 0,
rudder aileron corresponding mode
beta 12.605 -0.0092996 is uncontrollable.
yaw 17.319 0.03649
roll 23.479 -0.24687 If any column in C = 0,
phi -29.229 0.22185 corresponding mode
c = is unobservable
beta yaw roll phi
yaw -0.077977 -0.13326 -0.011828 0.040422
bank angle 0.69301 0 0.87174 0.9991
L1:18
b ( s)
ê p ú
ëê a p ( s ) úû
• Find least-common-multiple d(s) of denominators ai(s), i = 1,2,…p
n11 y1
n12 +
n13
n21 y2
n22 +
u x1 x2 x3
+ ò ò ò n23
−d1
−d2
−d3
L1:20
H( s) =
[n1 ( s) L nm ( s )]
d ( s)
=
[n11 s n −1
+ n12 s n−2
+ L + n1n L nm1 s n −1
+ nm2 s n−2
+ L + nmn ]
s n + d1s n −1 + L + d n
bi ( s )d ( s )
• Numerator polynomials: ni ( s ) =
ai ( s )
L1:22
x3 x2 x1 y
+ ò + ò + ò
−d3 −d2 −d1
L1:23