CPC 100 TESTRANO 600 AppNote Power Transformer Short Circuit Impedance 2017 ENU

Application Note
Measurement of Short-Circuit Impedance, Leakage

Reactance and Frequency Response of Stray Losses on
Power Transformers
Author
Alexander Herrera | alexander.herrera@omicronenergy.com
Lukas Klingenschmid | lukas.klingenschmid@omicronenergy.com
Date
August 3rd, 2017
Related OMICRON Product

CPC 100, TESTRANO 600
Application Area
Power Transformer Testing
Keywords
CPC 100, TESTRANO 600, Primary Test Manager, Power Transformer, Short-Circuit Impedance, Leakage
Reactance, Sequencer, PTM
Version
V3.0
Document ID
ANP_10003_ENU
General information
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OMICRON.
The product information, specifications, and technical data embodied in this application note represent the
technical status at the time of writing and are subject to change without prior notice.
We have done our best to ensure that the information given in this application note is useful, accurate and
entirely reliable. However, OMICRON does not assume responsibility for any inaccuracies which may be
present.
OMICRON translates this application note from the source language English into a number of other
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© OMICRON 2017. All rights reserved. This application note is a publication of OMICRON.
© OMICRON 2017 Page 2 of 52

Table of contents
1 Safety instructions ................................................................................................................................5

2 Using this Document .............................................................................................................................5
Operator Qualifications and Safety Standards ...............................................................................6
Safety measures .............................................................................................................................6
Related documents .........................................................................................................................7
Safety Rules ...................................................................................................................................7
3 Used Symbols ........................................................................................................................................8
4 Safety Instructions for connecting the test device to the Test Setup..............................................9
Before Starting (CPC 100) ..............................................................................................................9
Before Starting (TESTRANO 600) ............................................................................................... 10
5 Short-Circuit Impedance – Theory .................................................................................................... 11
Why Short-Circuit Impedance Measurements? ........................................................................... 11
When should a Short-Circuit Impedance Measurement be performed? ..................................... 11
Mechanical forces in the windings - background ......................................................................... 12
Radial deformation .......................................................................................................................... 12
Axial deformation ............................................................................................................................ 13
6 Short-circuit lead ................................................................................................................................ 14
Connection ................................................................................................................................... 14
Influences of the short-circuit ....................................................................................................... 15
7 Assessment Guidelines ..................................................................................................................... 17
Comparison of Power Losses ...................................................................................................... 17
Comparison of Leakage Reactances .......................................................................................... 17
Difference between factory and on-site results ........................................................................... 18
Deviations Limits .......................................................................................................................... 18
8 Measurement method – Three-phase equivalent test..................................................................... 19
Three-phase injection .................................................................................................................. 20
Short-circuit impedance calculation ................................................................................................ 20
Single-phase injection.................................................................................................................. 21
Short-circuit impedance calculation ................................................................................................ 21
Short-circuit impedance calculation for star winding configuration ............................................. 22
9 Measurement method - Per-phase test ............................................................................................ 25
Supported vector groups ............................................................................................................. 26
Per-phase test – Find the corresponding windings ..................................................................... 27

Example YNd5 ................................................................................................................................ 28
Example Dyn11............................................................................................................................... 29
10 Measurement method - Frequency Response of Stray Losses ..................................................... 30
11 Performing Measurements with CPC 100 ........................................................................................ 32
Preparing the Transformer Under Test ........................................................................................ 32
Recommended CPC 100 Output Settings ................................................................................... 33
Performing the Three-Phase Equivalent Test with CPC 100 ...................................................... 34
Shorting the terminals ..................................................................................................................... 34
Connecting the Measurement Setup to the CPC 100 ..................................................................... 35
Preparing the CPC 100 Template ................................................................................................... 35
Starting the Test.............................................................................................................................. 36
Performing the Per-Phase Test ................................................................................................... 37
Shorting the terminals ..................................................................................................................... 37
Connecting the Measurement Setup to the CPC 100 ..................................................................... 37
Starting the Test.............................................................................................................................. 38
Interpretation of Measurement Results with CPC 100 ................................................................ 38
Loading the Test Results into Excel ................................................................................................ 38
Test Results .................................................................................................................................... 38
12 Performing Measurements with CPC 100 / TESTRANO 600 + PTM .............................................. 40
Establishing a connection to the device ...................................................................................... 40
Create new job ............................................................................................................................. 40
Asset – Transformer data ............................................................................................................ 41
Detailed workflow for defining the Asset section ......................................................................... 42
Tests – Creating the Test Plan .................................................................................................... 45
Performing Measurements with CPC 100 + PTM ....................................................................... 46
Connect the CPC 100 to the transformer ........................................................................................ 46
Settings and conditions ................................................................................................................... 46
Assessment settings ....................................................................................................................... 47
Execute the test .............................................................................................................................. 47
Table/Plot View ............................................................................................................................... 48
Performing Measurements with TESTRANO 600 + PTM ........................................................... 49
Connect the TESTRANO 600 to the transformer ............................................................................ 49
Define settings and conditions ........................................................................................................ 49
Assessment settings ....................................................................................................................... 50
Execute the test .............................................................................................................................. 50
Results/Plot View ............................................................................................................................ 51

1 Safety instructions
This application note may only be used in conjunction with the relevant product manuals which contain all
safety instructions. The user is fully responsible for any application that makes use of OMICRON products.
Instructions are always characterized by a  symbol even if they are included in a safety instruction.
DANGER
Death or severe injury caused by high-voltage or current if the respective
protective measures are not complied with.
 Carefully read the contents of these instructions as well as the manuals of

the devices involved before taking them into operation.
 Contact OMICRON Support if you have any questions or doubts regarding
the safety or operating instructions.
 Follow the instructions listed in the manuals, particularly the safety
instructions, since this is the only way to avoid danger that can occur when
working on high-voltage or high current systems.
 Only use the equipment according to its intended purpose to guarantee safe
operation.
 Existing national safety standards for accident prevention and
environmental protection may supplement the equipment’s manual.
Only experienced and competent professionals who are trained for working in high-voltage or high current
environments may perform the applications in this document. In addition, the following qualifications are
required:
• Authorized to work in environments of energy generation, transmission or distribution and familiar
with the approved operating practices in such environments.
• Familiar with the five safety rules.
• Good knowledge of the CPC 100 or TESTRANO 600.
2 Using this Document

Using the Power Transformer Short-Circuit Impedance Template (CPC 100 only) or the
Primary Test Manager (PTM) software, the short-circuit impedance and hence also the leakage inductance
or leakage reactance of power transformers can quickly be measured.
Graphical display provides a well-arranged overview of the measured values. This document guides you
through the whole testing process.
Reading the AN CP0901 Application Note alone does not release you from the duty of complying with all
national and international safety regulations relevant to working with the CPC 100 or TESTRANO 600.
The regulation EN 50191 "The Erection and Operation of Electrical Test Equipment", as well as all the
applicable regulations for accident prevention in the country and at the site of operation, must be fulfilled.

