(i) influencing task objectives and Strategies (ii) influencing commitment and compliance of task behavior to achieve these objectives (iii) influencing group maintenance and identification, and (iv) influencing the culture of an organization Eras of Orthodox Leadership Theory and Research • Great Man – pre 1900 • Trait – 1900 – 1948 • Behavioral Theories – 1940-60 • Contingency – 1948 – 1980’s • Transformational – 1978 to present • Servant – 1979 to present • Multifaceted – 1990’s to present Types of Leadership Style • Autocratic: • Democratic: Consultative Persuasive • Laissez-Faire • Paternalistic: Leader acts as a ‘father figure’ Leadership Styles • Charismatic Leadership • Participative Leadership • Situational Leadership • Transactional Leadership • Transformational Leadership • Entrepreneurial Leadership • The Quiet Leadership • Servant Leadership Factors Affecting Style • Leadership style may be dependent on various factors: – Levels in the organization (Executive vs. Front line) – Size of the organization – The maturity of the organization - Risk - decision making and change initiatives - The amount of change in the environmental context – How important change is – ? – Organisational culture – may be long embedded and difficult to change – Nature of the task – needing cooperation? Direction? Structure? Leadership in Public Sector • Leadership is, by definition, always bound up with new and emerging insights related to effectively dealing with the growing complexity, including policy and institutional complexity of the environment(s) in which our governance systems and developmental efforts exist. What leadership in public sector ? • “Why should the profession move from a very rational economic approach to a more normative one based on the public service ethic?” Rational vs Normative Approaches Rational vs Normative Leadership • The rational approach is supported by agency theory, contract theory, shareholder value maximization, public choice theory, and transaction cost theory. • Normative approach: desire to serve the public interest, requiring individuals to act as trustees of the state’s power, compassion or love for all people and a willingness to sacrifice personal need to meet the needs of a larger public • Rational -Entrepreneurial leadership role • Normative- Servant leadership -providing for the needs of others while leading by showing the way. True leadership emerges from a desire to help others. Servant leadership stresses the need for individuals to interact in authentic ways, which is envisioned as feelings of respect for others that are aligned with actions of respect Leadership Challenges (i) Promotion of horizontal management (ii) Introducing performance management in the public services (iii) Managing rapid change (iv) Designing a strategic vision and developing own-thinking capacity.