DOI: https://dx.doi.org/10.18454/RULB.10.18
Гудкова Л.В.1, Бурлакова М.В.2
1,2
Кандидат филологических наук, Шуйский филиал Ивановского государственного университета
ОТРАЖЕНИЕ КОНЦЕПТОВ ЦВЕТА В РУССКИХ И НЕМЕЦКИХ ФРАЗЕОЛОГИЧЕСКИХ ЕДИНИЦАХ
С КОЛОРИСТИЧЕСКИМ КОМПОНЕНТОМ
Аннотация
В статье рассматриваются фразеологические единицы русского и немецкого языков, содержащие в своей
структуре лексемы «белый», «черный», «красный», «синий», «зеленый». Основной целью исследования явилось
выявление сем во вторично-номинативных значениях изучаемых единиц, являющихся характерными для концептов
цвета русского и немецкого языков. Проведенный анализ показал, что наиболее отличающимися в русском языке
являются концепты белого, черного и красного цветов, а в немецком – зеленого и синего. Результаты
лингвистического анализа могут быть применены как в теоретических, так и практических аспектах преподавания
немецкого языка, а также использованы практикующими переводчиками.
Ключевые слова: концепт, фразеологическая единица, вторично-номинативное значение, сема.
common semantic elements, each lexeme contains one or ср. Rot Front! (the Red Army, the Red Navy – the Red Front).
more extra semantic components inherent in only one of the Nevertheless, neither meaning is widespread in either
two languages, which accounts for the difference of the language. In Russian, the most common meaning of the “red”
perception of the colour. is the seme of “smart, beautiful” and “the best”: красна
The idioms involving the colour “white” девица – schöne/holde Jungfrau (a beautiful young woman);
(«белый»/weiß») красное крыльцо – die Paradetreppe, der Paradeaufgang (the
Of all the secondary meanings of “white”, there are the front door); красное солнышко – die liebe/strahlende Sonne
following common semantic components: (the beautiful sun); красные дни – die schönen/glücklichen
– «the unknown», e.g. белое пятно – ein weißer Fleck Tage (the beautiful days); красная строка – neue Zeile mit
auf der Karte (literally: the white spot, meaning the unknown Absatz (new paragraph); ради красного словца – der
territory); schönen Worte wegen (just to sound smart, just fort he
– «peace, the chastity of the mind”, e.g. поднять белый effect); Красная площадь – der Rote Platz (the Red Square).
флаг – die weiße Fahne hissen (literally: to raise the white The meaning is represented in the German language by a
flag, meaning to give up). This meaning has a broader single example of Heute rot, morgen tot (literally: Today
representation in German: eine weiße Weste haben (compare: red, tomorrow dead, meaning „you never know what
иметь незапятнанную репутацию – to have an impeccable tomorrow brings“).
reputation), eine weiße Hemdbrust (compare: безупречное The idioms with the lexeme “green” («зеленый/grün»)
прошлое – a clean sheet), ein weißes Blatt sein ( compare: The German language embrases a wide range of the
бытьчистым [нетронутым] существом – be pure). secondary meanings of the concept “green”, like the
The peculiarity of the concept "white" in Russian is the meanings of “wellness, success” (auf einen grünen Zweig
meaning of "the best one": белая кость (literally: the white kommen, j-n über den grünen Klee loben и даже Wer sich
bone, meaning the nobility) , белый гриб (the white grün macht, den fressen die Ziege) and “favourable, happy,
mushroom), белое духовенство (the white clergy), for which nice” (sich an j-n grünen Seite setzen, j-m nicht grün sein),
there are no German counterparts, and which are translated while there is a common secondary semantic component of
into German respectively, as blaues Blut, Steinpilz, weltliche “inexperience and immaturity” in both Russian and German,
Geistlichkeit. The seme of "openness" is also inherent in the e.g. быть зеленым, зеленый юнец – der
Russian concept of “white”: на белом свете (in the world) – Grünschnabel/grüner Junge (to be a green man); unsere
in/auf der weiten Welt, средь бела дня (in the white daylight) Bekanntschaft ist noch grün (we haven’t known each other
– am helllichten Tage. for long enough). At the same time, it is often that “green” in
The idioms with the lexeme “black” Russian means “unripe”, but in the German counterpart
(«черный/schwarz») idiom it means “new and fresh”, e.g. зеленые овощи,
Concerning the secondary nominative meanings of the зеленый горошек – grünes Obst, grünes Holz, grüne
concept “black”, the idioms contain the semes of “dark” and Fische/Herringe, grünes Fleisch.
“sad” in both languages, e.g. черные мысли – schwarze The idioms with the lexeme “blue”
Gedanken (black thoughts), черный день – ein schwarzer («синий/голубой/blau»)
Tag (a black day), черный юмор – schwarzer Humor (the The lexeme “blue” has more secondary meanings in
black humour), рисовать черными красками – in den German. These include such meanings as “enigma, mystery”
schwärzesten Farben (aus)malen/schildern (to colour with (sein blaues Wunder erleben); “the unknown” (die blaue
the black paint) , видеть в черном свете – schwarz sehen (to Ferne – голубые дали, Fahrt ins Blaue, ins Blaue hinein,
see everything through black-coloured glasses). Besides, etwas geht ins Blaue, ins Blaue schießen), “a tall story,
there is the seme of «evil, unkind» in both languages, e.g. fiction” (blaue Märchen, j-m blauen Dunst machen, blau
черная душа – eine schwarze Seele (a black mind), черная reden), «laziness» (blau machen (from blauer Montag)). The
неблагодарность – schwarzer Undank (black ingratitude), common meaning of “blue” in both languages is the seme of
черный список – die schwarze Liste (the black list), “a dream”: синяя птица – der blaue Vogel (the blue bird).
черная магия – die schwarze Magie (the black magic. The The study has shown that the meanings of the words
seme of «illegal» is better represented in German: черный denoting colour differ in Russian and German idioms. The
рынок – der schwarze Markt (the black market), Russian idioms display a wide range of the concepts of
schwarzfahren (to drive without a license, to travel without “white”, ‘black”, and “red”. Although there are some
paying), schwarzhören (to use an illegal radio), components of the meaning that the Russian language shares
schwarzarbeiten (illegal work), schwarz über die Grenze with the German language, there are distinctive Russian
kommen (to cross the border illegally). In Russian, there is a culture-oriented features. The Russia people associate the
distinctive seme of «lower in the status» in such idioms: white colour with the best things, the black colour – with the
черная кость – der Pöbel, der Mob (literally: the black bone, worst things, and the red colour – with the beautiful things,
meaning a commoner); черный ход – der Küchenaufgang which is reflected in the idioms. The concepts of “blue” and
(the back door); черная изба – die Rauchhütte (literally: a “green” prevail in the German idioms, with the corresponding
black house, meaning a house without a regular chimney); meanings of “mystery, tall tales and laziness” and “wellness
держать в черном теле – j-n kurz/streng/knapp halten (to and favourability”, which are not to be found in Russian. The
treat smb harshly, unkindly). authors argue that it is important to know and understand the
The idioms with the colour-term “red” («красный/rot») full range of the principal and secondary meanings embraced
The secondary nominative meanings of the concept “red” in the concept of a colour, for a professional to be able to
in both languages embrace the seme of “precision” (e.g. maintain adequate Russian-German and German-Russian
проходить красной нитью – etwas zieht sich wie ein roter communication.
Faden hindurch (to be outlined with the red line)) and the
seme of “revolution” (e.g. Красная Армия, Красный Флот –
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RUSSIAN LINGUISTIC BULLETIN 2 (10) 2017