CHAPTER 5 SUMMARY, CONCLUSION AND RECOMMENDATION

 Conclusions should appropriately answer the specific questions raised at the

beginning of the investigation in the order they are given under the statement of the
problem. The study becomes almost meaningless if the questions raised are not
properly answered by the conclusions.
 Conclusions should point out what were factually learned from the inquiry. However,
no conclusions should be drawn from the implied or indirect effects of the findings.
 Conclusions should be formulated concisely, that is, brief and short, they convey all
the necessary information resulting from the study as required by the specific
questions.
 Without any strong evidence to the contrary, conclusions should be stated
categorically. They should be worded as if they are 100 percent true and correct. They
should not give any hint that the researcher has some doubts about their validity and
reliability. The use of qualifiers such as probably, perhaps, may be, and the like should
be avoided as much as possible.
 Conclusions should refer only to the population, area, or subject of the study.
 Conclusions should not be repetitions of any statements anywhere in the thesis. They
may be recapitulations if necessary but they should be worded differently and they
should convey the same information as the statements recapitulated.

CHAPTER 2 REVIEW OF RELATED LITERATURE AND STUDIES

 The materials must be as recent as possible. This is important because of the rapid
social, political, scientific, and technological changes. So, finding fifteen years ago may
have little value today unless the study is a comparative inquiry about the past and the
present. Mathematical and statistical procedures, however, are a little more stable.
 Materials must be as objective and unbiased as possible. Some materials are
extremely one sided, either politically or religiously biased. These should be avoided.
 Materials must be relevant to the study. Only materials that have some bearing on the
problem researched should be cited.
 Materials must not too few but not too many. They must be sufficient enough to give
the researcher insight into his problem or to indicate the nature of the present
 investigation. The number may also depend upon the availability of related materials.
This is especially a problem with pioneering studies. Naturally, there are few related
materials or even none at all.

CHAPTER 4 ANALYSIS, PRESENTATION, AND INTERPRETATION OF DATA

 Support your presentation with tables, graphs, charts and figures where applicable
 Follow APA format.
 Tables, charts, graphs and figures should be interpreted - it is your responsibility to tell
your reader what you think is the most important information in the graphics.
 Make sure that each graphic is clearly labelled with a title so that readers can easily
identify and understand them.
 Never present a table, chart, or figure that you are not planning to explain
 It should be written in the past tense because the data has been collected.
 Do not judge, editorialise, evaluate or give you opinion on the results obtained. Just
report the facts.
 Presentation should be consistent with the underlying theoretical framework.
 Remember to write for the reader and it should be logical and easy to follow. Make it
simple.
 Avoid citations - it is not necessary to cite sources - you will do that in Chapter 5.