Operator Qualifications and Safety Standards
Working on HV devices is extremely dangerous. Measurements must only be carried out by qualified, skilled
and authorized personnel. Before starting any work, clearly establish the responsibilities. Personnel
receiving training, instructions, directions or education on the measurement setup must be under the
constant supervision of an experienced operator while working with the equipment.
The operator is responsible for the safety requirements during the whole test. Before performing tests using
high-voltage, read the following:
• Do not perform any test without having carefully read the CPC 100 User and Reference Manual or
TESTRANO 600 User Manual.
• In particular, read all safety instructions and follow them.
• Do not use the test equipment without a good connection to ground.
The measurement must comply with the relevant national and international safety standards listed below:
• EN 50191 (VDE 0104) "Erection and Operation of Electrical Equipment".
• EN 50110-1 (VDE 0105 Part 100) "Operation of Electrical Installations".
• IEEE 510 "Recommended Practices for Safety in High-Voltage and High-Power Testing".
• LAPG 1710.6 NASA "Electrical Safety".
Moreover, additional relevant laws and internal safety standards must be followed.
Safety measures
Before starting a measurement, read the safety rules in the CPC 100 User and Reference Manual, as well
the TESTRANO 600 User Manual and observe the application specific safety instructions in this application
note when performing measurements to protect yourself from high-voltage hazards.

Related documents
The following documents complete the information covered in this application note:
Title Description
Provides basic information on the CPC 100 test system and relevant
CPC 100 User Manual
safety instructions.
Contains information on how to use the CPC 100 test system and
CPC 100 Reference Manual
relevant safety instructions.
Provides basic information on the CPC 100 test system used with the
CPC 100 PTM User Manual
Primary Test Manager software.
Provides basic information on the TESTRANO 600 test system used with
TESTRANO 600 PTM User Manual
the Primary Test Manager software.
AN CP0711: Test Templates General information about working with templates for the CPC 100
IEEE C57.12.90 Standard Test Code for Liquid-Immersed Power Transformers.
IEEE Guide for Diagnostic Field Testing of Fluid-Filled Power

IEEE C57.152
Transformers, Regulators, and Reactors
IEEE 62 Guide for Diagnostic Field Testing of Electric Power Apparatus
IEC 60076-1 International Standard for Power Transformers
Safety Rules
Before starting a measurement, read the safety rules in the CPC 100 User and Reference Manual or
TESTRANO 600 User Manual carefully and observe the application-specific safety instructions in this
application note when performing measurements to protect yourself from high-voltage hazards.
General
Always observe the five safety rules:
• Disconnect completely
• Secure against re-connection
• Verify that the installation is dead
• Carry out grounding and short-circuiting
• Provide protection against adjacent live parts
CAUTION
Minor or moderate injury may occur if the appropriate safety instructions are
not observed.
 Caution: Never touch any terminal without a visible ground connection!

3 Used Symbols
DANGER
Death or severe injury will occur if the appropriate safety instructions are not
observed.
WARNING
Death or severe injury can occur if the appropriate safety instructions are not
observed.
CAUTION
Minor or moderate injury may occur if the appropriate safety instructions are
not observed.
NOTICE
Equipment damage or loss of data possible.

4 Safety Instructions for connecting the test device to the Test
Setup
Before Starting (CPC 100)
DANGER
observed.
 Do not enter the high-voltage area while working with the CPC 100.
 Do not enter the high-voltage area if the red warning light of the CPC 100 is
on since all outputs carry dangerous voltage current.
 Never touch any terminal without a visible ground connection.
 Always obey the five safety rules and follow the detailed safety instructions
in the respective user manuals.
 Always establish a proper ground connection for the CPC 100 and the
device under test (Power Transformer).
 Beware of nearby parallel systems which are not disconnected. They can
induce hazardous loads in floating segments of a substation.
 Always touch the leads and terminals with a grounding hook first.
WARNING
observed.
 Make sure that both sides of the transformer are completely disconnected.
 Use a short-circuit lead of an appropriate cross-section to prevent unwanted
heat production of the short-circuit lead.
 Be aware of hot short-circuit lead surfaces.

Before Starting (TESTRANO 600)
DANGER
observed.
 Do not enter the high-voltage area while working with the TESTRANO 600.
 Do not enter the high-voltage area if the red warning light of the
TESTRANO 600 is on since all outputs carry dangerous voltage current.
 Never touch any terminal without a visible ground connection.
 Always obey the five safety rules and follow the detailed safety instructions
in the respective user manuals.
 Always establish a proper ground connection for the TESTRANO 600 and
the device under test (Power Transformer).
 Beware of nearby parallel systems which are not disconnected. They can
induce hazardous loads in floating segments of a substation.
 Always touch the leads and terminals with a grounding hook first.
WARNING
observed.
 Make sure that both sides of the transformer are completely disconnected.
 Use a short-circuit lead of an appropriate cross-section to prevent unwanted
heat production of the short-circuit lead.
 Be aware of hot short-circuit lead surfaces.

5 Short-Circuit Impedance – Theory
The short-circuit impedance is an important property of a power transformer as it limits the current flow in
case of a short-circuit fault and is important for the parallel operation of transformers. An adequate value is
necessary to limit the fault current to a manageable value for the protection devices and breakers.
In contrast it shall also not be too high, as this would cause an unnecessary voltage drop across the power
transformer in service, which would lead to increased losses in service.
The short-circuit impedance value, as given by transformer manufacturers, represents the voltage
at rated frequency which has to be applied to the primary winding in order to measure the rated current in
the short-circuit secondary winding.
Why Short-Circuit Impedance Measurements?
The following irregularities inside a power transformer may be detected with a short-circuit impedance
measurement:
• Winding movement (bulk movement) or deformation, caused for example by high fault currents
• Mechanical damage during transportation
• Broken fixing elements
As the impedance values do not depend on the applied voltage, the measurement can be performed by
using a low-power source.
When should a Short-Circuit Impedance Measurement be performed?
Typically, short-circuit impedance measurements are performed after:

• The power transformer is installed (fingerprint measurement)
• The power transformer is moved and re-installed at another location
• High inrush currents or high current faults
• Buchholz relay tripping
• Protective relay tripping
• Any type of internal connection change
• Maintenance

Mechanical forces in the windings - background
A current-carrying conductor has a mechanical force which acts on the winding

conductors in a direction as per the Lorentz force law (right-hand rule).
⃗⃗⃗ ⃗
𝐹𝐿 = 𝐼 ∫ 𝑑𝑙 𝑥 𝐵
In the event of short-circuit, the mechanical forces are much higher than during
normal operation conditions, producing high electromagnetic axial and radial
forces, which may lead to mechanical deformation of conductors, windings, leads,
spacers etc. These deformations might not immediately affect the performance of
a power transformer, but often weaken the insulation and have the potential to
lead to faults like for example turn-to-turn failures.
Radial deformation
Short-circuit currents can lead to excessive radial forces caused by electromagnetic forces, acting in
opposed directions between the inner (HV) and outer (LV) winding, as depicted in Figure 1.
Figure 1 - Radial forces in windings
Free buckling is one example of possible mechanical deformation as depicted in Figure 2.
Figure 2 –Radial forces and and examples of deformations (free Buckling)

Axial deformation
Axial forces are a result of opposing forces at the winding ends due to the magnetic leakage field and
associated force directions. These forces cause a compression of the winding and its conductors, following a
sinusoidal pattern, and is released when these forces approach zero. The release of the compression forces
causes the winding to stretch (spring-effect) and puts stress on the end structures of the winding. The axial
forces can cause the conductors to tilt, or windings to be displaced as a whole in axial direction.
Figure 3 – Effects of axial forces on windings
Deformations caused by radial and axial forces lead to changes of the internal winding geometry and
associated leakage reactance (and short-circuit impedance), which is subject of this Application Note.

6 Short-circuit lead
Connection
A solid short-circuit lead is used to connect all phases of a three-phase transformer together without the
neutral point.
Figure 4 - Short-circuit impedance setup with a single-phase source for a three-phase transformer
For a single-phase transformers, a short-circuit lead, shorts the phase to the neutral terminal.
Figure 5 – Short-circuit impedance setup for single-phase transformers

Influences of the short-circuit
The impedance of the lead will add to the short-circuit impedance of the transformer and consequently
impact on the readings. Therefore, it is of utmost importance to use a low-ohmic and low-inductive short-
circuit lead to minimize its influence on the measurement results.
Figure 6 shows the single-phase transformer equivalent circuit diagram with a short-circuit lead on the
secondary side (core losses and main inductance are neglected).
Figure 6 – Equivalent circuit diagram of a transformer with a short-circuit lead on the LV side.
The elements 𝑅𝑘,1 and 𝑅𝑘,2 represent the resistive part of the short-circuit impedance whereas the elements
𝑋𝑘,1 and 𝑋𝑘,2 describe the leakage reactance of the HV and LV side, respectively.
The impedance of the short-circuit cable is depicted as 𝑅𝑠𝑐 and 𝑋𝑠𝑐 .
The resistive components can be summed up as 𝑅𝐾 and the inductive component as 𝑋𝐾 . Please note that all
elements must be transformed to the same voltage side by multiplying with the square of the transformer
turns ratio:
𝑁1 2
𝑅𝑘 = 𝑅𝑘,1 + ( ) ∗ (𝑅𝑘,2 + 𝑅𝑠𝑐 ) = 𝑅𝑘,1 + 𝑅𝑘,2 ′ + 𝑅𝑠𝑐 ′
𝑁2
𝑁1 2
𝑋𝑘 = 𝑋𝑘,1 + ( ) ∗ (𝑋𝑘,2 + 𝑋𝑠𝑐 ) = 𝑋𝑘,1 + 𝑋𝑘,2 ′ + 𝑋𝑠𝑐 ′
𝑁2
The overall short-circuit impedance can then be calculated to:

′ ′
𝑍𝑘 = (𝑅𝑘,1 + 𝑅𝑘,2 ′ + 𝑅𝑠𝑐 ′) + 𝑗(𝑋𝑘,1 + 𝑋𝑘,2 + 𝑋𝑠𝑐 ) = 𝑅𝑘 + 𝑗𝑋𝑘
In addition, the absolute value of impedance is calculated to:
2 2
𝑍𝐾 = √𝑅𝑘 2 + 𝑋𝑘 2 = √(𝑅𝑘,1 + 𝑅𝑘,2 ′ + 𝑅𝑠𝑐 ′ ) + (𝑋𝑘,1 + 𝑋𝑘,2 ′ + 𝑋𝑠𝑐 ′ )
𝑁1
The higher transformer turns ratio ( ) , the higher the influence of the short-circuit lead if the short-circuit is
𝑁2
applied to the LV side. In contrast, this effect is neglectable when the short-circuit lead is applied to the high-

voltage side of the transformer. Also, the lower the winding resistance, the higher the impact of the additional
resistance of the short-circuit leads.
NOTICE
 The higher the turns ratio, the higher the influence of the short-circuit lead.
 The lower the winding resistance, the higher the influence of the resistance of the short-circuit.
The required cross-section of the short-circuit lead depends on the transformer size or voltage level.
Figure 7 - Short-circuit impedance results
Increased Rk and watt losses values can be an indication of an inappropriate cross-section of the short-
circuit lead.
Phase A & C – small cross-section
Phase B big cross-section
Figure 8 - Short-circuit impedance measurement plot view
Figure 8 displays a comparison measurement on the same power transformer using 2.5 mm² test leads
(Figure 9) and once with 50 mm² short-circuit leads (Figure 10). The 2.5 mm² test leads have a significant
influence in relation to the short-circuit impedance results and Rk values and should be avoided.

Figure 9 –2.5 mm² test lead Figure 10 – 50 mm² short-circuit leads
NOTICE
 The IEEE C57-152 standard recommends the following in section
7.2.12.2 Leakage reactance: three-phase equivalent test for short-circuit impedance:
Preparation: Conductors used for short circuiting the transformer windings should be low-
impedance conductors having a cross-section equal to, or greater than No. 1 AWG. They
should be as short as possible and be kept away from magnetic masses. Contacts should be
clean and tight. These precautions are of importance in avoiding extraneous impedance
voltages and losses that might otherwise be introduced into the measurements.
o No. 1 AWG corresponds to a cross-section of 42.4 mm².
7 Assessment Guidelines
Comparison of Power Losses
The factory test of a power transformer, which determines the value on the nameplate, is usually carried out
by using three-phase excitation at 100%, but with a minimum of 50% of the rated current.
Notably, the difference between the nominal current versus the lower test current with the CPC 100 or
TESTRANO 600 during the on-site test setup will highly affect the measured ohmic losses (Pk). The sum of
the I²R and stray losses will be lower compared to the short-circuit impedance test performed with 50% or
100% of the rated current.
Comparison of Leakage Reactances
The leakage reactance test method is based on the comparison with only the reactive part (L k) of the
impedances. Unlike the measured ohmic losses, which can highly deviate from the factory losses, the
reactance can deliver a reliable statement on the transformer condition.
The leakage flux path is going through the iron core and the unit permeability space (air/liquid). The
magnetic reluctance respectively magnetic resistance is mainly determined by the air/liquid space. This
produces a linear relationship between current and leakage flux.
The leakage reactance is mainly independent from the test current. A test current with some amperes
compared to the nominal load current will produce the same leakage reactance (within a margin of error).
This allows the comparison of factory-measured short-circuit impedance with on-site measured leakage
reactance.
NOTICE
 In most cases, information about the leakage reactance (%X) is not given on the power
transformer nameplate. You have to draw upon former measurements, or you can compare the
phases with each other.
 In some cases, %X can be identified with %Z when Rk is very small in comparison to Xk.
 The tests needs to be performed on the same OLTC / DETC tap position to be able to compare
the measurement results indicated by the nameplate or the fingerprint results.
Difference between factory and on-site results
Due to the influence of the various test instruments and measurement setups, as well the different flux
distribution between three- and single-phase excitation, variances between factory and on-site measurement
results can be produced.
Nevertheless, you can use the factory impedance nameplate as a guideline for a fingerprint measurement
on-site.
Further measurements can be compared with the FAT report as well the on-site fingerprint measurement.
However, it needs to be taken into account that the FAT measurement results may include possible results
deviations compared to the on-site test, especially in terms of the ohmic- and power losses.
Deviations Limits
According to IEEE Std. C57.152, there are two methods for performing impedance tests on three-phase
power transformers: the three-phase equivalent test, which compares the measured values with the
nameplate, and the per-phase test, which compares the windings to each other.
• The three-phase equivalent result should be within 3% of the nameplate value.
• The per-phase test should be within 3% of the average value of all phases.
Another interpretation possibility for the deviations is given in the following flow chart.

Figure 11 – Interpreting the test results
8 Measurement method – Three-phase equivalent test

The three-phase equivalent test can either be done with a three-phase injection test set (for example.
TESTRANO 600) or a single-phase injection test set (for example, CPC 100).
Figure 12 – CPC 100 (left) and TESTRANO 600 (right)
NOTICE
Please observe the following points when performing a three-phase equivalent test.
 Obtained measurement results should be compared to factory test results.
 Only phases are short circuited, the neutral, if present, is left open.
 The short-circuit impedance calculations are based on the nameplate rating of the winding
being tested.
 Usually the given values for the short-circuit impedance are specified for the principal tap
position, sometimes also for the lowest and highest tap position.

Three-phase injection
The three-phase short-circuit impedance measurement is performed to obtain the relative short-circuit
Impedance Zk. A short-circuit should be prepared on one side of the transformer as described above. In
contrast to the single-phase measurement, a three-phase current system is applied to the transformer
terminals. Thus the three impedances 𝑍𝐴 , 𝑍𝐵 and 𝑍𝐶 are obtained which represent the positive (and
negative) sequence impedances of each phase (Figure 13).
Figure 13 - Three-phase current injection while a short-circuit lead is applied to the LV side of the transformer. The impedances ZA, ZB
and ZC are measured.
NOTICE
 The three-phase injection method is only possible with the TESTRANO 600.
Short-circuit impedance calculation

The relative short-circuit impedance can be calculated as follows:
𝑍𝐴 + 𝑍𝐵 + 𝑍𝐶 𝑆𝑁
𝑍𝑘 [%] = ∗ 2
3 𝑈𝑁
Where 𝑆𝑁 represents the base power and 𝑈𝑁 the base voltage (line-to-line) of the transformer. If the
measurement is performed on the HV side (namely the LV side is shorted) 𝑈𝑁 is the nominal HV voltage on
the specific tap position. For a measurement performed on the LV side, the corresponding voltage rating of
the LV side has to be entered.

Single-phase injection
A three-phase transformer can be tested using a single-phase power source by applying the voltage to each
of the two terminals of the non-short-circuited windings.
Three successive measurements have to be conducted for all three phases at rated frequency.
Figure 14 – Single-phase injection while a short-circuit lead is applied to the LV side of the transformer. The impedances ZAB, ZBC and ZCA
are measured.
With the test result, the overall impedance (%Z) of the transformer can be calculated by taking the average
of all three values, considering the vector group of the measured side.
NOTICE
 The single-phase injection method is only possible with the CPC 100!
The results can be compared to the rated impedance of the transformer (three-phase equivalent test), or
with former measurements. Additionally, the three phases can also be compared to each other (per-phase
test).
Short-circuit impedance calculation

It is important to note that for a single-phase measurement the impedance between two phases is measured
(for example,𝑍𝐴𝐵 ,) which is the sum of 𝑍𝐴 and 𝑍𝐵 . Consequently, the impedances measured in a three-phase
way are only half of the single-phase equivalent measurement.
If the impedances of a single-phase and a three-phase measurement are to be compared, the following
calculation can be performed:
𝑍𝐴𝐵 − 𝑍𝐵𝐶 + 𝑍𝐶𝐴 𝑍𝐴 + 𝑍𝐵 − 𝑍𝐵 − 𝑍𝐶 + 𝑍𝐶 + 𝑍𝐴 2 ∗ 𝑍𝐴
= = = 𝑍𝐴
2 2 2
The impedances 𝑍𝐵 and 𝑍𝐶 can be calculated analogously. Finally, the relative short-circuit impedance can
be calculated to:
𝑍𝑘 [%] = ∗ 2
3 𝑈𝑁
Where 𝑆𝑁 represents the nominal apparent power and 𝑈𝑁 the nominal line-to-line voltage of the
transformer. If the measurement is performed on the HV side (namely the LV side is shorted) 𝑈𝑁 is the
nominal HV voltage on the specific tap position. For a measurement performed on the LV side, the
corresponding voltage rating of the LV side has to be entered.

Short-circuit impedance calculation for star winding configuration
For a star system, the line current is the same as the phase to phase current and the line voltage is the
phase to phase voltage divided by √3.
𝑈𝑝ℎ 𝑈𝐿
𝐼𝐿 = 𝐼𝑝ℎ = =
𝑍𝑏 √3 ∗ 𝑍𝑏
𝑈𝐿
𝑈𝑝ℎ =
√3
From the voltage and current values, the apparent power can be calculated. √3 needs to be added as the
formula is based on a three-phase system.
𝑈𝐿 𝑈𝐿2
𝑆 = √3 ∗ 𝑈𝐿 ∗ 𝐼𝐿 = √3 ∗ 𝑈𝐿 ∗ =
√3 ∗ 𝑍𝑏 𝑍𝑏
Figure 15 - Current and voltage distribution for a star winding configuration
In the power systems analysis field of electrical engineering, a per-unit system (pu) is the expression of
system quantities as fractions of a defined base unit quantity. Calculations are simplified because quantities
expressed as per-unit do not change when they are referred from one side of a transformer to the other.
𝑍′
𝑍𝑝𝑢 =
𝑍𝑏

On each of the three measurements, the impedance values of two phases are determined.
Figure 16 – Single-phase measurement setup
1
𝑍𝑚𝑒𝑎𝑠 = 2 ∗ 𝑍 ′ → 𝑍 ′ = ∗ 𝑍𝑚𝑒𝑎𝑠
2
Due to the fact that the three-phase equivalent measurement is performed on a star winding, the average
impedance of the three measurement results is calculated.
1 𝑍𝑚𝑒𝑎𝑠 (1𝑈1𝑉) + 𝑍𝑚𝑒𝑎𝑠 (1𝑉1𝑊) + 𝑍𝑚𝑒𝑎𝑠 (1𝑊1𝑈)

𝑍′ = ∗[ ]
2 3
1 𝑍𝑚𝑒𝑎𝑠 (1𝑈1𝑉) + 𝑍𝑚𝑒𝑎𝑠 (1𝑉1𝑊) + 𝑍𝑚𝑒𝑎𝑠 (1𝑊1𝑈)

𝑍′ ∗[ ]
2 3
𝑍𝑝𝑢 = = 2
𝑍𝑏 𝑈𝐿
𝑆
𝑍𝑚𝑒𝑎𝑠 (1𝑈1𝑉) + 𝑍𝑚𝑒𝑎𝑠 (1𝑉1𝑊) + 𝑍𝑚𝑒𝑎𝑠 (1𝑊1𝑈)

𝑍𝑝𝑢 = 𝑆 ∗
6 ∗ 𝑈𝐿2
If the value is to be expressed as a percentage, it needs to be multiplied by 100.
𝑍 [%] = 𝑍𝑝𝑢 ∗ 100
If using SN in kVA and UN in kV, then the following formula should be used:
1 𝑆𝑁
𝑍 [%] = ∗ [𝑍𝑚𝑒𝑎𝑠 (1𝑈1𝑉) + 𝑍𝑚𝑒𝑎𝑠 (1𝑉1𝑊) + 𝑍𝑚𝑒𝑎𝑠 (1𝑊1𝑈) ] ∗ 2
60 𝑈𝐿
If using SN in VA and UN in V, then the following formula should be used:

1000 𝑆𝑁
𝑍 [%] = ∗ [𝑍𝑚𝑒𝑎𝑠 (1𝑈1𝑉) + 𝑍𝑚𝑒𝑎𝑠 (1𝑉1𝑊) + 𝑍𝑚𝑒𝑎𝑠 (1𝑊1𝑈) ] ∗ 2
60 𝑈𝐿
NOTICE
 For delta windings, the end formula is exactly the same but the mathematical derivation is
slightly different.
Three-phase, short-circuit impedance measurement
𝑍𝐴𝐵 − 𝑍𝐵𝐶 + 𝑍𝐶𝐴

=
2
Calculation impedances (𝑍𝐴 + 𝑍𝐵) − (𝑍𝐵 + 𝑍𝐶) + (𝑍𝐶 + 𝑍𝐴)
=
2
2 ∗ 𝑍𝐴
= 𝑍𝐴
2
Relative short-circuit impedance 𝑍𝑘 [%] = ∗ 2
3 𝑈𝑁

9 Measurement method - Per-phase test
The per-phase test should initially be performed for a phase to phase comparison as it should provide a
fingerprint for future analysis.
NOTICE
 The per-phase test is only possible for three-phase transformers!
It can be very useful to examine the individual windings. The three-phase equivalent test calculates the
average of all three phases and compares them with the nameplate values. Due to averaging, it may be
possible that certain results are masked.
The difference between the single per-phase results and the average of the three per-phase results should
be in the range of 3%.
For the per-phase test, it is important to only short the corresponding terminals (see section 9.2 )
otherwise the winding components of the other phases will falsify the result.
Figure 17 – Phase to phase connection diagram
NOTICE
 For winding diagnosis (phase to phase comparison) only the corresponding transformer leg is
shorted!

Supported vector groups
The per-phase test can only be executed on certain transformer vector groups.
Vector group configuration Supported HV injection LV short-circuit

(HV – LV)
Star (Y) – Star (y) No - -
Star (Y) – Star with neutral (yn) No - -
Star (Y) – Delta (d) No - -
Star(Y) – ZigZag (z) No - -
Star with neutral (YN) – Star (y) No - -
Star with neutral (YN) – Star with neutral (yn) Yes Phase - Neutral Phase – Neutral
Star with neutral (YN) – Delta (d) Yes Phase - Neutral Phase – Phase
Star with neutral (YN) – Star (y) No - -

Vector group configuration Supported HV injection LV short-circuit
(HV – LV)
Delta (D) – Delta (d) Yes Phase – Phase Phase – Phase
Delta (D) – Star (y) No - -
Delta (D) – Star with neutral (yn) Yes - -
Delta (D) – ZigZag (z) No - -
Per-phase test – Find the corresponding windings
The vector group and corresponding terminals for performing the short-circuit impedance per-phase test can
easily be evaluated with the help of a vector phasor diagram using the clock model.
First the vector phasors for the HV winding are drawn with a 120° phase shift between the three terminals.
The first terminal of the secondary side is shifted clockwise by the phase shift defined by the vector group
number (for example, 5 = 5 x 30°).
The remaining terminals are shifted 120° with respect to the first one.
NOTICE
 One hour on the clock corresponds to 30° as a complete circle has 360° and there are twelve
hours on the clock --> 360°/12=30°.
 When primary and secondary windings are connected differently (for example, star-delta, delta-
star), the secondary voltage waveforms will differ from the corresponding primary voltage
waveforms by 30°.

Example YNd5
The vector phasor diagram and the table for the corresponding windings for a YNd5 transformer can be
found below.
Figure 18 – Vector phasor diagram for a YNd5 transformer
HV side LV side
A–N H1 – H0 c–a X3 – X1
B–N H2 – H0 a–b X1 – X2
C–N H3 – H0 b–c X2 – X3
For performing the per-phase test for phase A, the injection is done on the HV side between A and N as well
as with an applied short-circuit lead between the corresponding LV windings c and a.
Figure 19 - Per-phase measurement setup on a Ynd5 transformer for phase A

Example Dyn11
The vector phasor diagram and the table for the corresponding windings for a Dyn11 transformer can be
found below.
Figure 20 – Vector phasor diagram for a Dyn11 transformer
HV side LV side
A–B H1 – H2 a–n X1 – X0
B–C H2 – H3 b–n X2 – X0
C–A H3 – H1 c–n X3 – X0
Figure 21 shows the measurement setup for a per-phase test C – A on a Ynd11 transformer.
Figure 21 – Per-phase measurement setup on a Ynd11 transformer for phase C - A

10 Measurement method - Frequency Response of Stray Losses
The Frequency Response measurement of Stray Losses (FRSL) is a method to determine short-circuits of
parallel strands.
NOTICE
 The FRSL measurement needs to be differentiated from the Short-Circuit Impedance
measurement!
The real part (resistive part) of the short-circuit impedance is highly frequency-
dependent. At low frequencies of just a few Hz, the real part is determined by
the winding resistances. At higher frequencies, however, eddy losses also play
an important role and become more pronounced.
Usually, continuously transposed conductors (CTC) are used in windings with
higher current ratings to compensate induced circular currents and reduce the
losses associated with them. These conductors are insulated from one another
to reduce circular currents.
Figure 22 – CTC to compensate induced currents (left side) and Figure 23 – Additional losses caused by induced currents
example of crossing single strands (right side)
However, if this insulation fails, high circular currents can occur, leading to higher losses, local overheating
and gassing, while the transformer ratio and the winding resistance remain unchanged.
For the FRSL test, an AC source with variable frequency (typically some Hz up to some hundred Hz) is
connected to each phase of the HV winding with the corresponding LV winding short-circuited.
NOTICE
 With the CPC 100, the impedance measurement can be performed at several frequencies
starting from 15 Hz up to 400 Hz.
 With the TESTRANO 600, the impedance measurement can be performed at several
frequencies starting from 15 Hz up to 599 Hz.
 CPC 100: The FRSL test can be enabled on the three-phase equivalent and the per-phase test.
 TESTRANO 600: The FRSL test can be enabled on the per-phase test.
 The test can also be performed from the LV side. For comparison of the results, the values have
to be corrected by the square of the turns ratio.

