‫مسزد البقاء على قيد الحياة‬

‫خارطت طزيق للصحافت واإلنتزنت‬

‫إعداد‪ /‬سحز سعيد نىر الدين‬

‫‪House of Light Foundation‬‬

‫‪2010‬‬
 ‫إعداد‪ /‬سحز سعيد نىر الدين‬

‫مسزد البقاء على قيد الحياة‬

‫خارطت طزيق للصحافت واإلنتزنت‬
‫مؤسست بيج اىىىر‪ :‬مؤسست غير حنىميت‪ ...‬مسخقيت حهذف إىى اىخأثير وإحذاد حغيير إجخماعي إيجابي في اىمجخمع مه‬
‫خاله إيجاد قياداث فاعيت‪ ,‬وبىاء اىقذراث بما يخىامب مع اىخىميت ومخطيباحها‪ .‬وىيمزيذ مه اىمعيىماث‪ ،‬اىرجاء‬
‫اىمبادرة إىى االحصاه بىا‪.‬‬

‫‪houseoflight.fdn@Gmail.com‬‬

‫‪Twitter: http://twitter.com/HouseofLightfdn‬‬

‫‪Facebook: House of Light Foundation - Yemen‬‬

‫© ؾ‪٪‬ٺِ ق‪ٞ‬ٴ‪ ٛ‬ج‪٥‬ٮؾش ‪٩‬ك‪ٚ‬ٴٍس ‪٪٥‬إعغس ذٺص ج‪٥‬ٮٴس‪ ,2010 ،‬ٳٹؿٴص ‪٪٦٥‬ٮَ‪٪‬حش ٕٺش ج‪٥‬شذكٺس أ‪ ٫‬ضْٺذ ٭ؾش أٳ ٭غخ ٱزٯ‬
‫ج‪٪٥‬ٴجد‪ ،‬ؽشه أ‪ ٫‬ضز‪١‬ش "‪٩‬إعغس ذٺص ج‪٥‬ٮٴس" ‪٩‬قذسجً ‪٥‬ٲح‪ .‬جضق‪ ٤‬ذح‪٪٥‬إعغس ‪٦٥‬كقٴ‪٦ّ ٣‬ٶ ‪٦ْ٩‬ٴ‪٩‬حش ّ‪ ٬‬عر‪ ٤‬ج‪٥‬غ‪٪‬حـ‬
‫ذحعطْ‪٪‬ح‪٩ ٣‬ؿ‪٪‬ٴّس ج‪٪٥‬ٴجد ٽٕشجك ضؿحسٹس‪.‬‬

‫٭شقد ذاسعح‪ ٣‬أٷ ضْ‪٦‬ٺ‪ ٜ‬أٳ عإج‪ ٣‬ٹ‪ ٰ٥ ٬٢٪‬أ‪ ٫‬ٹػشٷ ٳٹغحّذ ‪ٙ‬ٸ ضيٴٹش ٱزج ج‪٥‬ذ‪٥‬ٺ‪ٙ ،٤‬ڂ ضطشدد ‪ٙ‬ٸ جځضقح‪ ٣‬ذٮح ّرش‬
‫ج‪٥‬رشٹذ جٿ‪٢٥‬طشٳ٭ٸ‪houseoflight.fdn@Gmail.com :‬‬

‫‪This work is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution 3.0 Unported License. To view a‬‬
‫‪copy of this license, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/3.0/ or send a letter to‬‬
‫‪Creative Commons, 171 Second Street, Suite 300, San Francisco, California, 94105, USA.‬‬
 ‫اىشريل في إعذاد اىنخيب‬

‫‪ٞ٥‬ذ جؾط‪ ٬٩ ٤١ ِ٪‬ج‪٥‬قكح‪ٙ‬ٺٺ‪ ٬‬ٳ سٳجد ج‪٥‬ط‪٢‬ٮٴ‪٥‬ٴؾٺح ‪ ِ٩‬ذْنٲ‪ ٨‬ج‪٥‬رْل ٳ ر‪ ٠٥‬ځ‪ ٫‬ج‪٥‬ؾش‪١‬حش ج‪٥‬ش‪٪ٝ‬ٺس ٳ جځ٭طش٭ص أفركص‬
‫ئ‪٩‬رشجىٴسٹحش ئّڂ‪٩‬ٺس ‪.‬ذْل جٽقٺح‪ ٫‬ٹي‪ ٜ٦‬ج‪٥‬قكح‪ٙ‬ٺٴ‪٦ّ ٫‬ٶ أ٭‪ٚ‬غٲ‪٩ " ٨‬خطش‪ٝ‬ٺ‪٦ّ "٬‬ٶ عرٺ‪ ٤‬ج‪٥‬ذّحذس ٽ٭ٲ‪ ٨‬ٹي‪ٞ٦‬ٴ‪٫‬‬
‫ج‪٪٦٢٥‬حش ذْٮ٘ ‪ٙ‬ٸ أٷ ‪٩‬ٴ‪ .٘ٝ‬ٹغطخذ‪ ٧‬ج‪٪٥‬خطش‪ٝ‬ٴ‪ ٫‬ىشٹ‪ٞ‬س س‪٪ٝ‬ٺس ‪٩‬ؾحذٲس ‪٥‬كزٗ ج‪٥‬ؾ‪ٚ‬شجش‪.‬‬

‫‪ Hacks/Hackers‬ضرز‪ ٣‬ؾٲذٱح ‪ٙ‬ٸ ضقٖٺش ج‪٥‬ٲٴز ذٺ‪ ٬‬ج‪٪٥‬ؿح‪٥‬ٺ‪ .٬‬ٳ ض‪ٞ‬ٴ‪ ٧‬ذح‪١‬طؾحٗ ض‪٢‬ٮٴ‪٥‬ٴؾٺح ‪ْ٥‬شك ٳ ٭ؾش ٳ ‪ٙ‬شص‬
‫ج‪٦ْ٪٥‬ٴ‪٩‬حش ذحٿمح‪ٙ‬س ئ‪٥‬ٶ ج‪٥‬كقٴ‪٦ّ ٣‬ٶ ٳ ٭ؾش ج‪ٞ٥‬قـ‪ .‬ٹْطرش ‪٩ Hacks/Hackers‬ؿط‪ْ٪‬ح ج‪٢٥‬طشٳ٭ٺح س‪٪ٝ‬ٺح‬
‫‪٥‬پؽخحؿ ج‪٥‬زٹ‪ ٬‬ٹغْٴ‪ ٫‬ٿ‪٥‬ٲح‪ ٧‬ذْنٲ‪ ٨‬ج‪٥‬رْل ‪٩ ,‬ؾحس‪١‬س ج‪٦ْ٪٥‬ٴ‪٩‬حش (ٳ ج‪٥‬ؾ‪ٚ‬شز) ٳ ج‪٥‬طْحٳ‪ْ٩ ٫‬ح ‪٥‬خ‪٩ ٜ٦‬غط‪ٞ‬ر‪ ٤‬جٿّڂ‪٧‬‬
‫ٳ ج‪٥‬قكح‪ٙ‬س‪.‬‬

‫ذذأش ‪ٙ Hacks/Hackers‬ٸ ّح‪ 2009 ٧‬ذ‪ٞ‬حّذز ‪٢٩‬ٴ٭س ‪ ٬٩‬غڂظ أؽخحؿ ‪٩‬ٲط‪٪‬ٺ‪ٙ ٬‬ٸ ض‪ٞ‬حىِ ‪٦٥‬قكح‪ٙ‬س ٳ‬
‫ج‪٥‬ط‪٢‬ٮٴ‪٥‬ٴؾٺح‪ .‬ٹي‪ ٜ٦‬ج‪٥‬قكح‪ٙ‬ٺٴ‪٦ّ ٫‬ٶ أ٭‪ٚ‬غٲ‪ ٨‬جع‪ "hacks " ٨‬ٳ ٱٴ ج‪٥‬ؾخـ ج‪٥‬زٷ ٹي‪ ٜ٦‬ج‪٪٦٢٥‬حش ج‪ْ٥‬ٮٺ‪ٚ‬س ‪ٙ‬ٸ أٷ ‪٩‬ٴ‪.٘ٝ‬‬
‫ذٺٮ‪٪‬ح ‪٩‬قي‪٦‬ف ‪ Hackers‬ٹي‪٦ّ ٜ٦‬ٶ ‪ ٬٩‬ٹ‪ٞ‬ٴ‪ ٧‬ذكزٗ ج‪٥‬ؾ‪ٚ‬شجش جځ‪٢٥‬طشٳ٭ٺس‪ٙ .‬ٸ ‪٩‬ذٹٮس ‪٩‬حعحضؾٴعطظ ض‪ّٞ ٨‬ذ ‪٩‬إض‪٪‬ش‬
‫ض‪ ٨‬ضٮَٺ‪ٝ ٬٩ ٰ٪‬ر‪٩ ٤‬إعغس ؾٴ‪ ٫‬ٳ ؾحٹ‪٪‬ظ ٭حٹص ‪ ,‬أسٳ‪ ٫‬ذٺ‪٦‬ٲٴ‪ٙ‬ش ‪ ٬٩‬ج‪٥‬ٮٺٴٹٴس‪ ٟ‬ضحٹ‪٪‬ض ٳ سٹطؼ ؾٴسدٳ‪٩ ٬٩ ٫‬ذسعس‬
‫‪٩‬ٺذٹ‪٦٥ ٤‬قكح‪ٙ‬س ج‪٥‬طحذْس ‪٥‬ؿح‪ْ٩‬س ٭ٴسغٴٹغطش‪,٫‬ٳ ج‪ٝ‬طشـ ‪ٙ‬ٸ ج‪٪٥‬إض‪٪‬ش ضٮَٺ‪ ٨‬ؽر‪٢‬س ‪ ٬٩‬جٽؽخحؿ ‪٩‬ٲط‪٪‬ٺ‪ ٬‬ذطيٴٹشج‪٥‬طيرٺ‪ٞ‬حش‬
‫ج‪٥‬ش‪٪ٝ‬ٺس ‪/‬ؽر‪٢‬س ج‪٥‬ٴٹد ٳ ج‪٥‬ط‪٢‬ٮٴ‪٥‬ٴؾٺح جځذط‪٢‬حسٹس ٳ دّ‪ ٨‬سعح‪٥‬س ٳ أٱذجٗ ج‪٥‬قكح‪ٙ‬س ‪.‬‬
‫‪ٙ‬ٸ ٭‪ٚ‬ظ ج‪٥‬ٴ‪ٝ‬ص ‪ٙ ,‬ٸ ٳجدٷ ج‪٥‬غٺ‪٦‬ٺ‪٢‬ٴ‪ , ٫‬ذٴسش ٱٺش‪٩‬ح‪٩ ,٫‬شجع‪ ٤‬عحذ‪ ٜ‬قحف‪٦ّ ٤‬ٶ ص‪٩‬ح‪٥‬س ٭حٹص ‪٦٥‬قكح‪ٙ‬س ‪ ٬٩‬ؾح‪ْ٩‬س‬
‫عطح٭‪ٚ‬ٴسد‪ ,‬أ٭ؾأ ‪٩‬ؿ‪ ٪‬ٴّس ضشذو ذٺ‪٩ ٬‬ؿط‪ْ٪‬حش ج‪٥‬قكح‪ٙ‬س ٳ ج‪٥‬ط‪٢‬ٮٴ‪٥‬ٴؾٺح ٳؾٲح ‪٥‬ٴؾٰ ‪٥‬طٮ‪ٞ‬ٺف جٽ‪٢ٙ‬حس ٳ ج‪٥‬ركع ّ‪ ٬‬ضْحٳ‪٫‬‬
‫‪٩‬غط‪ٞ‬ر‪٦‬ٸ‪.‬‬
‫‪ ٬٩‬أؾضجء ‪٩‬خط‪ٚ٦‬س ‪ ٬٩‬ج‪٥‬رڂد (ج‪٥‬ٴځٹحش ج‪٪٥‬طكذز جٽ‪٩‬شٹ‪٢‬ٺس) جؾط‪ْ٪‬ٮح ّ‪٦‬ٶ ‪٩‬غ‪٪‬ٶ ‪١ Hacks and Hackers‬يشٹ‪ٞ‬س‬
‫‪٥‬ٴف٘ ج‪٪٥‬ؿ‪٪‬ٴّس ٳ ٱذ‪ٙ‬ٲح ج‪٥‬شتٺظ‪ .‬ٱزٯ ج‪٪٥‬قي‪٦‬كحش ضؾشـ ج‪ٖ٪٥‬ضٵ ‪ ٬٩‬ذٮحء ٱزٯ ج‪٥‬ؾر‪٢‬س عٴجء ّ‪٦‬ٶ ؽر‪٢‬س جځ٭طش٭ص‬
‫أٳ ‪ٙ‬ٸ ج‪٥‬كٺحز ج‪٥‬ك‪ٞ‬ٺ‪ٞ‬ٺس ‪ ِ٩‬أؽخحؿ ٹْ‪٦٪‬ٴ‪ٙ ٫‬ٸ ج‪٥‬ٴ‪ٝ‬ص ج‪٥‬ك‪ٞ‬ٺ‪ٞ‬ٸ ‪.‬‬
‫قح‪٥‬ٺح غڂغس أؽخحؿ ٹْ‪٦٪‬ٴ‪٦ّ ٫‬ٶ ذٮحء ‪٩‬ؿط‪٥ Hacks/Hackers ِ٪‬ز‪ ٠٥‬٭شقد ذ‪٪‬ؾحس‪١‬ط‪ ٨٢‬ٳ ج‪ٝ‬طشجقحض‪. ٨٢‬‬
‫ٱزٯ ج‪٪٥‬ؿ‪٪‬ٴّس ضؿ‪٦‬د جٽؽخحؿ ؾ‪٪‬ٺْح ج‪٥‬زٹ‪ ٬‬ٹْ‪٦٪‬ٴ‪٪٥ ٫‬غحّذز جٻخشٹ‪٦ّ ٬‬ٶ ئقذجظ ضٖٺٺش ‪ٙ‬ٸ ّح‪٪٥‬ٲ‪ .٨‬ج٭ٰ ذح‪٥‬ٮغرس ‪٤٥‬‬
‫‪ hackers‬ج‪١‬طؾحٗ ض‪٢‬ٮٴ‪٥‬ٴؾٺح ‪ٚ٥‬شص ٳ ّشك ج‪٦ْ٪٥‬ٴ‪٩‬حش ٳ ‪٦٥‬قكح‪ٙ‬ٺٺ‪ ٬‬جعطخذج‪ ٧‬ج‪٥‬ط‪٢‬ٮٴ‪٥‬ٴؾٺح ‪٦٥‬كقٴ‪٦ّ ٣‬ٶ ٳ ّشك‬
‫ج‪ٞ٥‬قـ‪ٙ .‬ٸ ّقش ج‪٦ْ٪٥‬ٴ‪٩‬حضٺس ‪ ٤٪ّ ,‬ج‪٥‬ؿ‪٪‬ٺِ أفرف ‪٩‬ٲ‪٪‬ح ‪ٖ٦٥‬حٹس‪ .‬٭ك‪ ٬‬٭ٲذٗ ئ‪٥‬ٶ ‪٩‬غحّذز جٽّنحء ‪٦٥‬كقٴ‪٦ّ ٣‬ٶ‬
‫ج‪٥‬ٲح‪ ٧‬ٳ ج‪٥‬ط‪٢ٚ‬ٺش ذيش‪ ٛ‬ؾذٹذز ‪٥‬ؿ‪٦‬د ج‪٪٥‬ؾحس‪١‬ٺ‪ ٬‬ج‪٪٥‬كط‪٦٪‬ٺ‪٪٦٥ ٬‬ؾحسٹِ ج‪٥‬ؿذٹذز‪.‬‬
‫ٳ‪٦٥‬طْشٗ أ‪١‬ػش ّٮح ‪ ،‬ج‪٥‬شؾحء صٹحسز ج‪٪٥‬ٴ‪ ِٝ‬ج‪٥‬طح‪٥‬ٸ ‪http://bit.ly/dA55Gb :‬‬
 ‫ميمت ممثو اىشريل‬

Those of us at Hacks/Hackers are very excited to see our glossary translated into other
languages, especially this Arabic version. It expands the reach of what we are trying to
do, bring technology and journalism together.

We are excited this can happen around the world. We at Hacks/Hackers practice what
we preach.

This glossary is a crowdsourced document that provides a guide to technologies involved

in modern content distribution. It is distributed under a Creative Commons License. We
hope you will take this version and continue to expand it, and give back.

Thank you to the House of Light Foundation for taking this and running with it, so the
Arabic-speaking world can share our knowledge

‫ ٳ‬.‫ْشذٺس‬٥‫ٮغخس ج‬٥‫ٖحش ّذٹذز ٳ خحفس ج‬٥ ‫ٶ‬٥‫ح ئ‬٪‫طشؾ‬٩ ‫غشد٭ح‬٩ ‫شؤٹس‬٥ ‫ ؾذج‬٫‫غٴ‬٪‫طك‬٩ Hacks/Hackers ‫ٸ‬ٙ ٬‫٭ك‬
‫كذٳظ‬٥ ٫‫غٴ‬٪‫طك‬٩ ٬‫ ٳ ٭ك‬.٬‫ٺ‬٩‫غطخذ‬٪٥‫ْح ٳ ضٴعٺِ دجتشز ج‬٩ ‫س‬ٙ‫قكح‬٥‫ٴؾٺح ذح‬٥‫ٮٴ‬٢‫ط‬٥‫ؽ ج‬٩‫ٶ د‬٦ّ ٬‫حدسٹ‬ٝ ‫ٮح‬٦ْ‫ح عٺؿ‬٩ ‫ٱزج‬
.٨٥‫ْح‬٥‫ٸ ج‬ٙ ٠٥‫ر‬

‫ٺڂ‬٥‫ح ٳ د‬٩‫قذسج ٱح‬٩ ٤‫ػ‬٪‫غشد ٹ‬٪٥‫ ٱزج ج‬٫‫ا‬ٙ ٠٥‫ز‬٥ ٰ٦‫ح ٭ذّٴ ٽؾ‬٩ ‫حسط ٳ ٭ؿشخ‬٪‫ ٭‬Hacks/Hackers ‫ٸ‬ٙ ٬‫٭ك‬
Creative Common ‫غشد ضكص ضقشٹف‬٪٥‫ ٭ؾش ٱزج ج‬٨‫ ٳ ض‬.‫كطٴٵ‬٪٥‫ٸ ٭ؾش ج‬ٙ ‫كذٹػس‬٥‫ٴؾٺح ج‬٥‫ٮٴ‬٢‫ط‬٥‫ ج‬٧‫ځعطخذج‬
License.

‫ ٳ‬. ‫ؿذٹذز‬٥‫طٰ ج‬٦‫ٸ ق‬ٙ ‫ ضْٺذٯ‬٨‫ غ‬٬٩ ‫ش ذطيٴٹشٯ‬٪‫ ضغط‬٫‫غشد ٳ أ‬٪٥‫ ٱزج ج‬٬٩ ‫ٶ ٭غخس‬٦ّ ٣‫كقٴ‬٥‫ ج‬٬٩ ٬٢٪‫ ضط‬٫‫ٮٶ أ‬٪‫٭ط‬
٬٩ ‫حدز‬ٚ‫ٸ جځعط‬ٙ ‫ْشذٺس‬٥‫ ذح‬٬‫ٺ‬ٞ‫ٮحى‬٥‫ ج‬٬٩ ٬‫ٺ‬٩‫غطخذ‬٪٥‫س ج‬١‫ؾحس‬٩ ‫خيٴز ٳ‬٥‫ش مؤسست بيج اىىىر ٽخزٱح ٱزٯ ج‬٢‫ذذٳس٭ح ٭ؾ‬ 1
.‫غشد‬٪٥‫ غٮحٹح ج‬٬‫س ذٺ‬ٙ‫ْش‬٪٥‫ج‬

‫و اىشنر اىجزيو ىجىيفير ىي و اىخي حعمو ممىظم مساعذ في مىقع‬

Jennifer 8. Lee (Co-Organizer)

: ‫ٸ‬٥ ‫ٺش‬ٚ‫ؾٮٺ‬

ِ‫ٺس ځ ضطر‬ٙ‫قكح‬١ ٤٪ْ‫حسد ض‬ٙ‫ْس ٱحس‬٩‫ خشٹؿس ؾح‬. ٟ‫ذٹٮس ٭ٺٴٹٴس‬٩ ‫ٸ‬ٙ Hacks/Hackers ‫ٸ‬ٙ ٟ‫ؾحس‬٩ ‫ ٳ ّنٴ‬٨َ‫ٮ‬٩
‫ٸ‬ٙ ‫ ضخققص‬. "‫طٸ ٭كد‬٥‫ٮغحء ج‬٥‫" ٳ " ج‬٫‫ " ضحسٹخ جٿ٭غح‬:٨‫طحخ ذحع‬١ ‫ص‬ٚ٥‫أ‬ٙ ‫طحذٺس‬١ ‫ٲح ضؿحسخ‬٥ . ‫ْٺٮح‬٩ ‫خيح‬
.‫ٺس‬٩‫ٮح‬٥‫ ج‬٫‫ذج‬٦‫ر‬٥‫ٸ ج‬ٙ ‫طحز‬ٚ٥‫ ج‬٨‫ٺ‬٦ْ‫ؾحسٹْٲح ض‬٩ ٬٩ . TED.com ٣‫ خڂ‬٬٩ ‫ جٽخرحس‬٤‫ر‬ٞ‫غط‬٪‫ ذ‬٨‫ ضٲط‬. ‫ٺس‬ٞ‫طيرٺ‬٥‫شٹحمٺحش ج‬٥‫ج‬
 ‫‪1‬‬
‫اىمقذمت‬

‫ّٮذ ضق‪ٚ‬كٮح ‪٥‬ڂ٭طش٭ص ضشد ّ‪٦‬ٶ أّٺٮٮح‪ ,‬ؾٺثس ٳئٹحذح‪ ,‬ج‪٢٥‬ػٺش ‪ ٬٩‬ج‪٪٥‬قي‪٦‬كحش ذح‪ٖ٦٥‬س جځ٭ؿ‪٦‬ٺضٹس‪ ,‬ٳج‪٢٥‬ػٺش ‪٩‬ٮٲح ٹذجّد‬
‫‪ٙ‬نٴ‪٥‬ٮح ‪٥‬ٮْشٗ ‪ْ٩‬ٮحٯ‪ .‬ٳ‪٪١‬غطخذ‪٩‬ٺ‪ ٬‬ٽدٳجش جٿّڂ‪ ٧‬جځؾط‪٪‬حّٸ ځذذ ‪٥‬ٮح ‪ْ٩ ٬٩‬ش‪ٙ‬س ٱزٯ ج‪٪٥‬قي‪٦‬كحش‪ ,‬ٳځ ٭غطػٮٸ ‪٬٩‬‬
‫ر‪ ٠٥‬ج‪ٚ٥‬نٴ‪ ٣‬أٳ‪٥‬ث‪ ٠‬ج‪ْ٥‬ح‪٦٩‬ٺ‪ ٬‬خ‪ ٘٦‬ف‪ٚ‬كحش جځ٭طش٭ص‪ ,‬عٴجء أ‪١‬ح٭ٴج ‪٩‬يٴسٷ ذشج‪٩‬ؽ‪ ,‬أٳ ‪ٙ‬ٮٺٸ فٺح٭س‪ ,‬أٳ قطٶ ٱٴجز‬
‫ذش‪٩‬ؿس ج‪٥‬كحعٴخ‪.‬‬

‫ٳعٴجء ‪١‬ٮح ئّڂ‪٩‬ٺٺ‪ ,٬‬فك‪ٚ‬ٺٺ‪٩ ,٬‬رش‪٩‬ؿٺ‪ ٬‬أٳ قطٶ ‪٩‬ذٳ٭ٺ‪ ٬‬ٱٴجز‪ٙ ,‬ڂذذ ‪٥‬ٮح ‪ْ٩ ٬٩‬ش‪ٙ‬س ‪٩‬ح ضْٮٺٰ ٱزٯ ج‪٪٦٢٥‬حش ج‪٥‬طٸ ‪٥‬يح‪٪٥‬ح‬
‫ضَ‪ ٤‬ؽ‪ٚ‬شجش ئ‪٥‬ٶ أ‪ ٫‬٭طْشٗ ّ‪٦‬ٶ ‪ْ٩‬ح٭ٺٲح‪ .‬ٳقطٶ ضْ‪ ٨‬ج‪ٚ٥‬حتذز‪ ,‬أضٶ ٱزج ج‪٥‬ذ‪٥‬ٺ‪٤‬؛ ‪٥‬ٺ‪٢‬ٴ‪ ٫‬ذ‪٪‬ػحذس ‪ٝ‬ح‪٩‬ٴط ‪٪٦٥‬قي‪٦‬كحش ج‪٥‬ط‪ٞ‬ٮٺس‬
‫ج‪٪٥‬رٲ‪٪‬س‪ .‬ٳ‪٪٦ْ٥‬ٮح ذأ‪٩ ٫‬ػ‪ ٤‬ٱزٯ ج‪٪٥‬قي‪٦‬كحش ٹط‪ ٨‬ضكذٹػٲح ذؾ‪ ٤٢‬عشٹِ ٳضضدجد ذؾ‪ ٤٢‬ٱحت‪ٙ ,٤‬ا٭ٮح ّ‪٦‬ٶ جعطْذجد ذأ‪ ٫‬٭رز‪٣‬‬
‫‪ ٤١‬ؾٲذ ‪٥‬طكذٹع ٱزج ج‪٥‬ذ‪٥‬ٺ‪٪٦١ ٤‬ح ‪٥‬ض‪ ٧‬جٽ‪٩‬ش‪.‬‬

‫٭ط‪٪‬ٮٶ ‪ٙ ٨٢٥‬حتذز ‪٩‬غطذج‪٩‬س‪ ,‬ٳأ‪ ٫‬ضؿذٳج مح‪٥‬ط‪ ٨٢‬ذٺ‪ ٬‬غٮحٹح ٱزج ج‪٥‬ذ‪٥‬ٺ‪.٤‬‬
 2

- API (Application Programming Interface)

The way computer programs share data and functionality with other computer programs.
APIs are an increasingly critical part of the Internet's interconnection. Many say that the
future of the Internet lies in APIs because they help distribute and combine content. On
the Web, APIs are generally special URLs that give back machine-readable data, in
formats like JSON or XML, rather than human-readable data, which is usually
HTML. Facebook,Twitter and Google Maps all have APIs that allow other websites or
computer programs to use their underlying tools.The New York Times and NPR have
also released APIs that allow other programs to draw on archives of movie reviews,
restaurant reviews and articles.

‫ٺس‬ٞ‫طيرٺ‬٥‫ؽ ج‬٩‫رشج‬٥‫ ٳٳجؾٲس ج‬,‫ؽ جٽخشٵ‬٩‫رشج‬٥‫ِ ج‬٩ ٤‫طؾٖٺ‬٥‫رٺح٭حش ٳج‬٥‫س ج‬١‫ؾحس‬٪٥ ‫رٺٴضش‬٪٢٥‫ؽ ج‬٩‫ٲح ذشج‬٩‫طٸ ضغطخذ‬٥‫س ج‬ٞ‫يشٹ‬٥‫ج‬
‫حش؛‬ٞ‫طيرٺ‬٥‫ٶ ٱزٯ ج‬٦ّ ‫ذ‬٪‫ جځ٭طش٭ص ٹْط‬٤‫ر‬ٞ‫غط‬٩ ٫‫ ئ‬٫‫ػٺشٳ‬٢٥‫ ج‬٣‫ٴ‬ٞ‫ ٹ‬.‫س جځ٭طش٭ص‬٢‫ؾر‬٥ ‫ٸ‬٦‫ذجخ‬٥‫ ج‬٣‫ جځضقح‬٬٩ ٨‫ؿضء جٽٱ‬٥‫ضْذ ج‬
‫طٸ ضْيٸ‬٥‫ ٳج‬URLs ٫‫ٴ‬٢‫ح ض‬٩ ‫حش ّحدز‬ٞ‫طيرٺ‬٥‫ ٳٳجؾٲس ج‬,‫ٴٹد‬٥‫س ج‬٢‫ٶ ؽر‬٦ّ ‫كطٴٵ‬٪٥‫ؽ ج‬٩‫ٮؾش ٳد‬٥‫ٶ ج‬٦ّ ‫ٽ٭ٲح ضغحّذ‬
‫طٸ‬٥‫ ٳج‬٫‫ جٿ٭غح‬٤‫ر‬ٝ ٬٩ ‫شجءز‬ٞ٦٥ ‫س‬٦‫حذ‬ٝ ‫ ذٺح٭حش‬٬٩ ‫ ذذځ‬XML ‫ أٳ‬JSON ٤‫ػ‬٩ ٔ‫ٸ فٺ‬ٙ ‫س‬٥‫ جٻ‬٤‫ر‬ٝ ٬٩ ‫شجءز‬ٞ٦٥ ‫س‬٦‫حذ‬ٝ ‫ذٺح٭حش‬
ِٝ‫ٴج‬٪٦٥ ‫ف‬٪‫ؿٺس ضغ‬٩‫حش ذش‬ٞ‫ٺْح ٳجؾٲس ضيرٺ‬٪‫ذٹٲح ؾ‬٥ ٤‫ؿٴؾ‬٥‫ ضٴٹطش ٳخشجتو ج‬,ٟ‫حٹغرٴ‬ٙ ِٝ‫ٴ‬٩ .HTML ‫ٱٸ ّحدز‬
‫ف‬٪‫حش ضغ‬ٞ‫طح ٳجؾٲحش ضيرٺ‬ٞ٦‫ أى‬NPR ‫ض ٳ‬٪‫ ضحٹ‬ٟ‫ٮٺٴٹٴس‬٥‫س ج‬ٚ‫ ٳفكٺ‬.‫ أدٳجضٲح‬٧‫رٺٴضش ذحعطخذج‬٪٢٥‫ؽ ج‬٩‫جٽخشٵ أٳ ذشج‬
.‫حځش‬ٞ٪٥‫ ٳج‬٨ّ‫يح‬٪٥‫ ٳج‬,٧‫ڂ‬ٙ‫حش جٽ‬ٞ‫ٺ‬٦ْ‫ أسؽٺ٘ ض‬٧‫ؽ جٽ خشٵ ذحعطخذج‬٩‫رشج‬٦٥

- Android

Usually used in the context of Android phone, Android is a free and open source
operating system developed by Google that powers a variety of mobile phones from
different manufacturers and carriers. It is a rival of the iPhone platform. In contrast to
Apple's tightly controlled architecture and App Store, Android allows users to install apps
from the Android Market and from other channels, such as directly from a developer's
website — which allows for X-rated content, for example. Some well-known Android
phones are the Nexus One, the Motorola Droid and HTC Evo. Expect to see competitors
to the iPad running a version of Android.
 3

٬٩ ‫ ضيٴٹشٯ‬٨‫ؿح٭ٸ ض‬٩ ‫قذس ٳ‬٪٥‫طٴـ ج‬ٚ٩ ٤‫ ضؾٖٺ‬٧‫ ٭َح‬٬ّ ‫ ّرحسز‬Android . Android ٘‫ ٱحض‬ٛ‫ٸ عٺح‬ٙ ‫ ّحدز‬٧‫ضغطخذ‬
‫ٮقس‬٪٥ ‫ظ‬ٙ‫ٮح‬٩ ‫ ٳٱٴ‬.٬‫ آخشٹ‬٬‫حش ٳفح٭ْٺ‬١‫ؾش‬٥ ‫ٲٴجض٘ أخشٵ‬٥ ‫ؽ أخشٵ‬٩‫ص ذطيٴٹش ذشج‬٩‫ح‬ٝ‫ ٳ‬٤‫س ؾٴؾ‬١‫ ؽش‬٤‫ر‬ٝ
‫حش‬ٞ‫ ضيرٺ‬٤‫ٺ‬٪‫ ذطك‬٬‫ٺ‬٩‫غطخذ‬٪٦٥ Android ‫ف‬٪‫ ضغ‬,٤‫ْحسك أذ‬٩‫ٺس ٳ‬٦‫ٺ‬٢‫ٸ ٱٺ‬ٙ ٨٢‫طٸ ضطك‬٥‫ ٳج‬٤‫س أذ‬١‫ ذخڂٗ ؽش‬,iPhone
‫س‬٦‫ػ‬٩‫ أ‬.‫ٰ ذْذ‬٪‫ٺٺ‬ٞ‫ ض‬٨‫ ٹط‬٨٥ ‫كطٴٵ‬٪‫ف ذ‬٪‫ح ٹغ‬٪٩ ‫يٴس‬٪٥‫ِ ج‬ٝ‫ٴ‬٩ ٬٩ ‫حتٺح‬ٞ٦‫ ض‬٤‫ٺ‬٪‫طك‬٥‫ح‬١ ‫ٮٴجش أخشٵ‬ٝ ٬٩ ‫ ٳ‬Android ٛ‫ عٴ‬٬٩
٫‫غٴ‬ٙ‫ٮح‬٩ ٟ‫ ٱٮح‬٫‫ٴ‬٢‫ ٹ‬٫‫ِ أ‬ٝ‫طٴ‬٪٥‫ ج‬٬٩ , HTC Evo ‫ ٳ‬,Nexus One, the Motorola Droid Android ٘‫ٲٴجض‬٥
.Android ٧‫ ٭َح‬٫‫ٴ‬٩‫ ٹغطخذ‬iPad ‫ټٷ ذحد‬٥

- AJAX

A bundle of technologies and techniques that allow a web page to do things quietly in the
background without reloading the whole page. AJAX is not a programming language, but
rather an acronym used to describe that bundle, "Asynchronous Javascript and XML."
AJAX provides much of the functionality associated with Web 2.0. One of the first big
uses of AJAX was Gmail, which allowed it to be much more responsive than other web
e-mail at the time.

‫كس‬ٚ‫ق‬٥‫ ج‬٤‫ٺ‬٪‫ ئّحدز ضك‬٫‫ٺس دٳ‬ٚ٦‫خ‬٥‫ٸ ج‬ٙ ‫ ذٲذٳء‬٧‫ٲح‬٩ ٤٪ّ ‫ٴٹد‬٥‫كس ج‬ٚ‫ق‬٥ ‫ف‬٪‫طٸ ضغ‬٥‫ٮٺحش ج‬ٞ‫ط‬٥‫ٴؾٺح ٳج‬٥‫ٮٴ‬٢‫ط‬٥‫ ج‬٬٩ ‫س‬٩‫قض‬
:‫س‬٩‫كض‬٥‫ٴف٘ ج‬٥ ٧‫ٮٰ جخطقحس ٹغطخذ‬٢٥ ‫ؿس ٳ‬٩‫ٖس ذش‬٥ ‫ٺظ‬٥ . AJAX . ‫س‬٦٩‫ح‬١

‫س‬٩‫ خذ‬.‫ٴٹد‬٥‫ ج‬٬٩ ‫ػح٭ٸ‬٥‫ ج‬٤‫ؿٺ‬٥‫شضريس ذح‬٩ ‫ٺس‬٥‫ْح‬ٙ ‫ ٹضٳد‬AJAX . "Asynchronous Javascript and XML."
‫طشٳ٭ٸ‬٢٥‫رشٹذ جځ‬٥‫حش ضضٳٹذ ج‬٩‫ خذ‬٬٩ ‫ػش‬١‫كص ذحعطؿحذحش أ‬٪‫طٸ ع‬٥‫ ٳج‬AJAX ‫ٸ‬٩‫غطخذ‬٩ ٣‫ أٳ‬٬٩ ‫ ضْطرش‬Gmail
.‫ص‬ٝ‫ٴ‬٥‫ظ ج‬ٚ‫ٸ ٭‬ٙ ‫جٽخشٵ‬

- Atom

A syndication format for machine readable web feeds that is usually accessible via a
URL. While it was created as an alternative to RSS (Real Simple Syndication) to improve
upon RSS's deficiencies (such as ambiguities), it still is secondary to RSS. (See
also, RSS)

‫ بْنًا جى ابحكار ىذه‬,URL ‫صيغت نقابت للنشز لتغذيت الىيب المقزوءة من قبل اآللت والتي يتم الىلىج لها من خالل‬
‫) ًال ّزال اسحخذاييا فِ انًزجبة انثانْة بعذ‬RSS ‫ (غًٌض‬RSS ‫ نحطٌّز حًاّة‬RSS ‫انخذية كبذّم نهحغذّة‬
.)RSS ‫ ( أنظز أّضا‬.RSS
 4

- algorithm

A set of instructions or procedures used in order to accomplish a task, such as creating

search results in Google. In the context of search, algorithms are used to provide the most
relevant results first based on those instructions.

‫ركع‬٥‫ ج‬ٛ‫ٸ عٺح‬ٙ ٧‫ ٳضغطخذ‬.٤‫حس ٭طحتؽ ذكع ؾٴؾ‬٢‫ جذط‬٤‫ػ‬٩ ‫س‬٪‫ٲ‬٩ ‫ ٿ٭ؿحص‬٧‫حش ٳ جٿؾشجءجش ضغطخذ‬٪‫ٺ‬٦ْ‫ط‬٥‫ ج‬٬٩ ‫ٴّس‬٪‫ؿ‬٩
.‫رذجٹس‬٥‫ٸ ج‬ٙ ‫ ضكذٹذٱح‬٨‫طٸ ٹط‬٥‫حش ج‬٪‫ٺ‬٦ْ‫ط‬٦٥ ً‫ح‬ٞٙ‫ٮطحتؽ جسضرحىحً ٳ‬٥‫ػش ج‬١‫رحقع ذأ‬٥‫طضٳٹذ ج‬٥ ‫ٺحش‬٩‫خٴجسص‬٥‫ج‬

- app

Short for application, a program that runs inside another service. Many mobile phones
allow apps to be downloaded, leading to a burgeoning economy for modestly priced
software. Can also refer to a program or tool that can be used within a website. Apps
generally are built using software toolkits provided by the underlying service, whether it
is iPhone or Facebook.

٤‫ٺ‬٪‫ف ذطك‬٪‫س ضغ‬٥‫ح‬ٞ‫ٮ‬٥‫ٲٴجض٘ ج‬٥‫ ج‬٬٩ ‫ْذٹذ‬٥‫ ج‬.‫س أخشٵ‬٩‫ خذ‬٤‫ٰ دجخ‬٦‫ ضؾٖٺ‬٨‫زٷ ٹط‬٥‫ؽ ج‬٩‫رش٭ح‬٥‫ ج‬.‫حش‬ٞ‫طيرٺ‬٥‫ف ج‬٦‫قي‬٪٥ ‫جخطقحس‬
‫ؽ أٳ جٽدجز‬٩‫رش٭ح‬٥‫ٶ ج‬٥‫ ٹؾٺش ئ‬٫‫ أ‬٬٢٪٪٥‫ ج‬٬٩ ً‫ أٹنح‬.‫ؿٺحش‬٩‫رش‬٥‫ٸ أعْحس ج‬ٙ ‫طقحد‬ٝ‫ٶ جصدٱحس جځ‬٥‫ٴد ئ‬ٞ‫زٷ ٹ‬٥‫حش ٳج‬ٞ‫طيرٺ‬٥‫ج‬
,‫س جٽعحعٺس‬٩‫خذ‬٥‫شٱح ج‬ٙ‫طٸ ضٴ‬٥‫ جٽعحعٺس ج‬٤٪ْ٥‫ أدٳجش ج‬٧‫حش ذحعطخذج‬ٞ‫طيرٺ‬٥‫ ذٮحء ج‬٨‫ا٭ٰ ٹط‬ٙ ,ً‫حځ‬٪‫ ٳئؾ‬.ِٝ‫ٴ‬٪٥‫ٸ ج‬ٙ ‫س‬٩‫غطخذ‬٪٥‫ج‬
.Facebook ‫ أٳ‬iPhone ‫ح٭ص‬١ ‫عٴجء‬

- Blogger

A simple free blogging platform created by Pyra Labs, which was sold to Google in
2003. It was one of the first mass blogging services and is credited with with popularizing
the format. Unlike WordPress, it is not open source many bloggers sites are hosted at
blogspot.com
 5

.2003 ٧‫ٸ ّح‬ٙ Google ‫س‬١‫ٶ ؽش‬٥‫ ذٺْٲح ئ‬٨‫طٸ ض‬٥‫ ٳج‬Pyra Labs ٤‫ر‬ٝ ٬٩ ‫حسٱح‬٢‫ جذط‬٨‫ ض‬٬‫طذٳٹ‬٦٥ ‫ؿح٭ٺس‬٩‫س ٳ‬٦‫ٮقس عٲ‬٩
‫ٺغص‬٥ ‫ ئ٭ٲح‬.WordPress ٗ‫ ذخڂ‬٨‫ٺ‬٪‫طق‬٥‫ٴجعْس ٳج‬٥‫ؾْرٺس ج‬٥‫ٺضز ذح‬٪‫ط‬٩‫ ٳ‬٬‫طذٳٹ‬٥‫س ج‬٩‫ٸ خذ‬٩‫ذ‬ٞ٩ ٤‫ أٳجت‬٬٩ ‫ضْطرش ٳجقذز‬
blogspot.com ‫ٸ‬ٙ ٨‫طٲ‬ٙ‫ جعطنح‬٨‫ ض‬٬‫ذٳ٭ٺ‬٪٥‫ِ ج‬ٝ‫ٴج‬٩ ٬٩ ‫ػٺش‬٢٥‫ ج‬.‫قذس‬٪٥‫طٴقس ج‬ٚ٩

- Blog

One of the first widespread web-native publishing formats, generally characterized by

reverses chronological ordering, rapid response, linking, and robust commenting. While
originally perceived to be light on reporting and heavy on commentary, a number of
blogs are now thoroughly reported, and legacy media organizations have also launched
various blogs. Originally short for "web log," blog is now an accepted word in Scrabble.

,‫شذو‬٥‫ ج‬,‫غشٹْس‬٥‫ جځعطؿحذس ج‬,‫ٮٸ‬٩‫ض‬٥‫طشضٺد ج‬٥‫ ضقٮ٘ ّحدز ذح‬,‫ٴٹد ج٭طؾحسج‬٥‫س ج‬٢‫ٮؾش ّرش ؽر‬٥‫ فٺٔ ج‬٣‫ أٳ‬٬٩ ‫ٳجقذز‬
‫ذٳ٭حش ضْشك‬٪٥‫ ج‬٬٩ ‫ ّذد‬,‫كطٴٵ‬٪٥‫س ج‬٦‫ٺ‬ٞ‫حش غ‬ٞ‫ٺ‬٦ْ‫س ٳض‬ٚ‫ٺ‬ٚ‫حسٹش خ‬ٞ‫ٮٲح ّشك ض‬٩ ٗ‫ٲذ‬٥‫ ج‬٫‫ح‬١ ٬‫ٸ قٺ‬ٙ .‫ٴٹس‬ٞ٥‫حش ج‬ٞ‫ٺ‬٦ْ‫ط‬٥‫ٳج‬
web ‫ف‬٦‫قي‬٩ ٬٩ ‫قٺشٱح‬ٞ‫ ض‬٨‫س ض‬٪٦١ ‫ ٱٸ‬٤‫ٸ جٽف‬ٙ .‫ذٳ٭حش ّذٹذز أٹنح‬٩ ‫ذٹٲح‬٥ ٧‫ جٿّڂ‬٤‫حش ٳعحت‬٪َ‫ٮ‬٩‫حسٹش ٳ‬ٞ‫ض‬
.Scrabble ‫ْرس‬٥ ‫ٸ‬ٙ ‫س‬٪٦٢١ ‫ٲح‬٥‫رٴ‬ٝ ٨‫ ض‬٫‫ جٻ‬blog ‫س‬٪٦١‫" ٳ‬log," 3
- Client side

Referring to network software where work takes place on the user's computer, the client,
rather than at the central computer, known as the server. Advantages of doing so include
speed and bandwidth. An example is Javascript, a programming language that allows
developers to build interactivity into websites. The work is done within the browser,
rather than at the hosting website. (See also server side)

.٧‫خحد‬٥‫ْشٳٗ ذح‬٪٥‫ضٷ ج‬١‫ش‬٪٥‫رٺٴضش ج‬٪٢٥‫ٺظ ج‬٥‫ ٳ‬,٤‫ٺ‬٪ْ٥‫ ج‬,٧‫غطخذ‬٪٥‫رٺٴضش ج‬٪١ ‫ٸ‬ٙ ٤٪ْ‫طٸ ض‬٥‫س ج‬٢‫ؾر‬٥‫ؿٺحش ج‬٩‫ٶ ذش‬٥‫ٹؾٺش ئ‬
‫ف‬٪‫ؿٺس ضغ‬٩‫ٖس ذش‬٥ ‫طٸ ٱٸ‬٥‫شٹرص ج‬٢‫ح ع‬ٙ‫ ؾح‬,٠٥‫ٶ ر‬٦ّ ٣‫ػح‬٩ .‫طشدد‬٥‫ ج‬ٛ‫غشّس ٳّشك ٭يح‬٥‫س ٱٸ ج‬٩‫خذ‬٥‫حتذز ٱزٯ ج‬ٙ
.)٧‫خحد‬٥‫ (أ٭َش أٹنح ؾٲس ج‬.٘‫نٺ‬٪٥‫ِ ج‬ٝ‫ٴ‬٪٥‫ٺظ ج‬٥‫ف ٳ‬ٚ‫طق‬٪٥‫ٸ ج‬ٙ ٤٪ْ٥‫ ئ٭ؿحص ج‬٨‫ ٹط‬.ِٝ‫ٴج‬٪٥‫ٸ ج‬ٙ ‫ٺس‬٦ّ‫ح‬ٚ‫ط‬٥‫ ذرٮحء ج‬٬‫يٴسٹ‬٪٦٥
 6

- Civic Media

An umbrella term describing media technologies that create a strong sense of engagement
among residents through news and information. It is often used as a contrast to "citizen
journalism" because it also encompasses mapping, wikis and databases. MIT has
a Center for Future Civic Media. Massachusetts Institute of Technology

.‫حش‬٩‫ٴ‬٦ْ٪٥‫ جٽخرحس ٳج‬ٜ‫ ىشٹ‬٬ّ ٬‫ٺ‬٩‫غطخذ‬٪٥‫ ج‬٬‫ٺح ذٺ‬١‫زٷ ٹقٮِ قغح ضؾحس‬٥‫ ج‬٧‫ٴؾٺح جٿّڂ‬٥‫ٮٴ‬٢‫ف ٳجعِ ٹق٘ ض‬٦‫قي‬٩
‫ض‬١‫ش‬٩ .‫ٴجّذ ذٺح٭حش‬ٝ‫ ٳ‬,‫ٸ‬٢‫ أٹنح خشجتو ٳٹ‬٨‫؛ ٽ٭ٲح ضن‬٬‫ٴجى‬٪٥‫س ج‬ٙ‫ف فكح‬٦‫قي‬٪٥ ‫ٖحٹش‬٩ ‫ف‬٦‫قي‬٪١ ٧‫ح ٹغطخذ‬٩ ‫رح‬٥‫ٕح‬
.‫ٴؾٺح‬٥‫ٮٴ‬٢‫ط‬٦٥ ‫حعحضؾٴعطظ‬٩ ‫ْٲذ‬٩ ‫ٸ‬ٙ ‫ذ٭ٸ‬٪٥‫ ج‬٧‫ جٿّڂ‬٤‫ر‬ٞ‫غط‬٩

- Cloud Computing

An increasingly popular computing model in which information and software are

provided on demand from over the Internet rather than staying on local computers. Cloud
computing is appealing because companies can reduce the amount they spend on their
own computer servers and software but can also quickly and easily expand as the
company grows. Examples of cloud computing applications include Google Docs and
Yahoo Mail. Amazon offers two cloud computing services: EC2, which many start-ups
now use as a cheap way to launch their products, and S3, an online storage system many
companies use for cheap storage.

.‫ٺس‬٦‫ك‬٪٥‫كٴجعٺد ج‬٥‫ ج‬٬ّ ‫ جځ٭طش٭ص ذذځ‬٬٩ ٰ‫ٺ‬ٙ ‫ؿٺحش‬٩‫رش‬٥‫حش ٳج‬٩‫ٴ‬٦ْ٪٥‫ ضضٳٹذ ج‬٨‫طضجٹذ ٹط‬٩ ٤٢‫ٴرؼ قحعٴذٸ ؽحتِ ذؾ‬٪‫٭‬
‫ص‬ٝ‫ٴ‬٥‫ظ ج‬ٚ‫ٸ ٭‬ٙ‫ ٳ‬,‫ؿٺحش‬٩‫رش‬٥‫ ٳج‬٧‫خحد‬٥‫ْٴ٭ٲح ٽؾٲضز ج‬ٙ‫طٸ ٹذ‬٥‫س ج‬ٚ٦٢‫ط‬٥‫ ج‬٬٩ ‫ـ‬٦ٞ‫حش ض‬١‫ؾش‬٥‫ ج‬٫‫كٴعرٺس ؾحرذس؛ ٽ‬٥‫غكحذس ج‬٥‫ج‬
٤‫حش ؾٴؾ‬ٚ٦٩ ٨‫كٴعرٺس ضن‬٥‫غكحذس ج‬٥‫حش ج‬ٞ‫ ضيرٺ‬٬ّ ‫س‬٦‫ػ‬٩‫ أ‬.٨‫حضٲ‬١‫ٺس ؽش‬٪‫ ضيٴٹش ٳضٮ‬,ِ‫ ٳعشٹ‬٤‫ عٲ‬٤٢‫ ذؾ‬,٫‫ٹغطيٺْٴ‬
٬ّ ٧‫ڀّڂ‬٥ ٫‫رطذتٴ‬٪٥‫ٲح ج‬٩‫س ٹغطخذ‬ٞ‫ ٳٱٸ ىشٹ‬EC2 ‫حش‬٩‫خذ‬٥‫ ج‬٬٩ ٬‫ عكحذطٺ‬٫‫حصٳ‬٩‫ أ‬٧‫ذ‬ٞ‫ ٹ‬.‫ٺحٱٴ‬٦٥ ‫طشٳ٭ٸ‬٢٥‫رشٹذ جځ‬٥‫ٳج‬
.٘٦٢٪٥‫طخضٹٮٰ ٕٺش ج‬٥ ٰ٩‫حش ضغطخذ‬١‫ؾش‬٥‫ ج‬٬٩ ‫ػٺش‬٢٥‫ ٳج‬,‫س جځ٭طش٭ص‬٢‫ٶ ؽر‬٦ّ ٬‫ ضخضٹ‬٧‫ ٱٴ ٭َح‬S3‫ ٳ‬,٨‫ٮطؿحضٲ‬٩
 7

- CMS (Content Management System)

Software designed to organize large amounts of dynamic material for a website, usually
consisting of at least templates and a database. It is generally synonymous with online
publishing system. The material can include documents, photos or videos. While the first
generation of content management systems were custom and proprietary, in recent years
there has been a surge in free open-source systems such as Drupal, WordPress and
Joomla.Content management systems are sometimes built custom from scratch with
frameworks such as Ruby on Rails or Django.

‫حّذز‬ٝ‫د ٳ‬٥‫ٴج‬ٝ ٤ٝ‫ٶ جٽ‬٦ّ ٨‫ح ضن‬٩ ‫ ّحدز‬.‫طشٳ٭ٸ‬٢٥‫ِ جځ‬ٝ‫ٴ‬٪٦٥ ‫ٮؾيس‬٥‫ جٽدٳجش ج‬٬٩ ‫رٺشز‬١ ‫ٺحش‬٪١ ٨‫طٮَٺ‬٥ ‫ص‬٪٪‫ؿٺحش ف‬٩‫ذش‬
٣‫ جٽٳ‬٤‫ؿٺ‬٥‫ ج‬٫‫ح‬١ .‫ٺذٹٴ‬ٙ ‫حش‬ٚ٦٩ ‫ أٳ‬,‫غطٮذجش فٴس‬٩ ٨‫ ضن‬٫‫ أ‬٬٢٪٩ ‫ٴجد‬٪٥‫ ج‬.‫ٮؾش ّرش جځ٭طش٭ص‬٥‫ ج‬٧‫ػٺشج ٭َح‬١ ٰ‫ ضؾر‬.‫ذٺح٭حش‬
‫طٴـ‬ٚ٪٥‫قذس ج‬٪٥‫س ج‬٪َ‫ ضٴؾٰ ٽ٭‬ٟ‫ ٱٮح‬٫‫ح‬١ ‫ٺٲح‬٦‫طٸ ض‬٥‫ ج‬٧‫ٸ جٽّٴج‬ٙ ‫ح‬٪‫ ذٺٮ‬ٟ‫ٴ‬٦‫غ‬٥‫ٺس ٳج‬٢٦٪٥‫ٸ ج‬ٙ ‫كطٴٵ‬٪٥‫س ئدجسز ج‬٪َ‫ أ٭‬٨‫ٹن‬
‫رذجٹس‬٥‫ ج‬٬٩ ‫ ضرٮٶ‬٫‫ ٳذْل جٽقٺح‬Joomla. ,Drupal, WordPress :‫ٺس‬٥‫طح‬٥‫كطٴٵ ج‬٪٥‫س ئدجسز ج‬٪َ‫ أ٭‬٤‫ػ‬٩ ‫ؿح٭ٸ‬٪٥‫ٳج‬
. Django ‫ أٳ‬Ruby on Rails ٤‫ػ‬٩ ‫ذاىحسجش‬

- CPA (Cost Per Action)

A pricing model in which the advertiser is charged for an ad based on how many users
take a specific, pre-defined action—such as buying a product from an online store—
based on viewing an ad. This is the "gold standard" for advertisers because it most
directly matches the cost of an ad to its effectiveness. However, it's not commonly used
since it's extremely difficult to measure: it is often unclear when or how to attribute an
action to a specific ad. (Also sometimes referred to as Cost Per Acquisition)

‫ٮطؽ‬٪٥‫ ج‬٨‫ػڂ ؽشجؤٱ‬٩ ,‫ْٺٮح‬٩ ‫ْڂ‬ٙ ‫زٷ جضخزٳج‬٥‫ ج‬٬‫ٺ‬٩‫غطخذ‬٪٥‫ْذد ج‬٥ ‫ح‬ٞٙ‫ ٳ‬٫‫س جٿّڂ‬٪‫ٺ‬ٝ ‫و‬ٞٙ ِٙ‫ ٹذ‬٬٦ْ٪٥‫ ج‬٤ْ‫ٴرؼ ضغْٺش ٹؿ‬٪‫٭‬
‫رحؽشز‬٩ ٫‫؛ ٽ٭ٰ ٹٴجص‬٬‫ٮٺ‬٦ْ٪٦٥ ‫ٺحعح رٱرٺح‬ٞ٩ ‫ٴرؼ‬٪‫ٮ‬٥‫ ٹْطرش ٱزج ج‬.٫‫شجش ّشك جٿّڂ‬٩ ‫ْذد‬٥ ‫ح‬ٞٙ‫ ٳ‬,‫س جځ٭طش٭ص‬٢‫ٶ ؽر‬٦ّ
٫‫ٴ‬٢‫ح ٹ‬٩ ‫رح‬٥‫ ٕح‬.‫ٺحط‬ٞ٥‫ٴرؼ ٕرش ؽحتِ؛ ٽ٭ٰ فْد ج‬٪‫ٮ‬٥‫ ٱزج ج‬٧‫ جعطخذج‬٫‫ا‬ٙ ٠٥‫ ر‬٬٩ ٨ٕ‫ش‬٥‫ ٳذح‬.ٰ‫ٺط‬٥‫ْح‬ٙ‫ ٳ‬٫‫س جٿّڂ‬ٚ٦٢‫ ض‬٬‫ذٺ‬
Cost Per ‫ٺٰ ذـ‬٥‫ (أٹنح ٹؾحس ئ‬٧‫غطخذ‬٪٥‫ ج‬٤‫ر‬ٝ ٬٩ ‫ح‬٩ ٫‫طخز ٿّڂ‬٪٥‫ٺ٘ ٱٸ ٭ٴّٺس جٿؾشجء ج‬١‫طٶ ٳ‬٩ ‫ٕٺش ٳجمف‬
.)Acquisition
 8

- CPC (Cost Per Click)

4
A pricing model in which the advertiser is charged for an ad based on how many users
click it. This is a common model for "search advertising" (the all-text ads associated with
search results) and for text ads in general. CPC is well-suited for "directed" advertising,
intended to prompt an immediate response, because a user's clicking on an ad shows
engagement with it. Google AdWords is generally priced on a CPC basis

‫ ٱزج‬.‫ٮطؽ‬٪٥‫ٶ ج‬٦ّ ٫‫شٳ‬ٞ‫ ٹٮ‬٬‫زٹ‬٥‫ ج‬٬‫ٺ‬٩‫غطخذ‬٪٥‫ْذد ج‬٥ ‫ح‬ٞٙ‫ ٳ‬٫‫ جٿّڂ‬٬ّ ِٙ‫ذ‬٥‫ ج‬٬٩ ٬٦ْ٪٥‫ ج‬٬٢٪‫ٰ ٹط‬٥‫ خڂ‬٬٩ ,‫ٴرؼ ضغْٺش‬٪‫٭‬
‫ٴرؼ‬٪‫ٮ‬٥‫ ٹٮحعد ٱزج ج‬.)‫ركع‬٥‫شضرو ذٮطحتؽ ج‬٩ ٤٩‫ح‬٢٥‫ ذح‬٫‫ركع" (٭ـ جٿّڂ‬٥‫ٶ ج‬٦ّ ٨‫حت‬ٞ٥‫ ج‬٫‫ذٵ "جٿّڂ‬٥ ِ‫ٴرؼ ؽحت‬٪‫ٮ‬٥‫ج‬
‫ح‬ٞٙ‫ ٳ‬.‫ٮطؽ‬٪٥‫ذٵ جسضحذيٰ ذٲزج ج‬٩ ‫ٺٰ أذذٵ‬٦ّ ٧‫غطخذ‬٪٥‫ش ج‬ٞ‫ح ٭‬٪٦١ ٰ‫ٴسٹس؛ ٽ٭‬ٙ ‫ جعطؿحذس‬٧‫ض‬٦‫زٷ ٹغط‬٥‫رحؽش ج‬٪٥‫ ج‬٫‫جٿّڂ‬
. Google AdWords ‫س‬٩‫ خذ‬٤٪ْ‫ٴرؼ ض‬٪‫ٮ‬٥‫حٹٺظ ٱزج ج‬ٞ٪٥

- CPM (Cost Per Mile)

Cost per one thousand (often views). Much of online advertising — particularly display
advertising — is priced on a CPM basis. (Mille = Latin for one thousand; we use "K" for
"kilo" almost everywhere else in tech, but "M" for "mille" here, which causes some
confusion.) CPM is well suited for "brand" or "awareness" advertising, in which the
primary purpose of the ad is not necessarily to prompt an immediate response

‫ جقطغحخ أعْحسٱح ذٲزٯ‬٨‫ْشك ٹط‬٥‫ جٿّڂ٭حش ٳخقٴفح ئّڂ٭حش ج‬٬٩ ‫ػٺش‬٢٥‫ ج‬.‫ف‬ٚ‫ ضق‬1000 ٤١ ‫ٸ‬ٙ ‫رح‬٥‫س ٕح‬ٚ٦٢‫ط‬٥‫ج‬
Mille ‫ـ‬٥ ‫ ٱٮح‬٧ ‫ض‬٩‫ش‬٥‫ ج‬٬٢٥ ,٫‫ح‬٢٩ ٤١ ‫ٸ‬ٙ ‫ٴ‬٦‫ٺ‬٢٥‫ض ج‬٩‫ش‬٥ ٟ ٧‫ ٭غطخذ‬٬‫ (٭ك‬.٘٥‫ڂضٺٮٺس أ‬٥‫ ضْٮٸ ذح‬Mille ‫س‬٪٦١ .‫س‬ٞ‫يشٹ‬٥‫ج‬
‫ ٕشمٲح جٽ عحعٸ‬٫‫ٴ‬٢‫طٸ ض‬٥‫طٴّٺس ٳج‬٥‫طؿحسٹس ٳج‬٥‫حش ج‬٩‫ْڂ‬٥‫ٺضز ئّڂ٭حش ج‬٪٥‫ ضٮحعد ٱزٯ ج‬.)ٟ‫ ذْل جٿسذح‬ٜ٦‫ذ ٹخ‬ٝ ٠٥‫ز‬٥
.‫ٺذ جعطؿحذس عشٹْس‬٥‫ٺظ ضٴ‬٥ ٫‫ جٿّڂ‬٬٩
 9

- Creative Commons

A flexible set of copyright licenses that allow content creators to specify which rights
they reserve and which they waive regarding their work that is supposed to codify
collaborative spirit of the Internet. There are six main Creative Commons licenses based
on four conditions that creators can choose to apply: Attribution, Share Alike, Non-
Commercial, and No Derivative Works. The least restrictive of the licenses is Attribution,
which grants anyone, from an individual to a large company, the right to distribute,
display, or otherwise make use of the work so long as the creator is credited. The most
restrictive is Attribution Non-Commercial No Derivatives, which grants only
redistribution. First released in December 2002 by the nonprofit Creative
Commons organization, which was inspired by the open source GNU GPL license, the
licenses are now used on an estimated 130 million works worldwide. The glossary you
are reading is released under a Creative Commons Attribution Share Alike license in an
effort to encourage wide distribution and contribution. (Also see open source)

‫ٮٲح‬٩ ‫حً ٳأٷ‬ٚ‫ڂقط‬٥ ٛ‫ٴ‬ٞ‫ك‬٥‫ ضكذٹذ أٷ ج‬٬٩ ‫كطٴٵ‬٪٥‫شٷ ج‬٢‫رط‬٪٥ ‫ف‬٪‫طٸ ضغ‬٥‫ش٭س ج‬٪٥‫يرِ ج‬٥‫ ج‬ٛ‫ٴ‬ٞ‫ ضقحسٹف ق‬٬٩ ‫ٴّس‬٪‫ؿ‬٩
‫ذ‬٪‫ ضقحسٹف ضْط‬6 ٟ‫ ٱٮح‬.‫ٶ جځ٭طش٭ص‬٦ّ ٰٚ‫ ضقٮٺ‬٨‫ذ ض‬ٝ ٫‫ٴ‬٢‫ ٹ‬٫‫طشك أ‬ٚ٪٥‫ ج‬٬٩ ‫زٷ‬٥‫ٰ ج‬٦٪ّ ‫ٸ‬ٙ ٜ‫ك‬٥‫حً ذح‬ٚ‫ جځقط‬٬ّ ٣‫ٹطٮحص‬
٤٪ْ٥‫ ج‬٬٩ ‫س‬ٞ‫ؾط‬٩ ٣‫ح‬٪ّ‫ ٳځ أ‬,‫ ٕٺش ضؿحسٹس‬,ٰ‫طؾحذ‬٪٥‫س ج‬١‫ؾحس‬٩ ,‫ جٿعٮحد‬:‫ش جخطٺحسٱح‬٢‫رط‬٪٦٥ ٬٢٪٪٥‫ ج‬٬٩ ‫ ؽشٳه‬4 ‫ٶ‬٦ّ
‫ ٳّشك‬,ِ‫ٸ ضٴصٹ‬ٙ ٜ‫ك‬٥‫ ج‬,‫شدج‬ٙ ‫س أٳ‬١‫ ؽش‬,٫‫ح‬١ ‫ ٽٷ‬٬٪‫طٸ ضن‬٥‫ ٭ٴُ جٿعٮحد ٳج‬٬٩ ‫ٺٺذج ٱٸ‬ٞ‫طقحسٹف ض‬٥‫ ج‬٤ٝ‫ أ‬.‫ٸ‬٦‫جٽف‬
‫طٸ‬٥‫ ٳج‬,ٜ‫ؾط‬٪٥‫طؿحسٷ ٳٕٺش ج‬٥‫ح ٕٺش ج‬٪‫ٺٺذج ٱ‬ٞ‫ػش ض‬١‫طقحسٹف جٽ‬٥‫ ج‬.‫حس‬٢‫طْشٹ٘ ذقحقد جځذط‬٥‫ ج‬٨‫ ض‬٧‫ح دج‬٩ ‫حدز‬٪٥‫ ج‬٧‫ٳجعطخذج‬
‫ص‬٪‫ٲ‬٥‫طٸ أ‬٥‫ ٳج‬Creative Commons ‫شذكٺس‬٥‫س ٕٺش ج‬٪َ‫ٮ‬٪٥‫ص ج‬ٞ٦‫ أى‬2002 ‫رش‬٪‫ٸ دٹغ‬ٙ .ِ‫طٴصٹ‬٥‫و ئّحدز ج‬ٞٙ ٬٪‫ضن‬
‫س‬٪‫حت‬ٝ .‫ٺح‬٪٥‫ ّح‬٤٪ّ ٫‫ٺٴ‬٦٩ 130 ‫شٹرح‬ٞ‫ٸ ض‬ٙ ٧‫ ضغطخذ‬٫‫طقحسٹف جٻ‬٥‫ ٳج‬GNU GPL ‫طٴـ‬ٚ٪٥‫قذس ج‬٪٥‫ذطقشٹف ج‬
Share ‫ ضكص ضقشٹف‬Creative Commons Attribution ٤‫ر‬ٝ ٬٩ ٰٝ‫ ئىڂ‬٨‫ ض‬٫‫شؤٯ جٻ‬ٞ‫زٷ ض‬٥‫كحش ج‬٦‫قي‬٪٥‫ج‬
.)‫طٴـ‬ٚ٪٥‫قذس ج‬٪٥‫ (أ٭َش أٹنح ج‬.‫ٺٲح‬ٙ ‫س‬٪‫غحٱ‬٪٥‫س ٳ ج‬٪‫حت‬ٞ٥‫ ذٲذٗ ضؾؿٺِ ضٴصٹِ ج‬Alike

- CSS (Cascading Style Sheets)

Instructions used to describe the look and formatting for documents, usually HTML, so
that the presentation is separate from the actual content of the document itself. If you
watch a web page that loads slowly, you will often see the text first load and then "snap
into place" with its look and feel. That look and feel is controlled by the CSS. CSS,
which was first introduced by the World Wide Web Consortium in the late 1990s, helped
 10

eliminate the clumsy and often repetitive markup in the original HTML syntax.
W3cschools.com has a great introduction to CSS with tutorials.

‫كطٴٵ‬٪٥‫ ج‬٬ّ ٤‫ق‬ٚ‫ٮ‬٩ ‫ْشك‬٥‫ ج‬٫‫ٴ‬٢‫ قطٶ ٹ‬HTML ‫ ّحدز‬,‫حش‬ٚ٦٪٦٥ ‫قٺٖس‬٥‫ ٳج‬٨‫ٺ‬٪‫طق‬٥‫ٴف٘ ج‬٥ ٧‫حش ضغطخذ‬٪‫ٺ‬٦ْ‫ض‬
٨‫ غ‬٬٩ ‫ أٳځ‬٤٪‫ٮـ ٹطك‬٥‫ح عطشٵ ج‬٩ ‫رح‬٥‫ ٕح‬٠‫ا٭‬ٙ ,‫ ذية‬٤٢‫ ذؾ‬٤٪‫ٴٹد ضطك‬٥‫كس ج‬ٚ‫ ف‬٫‫ٮص ضشٵ أ‬١ ‫ ئرج‬.٘٦٪٦٥ ‫جٽعحعٸ‬
٬٩ ٰٚ‫ ضْشٹ‬٨‫ ض‬CSS.CSS ٤‫ر‬ٝ ٬٩ ‫ح‬٪‫ ذٲ‬٨٢‫طك‬٥‫ ج‬٨‫ ٹط‬٫‫خحفٺطح‬٥‫ ج‬٫‫ ٳٱحضح‬,‫ٲح‬٦٢‫ٲح ٳؽ‬٪‫ٺ‬٪‫ِ ضق‬٩ ‫كس‬ٚ‫ق‬٥‫ ج‬٬٩ ‫حش‬ٚ‫طي‬ٞ٩
‫ٸ‬ٙ ‫شسز‬٢‫ط‬٪٥‫حش ج‬٩‫ْڂ‬٥‫و ٳج‬٦‫خ‬٥‫ٶ ج‬٦ّ ‫نحء‬ٞ٥‫ٶ ج‬٦ّ ‫ذ عحّذ‬ٝ‫ ٳ‬,‫طغْٺٮحش‬٥‫ٸ أٳجخش ج‬ٙ ‫ٺس‬٪٥‫ْح‬٥‫رٴضٺس ج‬٢‫ْٮ‬٥‫س ج‬٢‫ؾر‬٥‫ جضكحد ج‬٤‫ر‬ٝ
.ٰ‫ٺ‬ٙ ‫ٴٹس‬ٞ‫ِ دسٳط ض‬٩ CSS ‫ٸ‬ٙ ‫س سجتْس‬٩‫ذ‬ٞ٩ ٰ‫ذٹ‬٥ W3cschools.com ِٝ‫ٴ‬٩ .‫ٺس‬٦‫ جٽف‬HTML ‫ٸ‬ٙ ‫س‬٦٪‫ؿ‬٥‫ذٮحء ج‬

- CSV (Comma-Separated Values)

An extremely simple data format which stores information in a text file. CSV is popular
precisely because it can be easily read by many different applications, including
spreadsheets, word processors, programming text editors and web browsers. Thus it is a
common way for people, including governments, to make their data available. Each row
of data is represented by a line of text. Each column is delimited/separated by a comma
(,). To prevent confusion about commas in the data, the terms are often surrounded by
double quotes ("). Many applications support the use of alternative column delimiters (the
pipe character, |, is popular). Example below:

"Name","Address","email"

"Jack","1 Main St., Town, NY","jack@hill.com"

"Jill","2 Elm St., City, CA",jill@hill.com

‫طكذٹذ ؽحتْس؛‬٥‫ٶ ٳؾٰ ج‬٦ّ ‫قٺٖس‬٥‫ ٱزٯ ج‬.‫٘ ٭قٸ‬٦٩ ‫ٸ‬ٙ ‫حش‬٩‫ٴ‬٦ْ٪٥‫ ج‬٫‫س ؾذج ضخض‬٦‫ فٺٖس ذٺح٭حش عٲ‬.)٨‫ٺ‬ٞ٥‫ ج‬٬‫س ذٺ‬٦‫حف‬ٙ(
‫ؿس‬٩‫رش‬٥‫ ٭قٴؿ ج‬ٜٝ‫ذ‬٩‫ٮقٴؿ ٳ‬٥‫ؽ ج‬٥‫ْح‬٩ ,‫رٺح٭حش‬٥‫ ج‬٣‫ٺٲح ؾذجٳ‬ٙ ‫ح‬٪‫حش ذ‬ٞ‫طيرٺ‬٥‫ ج‬٬٩ ‫ػٺش‬٢٥‫ ج‬٤‫ر‬ٝ ٬٩ ‫س‬٥‫شأ ذغٲٴ‬ٞ‫ٽ٭ٲح ض‬
‫رٺح٭حش‬٥‫ ج‬٬٩ ٘‫ ف‬٤١ .‫شز‬ٙ‫طٴ‬٩ ‫رٺح٭حش‬٥‫ٴج ج‬٦ْ‫ ٹؿ‬٫‫حش أ‬٩‫ٴ‬٢‫ك‬٥‫ٮحط ٳأٹنح ج‬٥‫ذٵ ج‬٥ ِ‫ؾحت‬٥‫ ج‬٬٩ ٰ‫ا٭‬ٙ ٠٥‫ز‬٥ .‫ٴٹد‬٥‫ف ج‬ٚ‫طق‬٩‫ٳ‬
٬‫س ذٺ‬٦‫حف‬ٚ٥‫ ذخقٴؿ ج‬ٟ‫ٮِ جٿسذح‬٪٥ ‫(؛‬,) ‫س‬٦‫حف‬ٚ‫ ذ‬٤‫ق‬ٚ‫ٮ‬٩ ‫كذد أٳ‬٩ ‫ٴد ٕٺش‬٪ّ ٤١ .‫ٮقٴؿ‬٥‫ ج‬٬٩ ‫ ذغيش‬٤‫ػ‬٪‫ٹ‬
‫كذدجش‬٩ ٧‫ جعطخذج‬٨ّ‫حش ضذ‬ٞ‫طيرٺ‬٥‫ ج‬٬٩ ‫ػٺش‬٢٥‫ ج‬.‫ضدٳؾس‬٩ ‫حش ضٮقٺـ‬٩‫ ٳمِ ّڂ‬٨‫كحش ٹط‬٦‫قي‬٪٥‫ ج‬٬‫ ٳذٺ‬,‫رٺح٭حش‬٥‫ج‬
:٣‫ػح‬٩ )٧‫ ؽحتِ جځعطخذج‬, | ‫ض جٽ٭رٴخ‬٩‫ذز (س‬٪ّ‫جٽ‬
 11

"Name","Address","email"

"Jack","1 Main St., Town, NY","jack@hill.com"

"Jill","2 Elm St., City, CA",jill@hill.com

- Data Visualization

A growing area of content creation in which information is represented graphically and

often interactively. This can be used for subjects as diverse as an analysis of a speech by
the president and the popularity of baby names over time. While it has deep roots in
academia, data visualization has begun to emerge on content sites as a way to handle the
masses of data that are being made public, often by government. There are many tools for
data visualizations, including Seattle-based Tableau and IBM's Many Eyes. Data
visualization should 1) tell a story, 2) allow users to ask their own questions and 3) start
conversations

‫ ٱزٯ‬٧‫ جعطخذج‬٬٢٪‫ ٹ‬.‫ٺس‬٥‫ْح‬ٚ‫ ذ‬٠‫ٺ‬ٙ‫ ؾشج‬٤٢‫ٶ ؽ‬٦ّ ٤‫ػ‬٪‫حش ض‬٩ ‫ٴ‬٦ْ٪٥‫ ج‬٬٩ ٤ْ‫ ٹؿ‬٤٢‫ش ذؾ‬٪‫غط‬٩ ‫ٸ ضضجٹذ‬ٙ ‫كطٴٵ‬٪٥‫حس ج‬٢‫جذط‬
٬َ‫ٶ ض‬٥‫س جٽٳ‬٦‫ٴٱ‬٦٥ .‫ص‬ٝ‫ٴ‬٥‫شٳس ج‬٩ ِ٩ ٣‫ح‬ٚ‫حء جٽى‬٪‫ذٵ ؽٲشز أع‬٩‫ ٳ‬,‫شتٺظ‬٥‫ قذٹع ج‬٤‫ٺ‬٦‫ ضك‬:‫ػڂ‬٩ ,‫س‬ٚ٦‫خط‬٩ ِ‫ٴجمٺ‬٪٥ ‫ٮٺس‬ٞ‫ط‬٥‫ج‬
‫س‬ٞ‫يشٹ‬١ ِٝ‫ٴج‬٪٥‫كطٴٵ ج‬٩ ِ٩ ‫حؼ‬٩‫ٸ جځ٭ذ‬ٙ ‫رٺح٭حش ٱزٯ ذذأش‬٥‫ح ضقٴس ج‬٪‫ ذٺٮ‬,‫ٸ‬٪‫حدٹ‬١‫ؿح٭د جٽ‬٥‫س ذح‬٦‫ٺضز ف‬٪٥‫ٲزٯ ج‬٥ ٫‫أ‬
:٨‫رٺح٭حش ٳضن‬٥‫ جٽدٳجش ضقٴس ج‬٬٩ ‫ْذٹذ‬٥‫ ج‬ٟ‫ ٱٮح‬.‫حش‬٩‫ٴ‬٢‫ك‬٥‫ ج‬٤‫ر‬ٝ ٬٩ ‫رح‬٥‫ٲٴس ٕح‬٪‫ؿ‬٦٥ ‫س ضْشك‬٦‫ ذرٺح٭حش ٱحت‬٨٢‫طك‬٦٥
-1 :‫ غڂظ ؽشٳه‬ٜٞ‫ ٹك‬٫‫رٺح٭حش ٹؿد أ‬٥‫ ضقٴس ج‬.Many Eyes ٧‫س آٷ ذٸ ئ‬١‫ ٳؽش‬٤‫ٸ عٺحض‬ٙ ‫شٱح‬ٞ٩ ‫طٸ‬٥‫ ج‬Tableau
.‫كحدغحش‬٩ ‫ ضرذأ‬-3 .٣‫غإج‬٥‫ ذح‬٬‫ٺ‬٩‫غطخذ‬٪٦٥ ‫ف‬٪‫ ضغ‬-2 .‫قس‬ٝ ‫ٸ‬٢‫ضك‬

- Document – Oriented database

An increasingly popular type of database. In contrast to relational databases, which

rigidly require information to be stored in pre-defined tables, document-oriented
databases are more free-flowing and flexible. This is important when you don't know
what is going to be thrown at you. Document-oriented databases retrieve information
more quickly, but store it less efficiently. The same document-oriented database might let
you store the information for an article (headline, byline, data, content, miscellaneous) or
 12

for a photo (file, photographer, date, cutline). MongoDB is a popular open source
document-oriented database

٫‫طخض‬٥ ‫حش‬٩‫ٴ‬٦ْ٩ ٧‫ض‬٦‫طٸ ضغط‬٥‫حش ٳج‬ٝ‫ْڂ‬٥‫ٶ ج‬٦ّ ‫س‬٪‫حت‬ٞ٥‫رٺح٭حش ج‬٥‫ٴجّذ ج‬ٝ ٗ‫ ذخڂ‬.٤‫ ٱحت‬٤٢‫حّذز ذٺح٭حش ضضدجد ؽْرٺطٲح ذؾ‬ٝ
‫ ؾذج‬٨‫ٲ‬٩ ‫ ٱزج‬.‫رٺح٭حش‬٦٥ ‫ػش‬١‫ أ‬ٜٙ‫شٳ٭س ٳضذ‬٪‫طحص ذ‬٪‫حش ض‬ٚ٦٪٥‫ٴؾٲس ٭كٴ ج‬٪٥‫ٴجّذ ج‬ٞ٥‫ ٱزٯ ج‬.‫ ضْشٗ ذْذ‬٨٥ ‫طٸ‬٥‫ ج‬٣‫ؿذجٳ‬٥‫ٸ ج‬ٙ
٤٢‫ ذؾ‬٫‫ٮٲح ضخض‬٢٥ ‫رش‬١‫حش ذغشّس أ‬٩‫ٴ‬٦ْ٪٥‫ٴجّذ ذحعطْحدز ج‬ٞ٥‫ ٱزٯ ج‬٧‫ٴ‬ٞ‫ ض‬.٠ٞ‫ٶ ّحض‬٦ّ ‫ٶ‬ٞ٦‫زٷ عٴٗ ٹ‬٥‫ح ج‬٩ ٗ‫ح ځ ضْش‬٩‫ّٮذ‬
,٫‫ْٮٴج‬٥‫س (ج‬٥‫ح‬ٞ٩ ٣‫حش قٴ‬٩‫ٴ‬٦ْ٩ ٬‫ ذطخضٹ‬٧‫ٴ‬ٞ‫ ض‬٫‫ أ‬,٘٦٪٥‫ٴؾٲس ذح‬٪٥‫رٺح٭حش ج‬٥‫حّذز ج‬ٝ ‫ظ‬ٚ‫ٸ ٭‬ٙ ,٠‫ح٭‬٢٩‫ ذا‬.‫ٺس‬٥‫ْح‬ٙ ٤ٝ‫أ‬
‫ ضْذ‬.)ِ‫ي‬ٞ٥‫ ج‬٫‫ح‬٢٩ ,‫قٴسز‬٥‫حه ج‬ٞ‫ط‬٥‫ ضحسٹخ ج‬,‫قٴس‬٪٥‫ ج‬,٘٦٪٥‫ فٴسز (ج‬٬ّ ‫ أٳ‬,)‫حش‬ٝ‫ش‬ٚ‫ط‬٪٥‫ػح٭ٴٷ ٳج‬٥‫خو ج‬٥‫ ج‬,‫كطٴٵ‬٪٥‫ج‬
.٧‫ؾحتْس جځعطخذج‬٥‫قذس ج‬٪٥‫طٴقس ج‬ٚ٩ ‫رٺح٭حش‬٥‫ٴجّذ ج‬ٝ ٬٩ ‫ ٳجقذز‬MongoDB

- Drupal

A popular content management system known for a vibrant open-source community that
creates diverse and robust extensions. Drupal is very powerful, but it is somewhat
difficult to use for simple tasks when compared to WordPress. Drupal provides options to
create a static website, a multi-user blog, an Internet forum or a community website for
user-generated content. It is written in PHP and distributed under the GPL open source
license. Whitehouse.gov uses Drupal

Drupal .‫س‬٦‫طذجدجش ٱحت‬٩‫حش ٳج‬ٙ‫ جخطڂ‬ٜ٦‫زٷ ٹخ‬٥‫قذس ج‬٪٥‫ طٴـ ج‬ٚ٩ ‫ٮحذل‬٥‫ِ ج‬٪‫ؿط‬٪٥‫كطٴٵ ٹْشٗ ذح‬٪٥‫ ؽحتِ ٿدجسز ج‬٧‫٭َح‬
‫ ذخٺحسجش‬Drupal ‫ ٹضٳد‬. WordPress ‫حس٭س ذـ‬ٞ٩ ‫س‬٦‫غٲ‬٥‫ ج‬٧‫ٲح‬٪٦٥ ٧‫ح فْد جځعطخذج‬٩ ‫ٶ قذ‬٥‫ٮٰ ئ‬٢٥ ,‫ٴٹح‬ٝ ‫ح‬٩‫ٹْذ ٭َح‬
ِ‫كطٴٵ ٹقٮ‬٪٥ ‫حّٸ‬٪‫ِ جؾط‬ٝ‫ٴ‬٩ ‫ٶ جځ٭طش٭ص أٳ‬٦ّ ‫ٮطذٵ‬٩‫ ٳ‬,٬‫ٺ‬٩‫غطخذ‬٪٥‫طْذدز ج‬٩ ‫ذٳ٭س‬٩‫ ٳ‬,‫طشٳ٭ٸ غحذص‬٢٥‫ِ ج‬ٝ‫ٴ‬٩ ‫س‬ٙ‫ٿمح‬
ِٝ‫ٴ‬٩ .GPL ‫قذس‬٪٥‫طٴـ ج‬ٚ٩ ‫ ٳٹٴصُ ضكص ضقشٹف‬PHP‫ ذــ‬٧‫ٮَح‬٥‫طد ٱزج ج‬٢‫ ٹ‬.٧‫غطخذ‬٪٥‫ ج‬٤‫ر‬ٝ ٬٩
.Drupal ٧‫ ٹغطخذ‬Whitehouse.gov

- Django

A web framework that is popular among news and information sites, in part due to its
origin at Lawrence Journal-World in Kansas. It is written in Python, a sophisticated
dynamic language. Major projects built in Django include Disqus, Everyblock.com and
TheOnion.com. News applications teams, including those at the Chicago Tribune and Los
 13

Angeles Times, use the framework to present large data sets online in easily accessible
ways.

Lawrence ‫ٸ‬ٙ ٰ٦‫ٶ أف‬٥‫غرد ٹشؾِ ؾضتٺح ئ‬٥‫ ٳ ٱزج ج‬,‫حش ٳجٽخرحس‬٩‫ٴ‬٦ْ٪٥‫ِ ج‬ٝ‫ٴج‬٩ ‫ٸ‬ٙ ‫ئىحس ٳٹ د ؽحتِ ؾذج‬
٧‫ٶ ذٮٺص جعطخذج‬٪َّ ِ‫ؾحسٹ‬٩ .‫ٺس‬٢‫ٺ‬٩‫ذز دٹٮح‬ْٞ٩ ‫ٖس‬٥ ‫ ٳٱٸ‬,٫‫ٖس ذحٹػٴ‬٦‫طٴخ ذ‬٢٩ .‫ٮغحط‬١ ‫ٸ‬ٙ Journal-World
‫ٮٲح‬٩‫حش جٽخرحس ٳ‬ٞ‫ٴّحش ضيرٺ‬٪‫ؿ‬٩ . Everyblock.com, TheOnion.com ,Disqus ‫ٮٲح‬٩ Django
‫س جځ٭طش٭ص‬٢‫ٶ ؽر‬٦ّ ٨‫كؿ‬٥‫رٺشز ج‬١ ‫ْشك ذٺح٭حش‬٥ ‫ جٿىحس‬٫‫ح‬٩‫ ٹغطخذ‬Los Angeles Times ‫ ٳ‬Chicago Tribune
.‫ٴؼ‬٥‫ٴ‬٥‫س ج‬٦‫ ٹغٺشز ٳ عٲ‬ٛ‫ذيش‬

- EC2

A computing power rental system by Amazon that has become popular among
technology companies because it is much cheaper than maintaining your own computer
servers. Users can host their applications on EC2 and pay depending on usage. EC2 is an
example of cloud computing. (Also see cloud computing)

‫ػٺش‬٢‫ٴؾٺح؛ ذغرد أ٭ٲح أسخـ ذ‬٥‫ٮٴ‬٢‫ط‬٥‫حش ج‬١‫ ؽش‬٬‫ ٳأفركص ؽحتْس ذٺ‬,٫‫حصٳ‬٩‫ أ‬٤‫ر‬ٝ ٬٩ ٧‫ذ‬ٞ‫س قٴعرٺس ض‬٩‫ ضأ ؾٺش خذ‬٧‫٭َح‬
‫س‬٩‫خذ‬٥‫حء ٱزٯ ج‬ٞ٥ ٫‫ْٴ‬ٙ‫ ٳٹذ‬EC2 ‫ٶ‬٦ّ ٨‫حضٲ‬ٞ‫س ضيرٺ‬ٙ‫ جعطنح‬٫‫ٴ‬٩‫غطخذ‬٪٥‫ ٹغطيٺِ ج‬.٠‫ خحفط‬٧‫خحد‬٥‫رٺٴضش ج‬٪٢٥‫ ج‬٧‫ جعطخذج‬٬٩
.)‫كٴعرٺس‬٥‫غكحذس ج‬٥‫ ( أ٭َش أٹنح ج‬.‫كٴعرٺس‬٥‫غكحذس ج‬٦٥ ٣‫ػح‬٪١ ‫ ٹْطرش‬EC2 . ٨‫ٲ‬٩‫ذٵ جعطخذج‬٪٥ ‫ح‬ٞٙ‫ٳ‬

- Embed

A term meaning to place a specific piece of content from one web page inside of another
one. This is often done using an embed code (a few lines of HTML and/or Javascript)
that you can copy or paste. This is a common way for video content to be spread around
the Internet and is increasingly being used for interactive components. A recent example
is PBS Newshour's oil spill tracker widget, which was placed on many news sites
around the country. Note: This is different from the newsroom sense of "embed,"
popularized during the 2003 Iraqi invasion, which means to have a journalist work from
within a military unit.
 14

‫ٮس‬٪‫ن‬٩ ‫شز‬ٚ‫ ؽ‬٧‫ ٹكذظ ٱزج ذحعطخذج‬.‫ِ آخش‬ٝ‫ٴ‬٩ ‫ٶ‬٥‫طشٳ٭ٸ ئ‬٢٥‫ِ ج‬ٝ‫ٴ‬٩ ٬٩ ‫كطٴٵ‬٪٥‫ ج‬٬٩ ‫ْٺٮس‬٩ ‫يْس‬ٝ ِ‫ف ٹْٮٸ ٳم‬٦‫قي‬٩
ِ٩ ٧‫س ؽحتْس جځعطخذج‬ٞ‫ ٱزٯ ىشٹ‬.‫ٲح‬ٞ‫ق‬٥ ‫ ٭غخٲح أٳ‬٬٢٪‫طٸ ٹ‬٥‫ ) ج‬Javascript ‫ ٳ‬/‫ أٳ‬HTML ‫ٖس‬٦‫(ذنْس أعيش ذ‬
PBS Newshour's oil :٠٥‫ٶ ر‬٦ّ ٣‫ػح‬٩ .‫ٺس‬٦ّ‫ح‬ٚ‫ط‬٥‫ٴ٭حش ج‬٢٪٦٥ ‫ أٹنح‬٧‫ٸ جځ٭طش٭ص ٳضغطخذ‬ٙ ‫ٮؾش‬٦٥ ‫ٺذٹٴ‬ٚ٥‫كطٴٵ ج‬٩
‫ف‬٦‫قي‬٪٥‫ ٱزج ج‬:‫ڂقَس‬٩ .‫رڂد‬٥‫ٸ ج‬ٙ ‫طشٳ٭ٺس‬٢٥‫ِ جځ‬ٝ‫ٴج‬٪٥‫ ج‬٬٩ ‫ػٺش‬٢٥‫ٸ ج‬ٙ ٰ‫ط‬ٙ‫ ئمح‬٨‫زٷ ض‬٥‫ ٳج‬spill tracker widget
‫زٷ ٹْٮٸ‬٥‫ ٳ ج‬ٛ‫ْشج‬٥‫طشز جؾطٺحـ ج‬ٙ ‫ٸ‬ٙ 2003 ٧‫ ّح‬٣‫زٷ جؽطٲش خڂ‬٥‫" ٳ ج‬embed"‫س جٽخرحس‬ٙ‫ف ٕش‬٦‫قي‬٩ ٬ّ ٘٦‫ٹخط‬
.‫ؿٺؼ‬٥‫ٸ ج‬ٙ ‫ِ ٳقذز‬٩ ٫‫ٴ‬٦٪ْ‫ ٹ‬٬‫ٺٺ‬ٙ‫فكح‬

- Flash

A proprietary platform owned by Adobe Systems that allows for drag-and-drop

animations, program interactivity, and dynamic displays for the Web. The language used,
ActionScript, is owned by Adobe; this contrasts with many other popular programming
languages that are open source. Creators must use Adobe's Creative Suite products and
web surfers must install a Flash plug-in for their browser. Many claim that Flash players
are unstable and inefficient, slowing down web pages and crashing operating systems.
Apple has not allowed Adobe to create a Flash player for the iPhone operating system,
which has created a feud between the two companies. HTML5 is emerging as an open
alternative to Flash

‫ٺس ٳّشٳك‬٦ّ‫ح‬ٚ‫ؽ ض‬٩‫ ذشج‬.‫س‬١‫طكش‬٪٥‫حه ج‬ٞ‫غكد ٳجٿع‬٥‫ف ذخحفٺس ج‬٪‫ ٳضغ‬Adobe ٧‫ٶ ٭َح‬٥‫ٺطٲح ئ‬٢٦٩ ‫ٺس ضْٴد‬٢٦٩ ‫ٮقس‬٩
‫طٴقس‬ٚ٩ ‫ؿٺس ّذٹذز‬٩‫ٖحش ذش‬٥ ٗ‫ ٱزج ذخڂ‬.Adobe ‫ٲح‬٢٦٪‫ ٳض‬ActionScript ‫س ٱٸ‬٩‫غطخذ‬٪٥‫ٖحش ج‬٦٥‫ ج‬.‫ٴٹد‬٦٥ ‫ٺس‬٢‫ٺ‬٩‫دٹٮح‬
Flash ٤‫ف ذطٮضٹ‬٪‫ف ٳٹد ٹغ‬ٚ‫طق‬٩‫ ٳ‬Adobe's Creative Suite ‫ٮطؽ‬٩ ٧‫ جعطخذج‬٬‫ٺ‬٪٪‫ق‬٪٥‫ٶ ج‬٦ّ ‫ ٹؿد‬.‫قذس‬٪٥‫ج‬
٤‫ ذطْيٺ‬٧‫ٴ‬ٞ‫ٴٹد ٳض‬٥‫كحش ج‬ٚ‫شز ٳضرية ف‬ٞ‫غط‬٩ ‫س ٳٕٺش‬٥‫ْح‬ٙ ‫ ٕٺش‬Adobe ‫ڂػ‬ٚ٥‫ؾٖڂش ج‬٩ ٫‫ْذٹذ أ‬٥‫ ٹذّٸ ج‬.plug-in
‫ ّذجء‬ٜ٦‫زٷ خ‬٥‫ ٳج‬٫‫ٴ‬ٙ ‫ټٷ‬٥ ٤‫طؾٖٺ‬٥‫ ج‬٧‫ٮَح‬٥ ‫ڂػ‬ٙ ٤ٖ‫ؾ‬٩ ‫حس‬٢‫ ذحذط‬Adobe ‫س‬١‫ؾش‬٥ ٤‫س أذ‬١‫ف ؽش‬٪‫ ضغ‬٨٥ .٤‫طؾٖٺ‬٥‫س ج‬٪َ‫أ٭‬
.‫ڂػ‬ٚ٥‫ ج‬٬ّ ‫طٴقح‬ٚ٩ ‫ ذذٹڂ‬HTML5 ‫ ٹْذ‬. ٬‫طٺ‬١‫ؾش‬٥‫ ج‬٬‫ذٺ‬

- Framework

A software package that makes writing programs easier by providing all the "plumbing"
for a particular type of task (like writing a web app), allowing programmers to just "fill in
the blanks" with their own project-specific needs. For instance, Web development
frameworks like Ruby on Rails (written in Ruby, meaning programmers use Ruby to do
the "fill in the blanks" tasks) and Django (written in Python), have easy-to-use, built-in
support for common web development tasks, such as reading and writing to a database,
 15

writing content in html, and so forth. Watch Django and Ruby creators discuss the merits
of their frameworks on DjangoProject.com.

٬٩ ٬‫ْٺ‬٩ ُ‫ٮٴ‬٥ ‫حش‬٩‫ض‬٦‫غط‬٪٥‫ٺِ جٽدٳجش ٳج‬٪‫ ضضٳٹذ ؾ‬٣‫ خڂ‬٬٩ ٤‫ؽ عٲ‬٩‫رشج‬٥‫طحذس ج‬١ ٬٩ ٤ْ‫طٸ ضؿ‬٥‫ؿٺحش ج‬٩‫رش‬٥‫ ج‬٬٩ ‫س‬ٝ‫ذح‬
‫ ئىحس ضيٴٹش‬:‫ػڂ‬٩ .٨‫ؾشٳّٲ‬٩ ‫رحش ٳجقطٺحؾحش‬٦‫طي‬٪‫شجٓ ذ‬ٚ٥‫ ذطْرثس ج‬٬‫ؿٺ‬٩‫رش‬٪٦٥ ‫ف‬٪‫ ٳٹد) ضغ‬ٜ‫طحذس ضيرٺ‬١ ٤‫ػ‬٩( ٧‫ٲح‬٪٥‫ج‬
,)"‫شجٕحش‬ٚ٥‫ ضْرثس ج‬٤٪ْ٥ ‫ٖس سٳذٸ‬٥ ٫‫ٴ‬٩‫ ٹغطخذ‬٬‫ؿٺ‬٩‫رش‬٪٥‫ ج‬٫‫ٖس سٳذٸ ٳضْٮٸ أ‬٥ ‫طٴخ‬٢٩( Ruby on Rails ٤‫ػ‬٩ ‫ٳٹد‬
‫طحذس‬١‫شجءز ٳ‬ٝ ٤‫ػ‬٩ ‫ؾحتْس‬٥‫ٴٹد ج‬٥‫ ضيٴٹش ج‬٧‫ٲح‬٪٥ ٤‫ عٲ‬٧‫ جعطخذج‬٨ّ‫ذٹٰ خحفٺس د‬٥ ,)٫‫ٖس ذحٹػٴ‬٦‫طٴخ ذ‬٢٩( Django‫ٳ‬
‫ٶ‬٦ّ ٫‫ؾٴ‬ٝ‫ ٹطٮح‬Ruby ‫ ٳ‬Django ‫ٸ‬٪٪‫ق‬٩‫ؿٸ ٳ‬٩‫رش‬٩ ‫ ؽحٱذ‬.٠٥‫ح ؽحذٰ ر‬٩‫ ٳ‬html ‫ٸ‬ٙ ‫كطٴٵ‬٩ ‫طحذس‬١ ,‫رٺح٭حش‬٥‫ٴجّذ ج‬ٝ
.DjangoProject.com ‫ٶ‬٦ّ ٨‫ؿٺحضٲ‬٩‫س ذش‬ٝ‫ضجٹح ذح‬٩

- Foursqare

One of many new mobile services, along with Gowalla, SCVNGR and others, that
combines geolocation with game mechanics. Launched in 2009 at SXSW Interactive
conference, Foursquare allows users to "check in" at locations (bars, restaurants,
playgrounds and more) to inform people in their social networks of their whereabouts
while earning badges, collecting points and becoming the "mayor" of certain locations.
Despite a relatively modest user base at the beginning, Foursquare quickly attracted a lot
of attention for its potential for marketing and customer brand loyalty.

ِٝ‫ٴ‬٪٥‫ؽ ج‬٩‫طٸ ضذ‬٥‫ ٳٕٺشٱح ج‬SCVNGR ,Gowalla ‫س‬٩‫ ذؿح٭د خذ‬٣‫ؿٴج‬٥‫ٲحض٘ ج‬٥‫حش ج‬٩‫ خذ‬٬٩ ‫ْذٹذ‬٥‫ ج‬٬٩ ‫ٳجقذ‬
٬‫ٺ‬٩‫غطخذ‬٪٦٥ Foursquare ‫ف‬٪‫ ٹغ‬.‫ٸ‬٦ّ‫ح‬ٚ‫ط‬٥‫ ج‬SXSW‫ش‬٪‫إض‬٩ ‫ٸ‬ٙ 2009 ٧‫ٸ ّح‬ٙ ‫ص‬ٞ٦‫ أى‬.‫ْرس‬٦٥‫ٺحش ج‬٥‫ٸ ٳآ‬ٙ‫ؿٖشج‬٥‫ج‬
٨‫ ٳؾٴدٱ‬٫‫ح‬٢٩ ٬ّ ‫حّٺس‬٪‫ جځؾط‬٨‫حضٲ‬٢‫ٸ ؽر‬ٙ ‫ٮحط‬٥‫ ج‬٧‫) ٿّڂ‬٠٥‫ڂّد ٳٕٺش ر‬٪٥‫ ج‬,٨ّ‫يح‬٪٥‫ ج‬,‫رحسجش‬٥‫ِ (ج‬ٝ‫ٴج‬٩ ‫ٸ‬ٙ ‫كؿض‬٥‫ج‬
‫و‬ٞٙ ٨‫ ٹٲط‬٫‫ح‬١ ِٝ‫ٴ‬٪٥‫ ج‬٫‫ أ‬٬٩ ٨ٕ‫ش‬٥‫ٶ ج‬٦ّ .ِٝ‫ٴج‬٪٥‫ذز" ٱزٯ ج‬٪ّ" ٫‫حه ٳ ٹقركٴ‬ٞ‫ٮ‬٥‫ؾحسجش ٳج‬٥‫ أٹنح ج‬٫‫ٴ‬ٞ٦‫ ٹط‬٬‫ٸ قٺ‬ٙ
‫طؿحسٹس‬٥‫طٲح ج‬٩‫ٺس ٳّڂ‬ٞ‫طغٴٹ‬٥‫طٲح ج‬٢‫ْذٹذ ذغرد قٮ‬٥‫س ج٭طرحٯ ج‬٦‫ ذغشّس ٱحت‬Foursquare ‫ ؾزذص‬.٧‫غطخذ‬٪٥‫ِ ج‬ٝ‫ٴ‬٪‫ذ‬
.‫ڂء‬٪ْ٥‫ٸ ذكحؾس ج‬ٚ‫طٸ ض‬٥‫س ج‬ٝ‫قحد‬٥‫ج‬

- Facebook Connect

A technology from Facebook that allows a reader to log into a third-party website with
their Facebook account, rather than creating a new profile for that website. Facebook
Connect, which is an API, also allows the third parties to pull certain data from the user's
profile, such as his or her name and age. In turn, the reader's activities on the website can
also be displayed on her or his Facebook profile. Launched in 2007, Facebook Connect
was one of the first examples of Facebook extending itself into a platform for the entire
Web. (Also see OAuth, Open ID)
 16

‫ف‬٪‫ ٹغ‬ٜ‫ ضيرٺ‬٬ّ ‫ ٳٱٸ ّرحسز‬ٟ‫حٹغرٴ‬ٚ٥‫ قغحخ ج‬ٜ‫ ىشٹ‬٬ّ ‫ِ أخشٵ‬ٝ‫ٴج‬٩ ‫ٶ‬٥‫ٴؼ ئ‬٥‫ٴ‬٥‫حسب ذح‬ٞ٦٥ ‫ف‬٪‫ ضغ‬ٟ‫حٹغرٴ‬ٚ٥‫ ج‬٬٩ ‫ٮٺس‬ٞ‫ض‬
ِٝ‫ٴ‬٪٥‫ٶ ج‬٦ّ ‫حسب‬ٞ٥‫ أ٭ؾيس ج‬, ٤‫حذ‬ٞ٪٥‫ ذح‬. ‫شٯ‬٪ّ‫ٰ ٳ‬٪‫حع‬١ ‫ؾخقٸ‬٥‫ ج‬٧‫غطخذ‬٪٥‫٘ ج‬٦٩ ٬٩ ‫ْٺٮس‬٩ ‫ ذغكد ذٺح٭حش‬٧‫غطخذ‬٪٦٥
‫طذجد‬٩‫ ج‬٬ّ ٣‫ػح‬٩ ٣‫ أٳ‬٫‫ح‬١ ٟ‫حٹغرٴ‬ٙ ‫ جسضرحه‬. 2007 , ٧‫ٸ ّح‬ٙ ‫ ئفذجسٯ‬٨‫ ض‬. ٟ‫حٹغرٴ‬ٚ٥‫كس ج‬ٚ‫ٶ ف‬٦ّ ‫ ٍحٱشز‬٫‫ٴ‬٢‫عط‬
) OAuth, Open ID) ‫ أ٭َش أٹنح‬.( ‫ٴٹد‬٥‫ٶ ج‬٦ّ ‫ِ آخش‬ٝ‫ٴ‬٩ ‫ٮقس‬٩ ‫ٶ‬٥‫ ئ‬ٟ‫حٹغرٴ‬ٚ٥‫ج‬

- Facebook Community Page

Introduced in April 2010, community pages were created as a counterpart to "official fan
pages," which are built around a specific person, company, organization, product, or
brand. In large part, community pages are mostly auto-generated around interests or
affiliations found in people's profiles, like cooking. There is not a way to actively add
content to the page, unlike with Facebook groups. But because they are autogenerated,
based on likes, they can quickly build gigantic memberships. Cooking, for example, has
over 2 million fans. These pages are a bit confusing, and Facebook is still working on the
kinks

‫ؾخـ‬٥ ‫طٸ ضرٮٶ‬٥‫ٺس ٳج‬٪‫شع‬٥‫ ج‬٬‫ْؿرٺ‬٪٥‫كحش ج‬ٚ‫ق‬٥ ‫ٮَٺش‬١ ‫حسٱح‬٢‫ جذط‬٨‫ِ ض‬٪‫ؿط‬٪٥‫كحش ج‬ٚ‫ ف‬, 2010 ٤‫ أذشٹ‬٧‫ٸ ّح‬ٙ ‫ذذأش‬
‫حش أٳ‬٩‫ح‬٪‫ جځٱط‬٣‫حتٺح قٴ‬ٞ٦‫ ذٮحؤٱح ض‬٨‫ِ ٹط‬٪‫ؿط‬٪٥‫كحش ج‬ٚ‫ ف‬,‫رٺش‬١ ٨‫غ‬ٝ ‫ٸ‬ٙ .‫س ضؿحسٹس‬٩‫ٮطؽ أٳ ّڂ‬٩ , ‫س‬٪َ‫ٮ‬٩ , ‫س‬١‫ ؽش‬, ٬‫ْٺ‬٩
ٗ‫كس ذخڂ‬ٚ‫ق‬٥‫ٶ ج‬٥‫كطٴٵ ج‬٩ ‫س‬ٙ‫س ٿمح‬ٞ‫ ځ ٹٴؾذ أٷ ىشٹ‬.‫ػڂ‬٩ ‫يرخ‬٥‫ح‬١ ,‫ؾخقٺس‬٥‫شجد ج‬ٙ‫حش جٽ‬ٚ٦٩ ‫ٸ‬ٙ ‫حءجش‬٪‫جځ٭ط‬
‫س‬٪‫ ذٮحء ّنٴٹس مخ‬٫‫ح‬٢٩‫ ذحٿ‬.‫ؾخـ‬٥‫ح ٹكرٰ ج‬٩ ‫ٶ‬٦ّ ‫ذ‬٪‫ ٳضْط‬,‫حتٺس‬ٞ٦‫خحفٺس ض‬٥‫ ٱزٯ ج‬٫‫؛ ذغرد أ‬ٟ‫حٹغرٴ‬ٚ٥‫كحش ج‬ٚ‫ف‬
٫‫ا‬ٙ ٠٥‫ز‬٥ .‫ؾٸء‬٥‫ ذْل ج‬ٟ‫كحش ضغرد جٿسذح‬ٚ‫ق‬٥‫ ٱزٯ ج‬.‫ْؿد‬٩ ٫‫ٺٴ‬٦٩ 2 ٬٩ ‫ػش‬١‫ذٹٰ أ‬٥ ‫ػڂ‬٩ ,‫يرخ‬٥‫ح‬ٙ .‫ح عشٹْح‬٩ ‫خحفٺس‬٥
.‫ٺٲح‬ٙ ‫قٴس‬ٞ٥‫ٶ ج‬٦ّ ٣‫ ځ ٹضج‬ٟ‫حٹغرٴ‬ٚ٥‫ِ ج‬ٝ‫ٴ‬٩

- Facebook fan page

A Facebook profile for a specific person, product, company or organization, usually

administered by official representatives. This is different from a Facebook personal page,
which must be owned by an individual, and different from a Facebook community page,
which is built around an interest not related to a brand, such as "cooking." It is also
different from a Facebook group. Fan pages can gather thousands or millions of fans
though "likes," and official posts by the page administrator generally go into the fans'
news streams. Once a page has more than 25 fans, it can claim a short form URL, such
as facebook.com/nytimes or facebook.com/wikileaks. Facebook community and fan
pages are strong players in ongoing efforts to bring content to people where they already
are, instead of requiring them to come to the content
 ‫‪17‬‬

‫‪ٙ ٘٦٩‬حٹغرٴ‪٥ ٟ‬ؾخـ ‪ْ٩‬ٺ‪٩ ,٬‬ٮطؽ‪ ,‬ؽش‪١‬س أٳ ‪٩‬ٮَ‪٪‬س‪ .‬ضط‪ ٨‬ئدجسضٲح ‪ٝ ٬٩‬ر‪٪٩ ٤‬ػ‪٦‬ٺ‪ ٬‬سع‪٪‬ٺٺ‪ .٬‬ضخط‪ ٬ّ ٘٦‬ج‪٥‬ق‪ٚ‬كس‬
‫ج‪٥‬ؾخقٺس ‪٪٦٥‬غطخذ‪ ٧‬ٳج‪٥‬طٸ ٹؿد أ‪ ٫‬ٹ‪٪‬ط‪٢٦‬ٲح ‪ٙ‬شد ٳضخط‪ ٘٦‬أٹنح ّ‪ ٬‬ف‪ٚ‬كحش ج‪٪٥‬ؿط‪ ِ٪‬ج‪٥‬طٸ ضرٮٶ ّ‪٦‬ٶ أعحط جځٱط‪٪‬ح‪٩‬حش‬
‫ٳ‪٥‬ٺظ ّڂ‪٩‬س ضؿحسٹس‪ .‬ٳٱٸ أٹنح ‪٩‬خط‪ٚ٦‬س ّ‪٩ ٬‬ؿ‪٪‬ٴّس ج‪ٚ٥‬حٹغرٴ‪ .ٟ‬ف‪ٚ‬كس ج‪ْ٪٥‬ؿرٺ‪ ٬‬ضؿ‪ ِ٪‬آځٗ أٳ ‪٩‬ڂٹٺ‪ ٬‬ج‪ْ٪٥‬ؿرٺ‪٬‬‬
‫ٳجٿمح‪ٙ‬حش ج‪٥‬شع‪٪‬ٺس ‪٩ ٬٩‬ذٹشٷ ج‪٥‬ق‪ٚ‬كس ج‪٥‬زٷ ٹطٴؾٰ ض‪ٞ٦‬حتٺح ‪١‬شعحت‪ْ٪٥ ٤‬ؿرٸ ج‪٥‬ق‪ٚ‬كس ّ‪٦‬ٶ ؽ‪ ٤٢‬أخرحس‪ّ .‬ٮذ‪٩‬ح ضكٴٷ‬
‫ج‪٥‬ق‪ٚ‬كس ‪ْ٩ 25‬ؿرح أٳ أ‪١‬ػش قٺٮٲح ٹ‪ ٬٢٪‬أ‪ ٫‬ضطكق‪٦ّ ٤‬ٶ ّٮٴج‪ URL ٫‬ذقٺٖس ‪ٝ‬قٺشز ‪٩‬ػح‪:٣‬‬
‫‪ .facebook.com/nytimes or facebook.com/wikileaks‬ضْطرش ف‪ٚ‬كحش ج‪ْ٪٥‬ؿرٺ‪ ٬‬ٳ ‪٩‬ؿط‪ ِ٪‬ج‪ٚ٥‬حٹغرٴ‪ٟ‬‬
‫ځّرٺ‪٩ ٬‬ٲ‪٪‬ٺ‪ٙ ٬‬ٸ ج‪٥‬ؿٲٴد ج‪٪٥‬غط‪٪‬شز ‪٥‬ؿ‪٦‬د ج‪٪٥‬كطٴٵ ‪٦٥‬ٮحط ‪ٙ‬ٸ أ‪٩‬ح‪١‬ٮٲ‪ٙ ٨‬نڂ ّ‪٩ ٬‬ؿٺثٲ‪٥ ٨‬ي‪٦‬د ج‪٪٥‬كطٴٵ‪.‬‬

‫‪- Facebook group‬‬

‫‪Facebook groups are analogous to offline clubs. Unlike Facebook fan pages, groups do‬‬
‫‪not have to be administered by official representatives. In addition, the activity posted in‬‬
‫‪groups does not get pushed into users' feeds. But as long as it has fewer than 5,000‬‬
‫‪members, Facebook groups are allowed to mass-message all their members‬‬

‫‪٩‬ؿ‪٪‬ٴّحش ج‪ٚ٥‬حٹغرٴ‪٩ ٟ‬ؾحذٲس ‪٦٥‬ٮٴجدٷ ج‪٥‬خح‪٦٩‬س‪ ,‬ذخڂٗ ف‪ٚ‬كحش ج‪ْ٪٥‬ؿرٺ‪٦ّ ٬‬ٶ ‪٩‬ٴ‪ ِٝ‬ج‪ٚ٥‬حٹغرٴ‪٥ .ٟ‬ٺظ ‪ ٬٩‬ج‪٥‬نشٳسٷ‬
‫أ‪ ٫‬ضذجس ج‪٪٥‬ؿ‪٪‬ٴّحش ‪ٝ ٬٩‬ر‪٪٩ ٤‬ػ‪٦‬ٺ‪ ٬‬ئدجسٹٺ‪ .٬‬ذحٿمح‪ٙ‬س ئ‪٥‬ٶ ر‪ٙ ,٠٥‬حٽ٭ؾيس ج‪٪٥‬نح‪ٙ‬س ئ‪٥‬ٶ ج‪٪٥‬ؿ‪٪‬ٴّس ځ ضذ‪ ِٙ‬ئ‪٥‬ٶ أّنحء‬
‫ج‪٪٥‬ؿ‪٪‬ٴّس ‪ ٬٩‬خڂ‪ ٣‬ضٖزٹس ج‪٪٥‬غطخذ‪ ٬٢٥ .٧‬ئ‪١ ٫‬ح٭ص ج‪٪٥‬ؿ‪٪‬ٴّحش ضكٴٷ أ‪ّ 5000 ٬٩ ٤ٝ‬نٴج‪ٙ ,‬ا‪ ٫‬ج‪٪٥‬ؿ‪٪‬ٴّحش ٹغ‪٪‬ف‬
‫‪٥‬ٲح ذاسعح‪ ٣‬سعح‪٥‬س ؾ‪٪‬حّٺس ‪٥‬ؿ‪٪‬ٺِ جٽّنحء‪.‬‬

‫‪-‬‬ ‫‪Facebook personal page‬‬

‫‪A profile page tied to a single individual. What information is controlled (in theory) by‬‬
‫‪the individual. However, because there is a 5,000-person limit to friends, some celebrities‬‬
‫‪have fan pages instead. As of 2009, individuals can choose a username, which makes‬‬
‫‪their page available at facebook.com/username.‬‬

‫ف‪ٚ‬كس ج‪ ٘٦٪٥‬ج‪٥‬ؾخقٸ ضشضرو ذ‪ٚ‬شد ٳجقذ ‪ٞٙ‬و‪ .‬أٷ ج‪٦ْ٪٥‬ٴ‪٩‬حش ج‪٥‬طٸ ٹطك‪ٙ ٨٢‬ٺٲح فحقد ج‪٥‬كغحخ ٭َشٹح‪ .‬ذح‪٥‬شٕ‪٬٩ ٨‬‬
‫ر‪ٙ ,٠٥‬ا‪ ٫‬ٱٮح‪ ٟ‬قذٳدج ٽفذ‪ٝ‬حء ج‪ٚ٥‬شد ذـ‪ 5000‬فذٹ‪ٞ‬ح‪ّ .‬ٴمح ّ‪ ٬‬ر‪ ٠٥‬ذْل ج‪٪٥‬ؾحٱٺش ‪٥‬ذٹٲ‪ ٨‬ف‪ٚ‬كس ‪ْ٩‬ؿرٺ‪ .٬‬ٳ‪ٙ‬ٸ‬
‫‪ 2009‬جخطحس جٽؽخحؿ أع‪٪‬حء ‪٩‬غطخذ‪٩‬ٺ‪ ٬‬ضخقٲ‪٪٩ ٨‬ح ٹؿْ‪ ٤‬ف‪ٚ‬كحضٲ‪٩ ٨‬طٴ‪ٙ‬شز ‪١‬ح‪٥‬طح‪٥‬ٸ‪:‬‬
‫‪facebook.com/username‬‬
 18

- Google Docs

A free online service offered by Google, comprising word processing, spreadsheet,

presentation and other software, all of which is "in the cloud." Users can work
collaboratively on documents, editing them simultaneously. The service is increasingly
being seen as eroding Microsoft Office's market share. The glossary you're reading right
now was collaboratively created in Google Docs

‫ٺس‬٪‫ذٹ‬ٞ‫ط‬٥‫ْشٳك ج‬٥‫ ٳج‬,٣‫ؿذجٳ‬٥‫ٮقٴؿ ٳسد ج‬٥‫ؽ ضكشٹش ج‬٩‫ ذش٭ح‬٨‫ ٳضن‬,٤‫س ؾٴؾ‬١‫ٲح ؽش‬٩‫ذ‬ٞ‫خو ض‬٥‫ٶ ج‬٦ّ ‫ؿح٭ ٺس‬٩ ‫س‬٩‫خذ‬
‫غطٮذجش ٳضكشٹشٱح‬٪٥‫ٶ ج‬٦ّ ٬‫ٺ‬١‫ؾطش‬٩ ٤٪ْ٥‫ ج‬٬٩ ٫‫ٴ‬٩‫غطخذ‬٪٥‫ ٹغطيٺِ ج‬.‫كٴعرٺس‬٥‫غكحذس ج‬٥‫ٸ ج‬ٙ ‫ؿٺحش‬٩‫رش‬٥‫ ج‬٬٩ ‫ٳٕٺشٱح‬
.‫ص‬ٙ‫شٳ عٴ‬٢‫حٹ‬٪٥‫ ج‬ٛ‫ عٴ‬ٟ‫ٸ ضضجٹذ ضشجؾِ ضؾحس‬ٙ ‫س ضغررص‬٩‫خذ‬٥‫ ٱزٯ ج‬.‫أٹنح‬

- Google Buzz

Launched in February 2010, Buzz is Google's attempt to counter Twitter and Facebook
by leveraging the social graphs from users' e-mail accounts. A more sophisticated version
of Gmail "status updates," Buzz allows users to post updates about what they are doing,
link to what they are reading and post their current locations. The service can integrate
with other Google services, as well as feed into Twitter. Despite an initial burst of
publicity, Google Buzz has not gained tremendous traction. It attracted criticism
when Google automatically and publicly connected users with people they had e-mailed
most often in the past, making private information unexpectedly available. Google
released enhanced privacy controls after the controversy

ِٙ‫ س‬٣‫ خڂ‬٬٩ ‫ ٳضٴٹطش‬ٟ‫حٹغرٴ‬ٙ ‫ْٸ‬ٝ‫ٴ‬٩ ‫ٶ‬٦ّ ‫د‬٦ٖ‫ط‬٦٥ ٤‫س ؾٴؾ‬٥‫كحٳ‬٩ ‫ ٳٱٴ‬,‫ ذض‬٤‫ ؾٴؾ‬,2010 ‫رشجٹش‬ٙ ‫ٸ‬ٙ ٰٝ‫ ئىڂ‬٨‫ض‬
ِ‫ٴم‬٥‫ ضكذٹػحش ج‬٬٩ ‫ذز‬ْٞ٩ ‫ ذض ٹْطرش ٭غخس‬٤‫ ؾٴؾ‬.٬‫ٺ‬٩‫غطخذ‬٪٦٥ ‫طشٳ٭ٸ‬٢٥‫رشٹذ جځ‬٥‫ ج‬٬٩ ‫حّٸ‬٪‫ جځؾط‬٠‫ٺ‬ٙ‫ؿشج‬٥‫ٺس ج‬٥‫ْح‬ٙ
‫س‬٩‫خذ‬٥‫ ٱزٯ ج‬.‫ٺس‬٥‫كح‬٥‫ ج‬٨‫ْٲ‬ٝ‫ٴج‬٩‫ ٳ‬٫‫ جٻ‬٫‫شؤٳ‬ٞ‫ح ٹ‬٪‫ ذ‬٠‫ ضشذي‬,٫‫ جٻ‬٤٪ْ‫حرج ض‬٩ ٬ّ ‫طكذٹػحش‬٥‫س ج‬ٙ‫ف ذامح‬٪‫ ضغ‬٧‫غطخذ‬٪٦٥ ‫ٸ‬٥‫كح‬٥‫ج‬
‫ ذض‬٤‫طٸ أقذغٲح ؾٴؾ‬٥‫س ج‬٦‫ٲحت‬٥‫نؿس ج‬٥‫ ج‬٬٩ ٨ٕ‫ش‬٥‫ ذح‬.‫ِ ضٴٹطش‬ٝ‫ٴ‬٩ ‫ٶ ضٖزٹس‬٥‫س ئ‬ٙ‫ جٽخشٵ ذحٿمح‬٤‫ؿٴؾ‬٥‫حش ج‬٩‫ِ خذ‬٩ ‫ؽ‬٩‫ضذ‬
ِ٩ ٰ‫ٺ‬٩‫غطخذ‬٩ ‫حتٺح سذو‬ٞ٦‫ ض‬٤‫ ؾٴؾ‬٫‫حدج ذغرد أ‬ٞ‫س ج٭ط‬٩‫خذ‬٥‫ص ٱزٯ ج‬ٝ‫ ٳځ‬.‫ٲٴس‬٪‫ؿ‬٥‫ ٹكٌ ذْذ ذؿزخ ج‬٨٥ ٰ‫ٮ‬٢٥ ,ٰٝ‫ ئىڂ‬٬‫قٺ‬
٤‫س ؾٴؾ‬١‫ص ؽش‬٩‫ح‬ٝ .ِٝ‫طٴ‬٩ ‫ ٕٺش‬٤٢‫طحقس ذؾ‬٩ ‫خحفس‬٥‫حش ج‬٩‫ٴ‬٦ْ٪٥‫ ج‬٤ْ‫ح ٹؿ‬٪٩ ‫؛‬ٜ‫غحذ‬٥‫ٸ ج‬ٙ ‫طشٳ٭ٸ‬٢٥‫ ذشٹذ ج‬٨‫ذٹٲ‬٥ ‫أؽخحؿ‬
.‫ح‬ٞ‫ عحذ‬٤‫زٷ قق‬٥‫ ج‬٣‫ؿذ‬٥‫س ذْذ ج‬٩‫ذ‬ٞ‫ط‬٩ ‫خقٴفٺس‬٥‫ ذح‬٨٢‫ خٺحسجش ضطك‬ٛ‫ ذاىڂ‬٠٥‫ذْذ ر‬
 19

- Google Wave

An online collaborative space introduced by Google in which people can communicate

and work together in real time; it resembles a "souped up Instant Messenger."
Participants can add rich text, images, attachments, videos and maps to create a
multimedia collaboration. A playback option allows new users to get up to speed on
projects and creates an environment that is both real-time and asynchronous. Despite a
massive amount of attention, Google Wave has not gotten much traction. It is, as some
people have said, "a technological solution in search of a problem."

."‫س‬ٚ‫ػ‬٢٩ ‫حعٺٮؿش‬٩ ٤‫ ٳضؾرٰ " سعحت‬،‫ٸ‬ٞ‫ٺ‬ٞ‫ك‬٥‫ص ج‬ٝ‫ٴ‬٥‫ٸ ج‬ٙ ‫ْح‬٩ ٤٪ْ٥‫ ٳج‬٤‫طٴجف‬٦٥ ‫ٮحط‬٦٥ ٤‫طٲح ؾٴؾ‬٦‫ أدخ‬.‫نحء ج٭طش٭ص‬ٙ
‫س‬٪‫ ٳغ‬.‫طْذدز‬٩ ‫ٴّس ٳعحتو‬٪‫ؿ‬٩ ٜ٦‫خ‬٥ ‫ ٳخشجتو‬,‫ٺذٹٴ‬ٙ ‫حش‬ٚ٦٩‫ ٳ‬،‫حش‬ٞ‫ك‬٦٩‫ ٳ‬،‫ ٳفٴس‬،‫س ٭قٴؿ‬ٙ‫ ئمح‬٬‫ٺ‬١‫ؾحس‬٪٦٥ ٬٢٪‫ٳٹ‬
‫ٸ ٳٕٺش‬ٞ‫ٺ‬ٞ‫ك‬٥‫ص ج‬ٝ‫ٴ‬٥‫ٸ ج‬ٙ ‫ٶ قذ عٴجء‬٦ّ ‫ ذٺثس‬ٜ٦‫ ٳٹخ‬٨‫ؾحسٹْٲ‬٩ ‫ٶ‬٦ّ ‫ ذغشّس‬٣‫كقٴ‬٥‫ؿذد ج‬٥‫ ج‬٬‫ٺ‬٩‫غطخذ‬٪٦٥ ‫خٺحس ٹطٺف‬
‫ ٳٱٴ‬. ‫ جځ٭طرحٯ‬٬٩ ‫ػٺش‬٢٥‫ٶ ج‬٦ّ ٤‫ ضكق‬٨٥ Google Wave ، ٧‫ح‬٪‫ جځٱط‬٬٩ ‫س‬٦‫ٺس ٱحت‬٪١ ٬٩ ٨ٕ‫ش‬٥‫ٶ ج‬٦ّ‫ ٳ‬.٬٩‫طضج‬٪٥‫ج‬
."‫س‬٦٢‫ؾ‬٪٥‫ ج‬٬ّ ‫ركع‬٥‫ٸ ج‬ٙ ‫ٴؾٸ‬٥‫ٮٴ‬٢‫ ض‬٤‫ٮحط "ق‬٥‫ ذْل ج‬٣‫ح‬ٝ ‫ح‬٪١

- Geotag

A piece of information that goes with content and contains geographically based
information. Commonly used on photo sites such as Flickr or in conjunction with user-
generated content, to show where a photo, video or article came from. There has been
some discussion of its increasing relevance with geographically connected social
networking sites, such as Foursquare. Twitter has implemented geotagging, and
Facebook has announced plans to do so

٧‫غطخذ‬٪٥‫ٰ ج‬ٚ‫كطٴٵ ٹنٺ‬٩ ‫ش أٳ‬٢‫ٺ‬٦ٙ ِٝ‫ٴ‬٩ ٤‫ػ‬٩ ‫قٴس‬٥‫ِ ج‬ٝ‫ٴج‬٩ ‫ٸ‬ٙ ِ‫ ؽحت‬٤٢‫ ذؾ‬٧‫ ضغطخذ‬.‫ٺس‬ٙ‫حش ؾٖشج‬٩‫ٴ‬٦ْ٩ ‫س ضكٴٷ‬٩‫ٴ‬٦ْ٩
ِٝ‫ٴ‬٪٥‫ ج‬٬‫ صٹحدز جځسضرحه ذٺ‬٬ّ ِ‫حػ ٳجع‬ٞ‫ ٭‬٨‫ ض‬.‫س‬٥‫ح‬ٞ٩ ‫شز‬٢ٙ ‫ ؾحءش‬٬‫ أٹ‬٬٩ ‫ٺذٹٴ أٳ‬ٚ٥‫قٴسز أٳ ج‬٥‫يص ج‬ٞ‫ط‬٥‫ ج‬٬‫ٿٍٲحس أٹ‬
ِٝ‫ٴ‬٩ ٬٦ّ‫ ٳأ‬,‫خحفٺس‬٥‫ِ ضٴٹطش ٱزٯ ج‬ٝ‫ٴ‬٩ ‫ز‬ٚ‫ ٭‬.Foursquare ِٝ‫ٴ‬٩ ٤‫ػ‬٩ ٠٥‫حّٺس ٳأغش ر‬٪‫حش جځؾط‬٢‫ؾر‬٥‫ٸ ٳج‬ٙ‫ؿٖشج‬٥‫ج‬
. ‫ٺزٱح أٹنح‬ٚ‫ خيو ضٮ‬ٟ‫حٹغرٴ‬ٚ٥‫ج‬
 20

- Google AdSense

Google's online advertising network that allows content publishers to embed a piece of
code to display Google ads on their sites. The ads are selected based on the content of the
page. Ad revenue is split between Google and the publisher in an undisclosed proportion,
generally believed to be two-thirds to the publisher. (Note: ads on Google's own sites are
covered by Google AdWords, not AdSense.)

‫ ّشمٲح‬٨‫ٺط‬٥ ‫شجش‬ٚ‫ؾ‬٥‫ ج‬٬٩ ِ‫ي‬ٞ١ ٧‫ح‬٪‫ جځ٭ن‬٬٩ ٬‫ٮحؽشٹ‬٥‫كطٴٵ ج‬٪٥ ‫ف‬٪‫طٸ ضغ‬٥‫ٶ جځ٭طش٭ص ج‬٦ّ ٤‫س ؾٴؾ‬١‫ ؽش‬٫‫س ئّڂ‬٢‫ؽر‬
٤‫س ؾٴؾ‬١‫ ؽش‬٬‫ ذٺ‬٨‫غ‬ٞ‫ ٹٮ‬٫‫ ّحتذ جٿّڂ‬.‫كس‬ٚ‫ ف‬٤١ ‫كطٴٵ‬٪٥ ‫ح‬ٞٙ‫ جخطٺحس جٿّڂ٭حش ٳ‬٨‫ ٹط‬.٨‫ْٲ‬ٝ‫ٴج‬٩ ‫ٶ‬٦ّ ٤‫ ؾٴؾ‬٫‫اّڂ‬١
ِٝ‫ٴ‬٩ ‫ٶ‬٦ّ ‫ جٿّڂ٭حش‬:‫ڂقَس‬٩( .‫ْحتذ‬٥‫ػٸ ج‬٦‫ٶ غ‬٦ّ ٤‫ٮحؽش ٹطكق‬٥‫ ج‬٫‫ذ ذأ‬ٞ‫حځ ٹْط‬٪‫ ٳئؾ‬.‫كذدز‬٩ ‫ٸ ٭غرس ٕٺش‬ٙ ‫ٮحؽش‬٥‫ٳج‬
.)AdSense ‫ٺظ‬٥ ‫ ٳ‬Google AdWords ٤‫ر‬ٝ ٬٩ ‫ ضٖيٶ‬٤‫ؾٴؾ‬

- Google Adwords

Google's text-based flagship advertising product, which provides the lion's share of the
company revenue. Ads are displayed on Google's own sites based on search terms that
users type in, and advertisers pay only when the users click on them. The search terms,
called keywords, are purchased by advertisers; availability of a given keyword is based in
part on an auction system, and in part on the responsiveness of the audience.

‫ ّشك‬٨‫ ٹط‬.‫س‬١‫ؾش‬٥‫ ّحتذ ج‬٬٩ ‫س‬١‫ؾحس‬٪‫زٷ ٹضٳد ذ‬٥‫ ٳج‬,٤‫س ؾٴؾ‬١‫ؾش‬٥ ‫طحذْس‬٥‫ٮقٴؿ ج‬٥‫ٶ ج‬٦ّ ٨‫حت‬ٝ ‫ٮطؽ ئّڂ٭ٸ أعحعٸ‬٩
٫‫ٮٴ‬٦ْ٪٥‫ِ ج‬ٙ‫ ٳٹذ‬.‫ ذيرحّطٲح‬٧‫غطخذ‬٪٥‫ ج‬٧‫ح‬ٝ ‫زٷ‬٥‫ركع ج‬٥‫ٸ ج‬ٙ ‫س‬٩‫غطخذ‬٪٥‫كحش ج‬٦‫قي‬٪٦٥ ‫ح‬ٞٙ‫ ٳ‬٤‫ِ ؾٴؾ‬ٝ‫ٴج‬٩ ‫ٶ‬٦ّ ‫جٿّڂ٭حش‬
٤‫ر‬ٝ ٬٩ ‫ ؽشجؤٱح‬٨‫ ٳٹط‬,‫شتٺغٺس‬٥‫حش ج‬٪٦٢٥‫ٶ ذح‬٪‫ركع ضغ‬٥‫كحش ج‬٦‫قي‬٩ .٫‫ٶ جٿّڂ‬٦ّ ٧‫غطخذ‬٪٥‫ح ٹنٖو ج‬٩‫و ّٮذ‬ٞٙ
.‫ٲٴس‬٪‫ؿ‬٥‫ٶ جعطؿحذس ج‬٦ّ ٨‫حت‬ٝ ‫ؿضء جٻخش‬٥‫ضجد ٳج‬٪٥‫ ج‬٧‫ٶ ٭َح‬٦ّ ‫ ؾضتٺح‬٨‫حت‬ٝ ‫ركع جٽعحعٺس‬٥‫س ج‬٪٦١ ‫ش‬ٙ‫ ضٴ‬.٬‫ٮٺ‬٦ْ٪٥‫ج‬

- HTML (Hypertext Markup Language)

The dominant formatting language used on the World Wide Web to publish text, images
and other elements. Invented by Tim Berners Lee in the early 1990s, HTML uses pairs of
opening and closing tags (also known as elements), such as <title> and </title>; each pair
 21

assigns meaning to the text that appears between them. HTML can be considered code,
but it is not a programming language; it's a markup language, which is a separate beast.
The latest standard of HTML is HTML5, which adds powerful interactive functionality

٬٩ ‫قٴس ٳٕٺشٱح‬٥‫ ج‬,‫ٮقٴؿ‬٥‫ٸ ٭ؾش ج‬ٙ ‫ٺس‬٪٥‫ْح‬٥‫س ج‬٢‫ؾر‬٥‫ ٸ ج‬ٙ ‫س‬٩‫غطخذ‬٪٥‫ٮس ٳج‬٪‫ٲٺ‬٪٥‫ٖس ج‬٦٥‫طؾْرٸ – ج‬٥‫ٮـ ج‬٥‫ٖس ضٴفٺ٘ ج‬٥
‫رذجٹس‬٥‫ٸ ج‬ٙ ‫ضدٳؾس‬٪٥‫س ج‬٪‫غ‬٥‫ ج‬٧‫ٖس ضغطخذ‬٦٥‫ ٱزٯ ج‬.‫طغْٺٮحش‬٥‫ٸ ذذجٹس ج‬ٙ ‫ٺٸ‬٥ ‫ ذٺش٭ٺشص‬٨‫ ضٺ‬٤‫ر‬ٝ ٬٩ ّٰ‫ جخطشج‬٨‫ ض‬.‫ٴ٭حش‬٢٪٥‫ج‬
‫ٺغص‬٥ ‫ٮٲح‬٢٥ ،‫ٴد‬٢٥‫ جّطرحس ج‬٬٢٪‫ ٳٹ‬.‫ح‬٪‫زٷ ٹَٲش ذٺٮٲ‬٥‫ٮـ ج‬٥‫ْٮٶ ج‬٩ ٬‫ صٳؼ ٹْٺ‬٤١ </title>‫<ٳ‬title> ٤‫ػ‬٩ ,‫ٮٲحٹس‬٥‫ٳج‬
‫س‬ٚ‫زٷ ٹنٺ٘ ٳٍٺ‬٥‫ ج‬،HTML5 ‫ ٱٴ‬HTML ‫ْٺحس‬٩ ‫ آخش‬.٤‫ق‬ٚ‫ٮ‬٪٥‫ٴقؼ ج‬٥‫ ٳٱٴ ج‬،‫حش‬٩‫ْڂ‬٥‫ٖس ج‬٥ ‫ ئ٭ٲح‬،‫ؿس‬٩‫ٖس ذش‬٥
.‫ٴٹس‬ٝ ‫ٺس‬٦ّ‫ح‬ٚ‫ض‬

- HTML 5

The upcoming, powerful standard of Hypertext Markup Language, which has added
advanced interactive features, such as allowing video to be embedded on a web page. It is
gaining in popularity compared to proprietary standards, like Adobe Flash, because it is
an open standard and does not require third-party plugins. Using HTML5 will allow web
pages to work more like desktop applications. The latest releases of most browsers
support HTML5 to varying degrees. HTML5 does not cover CSS and JavaScript, but
often when people refer to HTML5, they often are using it as a blanket term, applying not
only to changes to the HTML, but also to changes in CSS and JavaScript

٤‫طؾٖٺ‬٥‫ٺذٹٴ ذح‬ٚ٥‫حش ج‬ٚ٦٪٥ ‫حـ‬٪‫غ‬٥‫ح‬١ ‫ٺس‬٦ّ‫ح‬ٚ‫ٺضجش ض‬٩ ‫ص‬ٙ‫طٸ أمح‬٥‫ ٳج‬,‫ ٳٳجّذز‬,‫ٴٹس‬ٝ ‫طٸ ضْذ‬٥‫ٺحعٺس ج‬ٞ٥‫طؾْرٸ ج‬٥‫طٴفٺ٘ ج‬٥‫ٖس ج‬٥
.‫ع‬٥‫يشٗ غح‬١ ‫غحّذ‬٩ ‫ؽ‬٩‫د ذش٭ح‬٦‫ڂػ؛ ٽ٭ٰ ځ ٹطي‬ٙ ‫حس٭س ذحٽدٳخ‬ٞ٩ ‫رٺشز‬١ ‫ٶ ؽْرٺس‬ٞ٦‫ ٹ‬.‫كحش جځ٭طش٭ص‬ٚ‫ٶ ف‬٦ّ
‫ؽ‬٩‫ ذشج‬٬٩ ‫ جٿفذجسجش جٽخٺشز‬.‫طد‬٢٪٥‫حش عيف ج‬ٞ‫طيرٺ‬١ ٤٪ْ٥‫كحش جځ٭طش٭ص ذح‬ٚ‫ق‬٥ ‫ف‬٪‫ ٹغ‬HTML5 ٧‫جعطخذج‬
‫ٮحٷ‬٥‫ٺٲح ج‬٥‫ح ٹؾٺش ئ‬٩ ‫رح‬٥‫ ٕح‬٬٢٥ ,‫شٹرص‬٢‫ح ع‬ٙ‫ ٳؾح‬CSS ‫ ځ ٹٖيٸ‬HTML5 .‫س‬ٚ٦‫خط‬٩ ‫غطٴٹحش‬٪‫ ذ‬HTML5 ٨ّ‫ف ضذ‬ٚ‫طق‬٥‫ج‬
CSS ‫شٹرص ٳ‬٢‫ح ع‬ٙ‫ؿح‬٦٥ ‫ أٹنح‬٬٢٥‫ ٳ‬HTML ‫ٸ‬ٙ ‫طٖٺٺشجش‬٦٥ ‫و‬ٞٙ ‫ٺظ‬٥ ٓ‫حس‬ٙ ‫ف‬٦‫قي‬٪١ ٧‫ح ضغطخذ‬٩ ‫رح‬٥‫ ٕح‬. HTML5 ‫ذـ‬

- iframe

An HTML tag that allows for one web page to be wholly included inside another; it is a
popular way to create embeddable interactive features. Iframes are usually constructed
via JavaScript as a way around web browsers' security features, which try to prevent
 22

JavaScript on one page from quickly talking to JavaScript on an external page. Many
security breaches have been designed using iframes

‫ٺضجش‬٩ ‫حس‬٢‫س ؽحتْس ځذط‬ٞ‫ ئ٭ٲح ىشٹ‬.‫كس أخشٵ‬ٚ‫ ف‬٤‫ؿس دجخ‬٩‫ذ‬٩ ٫‫ٴ‬٢‫ ض‬٫‫كس ج٭طش٭ص أ‬ٚ‫ق‬٥ ‫ف‬٪‫طٸ ضغ‬٥‫ ج‬HTML ‫س‬٪‫ع‬
‫ح‬ٙ‫ؿح‬٥‫ٮِ ج‬٩ ٣‫زٷ قحٳ‬٥‫ف جځ٭طش٭ص ج‬ٚ‫طق‬٩ ‫ذٵ‬٥ ‫حٹس‬٪‫ك‬٥‫ٺضجش ج‬٩ ٣‫س قٴ‬ٞ‫يشٹ‬١ ‫شٹرص‬٢‫ح ع‬ٙ‫ؿح‬٥‫ ذٮحؤٱح ذح‬٨‫ح ٹط‬٩ ‫ ّحدز‬.‫ٺس‬٦ّ‫ح‬ٚ‫ض‬
‫ٮٺس‬٩‫حش جٽ‬ٝ‫ جځخطشج‬٬٩ ‫ػٺش‬٢٥‫ ج‬.‫كس خحسؾٺس‬ٚ‫ٸ ف‬ٙ ‫شٹرص أخشٵ‬٢‫ح ع‬ٙ‫ِ ؾح‬٩ ٤ّ‫ح‬ٚ‫ط‬٥‫ ج‬/‫طكذظ‬٥‫ ج‬٬٩ ‫كس‬ٚ‫ٶ ف‬٦ّ ‫شٹرص‬٢‫ع‬
. iframe ٧‫ٲح ذحعطخذج‬٪‫ٺ‬٪‫ ضق‬٨‫ض‬

- iPad

Released in April 2010, the iPad is Apple's tablet computing device, akin to a large iPod
Touch; it uses the same operating system and development tools as the iPhone. It features
a multitouch screen and comes in 3G and wifi versions. Some news
organizations, including The New York Times, Wired and National Geographic, have
created special applications designed for the iPad. Some have hoped that it would be the
"Jesus" tablet that would breathe new life into legacy print publications. Upon its
announcement in January 2010, many noted its name was reminiscent of feminine
hygiene products

٧‫ٰ ٭َح‬٩‫غس آٷ ذٴد؛ ځعطخذج‬٪٦‫رٺش ذ‬١ ‫ٶ قذ‬٥‫ٴقٸ ؽرٺٰ ئ‬٥ ‫رٺٴضش‬٪١ ‫ ؾٲحص‬٬ّ ‫ ٳ ٱٴ ّرحسز‬,2010 ٤‫ٸ أذشٹ‬ٙ ٰٝ‫ ئىڂ‬٨‫ض‬
‫حش‬٪َ‫ٮ‬٪٥‫ ذْل ج‬.‫حٷ‬ٙ ‫ٴجٷ‬٥‫ضٳد ذح‬٩‫ ؾٺؿح ٳ‬3 ‫طْذدز ذغْس‬٩ ‫ظ‬٪٥ ‫ٺض ذؾحؽس‬٪‫ ٹط‬.٫‫ٴ‬ٙ ‫ جٻٷ‬٤‫ػ‬٩ ‫ ٳأدٳجش ضيٴٹش‬٤‫ضؾٖٺ‬
‫ؽ خحفس‬٩‫حس ذشج‬٢‫ٴج ذحذط‬٩‫ح‬ٝ ,٠‫ٺ‬ٙ‫ ؾٺٴؾشج‬٣‫ ٭حؽٺٴ٭ح‬٫‫ض ٳٳجٹشد أٳ‬٪‫ ضحٹ‬ٟ‫ٮٺٴٹٴس‬٥‫ ج‬٤‫ػ‬٩ ‫طخققس ذٮؾش جٽخرحس‬٪٥‫ج‬
٨‫ذٹ‬ٞ٥‫ ج‬٧‫ڀّڂ‬٥ ‫ٸ قٺحز ؾذٹذز‬ٚ‫زٷ عٺن‬٥‫غٺف ج‬٪٥‫ٴـ ج‬٥ ٤‫ػ‬٩ ٫‫ٴ‬٢‫ ٹ‬٫‫ٮٶ أ‬٪‫رْل ض‬٥‫ ج‬.‫ټٷ ذحد‬٥ ‫س خقٺقح‬٪٪‫ق‬٩‫ٳ‬
.‫غٺذجش‬٦٥ ٬‫ٺذٹ‬٦٥ ٨‫ٺ‬ْٞ‫ٮطؽ ض‬٩ ‫طشجـ‬ٝ‫حش ذح‬١‫ؾش‬٥‫ص ذْل ج‬٩‫ح‬ٝ ,2010 ‫ٸ ٹٮحٹش‬ٙ ٰ‫ ّٮ‬٫‫ ذْذ جٿّڂ‬.ُ‫يرٴ‬٪٥‫ج‬

- iPhone

Apple's smart phone has sold more than 50 million units worldwide since it launched in
2007. The first smartphone to introduce multitouch screen capability, it is considered in
the same vertical as the Blackberry, Google's Android and Palm Pre. The critical mass of
iPhones, along with Apple's pre-existing iTunes infrastructure, allowed Apple to launch
 23

the first truly robust marketplace for mobile applications, creating a whole new
microeconomy for innovation

٘‫ٲحض‬٥‫ ج‬٫‫ح‬١ .2007 ٧‫ٸ ّح‬ٙ ٰ‫ٮز ضذؽٺٮ‬٩ ٨٥‫ْح‬٥‫ٸ ج‬ٙ ٰ‫ٮ‬٩ ‫يْس‬ٝ ٫‫ٺٴ‬٦٩ 50 ِ‫ ذٺ‬٨‫زٷ ض‬٥‫ ج‬٤‫ أذ‬٬٩ ‫ٸ‬١‫ز‬٥‫ٲحض٘ ج‬٥‫ ج‬:iPhone
٨٥‫ ٳذح‬,٤‫ ٳأ٭ذسٳٹذ ؾٴؾ‬,‫ ذٺشٷ‬ٟ‫رڂ‬٥‫ ٱحض٘ ج‬٤‫ػ‬٩ ‫ٴدٹس‬٪ْ٥‫ٮٺس ج‬ٞ‫ط‬٥‫ظ ج‬ٚ‫طٸ ضْطرش ذٮ‬٥‫ظ ج‬٪٦٥‫س ؽحؽس ج‬٩‫ ذخذ‬٧‫ذ‬ٞ‫زٷ ٹ‬٥‫ ج‬٣‫جٽٳ‬
٣‫ ذافذجس أٳ‬٤‫س أذ‬١‫ؾش‬٥ ‫كص‬٪‫ ع‬٤‫س أذ‬١‫ؾش‬٥ ‫طكطٺس‬٥‫رٮٺس ج‬٥‫ ج‬٫‫حش جٻضٴ‬ٞ‫ِ ضيرٺ‬٩ ٫‫ٴ‬ٙ ‫ټٷ‬٥ ‫س‬٦‫ٲحت‬٥‫ٮٺس ج‬ٞ‫ط‬٥‫ ٱزٯ ج‬.‫ذشٷ‬
.‫حس‬٢‫ڂذط‬٥ ‫طقحدج ؾذٹذج‬ٝ‫ص ج‬ٞ٦‫رٺْح ٳخ‬٩ ‫ػش‬١‫ جٽ‬٣‫ح‬ٞ‫ٮ‬٥‫ٲحض٘ ج‬٥‫حش ج‬ٞ‫ضيرٺ‬

- iPod Touch

Essentially an iPhone without the phone. Slimmer than the iPhone, the iPod touch can
play music and run iPhone apps. It connects to the Internet via wifi

‫حش‬ٞ‫ ضيرٺ‬٤‫ٶ ٳضؾٖٺ‬ٞ‫ٴعٺ‬٪٦٥ ُ‫ح‬٪‫ جځعط‬٬٩ ٠‫ّٮ‬٢٪‫ ٹ‬.iPhone ٬٩ ٘‫ أ٭ك‬.٘‫ٲحض‬٥‫س ج‬٩‫ خذ‬٫‫ دٳ‬iPhone ٬ّ ‫ٱٴ ّرحسز‬
. wifi ‫ ذحځ٭طش٭ص ّرش‬٤‫ ٳٹطق‬iPhone

- JavaScript

A Web scripting language used to enhance websites; it can make them more interactive
without requiring a browser plugin. JavaScript is interpreted by your browser instead of
by a web server, otherwise known as a client-side scripting language. JavaScript files
generally end in .js. Despite its name, it is not related to the Java language.

‫س‬ٙ‫كحؾس ٿمح‬٥‫ ج‬٫‫ٺس دٳ‬٦ّ‫ح‬ٚ‫ػش ض‬١‫ِ أ‬ٝ‫ٴج‬٪٥‫ ج‬٬٩ ٤ْ‫ ضؿ‬.‫طشٳ٭ٺس‬٢٥‫ِ جځ‬ٝ‫ٴج‬٪٥‫طيٴٹش ج‬٥ ٧‫س ج٭طش٭ص ضغطخذ‬٢‫ٖس ٭قٴؿ ؽر‬٥
.٧‫غطخذ‬٪٥‫خحفس ذح‬٥‫ٺش ج‬ٚ‫طؾ‬٥‫ٖس ج‬٦‫س ضْشٗ ذ‬٥‫كح‬٥‫ ٳٱزٯ ج‬,‫ جځ٭طش٭ص‬٧‫ٺظ خحد‬٥‫ف ٳ‬ٚ‫طق‬٪٥‫ ج‬ٜ‫ ىشٹ‬٬ّ ‫طٲح‬٪‫ ضشؾ‬٨‫ ٹط‬.‫ٴ٭حش‬٢٩
.‫ح‬ٙ‫ؿح‬٥‫ٖس ج‬٦‫ا٭ٲح ځ ضشضرو ذ‬ٙ , ‫ٲح‬٪‫ جع‬٬٩ ٨ٕ‫ش‬٥‫ ذح‬. js. ‫شٹرص ضٮطٲٸ ذـ‬٢‫ح ع‬ٙ‫ؿح‬٥‫حش ج‬ٚ٦٩
 24

- Joomla

A free, open-source content management built in PHP. It is more powerful than

WordPress but not as powerful as Drupal. However it is known for its extensive design
options. The name Joomla means "all together" in Swahili

٬٩ ٨ٕ‫ش‬٥‫ ذح‬. Drupal ‫ٴز‬ٞ‫ٺظ ذ‬٥ ٰ‫ٮ‬٢٥ WordPress ٬٩ ‫ٴز‬ٝ ‫ػش‬١‫ أ‬. PHP ‫رٮٸ ذـ‬٩ ‫ؿح٭ٸ‬٩‫قذس ٳ‬٪٥‫طٴـ ج‬ٚ٩ ‫كطٴٵ‬٩
."‫ْح‬٩ ِ‫ٺ‬٪‫ؿ‬٥‫ٺس "ج‬٦‫غٴجقٺ‬٥‫ٖس ج‬٦٥‫س ذح‬٦٪‫ْٮٶ ؾ‬٩ .‫ ٳجعْس‬٨‫ٺ‬٪‫ْشٳٗ ذخٺحسجش ضق‬٩ ‫كطٴٵ‬٪٥‫ٲزج ج‬ٙ ,٠٥‫ر‬

- jQuery

A incredibly popular open source JavaScript library designed for manipulating HTML
pages and handling events. Released in 2006, jQuery quickly gained widespread
adoption because of its efficiency and elegance. The definitive feature of jQuery is its
support for "chaining" operations together to simplify otherwise complicated tasks. It is
the most popular JavaScript library

.‫س جٽقذجظ‬٩‫ح‬ٝ‫ ٳئ‬,HTML ‫كحش‬ٚ‫طڂّد ذق‬٦٥ ‫ص‬٪٪‫شٹرص ف‬٢‫ح ع‬ٙ‫ؿح‬٥‫طرس ج‬٢٪٥ ‫ػش ؽٺٴّح‬١‫قذس جٽ‬٪٥‫طٴقس ج‬ٚ٪٥‫طرس ج‬٢٪٥‫ج‬
‫ٲح‬٪ّ‫ٴٹشٷ ٱٸ د‬١ ‫طٸ ضْشٗ ؾٸ‬٥‫ٺضز ج‬٪٥‫ ج‬.ٜ‫ٲح جٽ٭ٺ‬٪‫ٺ‬٪‫ٺطٲح ٳضق‬٥‫ْح‬ٚ٥ ‫ح ج٭طؾشش‬٩ ‫ ٳعشٹْح‬2006 ‫ٸ‬ٙ ‫أفذسش‬
.‫ػش ؽٺٴّح‬١‫شٹرص جٽ‬٢‫ح ع‬ٙ‫ؿح‬٥‫طرس ج‬٢٩ ‫ ٱٸ‬.‫ذز‬ْٞ٩ ‫حش‬٪‫ٲ‬٩ ٤‫طغٲٺ‬٥ ‫رْل‬٥‫ِ ذْنٲح ج‬٩ ‫س‬٦‫غ‬٦‫طغ‬٪٥‫ٺحش ج‬٦٪ْ٦٥

- JSON (JavaScript Object-Notation)

A Web data publishing format that is designed to be both easily human — and machine
— readable. It is an alternative to XML that is more concise because, unlike XML, it is
not a markup language that requires open and close tags

‫طٲح قٺع‬ٝ‫ذ‬٥ XML ‫ـ‬٥ ٤‫رذٹ‬١ ‫ ضْطرش‬.‫س‬٥‫ ٳجٻ‬٫‫ڀ٭غح‬٥ ‫شجءز‬ٞ٥‫س ج‬٦‫ عٲ‬٫‫ٴ‬٢‫ط‬٥ ‫ص‬٪٪‫ ٳف‬,‫فٺٖس ٭ؾش ذٺح٭حش ّرش جځ٭طش٭ص‬
.ٛ‫ططحـ ٳئٕڂ‬ٙ‫ٴص ج‬٩‫ٶ س‬٥‫ٖس ضكطحؼ ئ‬٥ ‫ٺغص‬٥ ‫ ئ٭ٲح‬, XML ٗ‫أ٭ٲح ذخڂ‬
 25

- Key/Value store

A simpler way of storing data than a relational or document database. Key-value stores
have a simple structure, matching values to accessible "keys," or indices. In Web
development, key/value stores are often (though not always) used for optimization

‫ٺٲح‬ٙ ٜٙ‫ ضٴج‬,‫س‬٦‫ٺس عٲ‬٦٢‫ٺض ذٲٺ‬٪‫ ٱزٯ ضط‬٬‫طخضٹ‬٥‫ ج‬ٛ‫ ىش‬.‫رٺح٭حش‬٥‫حّذز ج‬ٝ ‫غطٮذ‬٪‫حس٭س ذ‬ٞ٩ ‫رٺح٭حش‬٥‫ ج‬٬‫طخضٹ‬٥ ٤‫س جٽعٲ‬ٞ‫يشٹ‬٥‫ج‬
.٬‫طكغٺ‬٦٥ ٧‫ح ضغطخذ‬٩ ‫ح‬٪‫ٺظ دجت‬٥‫رح ٳ‬٥‫ ٱزٯ ٕح‬٬‫طخضٹ‬٥‫ ج‬ٛ‫ِ ىش‬ٝ‫ٴج‬٪٥‫ٸ ضيٴٹش ج‬ٙ .٣‫ذخٴ‬٥‫حضٺف ج‬ٚ٪‫ ذ‬٨‫ٺ‬ٞ٥‫ج‬

- LAMP

An acronym referring to a bundle of free open-source Web technologies that have

become incredibly popular as a method for building websites. The letters stand for the
Linux operating system, Apache web server, MySQL database, and either PHP, Perl or
Python. This is often referred to as a "LAMP stack." A rival alternative would be a
bundle of Microsoft products. Serverwatch.com has a good explanation

‫ٮٲؽ‬٪١ ‫طٸ أفركص ؽحتْس‬٥‫ِ ٳج‬ٝ‫ٴج‬٪٥‫خحفس ذح‬٥‫قذس ج‬٪٥‫طٴقس ج‬ٚ٩ ‫ؿح٭ٺس‬٪٥‫ٴؾٺح ج‬٥‫ٮٴ‬٢‫ط‬٥‫ ج‬٬٩ ‫س‬٩‫ٶ قض‬٥‫جخطقحس ٹؾٺش ئ‬
‫ جٽقشٗ ضْٮٸ‬.‫ِ جځ٭طش٭ص‬ٝ‫ٴج‬٩ ‫رٮحء‬٥

Linux operating system, Apache web server, MySQL database, and either PHP, Perl or
Python.

.‫غح‬ٙ‫ٮح‬٩ ‫ص خٺحسج‬ٙ‫شٳعٴ‬٢‫حٹ‬٩ ‫ٮطؿحش‬٩ ‫س‬٩‫ قض‬٤‫ػ‬٪‫ ٳض‬."LAMP stack." ‫ف ذـ‬٦‫قي‬٪٥‫ٶ ج‬٥‫ح ٹؾحس ئ‬٩ ‫رح‬٥‫ٳ ٕح‬

.‫ذٹٰ ؽشـ ؾٺذ‬٥ Serverwatch.com ِٝ‫ٴ‬٩

- Legacy media

An umbrella term to describe the centralized media institutions that were dominant
during the second half of the 20th century, including — but not limited to — television,
radio, newspapers and magazines, all which generally had a uni-directional distribution
 26

model. Sometimes "legacy media" is used interchangeably with "MSM," for "Mainstream
Media."Legacy media sits in contrast with social media, where the production and
sharing is of equal weight to the consumption

٬٩ ‫ػح٭ٸ‬٥‫ٮق٘ ج‬٥‫ٸ ج‬ٙ ‫س‬٪‫حت‬ٝ ‫ح٭ص‬١ ‫طٸ‬٥‫ضٹس ج‬١‫ش‬٪٥‫ٺس ج‬٩‫ؿٲحش جٿّڂ‬٥‫ٴف٘ ج‬٥ ٤٩‫ف ؽح‬٦‫قي‬٩ ‫طشجغٸ‬٥‫ ج‬/٨‫ذٹ‬ٞ٥‫ ج‬٧‫جٿّڂ‬
٤‫ػ‬٪‫ ض‬٤‫ٴعحت‬٥‫ ٱزٯ ج‬٤١‫ ٳ‬.‫ؿڂش‬٪٥‫قك٘ ٳج‬٥‫ ج‬,‫شجدٹٴ‬٥‫ ج‬,‫حص‬ٚ٦‫ط‬٥‫ ج‬,‫كقش‬٥‫ ځ ج‬٣‫ػح‬٪٥‫ ج‬٤‫ٶ عرٺ‬٦ّ ٨‫ ٳضن‬,٬‫ْؾشٹ‬٥‫ ج‬٫‫ش‬ٞ٥‫ج‬
"Mainstream ‫ أٳ‬MSM ‫ف‬٦‫قي‬٩ ٬ّ ‫ ذذٹڂ‬٫‫ٸ ذْل جٽقٺح‬ٙ ‫ف‬٦‫قي‬٪٥‫ ٱزج ج‬٧‫ ٹغطخذ‬.‫طْذد جٿدجسز‬٩ ‫ٴرؼ ٭ؾش‬٪‫٭‬
‫ظ‬ٚ‫ح ٭‬٪‫ٲ‬٥ ‫س‬١‫ؾحس‬٪٥‫ جٿ٭طحؼ ٳج‬٬٩ ‫ڂ‬١ ٫‫ٸ أ‬ٙ ‫حّٸ‬٪‫ جځؾط‬٧‫ف جٿّڂ‬٦‫قي‬٩ ِ٩ ‫ف‬٦‫قي‬٪٥‫٘ ٱزج ج‬٦‫ ٳ ٹخط‬. Media."
.ٟ‫ڂعطٲڂ‬٥ ‫ٮغرس‬٥‫س ذح‬٪‫ٺ‬ٞ٥‫ ٳ ج‬٫‫ٴص‬٥‫ج‬

- Library

In the context of programming, this contains code that can be accessed for software and
Web development, enabling one to perform common tasks without writing new code
every time. Many libraries are freely shared. One well-known library isjQuery, released
in 2006 and now the most popular JavaScript library, which boasts that it allows coders to
"write less, do more."

٬٩ ‫ػٺش‬٢٥‫ ج‬.‫شز‬٩ ٤١ ‫ٸ‬ٙ ‫ؿذٹذز‬٥‫شز ج‬ٚ‫ؾ‬٥‫طحذس ج‬١ ٫‫ؾحتْس دٳ‬٥‫ ج‬٧‫ٲح‬٪٥‫شز ج‬ٚ‫ ٳضكٴٷ ؽ‬.‫ؿٸ‬٩‫رش‬٥‫ ج‬٧‫ٸ جځعطخذج‬ٙ ‫طرس‬٢٪٥‫ج‬
2006 ٧‫ٸ ّح‬ٙ ‫ٲح‬ٝ‫ ئىڂ‬٨‫طٸ ض‬٥‫ ٳج‬jQuery ‫س ٱٸ‬ٙ‫ْشٳ‬٪٥‫طرحش ج‬٢٪٥‫ ج‬٬٩ ‫ ٳجقذز‬.‫ؿح٭ح‬٩ ٬‫ٺٲ‬ٙ ‫س‬١‫ؾحس‬٪٥‫ ج‬٨‫طرحش ٹط‬٢٪٥‫ج‬
.‫ػش‬١‫ أ‬٤٪ْ٥‫ ٳج‬٤‫ٺ‬٦ٞ٥‫طحذس ج‬٢‫شجش ذ‬ٚ‫ؾ‬٥‫طحخ ج‬٢٥ ‫ف‬٪‫طٸ ضطرحٱٸ ذأ٭ٲح ضغ‬٥‫س ٳج‬ٙ‫ْشٳ‬٪٥‫شٹرص ج‬٢‫ح ع‬ٙ‫طرحش ؾح‬٢٩ ٬٩ ٫‫ٳضْذ جٻ‬

- Location-based services

A service, usually in a mobile Web or mobile device application, that uses your location
in order to perform a certain task, such as finding nearby restaurants, giving you
directions, or locating your friends. Foursquare and Gowalla are services

‫ْٺٮس‬٩ ٧‫ٲح‬٩ ‫ٸ ٽدجء‬٥‫كح‬٥‫ ج‬٠ْٝ‫ٴ‬٩ ٧‫طٸ ضغطخذ‬٥‫ ٳج‬,‫حضٲح‬ٞ‫س ٳضيرٺ‬٥‫ح‬ٞ‫ٮ‬٥‫ٲٴجض٘ ج‬٥‫ٶ ج‬٦ّ ‫ٴٹد‬٥‫س ج‬٩‫ٸ خ ذ‬ٙ ‫ح ضطٴجؾذ‬٩ ‫س ّحدز‬٩‫خذ‬
Gowalla‫ ٳ‬Foursquare ‫ْٸ‬ٝ‫ٴ‬٩ ٬٩ ٤١ .‫حء‬ٝ‫ِ أفذ‬ٝ‫ٴج‬٩ ‫س‬ٙ‫ْش‬٩ ‫ ضٴؾٺٲحش أٳ‬٠‫شٹد أٳ ئّيحت‬ٝ ٨ْ‫ي‬٩ ٬ّ ‫ركع‬٥‫ح‬١
.ِٝ‫ٴج‬٪٥‫ٶ ج‬٦ّ ‫س‬٪‫حت‬ٝ ‫س‬٩‫ ذخذ‬٫‫ڂ‬٪ْ‫ٹ‬
 27

- Metadata

Data about data. Examples of metadata include descriptors indicating when information
was created, by whom and in what format. Metadata helps to organize information online
and make it machine-readable. HTML is an example of metadata — it organizes the data
in a web page so browsers can display it sensibly. Web pages often have hidden metadata
that helps with their search engine ranks. Photos uploaded to Flickr carry metadata such
as time taken, camera model and shutter speed. MP3s have metadata such as the artist
name, track title, album name and so on

.‫ ٳذأٷ فٺٖس‬٤‫ر‬ٝ ٬٩ ‫س‬٩‫ٴ‬٦ْ٪٥‫ص ئ٭ؾحء ج‬ٝ‫ٶ ٳ‬٥‫ ٳف٘ ٹؾٺش ئ‬٨‫ ٹن‬metadata ٬ّ ‫س‬٦‫ػ‬٩‫ أ‬.‫ ذٺح٭حش أخشٵ‬٣‫ذٺح٭حش قٴ‬
‫ـ‬٦٥ ٣‫ػح‬٪١ ‫ ٹْطرش‬HTML .‫س‬٥‫ جٻ‬٤‫ر‬ٝ ٬٩ ‫شجءز‬ٞ٦٥ ‫س‬٦‫حذ‬ٝ ‫ٲح‬٦ْ‫س جځ٭طش٭ص ٳضؿ‬٢‫ٶ ؽر‬٦ّ ‫حش‬٩‫ٴ‬٦ْ٪٥‫ ج‬٨‫ٸ ضٮَٺ‬ٙ ‫ضغحّذ‬
‫ٴٹد‬٥‫كحش ج‬ٚ‫ ف‬.‫ٺس‬ٞ‫ٮي‬٪‫ ّشمٲح ذ‬٬٩ ‫كحش‬ٚ‫طق‬٪٥‫ ج‬٬٢٪‫ٴٹد قطٶ ضط‬٥‫كس ج‬ٚ‫ٶ ف‬٦ّ ‫رٺح٭حش‬٥‫ ج‬٨َ‫؛ ٽ٭ٰ ٹٮ‬metadata
‫ ذٺح٭حش‬٤٪‫ش ضك‬٢‫ٺ‬٦ٙ ِٝ‫ٴ‬٩ ‫ٶ‬٦ّ ‫ٴّس‬ٙ‫ش‬٩ ‫ فٴس‬.‫ركع‬٥‫حش ج‬١‫كش‬٩ ‫ٸ‬ٙ ‫ٸ ضشضٺرٲح‬ٙ ‫ٺس ضغحّذ‬ٚ‫خ‬٩ ‫ح ضكٴٷ ذٺح٭حش‬٩ ‫رح‬٥‫ٕح‬
٫‫ ٳّٮٴج‬,٫‫ٮح‬ٚ٥‫ ج‬٨‫حع‬١ ‫ذٹٲح ذٺح٭حش‬٥ ‫ ذٸ غشٷ‬٧‫ أؾٲضز جٽ‬.‫ْذعس‬٥‫ ج‬ٜ٥‫ٺشج ٳعشّس ٕح‬٩‫ح‬٢٥‫ ج‬٤‫ٴدٹ‬٩ ,‫قٴسز‬٥‫حه ج‬ٞ‫ط‬٥‫ص ج‬ٝ‫ٴ‬١
.٠٥‫ ٳٕٺش ر‬٧‫رٴ‬٥‫ جٽ‬٨‫ ٳجع‬,ِ‫ي‬ٞ٪٥‫ج‬

- Mobile

An umbrella term in technology that was long synonymous with cellular phones but has
since grown to encompass tablet computing (the iPad) and even netbooks. In retrospect,
an early mobile technology was the pager. Sometimes the term is used interchangeably
with "wireless." It generally refers to untethered computing devices that can access the
Internet over radiofrequency waves, though sometimes also via wi-fi. Mobile technology
usually demands a different set of standards — design and otherwise — than desktop
computers, and has opened up an entirely new area for geo-aware applications

٣‫ٴ‬٪‫ك‬٪٥‫رٺٴضش ج‬٪٢٥‫ٮٰ جضخز ىحذْح قحعٴذٺح (جٻٷ ذحد) ٳج‬٢٥ ‫ٺٴٷ‬٦‫خ‬٥‫ٲحض٘ ج‬٦٥ ‫ح‬ٙ‫شجد‬٩ ٫‫ح‬١‫ ٳ‬,‫ٴؾٺح‬٥‫ٮٴ‬٢‫ط‬٥‫ٸ ج‬ٙ ٧‫ف ّح‬٦‫قي‬٩
‫ ٳٱٴ‬.‫ٸ‬٢٦‫ڂع‬٥ ٤‫رذٹ‬١ ٧‫ف ٹغطخذ‬٦‫قي‬٪٥‫ أقٺح٭ح ٱزج ج‬.)‫ح٭ص ؾٲحص جٿخيحس (ذٺؿش‬١ ٣‫ؿٴج‬٦٥ ‫ٮٺس‬ٞ‫ ض‬٣‫ح أٳ‬ٞ‫ عحذ‬.‫قٖٺش‬٥‫ج‬
٬٩ ٨ٕ‫ش‬٥‫ٶ ج‬٦ّ ،‫ٺس‬٢٦‫ڂع‬٥‫ٴؾحش ج‬٩ ‫ٶ جٿ٭طش٭ص ّرش‬٥‫ ئ‬٣‫ٴفٴ‬٥‫ ج‬٬٢٪‫طٸ ٹ‬٥‫شذٴىس ج‬٪٥‫رٺٴضش ج‬٪٢٥‫ٶ أؾٲضز ج‬٥‫ح ئ‬٩‫ٴ‬٪ّ ‫ٹؾٺش‬
٬٩ ‫س‬ٚ٦‫خط‬٩ ‫ٴّس‬٪‫ؿ‬٩ ‫د ّحدز‬٦‫ ضي‬٣‫ٴ‬٪‫ك‬٪٥‫ٲحض٘ ج‬٥‫ٴؾٺح ج‬٥‫ٮٴ‬٢‫ ض‬.‫حٷ‬ٙ ‫ ٳجٷ‬ٜ‫ ىشٹ‬٬ّ ٫‫ٸ ذْل جٽقٺح‬ٙ ‫ أٹنح‬,٠٥‫ر‬
.‫ٺس‬ٙ‫ؿٖشج‬٥‫ ج‬٨٦ّ ‫حش‬ٞ‫طيرٺ‬٥ ‫ح‬٩‫ح‬٪‫ؿحځ ؾذٹذج ض‬٩ ‫طكص‬ٙ‫ ٳ‬،‫طرٺس‬٢٪٥‫رٺٴضش ج‬٪٢٥‫ أؾٲضز ج‬٬٩ ,٠٥‫ ٳٕٺش ر‬٨‫ٺ‬٪‫طق‬٥‫ ج‬,‫ْحٹٺش‬٪٥‫ج‬
 28

- Mashup

A combination of data from multiple sources, usually through the use of APIs. An
example of a mashup would be an app that shows the locations of all the movie theaters
in a particular town on a Google map. It is mashing up one data source (the addresses of
movie theaters) with another data source (the geographic location of those addresses on a
map)

‫ ّرحسز‬mashup ٬ّ ٣‫ػح‬٩ .‫س‬ٚ٦‫خط‬٩ ‫حش‬ٞ‫ ٳجؾٲحش ضيرٺ‬٧‫ جعطخذج‬٣‫ خڂ‬٬٩ ‫ ّحدز‬,‫قذس‬٪٥‫س ج‬ٚ٦‫خط‬٪٥‫رٺح٭حش ج‬٥‫ ج‬٬٩ ‫ضٹؽ‬٩
‫قذس‬٩ ‫ؽ‬٩‫ د‬٬ّ ‫ٺس ّرحسز‬٥‫ جٻ‬٠٥‫ز‬٥ .٤‫ٶ خشٹيس ؾٴؾ‬٦ّ ‫ْٺٮس‬٩ ‫ذز‬٦‫ٸ ذ‬ٙ ‫ح‬٪‫غٺٮ‬٥‫ٺِ دٳس ج‬٪‫ِ ؾ‬ٝ‫ٴج‬٩ ‫ ٹَٲش‬ٜ‫ ضيرٺ‬٬ّ
.)‫خشٹيس‬٥‫ٶ ج‬٦ّ ٬‫ْٮحٳٹ‬٦٥ ‫ٺس‬ٙ‫ؿٖشج‬٥‫ِ ج‬ٝ‫ٴج‬٪٥‫قذس ذٺح٭حش آخش (ج‬٩ ِ٩ )‫ح‬٪‫غٺٮ‬٥‫ دٳس ج‬٬‫ذٺح٭حش (ّٮحٳٹ‬

- Microsoft Silverlight

Microsoft's answer to Adobe Flash, allowing the integration of multimedia, graphics,

animations, and interactivity into web pages. It was initially released in 2007 and is
occasionally spotted on the web

‫س‬١‫طكش‬٪٥‫قٴس ج‬٥‫ ٳج‬٠‫ٺ‬ٙ‫ؿشج‬٥‫ ج‬,‫طْذدز‬٪٥‫ٴعحتو ج‬٥‫حؼ ج‬٩‫ف ذح٭ذ‬٪‫ ٳضغ‬Adobe Flash ‫ڂػ أدٳخ‬ٚ٥ ‫ص‬ٙ‫شٳعٴ‬٢‫حٹ‬٩ ‫جعطؿحذس‬
.‫ٴٹد‬٥‫ٶ ج‬٦ّ ‫ص ٻخش‬ٝ‫ ٳ‬٬٩ ‫ ٳضشفذ‬2007 ٧‫ٸ ّح‬ٙ ‫ص ذذجٹس‬ٞ٦‫ أى‬.‫ٴٹد‬٥‫كحش ج‬ٚ‫ٶ ف‬٦ّ ‫ٺس‬٦ّ‫ح‬ٚ‫ط‬٥‫ٳج‬
- MySQL

The dominant open-source database management system on the Internet. It is popular

because it is a free and flexible alternative to expensive systems like Oracle. Projects that
use MySQL include Facebook and Wikipedia. The SQL stands for "Structured Query
Language" and "My" is the name of the inventor's daughter. It is officially pronounced
My-S-Q-L, but you will often hear it referred to as "My Sequel." MySQL is a relational
database management system, not a document-oriented database system. (Also
see document-oriented database)
 29

٫‫ش‬٩ ٤‫ؿح٭ٺس ٳذذٹ‬٩ ‫ٲح؛ ٽ٭ٲح‬٩‫ ٳؽحُ جعطخذج‬.‫ٶ جځ٭طش٭ص‬٦ّ ‫ػش غرحضح‬١‫قذس ٳجٽ‬٪٥‫طٴقس ج‬ٚ٩ ‫رٺح٭حش‬٥‫ٴجّذ ج‬ٝ ‫ ئدجسز‬٧‫٭َح‬
ٗ‫ ضؾٺش جٽقش‬.‫ٺرٺذٹح‬٢‫ ٳٳٹ‬ٟ‫حٹغرٴ‬ٚ٥‫ِ ج‬ٝ‫ٴ‬٩ ٨‫ ضن‬MySQL ٧‫طٸ ضغطخذ‬٥‫ؾحسٹِ ج‬٪٥‫ ج‬.٤١‫ أٳسج‬٤‫ػ‬٩ ‫س‬ٚ٦٢٪٥‫س ج‬٪َ‫پ٭‬٥
ِ٪‫ح ٭غ‬٩ ‫رح‬٥‫ ٕح‬٬٢٥ My-S-Q-L ٜ‫ٺح ضٮي‬٪‫ سع‬. MySQL ُ‫خطش‬٩ ‫ جذٮس‬٨‫ جع‬My‫ ٳ‬,‫ٺس‬٦٢‫ٲٺ‬٥‫ ج‬٧‫ٖس جځعطْڂ‬٥ ‫ٶ‬٥‫ ئ‬SQL
‫ٶ‬٦ّ ‫س‬٪‫حت‬ٝ ‫ٺغص‬٥‫حش ٳ‬ٝ‫ْڂ‬٥‫ٶ ج‬٦ّ ‫ذ‬٪‫حّذز ذٺح٭حش ضْط‬ٝ ‫ ئدجسز‬٧‫ ٳٱٸ ٭َح‬MySQL .My Sequel ‫ٺٲح ذـ‬٥‫ح ٹؾٺش ئ‬٩
.)document-oriented database ‫ (أ٭َش أٹنح‬.‫حش‬ٚ٦٪٥‫ج‬
- Operating System

A basic layer of software that controls computer hardware, allowing other applications to
be built on it. The most popular operating systems today for desktop computers are the
various versions of Microsoft Windows, Mac OS X and the open-source Linux. Smart
phones also have operating systems. The Palm Pre uses webOS, numerous phones use
Google's Android operating system, and the iPhone uses iOS (formerly known as iPhone
OS)

‫ػش‬١‫ جٽ‬٤‫طؾٖٺ‬٥‫س ج‬٪َ‫ أ٭‬.‫ٺٲح‬٦ّ ‫طرٮٶ‬٥ ‫حش جٽخشٵ‬ٞ‫طيرٺ‬٦٥ ‫ف‬٪‫ ٳضغ‬,‫كحعد‬٥‫ ذأؾٲضز ج‬٨٢‫ؿٺحش ضطك‬٩‫رش‬٥‫ ج‬٬٩ ‫س أعحعٺس‬ٞ‫ىر‬
‫طٴـ‬ٚ٩ ‫ظ‬٢‫ٺٮ‬٥‫ ٳ‬Mac OS X, ‫ص ٳٹٮذٳص‬ٙ‫شٳعٴ‬٢‫حٹ‬٪٥ ‫طْذدز‬٪٥‫طد ٱٸ جٿفذجسجش ج‬٢٪٥‫كٴجعٺد عيف ج‬٥ ٧‫ٺٴ‬٥‫ؽٺٴّح ج‬
٧‫ٲٴجض٘ ضغطخذ‬٥‫ ج‬٬٩ ‫ْذٹذ‬٥‫ ٳج‬webOS ٧‫ ٹغطخذ‬Palm Pre ٘‫ ٱحض‬.٠٥‫ز‬١ ٤‫س ضؾٖٺ‬٪َ‫ذٹٲح أ٭‬٥ ‫ٺس‬١‫ز‬٥‫ٲٴجض٘ ج‬٥‫ ج‬.‫قذس‬٪٥‫ج‬
. iPhone OS ‫ح ذــ‬ٞ‫ْشٳٗ عحذ‬٪٥‫ ج‬iOS ٧‫ ٹغطخذ‬iPhone ‫ ٳ‬Google's Android ٤‫ ضؾٖٺ‬٧‫٭َح‬

- Open ID

An open standard that lets users log in to multiple web sites using the same identity
through a third party. It is supported by numerous sites, including LiveJournal, Yahoo!,
and WordPress. While Open ID has seen adoption among technical communities, its
authentication method is not particularly intuitive, and it has not gained wide consumer
acceptance

‫س‬٩‫ذّٴ‬٩ ‫خحفٺس‬٥‫ ٱزٯ ج‬.‫ػس‬٥‫ ؾٲس غح‬٬٩ ‫ٲٴٹس‬٥‫ظ ج‬ٚ‫ ٭‬٧‫طْذدز ذحعطخذج‬٩ ِٝ‫ٴج‬٩ ‫ٶ‬٥‫ٴؼ ئ‬٥‫ٴ‬٥‫ ج‬٬‫ٺ‬٩‫غطخذ‬٪٦٥ ‫ف‬٪‫طٴـ ٹغ‬ٚ٩ ‫ٺحط‬ٞ٩
‫طٴقس أٳ‬ٚ٪٥‫ٲٴٹس ج‬٥‫ ج‬٧‫ جعطخذج‬٫‫ أ‬٬‫ٸ قٺ‬ٙ . WordPress‫ ٳ‬Yahoo!,‫ ٳ‬LiveJournal, :‫ٮٲح‬٩ ‫ِ ّذٹذز‬ٝ‫ٴج‬٩ ٤‫ر‬ٝ ٬٩
٬٩ ‫رٺشج‬١ ‫رٴځ‬ٝ ٜ٦‫ ض‬٨٥‫س ضكذٹذج ٳ‬٩‫ٲٴ‬ٚ٩ ‫ٺس ٕٺش‬٦‫ٮٲؿٺطٲح جٽف‬٩ .‫ٮٺس‬ٞ‫ط‬٥‫ْحش ج‬٪‫ؿط‬٪٥‫ٸ ج‬ٙ ‫زج‬ٚ‫ٮ‬٩ ‫ أفرف‬Open ID
.٬‫ٺ‬٢٦‫غطٲ‬٪٥‫ٲٴس ج‬٪‫ؾ‬
 30

- OAuth

A new method that allows users to share information stored on one site with another site.
For example, some web-based Twitter clients will use OAuth to connect to your account,
instead of requiring you to provide your password directly to that third-party site. It is
similar to Facebook Connect. This allows sites to validate users' identities without having
full access to their personal accounts

‫ڂء‬٪ّ ‫ ذْل‬:‫ػڂ‬٩ .‫ِ آخش‬ٝ‫ٴ‬٩ ‫ٶ‬٥‫ ئ‬٬‫ْٺ‬٩ ِٝ‫ٴ‬٩ ‫ٸ‬ٙ ‫خضٳ٭س‬٪٥‫حش ج‬٩‫ٴ‬٦ْ٪٥‫س ج‬١‫ؾحس‬٪‫ ذ‬٬‫ٺ‬٩‫غطخذ‬٪٦٥ ‫ف‬٪‫ٮٲؿٺس ؾذٹذز ضغ‬٩
‫ٮٲؿٺس‬٪٥‫ ٱزٯ ج‬.٠‫شٳس خحفط‬٪٥‫س ج‬٪٦١ ِٝ‫ٴ‬٩ ‫د ضضٳٹذ‬٦‫ ى‬٬ّ ‫ ّٴمح‬٠‫ٶ قغحذ‬٥‫ ئ‬٣‫ٴفٴ‬٦٥ OAuth ٫‫ٴ‬٩‫ضٴٹطش ٹغطخذ‬
‫ٴؼ‬٥‫ٴ‬٥‫ ج‬٫‫ دٳ‬٬‫ٺ‬٩‫غطخذ‬٪٥‫ٶ ؽخقٺحش ج‬٦ّ ٗ‫طْش‬٥‫ِ ذح‬ٝ‫ٴج‬٪٦٥ ‫ٮٲؿٺس‬٪٥‫ف ٱزٯ ج‬٪‫ ضغ‬. Facebook Connect ‫ؽرٺٲس ذــ‬
.٤٩‫ح‬١ ٤٢‫ؾخقٺس ذؾ‬٥‫ ج‬٨‫ٶ قغحذحضٲ‬٥‫ئ‬

- Ontology

A classification system with nodes or entities, that allows non-hierarchical relationships,

in contrast to a taxonomy, which is hierarchical. Taxonomies and ontologies are
important in content to help related articles or topics pages. (Also seetaxonomy)

‫زٷ ٹْطرش‬٥‫ ج‬taxonomy ‫ٸ‬ٚ‫طقٮٺ‬٥‫ ج‬٧‫ٮَح‬٥‫ٺس ذخڂٗ ج‬٩‫حش ٕٺش ٱش‬ٝ‫ف ذْڂ‬٪‫ٺح٭حش ضغ‬١ ‫ذج أٳ‬ّٞ ‫ ضقٮٺ٘ ٹكٴٷ‬٧‫٭َح‬
‫ٴجمٺِ (ج٭َش أٹنح‬٪٥‫كحش ج‬ٚ‫ؾحذٲس أٳ ف‬٪٥‫حځش ج‬ٞ٪٥‫ٸ ج‬ٙ ‫غحّذز‬٪٦٥ ‫كطٴٵ‬٪٥‫ٸ ج‬ٙ ٬‫ٺ‬٪‫ٲ‬٩ ٬‫ٺ‬٩‫ٮَح‬٥‫ڂ ج‬١ .‫ٺح‬٩‫ح ٱش‬٩‫٭َح‬
.)taxonomy

- Open source

Open source refers to a philosophy and a means of developing and licensing software and
other copyrighted works so that others are free to inspect, use and adapt the original
source material. There are many open source licenses. Some licenses are considered
permissive (e.g. MIT and BSD), allowing inclusion in proprietary works, while others
(e.g. GNU GPL) require that the resulting derivative works remain under the same
license if distributed. While the term originally stemmed from software practices, the
 31

concept has now been incorporated into other fields such as medicine and agriculture.
Many of the most popular technologies used in content distribution, including languages
and publishing platforms, are open source. The glossary you are reading was developed
using open source methodology and is available under a Creative Commons license

٫‫ جٻخشٳ‬٬٢٪‫ٮؾش قطٶ ٹط‬٥‫ٺ٘ ٳج‬٥‫طأ‬٥‫ ج‬ٛ‫ٴ‬ٞ‫ ق‬٣‫ح‬٪ّ‫ أ‬٬٩ ‫طشخٺـ ٳٕٺشٱح‬٥‫ؿٺس ج‬٩‫طيٴٹش ٳذش‬٦٥ ‫س‬٦‫س أٳ ٳعٺ‬ٚ‫غ‬٦ٙ ‫ٶ‬٥‫ٹؾٺش ئ‬
) BSD ‫ ٳ‬MIT ٤‫ػ‬٩( ‫شخقس‬٩ ‫طقحسٹف ضْطرش‬٥‫ ذْل ج‬.‫ؿح٭ح‬٩ ‫ٴجد‬٪٦٥ ‫شتٺغٸ‬٥‫قذس ج‬٪٥‫ ٳضرٮٸ ج‬٧‫طرحط ٳجعطخذج‬ٝ‫ جځ‬٬٩
٨‫طشخٺـ ئرج ض‬٥‫ظ ج‬ٚ‫) ٭‬GNU GPL ٤‫ػ‬٩( ‫طقحسٹف جٽخشٵ‬٥‫د ج‬٦‫ ضطي‬٬‫ٸ قٺ‬ٙ ,٣‫ح‬٪ّ‫ٸ جٽ‬ٙ ٬‫ٺ‬٪‫طن‬٥‫ ج‬٣‫ح‬٪ّ‫كس ذأ‬٩‫عح‬
٧‫ٲٴ‬ٚ٪٥‫و ج‬٦‫ جخط‬,‫ؿٺس‬٩‫رش‬٥‫حسعحش ج‬٪٪٥‫ ج‬٬٩ ‫ف‬٦‫قي‬٪٥‫ ج‬ٛ‫ح‬ٞ‫ جؽط‬٨‫ ٳض‬.ْٰ‫ ضٴصٹ‬٨‫ٸ ٳئرج ض‬٦‫ جٽف‬٤٪ْ٥‫ ج‬٬٩ ٤٪ّ ٛ‫ح‬ٞ‫جؽط‬
‫ٖحش‬٦٥‫ٮٲح ج‬٪‫ م‬٬٩ ‫كطٴٵ‬٪٥‫ ضٴصٹِ ج‬٧‫ؾحتْس ضغطخذ‬٥‫ٴؾٺحش ج‬٥‫ٮٴ‬٢‫ط‬٥‫ ج‬٬٩ ‫ػٺش‬٢٥‫ ج‬.‫ضسجّس‬٥‫يد ٳج‬٥‫ ج‬٤‫ػ‬٩ ‫ؿحځش أخشٵ‬٪‫ذ‬
‫طٴقس‬ٚ٩ ‫ٮٲؿٺس‬٩ ٧‫ ضيٴٹشٱح ذحعطخذج‬٨‫ ض‬٫‫شأٱح جٻ‬ٞ‫طٸ ض‬٥‫س ج‬٪‫حت‬ٞ٥‫ ٱزٯ ج‬.‫قذس‬٪٥‫طٴقس ج‬ٚ٩ ‫ٺْٲح‬٪‫ٮؾش ٳؾ‬٥‫ٮقحش ج‬٩‫ٳ‬
.Creative Commons ‫شز ضكص ضشخٺـ‬ٙ‫طٴ‬٩‫قذس ٳ‬٪٥‫ج‬

- Perl

A dynamic language that is often used to parse and sort information because of its
powerful abilities in manipulating text. Perl can be used to pull large quantities of data
down from websites and standardize and replace information in batch. Perl was more
popular in past years, especially in the computer-assisted reporting community, but it has
been overtaken in popularity by languages such as Python and Ruby. Perl still has an
active development community and is noted for the scope of its freely available libraries,
which simplify development

‫ٺحش‬٪١ ‫د‬٦‫ؿ‬٥ ٧‫ ضغطخذ‬Perl .‫ٮقٴؿ‬٥‫طڂّد ذح‬٥‫ٶ ج‬٦ّ ‫ذسضٲح‬ٞ٥ ‫حش‬٩‫ٴ‬٦ْ٪٥‫ ٳضشضٺد ج‬٤‫ٺ‬٦‫طك‬٥ ‫رح‬٥‫ ٕح‬٧‫ٺس ضغطخذ‬٢‫ٺ‬٩‫ٖس دٹٮح‬٥
‫غٮٴجش‬٥‫ٸ ج‬ٙ ‫ػش ؽْرٺس‬١‫ أ‬Perl ‫ٖس‬٥ ‫ح٭ص‬١ .‫ْحش‬ٙ‫ٸ د‬ٙ ‫حش‬٩‫ٴ‬٦ْ٪٥‫طشٳ٭ٺس ٳٳمِ ج‬٢٥‫ِ جځ‬ٝ‫ٴج‬٪٥‫ ج‬٬٩ ‫رٺح٭حش‬٥‫ ج‬٬٩ ‫رٺشز‬١
‫ٶ‬٦ّ Ruby‫ ٳ‬Python ٬٩ ٤١ ‫ ىٖص‬٠٥‫ ذْذ ر‬٬٢٥ ,‫حسٹش‬ٞ‫ط‬٥‫طحذس ج‬١ ‫ٸ‬ٙ ‫رٺٴضش‬٪٢٥‫ِ ٹغحّذٯ ج‬٪‫ؿط‬٩ ‫ٸ‬ٙ ‫حمٺس خقٴفح‬٪٥‫ج‬
٤‫طٸ ضغٲ‬٥‫حضد ٳج‬٢٪٥‫ٸ ج‬ٙ ‫ؿح٭ٺطٲح‬٪٥ ٧‫ح‬٪‫ٺضز ٳجٱط‬٩ ‫ذٹٲح‬٥‫ ٳ‬,‫ِ ضيٴٹش ٭ؾٺو‬٪‫ؿط‬٩ ‫ذٹٲح‬٥ Perl ‫ٖس‬٥ ٣‫ ٳځ ضضج‬.‫ؽْرٺطٲح‬
.‫طيٴٹش‬٥‫ج‬
 32

- PHP

A popular web scripting language to generate web pages that was first developed in 1995,
when it stood for "Personal Home Page." (It is now a recursive acronym, standing for
"PHP: Hypertext Preprocessor.") Popular websites that are written in PHP are Wikipedia,
Facebook and WordPress. It is criticized as being slow because it generates web pages on
request. However, Facebook recently released its internally developed version of HipHop
for PHP, which is designed to make the language dramatically more efficient

‫كحش‬ٚ‫ق‬٥‫ "ج‬٨ّ‫ح٭ص ضذ‬١‫ ٳ‬1995 ٧‫ٸ ّح‬ٙ ‫ ضيٴٹشٱح‬٨‫ ض‬.‫كحش ٳٹد‬ٚ‫ٺذ ف‬٥‫طٴ‬٥ ٧‫ ؽحتْس جځعطخذج‬,‫ٴٹد‬٥‫ؿس ج‬٩‫ٖس ذش‬٥
‫ذش‬ٞ‫ ٳج٭ط‬.WordPress ‫ اىفايسبىك و‬, ‫ وينيبيذيا‬: PHP ‫ٖس‬٦‫طحذحضٲح ذ‬١ ٨‫طٸ ض‬٥‫ِ ج‬ٝ‫ٴج‬٪٥‫ ج‬٬٩ ."‫ؾخقٺس جځعحعٺس‬٥‫ج‬
٬٩ ‫ٺس‬٦‫يٴسز دجخ‬٩ ‫ ٭غخس‬ٟ‫حٹغرٴ‬ٚ٥‫ِ ج‬ٝ‫ٴ‬٩ ٜ٦‫ أى‬,٠٥‫ ر‬٬٩ ٨ٕ‫ش‬٥‫ ذح‬.‫رٲح‬٦‫و ّٮذ ى‬ٞٙ ‫كحش ضَٲش‬ٚ‫ذغرد ذيثٲح؛ ٽ٭ٲح ف‬
.‫ٺس‬٥‫ْح‬ٙ ‫ػش‬١‫ٖس أ‬٦٥‫ ج‬٤ْ‫ؿ‬٥ ٨٪‫زٷ ف‬٥‫ ٳج‬PHP ‫ـ‬٥ HipHop

- PostgreSQL

An alternative to MySQL, another free and open-source relational database management

system on the Internet. PostgreSQL is preferred by some in the technology community
for its ability to operate as a spatial database, using PostGIS extensions. This enables
developers to create applications that sort information based on geography, which can
mean sorting by whether various places are within a certain county or pointing out the
places that are geographically closest to the user

٫‫ٴ‬٦‫ن‬ٚ‫رْل ٹ‬٥‫ ج‬.‫س جځ٭طش٭ص‬٢‫ٶ ؽر‬٦ّ ‫قذس‬٪٥‫طٴقس ج‬ٚ٩‫ؿح٭ٺس ٳ‬٩ ‫حّذز ذٺح٭حش أخشٵ‬ٝ ,MySQL ‫ــ‬٥ ٤‫ذذٹ‬
‫خحفٺس‬٥‫ ٱزٯ ج‬٬٢٪‫ ض‬.PostGIS ‫طذجدجش‬٩‫ ج‬٧‫ح٭ٺس ذحعطخذج‬٢٩ ‫ٴجّذ ذٺح٭حش‬ٝ ‫ٶ ئدجسز‬٦ّ ‫ذسضٲح‬ٞ٥ ‫؛‬PostgreSQL
‫س‬ٚ٦‫خط‬٪٥‫ ج‬٬١‫ح‬٩‫ ضشضٺد جٽ‬ٜ‫ ىشٹ‬٬ّ ‫ح‬٩‫ ئ‬,‫ٺس‬ٙ‫ؿٖشج‬٥‫س ج‬ٞ‫ٮي‬٪٦٥ ‫ح‬ٞٙ‫حش ٳ‬٩‫ٴ‬٦ْ٪٥‫طشضٺد ج‬٥ ‫حش‬ٞ‫حس ضيرٺ‬٢‫ جذط‬٬٩ ٬‫يٴسٹ‬٪٥‫ج‬
.٧‫غطخذ‬٪٦٥ ‫ٺح‬ٙ‫شخ ؾٖشج‬ٝ‫ جٽ‬٬١‫ح‬٩‫ْٺٮس أٳ ّشك جٽ‬٩ ‫حىْس‬ٞ٩ ٤‫دجخ‬
 33

- Platform

In the technology world, platform refers to the hardware or software that other
applications are built upon. Computing platforms include Windows PC and Macintosh.
Mobile platforms include Android, iPhone and Palm's webOS. More recently, in an
extension of its commonly used definition, Facebook has created a "platform," allowing
developers to build applications on top of it

‫ٮقحش قحعرٺس‬٩ .‫حش أخشٵ‬ٞ‫ٺٲح ضيرٺ‬٦ّ ‫طٸ ضرٮٶ‬٥‫ؿٺحش ج‬٩‫رش‬٥‫ٺٲح ذحٽؾٲضز أٳ ج‬٥‫ٮقس ٹؾحس ئ‬٪٥‫ ج‬:‫ٴؾٺح‬٥‫ٮٴ‬٢‫ط‬٥‫ ج‬٨٥‫ٸ ّح‬ٙ
, iPhone , Android, ٨‫س ضن‬٥‫ح‬ٞ‫ٮ‬٥‫ٲٴجض٘ ج‬٥‫ٮقحش ج‬٩ .‫ٺٮطٴػ‬١‫ح‬٩‫ ٳٹٮذٳص ٳ‬٧‫ٮَح‬٥ ‫ؾخقٺس‬٥‫كٴجعد ج‬٥‫ ج‬٨‫ضن‬
‫ف‬٪‫ٮقس" ضغ‬٩" ٟ‫حٹغرٴ‬ٚ٥‫ِ ج‬ٝ‫ٴ‬٩ ‫ش‬٢‫ جذط‬,٘‫طْشٹ‬٥‫ٲزج ج‬٥ ِ‫ؾحت‬٥‫ ج‬٧‫ڂعطخذج‬٥ ‫طذجد‬٩‫ح‬١‫ قذٹػح ؾذج ٳ‬.Palm's webOS‫ٳ‬
.‫ٺٲح‬٦ّ ٨‫حضٲ‬ٞ‫ ذٮحء ضيرٺ‬٬٩ ٬‫يٴسٹ‬٪٦٥

- Posterous

A blogging and publishing platform to which users can submit via e-mail. Through APIs,
it can push the content to other sites such as Flickr, Twitter and YouTube. It is a for-
profit company based in San Francisco that came out of the YCombinator seed start-up
program

‫ ضغطيٺِ ٱزٯ‬API ٣‫ خڂ‬٬٩ .‫طشٳ٭ٸ‬٢٥‫رشٹذ جځ‬٥‫ ج‬ٜ‫ ىشٹ‬٬ّ ‫ٲح‬٥ ‫حش‬ٙ‫ جٿمح‬٣‫ ئسعح‬٨‫طٸ ٹط‬٥‫ ٳج‬,٬‫ٮقس ٭ؾش ٳضذٳٹ‬٩
٫‫ذٹٮس عح‬٩ ‫ٸ‬ٙ ‫ضٱح‬١‫ش‬٩ ‫س سذكٺس‬١‫ ئ٭ٲح ؽش‬.‫ ٳٹٴضٺٴخ‬,‫ ٳضٴٹطش‬,‫ش‬٢‫ٺ‬٦ٙ ٤‫ػ‬٩ ‫ِ أ خشٵ‬ٝ‫ٴج‬٩ ‫ٶ‬٥‫كطٴٵ ئ‬٪٥‫ِ ج‬ٙ‫ٮقس د‬٪٥‫ج‬
.YCombinator ‫ جځذطذجتٸ‬٤‫ٴٹ‬٪‫ؽ ض‬٩‫رش٭ح‬٥ ‫ٮطحؼ‬١ ‫ذ ذذأش‬ٝ‫ٴ ٳ‬٢‫شج٭غٺغ‬ٙ

- Peer-to-Peer (P2P)

A network architecture in which users share resources on their own computers directly
with others. Often used to speed up videos and large multimedia pieces that can take a
long time to download. Napster was an early example of a popular use of peer-to-peer
architecture, although it was not fully peer-to-peer. Today, Skype and BitTorrent are
based on peer-to-peer technologies
 34

٧‫ح ضغطخذ‬٩ ‫رح‬٥‫ ٕح‬.٬‫ِ جٻخشٹ‬٩ ‫رحؽشز‬٩ ٨‫ٶ قٴجعٺرٲ‬٦ّ ٨‫قحدسٱ‬٩ ‫س‬١‫ؾحس‬٩ ٫‫ٴ‬٩‫غطخذ‬٪٥‫ٲح ٹغطيٺِ ج‬٥‫ خڂ‬٬٩ ‫س‬٢‫ذٮٺس ؽر‬
ِ‫ؾحت‬٥‫ ج‬٧‫ڂعطخذج‬٥ ٣‫ػح‬٩ ٣‫ أٳ‬٫‫ح‬١ ‫ ٭حذغطش‬.٤‫طٮضٹ‬٥‫ٸ ج‬ٙ ‫طح ىٴٹڂ‬ٝ‫طٸ ضأخز ٳ‬٥‫طْذدز ج‬٪٥‫ٴعحتو ج‬٥‫حىِ ج‬ٞ٩‫ٺذٹٴ ٳ‬ٚ٥‫طغشٹِ ج‬٥
.‫ٶ ٭ذ‬٥‫ٮٺس ٭ذ ئ‬ٞ‫ ض‬٫‫ٴ‬٩‫حٹد ٳ ذٺص ضٴس٭ص ٹغطخذ‬٢‫ ع‬,٧‫ٺٴ‬٥‫ ج‬.‫ٺح‬٦١ ‫ٶ ٭ذ‬٥‫ ٭ذ ئ‬٬٩ ٬٢‫ ض‬٨٥ ‫ أ٭ٲح‬٬٩ ٨ٕ‫ش‬٥‫ٶ ٭ذ ذح‬٥‫رٮٺس ٭ذ ئ‬٥

- Programming Language

A special type of language used to unambiguously instruct a computer how to perform

tasks. Programming languages are used by software developers to create applications,
including those for the web, for mobile phones, and for desktop operating systems. C,
C++, Objective C, Java, JavaScript, Perl, PHP, Python and Ruby are examples of
programming languages. HTML and XML are notprogramming languages, they are
markup languages

‫ٲح‬٩‫ؿس ٹغطخذ‬٩‫رش‬٥‫ٖحش ج‬٥ .٧‫ٲح‬٩ ‫ٸ ٽدجء‬٥‫كحعد جٻ‬٦٥ ‫ش‬٩‫ ٳجمف ٿّيحء أٳج‬٤٢‫ ذؾ‬٧‫طٸ ضغطخذ‬٥‫ٖحش ج‬٦٥‫ ج‬٬٩ ‫٭ٴُ خحؿ‬
‫س‬٦‫ػ‬٩‫ أ‬٬٩ .٤‫طؾٖٺ‬٥‫س ج‬٪َ‫طد ٽ٭‬٢٪٥‫س ٳعيف ج‬٥‫ح‬ٞ‫ٮ‬٥‫ٲٴجض٘ ج‬٥‫ٴٹد ٳج‬٥‫حش ج‬ٞ‫ٮٲح ضيرٺ‬٩ ‫حش‬ٞ‫حس ضيرٺ‬٢‫ؿٺحش؛ ځذط‬٩‫رش‬٥‫يٴسٳ ج‬٩
‫ح‬٩‫ أ‬. Ruby ‫ ٳ‬C, C++, Objective C, Java, JavaScript, Perl, PHP, Python :‫ؿس‬٩‫رش‬٥‫ٖحش ج‬٥
.‫ؿس‬٩‫رش‬٥‫ٺغص ج‬٥‫ٺض ٳ‬٩‫طش‬٥‫ٖحش ج‬٥ ٬٩ ‫ ضْذ‬XML ‫ ٳ‬HTML

- Python

A sophisticated computer language that is commonly used for Internet applications.

Designed to be a very readable language, it is named after Monty Python. It first
appeared in 1991 and was originally created by Guido van Rossum, a Dutch computer
programmer who now works at Google. Python files generally end in .py

.٫‫ٴ٭طٸ ذحٹػٴ‬٪‫ٮح ذ‬٪‫ٺص ضٺ‬٪‫شٳءز ٳع‬ٞ٩ ‫ٖس‬٥ ٫‫ٴ‬٢‫ط‬٥ ‫ص‬٪٪‫ ف‬.‫حش جځ٭طش٭ص‬ٞ‫ٸ ضيرٺ‬ٙ ٧‫ذز ؽحتْس جځعطخذج‬ْٞ٩ ‫ٖس قحعٴخ‬٥
.٤‫س ؾٴؾ‬١‫ٸ ؽش‬ٙ ‫ٺح‬٥‫ قح‬٤٪ْ‫ٮذٷ ٹ‬٥‫ؽ ٱٴ‬٩‫رش‬٩ -٧‫ سٳعٴ‬٫‫ح‬ٙ ‫ ؾٴٹذٳ‬٤‫ر‬ٝ ٬٩ ‫ص‬٪٪‫ ٳف‬1991 ٧‫ٸ ّح‬ٙ ‫ٍٲشش أٳځ‬
. py ‫ ضٮطٲٸ ذــ‬python ‫حش‬ٚ٦٩
 35

- