LIPID

Lipid refers to a class of compounds aliphatic hydrocarbon nonpolar and

hydrophobic. Because nonpolar lipids are not soluble in polar solvents such as
water, but soluble in nonpolar solvents, sepertialkohol, ether or chloroform. The
most important biological functions of lipids in them to save energy, as structural
components of cell membranes, and as a signaling molecule.
Lipid are organic compounds derived from dehydrogenation process endotermal
rangkaianhidrokarbon. Lipids are amphiphilic, meaning that the lipid capable of
forming structures such as vesicles, liposomes, or other membrane in a wet
environment. Biological lipids wholly or partly derived from two types of
subsatuan or "building blocks" of biochemistry: ketoasil clusters and cluster
isoprena.Dengan using this approach, lipids can be divided into eight categories:
fatty acyl, subclasses, glycerophospholipids, sphingolipids, sakarolipid, and
polyketides ( derived from the condensation subsatuan ketoasil); and sterol lipids
and lipid prenol (derived from condensation subsatuan isoprene).

Although the term lipid is sometimes used as a synonym of fat. Lipids also
encompass molecules such as fatty acids and their derivatives monogliseridadan
phospholipids, also metabolites containing sterol, such as cholesterol. Although
humans and mammals have the metabolism to break down and form a lipid,
some lipids can not be produced in this way and must be obtained through food.

Fatty acids or fatty acyl is a general term used to describe a wide variety of
molecules that are synthesized from acetyl-CoA polymerization with
gugusmalonil-CoA or methylmalonyl-CoA in a process called fatty acid synthesis
lemak.Asam consisting of a hydrocarbon chain ending with a carboxylic
gugusasam; This preparation provides the molecular end of polar and hydrophilic
and hydrophobic end nonpolar and insoluble in water. The structure of the fatty
acid is one of the most fundamental categories of biological biolipid and used as
the building blocks of lipids with more complex structures. Carbon chain, usually
between four to 24 carbon length, either saturated or unsaturated and can be
attached to the functional groups containing oxygen, halogen, nitrogen, sulfur
dand. When there is a double valence bond, there is the possibility of isomerism
cis or trans geometry, which significantly affects the molecular configuration of
the molecule. Cis double bond-chain fatty acids cause the bend, and this becomes
even more striking when there is a lot more double bonds in a chain. In turn, this
plays an important role in the structure and function of cell membranes.

Fatty acids most widely existed in nature have a cis configuration, although in
some form of trans fats and partially hydrogenated oils.

Examples of fatty acids are biologically important eicosanoids, primarily derived

from arachidonic acid and eicosapentaenoic acid, which include prostaglandin,
leukotriene, and tromboksana. Another major class in the category of fatty acids
are fatty esters and fatty amides. Fatty esters include intermediates such
important biochemical wax esters, fatty acid derivatives thioester coenzyme A
derivatives thioester ACP fatty acids, and fatty acids carnitine. Fatty amides
include N-asiletanolamina compounds, such as nerve conductor anandamida
cannabinoids.

Fatty acids are the carboxylic acid with a long hydrocarbon wake formula. The
hydrocarbon chain can achieve the 10 to 30 atoms. Chain alkanes are non-polar
have a very important role for the sake of balance the alkalinity of the hydroxyl
group.

In the acidic compound with a bit of carbon atoms, the acid groups will dominate
the molecular properties and provide polar chemical properties. Nevertheless the
fatty acid chains that dominate alkanalah molecular properties.

The fatty acids are divided into:

Saturated fatty acids
Unsaturated fatty acids
Salts of fatty acids
prostaglandins

Subclasses are composed of glycerol mono substituted the most famous is the
fatty acid esters of glycerol (triacylglycerols), also known sebagaitrigliserida.
Within this compound, three hydroxyl groups of glycerol is esterified respectively,
usually by a different fatty acids. Because it serves as food reserves, these lipids
present in most of the fat reserves in animal tissue. The hydrolysis of the ester
bonds of triacylglycerols and the release of glycerol and fatty acids from adipose
tissue are called "fat mobilization".

Other subclasses Subclass is glikosilgliserol, which is characterized by the

presence of one or more monosaccharide residues attached to glycerol via a
glycosidic bond. Examples of structures in this category is
digalaktosildiasilgliserol that were found in the membrane of plant and seminolipid
of mammalian sperm cells.

Glycerides are esters of fatty acids and type of alcohol with three functional
groups called glycerol (IUPAC name, 1,2,3-propantriol). Because glycerol has three
functional groups alcohols, fatty acid will react to create three ester groups
sekaligus.Gliserida with three ester groups of fatty acids called triglycerides. Types
of fatty acids attached to the third group often does not come from the same
class of fatty acids.

(Glisero) phospholipids: phospholipids, phosphoglycerides, glycerophospholipid)

is very similar to trigliseridadengan some exceptions. Phospholipids are formed
from glycerol (IUPAC name, 1,2,3-propantriol) with two alkoholyang group
formed by fatty acid ester (can be from different classes), and the alcohol group to
form ester with phosphoric acid.

Glycerophospholipids, also referred to as phospholipids, there are quite a lot in

nature and is a key component dwilapis lipd cells, and is involved in metabolism
and communication signals between cells. Neural tissue including the brain,
contains quite a lot of glycerophospholipids. Changes in the composition of these
substances can lead to a variety of neurological disorders.

Examples of glycerophospholipids found in biological membranes is

fosfatidilkolina (also known as PC, GPCho, or lecithin), fosfatidiletanolamina (PE or
GPEtn), and fosfatidilserina (PS or GPSer). In addition to acting as a primary
component of cell membranes and protein engagement for intra- and
antarseluler, some glycerophospholipids in eukaryotic cells, such as
phosphatidylinositol and phosphatidic acid is a precursor, or second messenger
itself is derived from the membrane. Typically, one or both of the hydroxyl group
is acylated with long-chain fatty acids, there meskit glycerophospholipids bound
with alkyl and 1Z-alkenyl (plasmalogen). There are also variants dialkileter on
arkaebakteria.

Glycerophospholipids can be divided according to the nature of the polar head

groups at the sn-3 position of the spine glycerol in eukaryotes and eubacteria or
the sn-1 position in kasusarchaea.

Because the phosphoric acid ester group still has one free valence bond, usually
forming ester groups with other alcohols, such as amino alcohols such as choline,
ethanolamine and serine. Phospholipids are the major component of the cell
membrane layer of fat. Phospholipids are common are:
Lecithin-containing amino alcohol type kolina
Kepalin containing amino alcohol type serine or ethanolamine.

The nature of the characters depends phospholipid fatty acids and amino alcohols
are tied.

Sphingolipids is a complex family of compounds that share structural features are

the same, namely the basic framework bases sfingoid synthesized de novo from
amino acids serine and fatty acyl CoA chain length, which is then converted into
ceramides, phosphosphingolipids, glisosfingolipid, and compounds more.

Sphingolipids name taken from Greek mythology, the Sphinx, half woman and half
lion destroy anyone who is not able to answer the riddle. Sphingolipids found by
Johann Thudichum in 1874 as a puzzle which is very complicated from brain
tissue.

Sphingolipids is the second type of fat found in cell membranes, especially in

nerve cells and brain tissue. These fats do not contain glycerol, but can withstand
two alcohol groups in the central part of the framework of the amine.

The main phosphosphingolipids in mammals is sphingomyelin (ceramide

fosfokolina), while in insects contain mainly ceramide fosfoetanolamina and the
fungi have fitoseramida fosfoinositol and head group containing mannose.

Bases main sfingoid mammals commonly referred to as sfingosina. Ceramide

(Basa N-acyl-sfingoid) is a major subclass sfingoid alkaline derivative with a fatty
acid bound to the amide. Usually saturated fatty acid or mono-unsaturated chain
length of 16 carbon atoms in a carbon atom.

Glycosphingolipids is a diverse group of molecules that are composed of one or

more sugar residues which are connected to the base sfingoid via glycosidic
bonds.
Sterol Lipids.

Sterol lipids, such as cholesterol and its derivatives, is an important component of

membrane lipids, along with the glycerophospholipids and sphingomyelin.
Steroids, everything is derived from a four-ring core structure melting together,
have biological roles as varied as hormones and signaling molecules. Steroid 18-
carbon (C18) include the family of estrogen, while steroid C19 consists of
androgens such as testosterone and androsteron. Subclass C21 includes
progestagen, glucocorticoids also danmineralokortikoid. Sekosteroid, consists of a
wide variety of forms of vitamin D, characterized by a split of the B ring of the
core structure. Other examples of fatty steroladalah bile acids and conjugate-
conjugate, which in mammals are oxidized derivatives of cholesterol and are
synthesized in the liver. In plants, similar compounds are phytosterols, such as
beta-sitosterol, stigmasterol, and brasikasterol; This latter compound is also used
as the growth of algae. [Sterol dominant in the cell membrane of fungi is
ergosterol.
Lipids are synthesized from the precursor carbonaceous prenol 5 isopentenyl
pyrophosphate and dimethylallyl pyrophosphate are mostly generated through
the path of mevalonic acid (MVA) .Isoprenoid simple (linear alcohols,
diphosphate, and others) formed from the addition of C5 units are continuous,
and are classified according to the number of These terpene units. Structures
containing more than 40 carbon known as politerpena. Carotenoids are important
simple isoprenoids that function as antioxidants and as precursors of vitamin
A.Contoh class of molecules other biologically important is quinone and
hydroquinone-containing isoprenoid tail attached to the core kuinonoid not
originating from isoprenoid.Vitamin E and vitamin K, as well ubiquinone, is an
example of this class. Prokaryotes synthesize poliprenol (called baktoprenol) the
terminal isoprenoid unit attached to oxygen remains unsaturated, whereas the
animal poliprenol (dolikol) isoprenoid terminal has been reduced.
Sakarolipid

Lipids Structures A.Residuglukosamina sakarolipid Kdo2-blue, Kdo residues in red,

acyl chains in black, green and phosphate groups.

Sakarolipid (English: saccharolipid, glucolipid) is a fatty acid that is tied directly to

the glucose molecules and form a structure that corresponds to the membrane
dwilapis. In sakarolipid, monosaccharides bond replacing glycerol with fatty acids,
as happened in subclasses and glycerophospholipids.
Sakarolipid the best known are the acylated glucosamine precursors of the lipid A
component of lipopolysaccharide on bakterigram-negative. Lipids-A molecule that
is common is a disaccharide of glucosamine, which was reduced by seven-fatty
acyl chains. Minimal lipopolysaccharide required for growth of E. coli is Kdo2-
Lipid A, namely berheksa-acyl disaccharide of glucosamine that diglikosilasikan
acid residues with two 3-deoxy-D-mano-oktulosonat (Kdo).

Sakarolipid hydrolysis process will generate amino sugar.

polyketides

Polyketides are secondary metabolites that are formed through polymerization of

acetyl and propionyl by classical enzyme or enzymes iterative and multimodular
who share the same mechanistic features with the fatty acid sintasi. Enzymes are
commonly used are polyketide synthase, through Claisen condensation process.

Polyketides are secondary metabolites produced naturally by bacteria, fungi,

plants, animals, marine resources and the organisms that have a high structural
diversity.

Many polyketides form a cyclic molecule backbones are often further modified by
glycosylation, methylation, hydroxylation, oxidation, and / or other processes to
gain the benefits of antibiotic properties owned. Some types of polyketides even
be anti-cancer, can reduce cholesterol and shows immuno-suppressive effect.

A number of antimicrobial compounds, antiparasitic and anticancer is a

polyketide or derivatives, such as erythromycin, tetracycline antibiotics,
avermectin, and antitumor epotilon.
fat salt

Soap is a mixture of sodium hydroxide various fatty acids found in the wild.

Soaps made by saponification of fatty acids. Typically used sodium carbonate or

sodium hydroxide to the process.

In general, the hydrolysis reaction which occurs can be formulated:

fatty acid + NaOH ---> water + salt of fatty acids

Type of soap that is produced depends on the type of fatty acids and long-chain
carbon. Sodium stearate the 18 carbon is a very harsh soaps and insoluble. Zinc
stearate is used in talcum powder because it is hydrophobic. Lauric acid with 12
carbons that have become sodium lauric very easily dissolved, while the fatty acids
with less than 10 carbon atoms is not used into soap because it can irritate the skin
and smelled dreadful.