The short-circuit impedance of a transformer at different frequencies can be modelled with an inductance X k,
the DC winding resistance Rk,DC, and additionaly frequency dependent losses Rlosses.
Figure 24 - Single-phase schematic diagram at varying frequency
Figure 25 - Frequency sweep of the short-circuit measurement
Unlike the normal impedance test, the FRSL diagnosis is based on a comparison of the AC impedance
curves over the frequency. The comparison can be established with a similar power transformer or with a
previous test performed on the same transformer. High deviations between the phases can be an indication
of faults in the winding, such as shorted parallel strands.
NOTICE
 The CIGRE Guide for Transformer Maintenance published by Working Group A2.34, states the
fail criterions as the following:
o ∆L: < 2.5 % between phases.
o ∆R: < 15 % between phases.
 Also, smaller differences between phases may be an indication for shorted parallel strands!
o Comparing the results with previous measurements make it easier to draw conclusions
in relation to possible changes.

11 Performing Measurements with CPC 100
Preparing the Transformer Under Test
WARNING
observed.
 Make sure that the transformer is completely disconnected from all busbars.
 Never touch any terminal without a visible ground connection!
 Use a short-circuit lead with an appropriate cross-section.
During factory tests the current is normally applied to the high-voltage side of the transformer by a three-
phase power source, whereas the three line leads of the low-voltage windings are short-circuited. According
to IEEE Std. C57.152, an on-site test can be performed with a single-phase power source by feeding two of
the three line leads at a time and measuring the impedance. The test has to be repeated for every
combination of pairs of line leads.
It has to be considered that the winding resistance of the transformer can be very low (µΩ to mΩ). The
contact between the leads and the terminals must have a very low resistance.
Figure 26 – Overall resistance of a short-circuit connection between two terminals

Recommended CPC 100 Output Settings
WARNING
observed.
 For the test current supply, use the 6 A / 130 V AC output in 3 A AC mode
by default. However, in this mode the output voltage can rise up to 240 V at
higher output frequencies!
The test current is 1 A by default. Depending on the measured impedance this current needs to be adapted.
NOTICE
 The measured impedance increases with the frequency.
 If the impedance value is too high, then the target output current is not reached and CPC 100
cannot guarantee the accuracy of the measurement results in these cases.
o If the applied test current cannot be reached, then the current signal may get distorted.
o The reached test current should be >60% of the target test current.
→ When acutal test current is 1 A, then at least 0.6 A shall be reached.
Impedance [Ω] Recommended test current [A] Expected test voltage [V]
0 Ω - 30 Ω 3A 0 V (@ 0 Ω) – 90 V (@ 30 Ω)
30 Ω - 50 Ω 2A 60 V (@ 30 Ω) – 100 V (@ 50 Ω)
50 Ω - 100 Ω 1A 50 V (@ 50 Ω) – 100 V (@ 100 Ω)
100 Ω - 200 Ω 0.5 A 50 V (@ 100 Ω) – 100 V (@ 200 Ω)

3A – range
6A – range
Figure 27 – Typical maximum output voltage of 6A / 130V AC output in 3A and 6A AC mode depending on frequency and current
Performing the Three-Phase Equivalent Test with CPC 100
The CPC 100 template provides two different tests which can be performed independently from each other.
While the three-phase equivalent test is the common test used for comparing the results with the nameplate
values, the per-phase test provides more information about the condition of each winding.
Shorting the terminals
To short-circuit the three terminals on the low-voltage side, three equally long leads have to be used.
Ideally, the leads are arranged radially from a common fixing. The fixing is not connected to any terminal
and this common point is not grounded. The neutral terminals, if any, are not used.
Figure 28 – Top view on a short-circuited power transformer
NOTICE
 Section 6 states additional information and recommendations about the short-circuit lead!

Connecting the Measurement Setup to the CPC 100
For the current supply, the 6 A / 130 V AC output is used and connected to the power transformer according
to Figure 29.
High-voltage test area
Figure 29 – Connecting the CPC 100 to the power transformer terminals
NOTICE
 The distance between the device under test (DUT) to the edge of the high-voltage test area
should be a minimum of 1.5 m / 5 ft.
Preparing the CPC 100 Template

First, you need to prepare the template "Transformer Short Circuit Impedance".
Load the template by clicking the File Operations button (1), choose the file "TR_Zk_50Hz.xmt" (2) for
transformers with 50 Hz, or "TR_Zk_60Hz.xmt" for transformers with 60 Hz as rated frequency, and click
Open (3).
Figure 30 - Opening the test template

The transformer information has to be entered into the first test card TR Data. The information is needed for
the template to calculate the deviations from the nominal values.
Figure 31 – Opened CPC template
Note: For a correct calculation of the impedances in the Excel template, the following data entries
are mandatory:
• S [kVA]: Base power rating in kVA
• V HV [V]: voltage rating HV side in V
• V LV [V]: voltage rating LV side in V
• u_k [%]: (50 Hz template) / %Z [%]: (60 Hz template) impedance voltage / %Z in %
• Optionally: P_k [W]: power losses during short-circuit test with rated current. Often, this information
is not available.
For convenience, this data can also be entered in the results afterwards with the CPC Editor, once the
results are copied to the PC. Changes in the Excel Template Report Sheet are not recommended.
Starting the Test

Three successive measurements have to be performed for the test. Therefore, the template has three test
cards named Zk AB, Zk BC and Zk AC. For each card, a combination of two winding terminals have to be
connected (for example: H1 - H2, H2 - H3, H3 - H1). Neutral terminals, if any, are not involved.
Figure 32 – Test card for the first measurement
Each of the three measurements will be performed at the rated frequency and at several other frequencies
for FRSL diagnostics. Saving the measurement data after each test is recommended. If the Per-Phase test
is not needed, the measurement can be stopped at this point.

Performing the Per-Phase Test
Shorting the terminals

The per-phase test can be useful in further diagnosis the individual windings if a problem is suspected. The
test is performed on each individual winding on the high-voltage side, whereas only the corresponding
winding on the low-voltage side is short-circuited.
Figure 33 – Short-circuit of one low voltage winding
NOTICE
 The differences to the three-phase equivalent test: only one winding at a time is short-circuited
on the low-voltage side and the neutral terminals, if available, are involved in the
measurement.
 Section 6 states additional information and recommendations about the short-circuit lead!
Connecting the Measurement Setup to the CPC 100
High-voltage test area
Figure 34 - Connecting the CPC 100 to the power transformer terminals (Example is a YNd11 power transformer)

NOTICE
 The distance between the device under test (DUT) to the edge of the high-voltage test area
should be a minimum of 1.5 m / 5 ft.
Starting the Test

After the three-phase equivalent test cards, further test cards Zk A, Zk B and Zk C are prepared to perform
the per-phase test. The measurement configurations for the CPC 100 remain the same as in the three-
phase equivalent test cards. Perform the measurement for each winding as described.
Interpretation of Measurement Results with CPC 100
Loading the Test Results into Excel

To evaluate the test, an Excel Template is available in your OMICRON folder.
Transfer your xml test file from the CPC 100 onto your computer and open it with the Excel template from
the Start Page.
Figure 35 - Locating the Microsoft Excel template on the CPC Start Page
Test Results
Once you have loaded the test file into the Excel template, the results are shown on the first three Excel
sheets ‘Calculation of Zk, Rk(f) and Lk(f)’. Note that the factory test values only appear correctly if the data
on theTR Data sheet is available.
The Calculation of Zk sheet summarizes both the three-phase equivalent and the per-phase test results.
First, you have to configure the calculations by stating the vector group of the measured side at the top of
the report. If you know the measurement temperature and the reference temperature you can also state the
values and the sheet considers a correction factor, according to IEC 60076-1, for the measured R values.

Figure 36 - Test results compared with the factory test
The deviations of the measured impedances from the factory test are calculated. A change in the short-
circuit impedance of the transformer indicates a possible winding movement within the transformer.
Changes of ±2% of the short-circuit impedance are usually not considered significant. Changes of more
than ±3% of the short-circuit impedance should be considered significant.
If you have also performed a per-phase test, the sheet shows you the results with the maximum deviation
from the average of the three phases. Also refer to Figure 11 for assessment guidelines.
The Rk(f) sheet shows the frequency sweep of the real part of the impedance for each phase for
comparison. Significant changes between the curve progressions may be an indication of shorted parallel
strands of CTC conductors. See section 6.2 and 10 for further information and influences of the short circuit
on Rk(f) results.
Figure 37 – Example result for significant deviation in Phase C
Figure 37 shows an exemplary test result with visible deviation of Phase C. Such deviations should be
cross-checked with DGA results indicating local overheating.

12 Performing Measurements with CPC 100 / TESTRANO 600 +
PTM
The Primary Test Manager™ (PTM) software supports you during diagnostic tests on circuit breakers,
current and voltage transformers, and power transformers as well as associated equipment such as
bushings and on-load tap changers (OLTC).
The software guides you through the testing process with comprehensive testing procedures and detailed
wiring diagrams. Tests can be automatically assessed in accordance with the applicable international IEEE
and IEC standards.
A high-performance database ensures that the installed equipment and the associated test plans can be
managed easily.
Establishing a connection to the device
Once a TESTRANO 600 or CPC 100 is connected to an Ethernet port on the computer/notebook, the device
(with serial number) is displayed. To establish a connection simply press Connect.
Figure 38 – Connect TESTRANO 600 or CPC 100 with PTM
If the device is not immediately visible, check the connections and click More Refresh (F5).
Create new job
To start a new measurement on a power transformer, select “Create new job”.

NOTICE
 A new test plan can be created either by clicking “Create new job” or “Manage”.
 The “Create new job” button is a more direct way of creating a new test plan and allows the
user to bypass the data manager.

Figure 39 - PTM - Create new job
Once a new job is created, you will have access to the five main sections of the PTM software, which include
the “Overview”, “Location”, “Asset”, “Tests”, and “Report” sections. The five sections can be found on the left
panel of PTM). These sections should be completed in order from top to bottom, as shown in Figure 40.
Start
Finish
Figure 40 - PTM - Workflow
Asset – Transformer data
Once the Overview and Location section is filled with data, click on the “Asset” tab on the PTM left panel, as
shown in Figure 41. The “Asset” section of the software is where all of the nameplate information of the
transformer and its ancillary equipment (i.e. bushings, tap changers, and surge arresters) will be entered.
NOTICE
 The “Asset” section may change based on the previous selections.
 Information should be entered accurately as certain information can influence test settings, wiring
diagrams as well as test instructions.
In short, the mandatory transformer parameters for correct execution and assessment of the short-circuit
impedance or leakage reactance measurement are the following:
• Number of phases
• Vector group
• Rated frequency

• Tap changer information (if applicable)
• Voltage ratings
• Impedance settings with
o Base power
o Base voltage
o Tap changer position (if applicable)
Detailed workflow for defining the Asset section
Once the main transformer nameplate information is complete, notice that the “Asset” section expands into
four tabs, including the “Transformer”, “Bushings”, “Tap Changers”, and “Surge Arresters” sections, as
highlighted in Figure 41. Usually is it recommended that these four sections are completed from left-to-right,
starting with the section “Transformer”. For the short-circuit impedance measurement, the recommended
workflow is to first define the basic transformer settings, then the tap changer and finally going back to the
“Transformer” section defining the impedance values for different tap positions (if applicable).
1 2 3 4
Figure 41 - PTM - Transformer – Main Sections
NOTICE
 The following points only state necessary information in relation to the short-circuit impedance
measurement.
Remain in the “Transformer” section and scroll down to the “Winding configuration” section.
By entering the correct winding configuration and vector group of the transformer you would like to test, the
PTM software will provide the correct connection diagrams for the available tests.

Select if it is a one-phase or three phase transformer
Click on the “Select Winding Configuration” box to

populate the vector group of the transformer
Figure 42 - PTM – Winding configuration
The voltage ratings, as well the rated frequency of the transformer, are mandatory fields for a correct
calculation. These values determine the maximum applied voltage for each test (where applicable) as well
as defining the applied test settings for various tests.
Figure 43 – Power transformer – Nominal voltage and frequency ratings
In the next step, define the OLTC/DETC (if present) within the tap changer section and if it is located on the
primary or secondary winding, number of taps and voltage table.
Optional
Define the location of the

tap changer and number
of taps
Figure 44 - PTM - Define tap changer

As a final step, the impedance values for the short-circuit impedance should be entered.
Figure 45 – Impedance values
• Short-circuit impedance uk (%) – This value is used as reference for the calculation of the
percentage deviation of the measured short-circuit impedance.
• Base power – Base power used for calculating the percent values of impedances
• Base voltage – Base voltage used for calculating the percent values of impedances
• Load losses Pk – This value is needed for calculating the imaginary part of the short-circuit
impedance (reactance), which at the same time is used as reference for the calculation of the
percentage deviation of the measured short-circuit reactance.
• OLTC position – This indicates the OLTC position at which the short-circuit impedance shown in
the nameplate was measured.
• DETC position – This indicates the DETC position at which the short-circuit impedance shown in
the nameplate was measured.
NOTICE
 Values can be obtained from the transformer nameplate or from the FAT report.
 Check that the correct values depending on the OLTC/DETC position are entered.
 Enter a reference temperature to perform an automatic temperature compensation of the
obtained resistance values (required for assessment).
 Temperature correction is based on the conductor material which is selected in the Asset
secion (Others)

Tests – Creating the Test Plan
Figure 46 - Test section
Once all of the relevant nameplate information have been entered, click on the “Tests” tab located on the left
panel of the PTM software. Once the “Tests” tab is selected, the PTM software will automatically generate
the “recommended” test plan, based on the nameplate information that was entered in the “Asset” section.
Please complete the test plan by following the guidelines provided in Figure 46.
Available tests
A list of all available tests which can be performed on this particular transformer, based on the nameplate
information entered in the Asset section. If you would like to add one or more tests to the “Test Queue”,
simply click the plus (“+”) symbol to the right of the test you would like to add.
Selected tests
This column is the current “Test Queue” and corresponds to the tests shown in the left panel of the PTM
software. To remove a test from the “Test Queue”, click the “X” to the right of the name of the test you would
like to remove. The tests in the “Test Queue” can be arranged in any order that you would like. Simply click
and drag the name of the test you would like to move up or down the “Test Queue”.
Global test settings
This column represents global test settings that can be applied to specific tests. For example, the
temperatures entered can be used for temperature correction in individual tests.
Finally, select the Short Circuit Impedance / Leakage Reactance test you want to execute from the test
queue on the left panel of PTM in order to start testing.

Performing Measurements with CPC 100 + PTM
Connect the CPC 100 to the transformer

Connect the CPC 100 according to the wiring diagram following the test instructions.
Figure 47 - CPC 100 Exemplary Wiring Diagram and Test instructions
NOTICE
 The wiring diagram is automatically updated, depending on the selected test and phase
Settings and conditions
Figure 48 – CPC 100 - Settings and conditions
• Measurement settings
o Test current – Please also refer to 11.2 Recommended CPC 100 Output Settings.
o OLTC – Select the current tap position of the transformer.
• Test conditions
o Custom test conditions – Enable this for calculating the temperature correction factor
based on the winding temperature and the reference temperature
o Winding temperature – State the current winding temperature for the temperature
compensation.
o Temperature correction – Enable this for an automatic assessment according to IEC/IEEE.
o Reference temperature – State a reference temperature for the temperature correction
factor.

NOTICE
 Enable the option “Show FRSL results” to include the frequency of stray losses results.
 If a winding temperature was previously entered in the global test conditions section, then the
local test settings will automatically override the temperature for this test.
 To enable the short-circuit impedance auto-assessment, the measurements must be
temperature corrected.
Assessment settings
If the impedance values have been defined in the “Asset” section and the temperature correction has been
enabled, an automatic assessment according to IEC/IEEE can be performed.
Figure 49 – Assessment settings for the short-circuit impedance measurement with the CPC 100
Execute the test

Press the green “Start” button of the Phase you want to measure in the PTM Software.
Press the start button on the CPC 100 test set to start the test once the following window is visible.
Figure 50 Pop-up window information to start the test

Table/Plot View
After the corresponding tests have been executed, the assessment will be stated in the table view, graphs
are visualized in the plot view.
Figure 51 – Table view (CPC 100)
Figure 52 – Plot view (CPC 100)

Performing Measurements with TESTRANO 600 + PTM
Connect the TESTRANO 600 to the transformer

Connect the TESTRANO 600 according to the wiring diagram to the transformer following the test
instructions.
Figure 53 - TESTRANO 600 wiring diagram and test instructions
Define settings and conditions
Figure 54 – TESTRANO 600 - Settings and conditions
• Measurement settings
o Test current – Applied test current.
• Test conditions
o Temperature correction – Enable for an automatic assessment according to IEC/IEEE.
o Winding material – Stated winding material based on the Asset settings.
o Winding temperature – State the current winding temperature for the temperature
compensation.
o Reference temperature – State a reference temperature for the temperature correction
factor.
NOTICE
 If a winding temperature was previously entered in the global test conditions section, then the
local test settings will automatically override the temperature for this test.
 To enable the short-circuit impedance auto-assessment, the measurements must be
temperature corrected.
Assessment settings
If the impedance values have been defined in the “Asset” section and the temperature correction has been
enabled, an automatic assessment according IEC/IEEE can be performed.
Figure 55 - Assessment settings for the short-circuit impedance measurement with the TESTRANO 600
Execute the test

First, select the corresponding tap changer position within the “Measurements” section.
Figure 56 – Selection of tap-changer position
Press the green ”Start” button within the PTM software.
Figure 57 - PTM Start button (for TESTRANO 600)
Press the start button on the TESTRANO 600 test set to start the test once the following window is visible.
Figure 58 – Pop-up window information to start the test

Results/Plot View
After the corresponding tests have been executed, the assessment will be stated in the results view while
the plot view gives a graphical comparison to the stated reference values plot view.
Figure 59 – Results view (TESTRANO 600)
Figure 60 – Plot view (TESTRANO 600)

Support
When you are working with our products we want to provide you with the greatest possible
benefits. If you need any support, we are here to assist you.
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www.omicronenergy.com/support
At our technical support hotline, you can reach well-educated technicians for all of your
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CPC 100 TESTRANO 600 AppNote Power Transformer Short Circuit Impedance 2017 ENU

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CPC 100 TESTRANO 600 AppNote Power Transformer Short Circuit Impedance 2017 ENU

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Application Note

Measurement of Short-Circuit Impedance, Leakage

Lukas Klingenschmid | lukas.klingenschmid@omicronenergy.com

Related OMICRON Product

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1 Safety instructions ................................................................................................................................5

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 Carefully read the contents of these instructions as well as the manuals of

2 Using this Document

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• In particular, read all safety instructions and follow them.

• Do not use the test equipment without a good connection to ground.

• EN 50191 (VDE 0104) "Erection and Operation of Electrical Equipment".

• EN 50110-1 (VDE 0105 Part 100) "Operation of Electrical Installations".

• LAPG 1710.6 NASA "Electrical Safety".

© OMICRON 2017 Page 6 of 52

IEEE C57.12.90 Standard Test Code for Liquid-Immersed Power Transformers.

IEEE Guide for Diagnostic Field Testing of Fluid-Filled Power

IEEE 62 Guide for Diagnostic Field Testing of Electric Power Apparatus

IEC 60076-1 International Standard for Power Transformers

Always observe the five safety rules:

 Caution: Never touch any terminal without a visible ground connection!

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Equipment damage or loss of data possible.

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Before Starting (CPC 100)

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Why Short-Circuit Impedance Measurements?

When should a Short-Circuit Impedance Measurement be performed?

Typically, short-circuit impedance measurements are performed after:

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A current-carrying conductor has a mechanical force which acts on the winding

Figure 1 - Radial forces in windings

Free buckling is one example of possible mechanical deformation as depicted in Figure 2.

Figure 2 –Radial forces and and examples of deformations (free Buckling)

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Figure 3 – Effects of axial forces on windings

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Figure 5 – Short-circuit impedance setup for single-phase transformers

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The overall short-circuit impedance can then be calculated to:

In addition, the absolute value of impedance is calculated to:

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Figure 7 - Short-circuit impedance results

Phase A & C – small cross-section

Phase B big cross-section

Figure 8 - Short-circuit impedance measurement plot view

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Comparison of Power Losses

Comparison of Leakage Reactances

Difference between factory and on-site results

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8 Measurement method – Three-phase equivalent test

Figure 12 – CPC 100 (left) and TESTRANO 600 (right)

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Short-circuit impedance calculation

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Short-circuit impedance calculation

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Figure 15 - Current and voltage distribution for a star winding configuration

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Figure 16 – Single-phase measurement setup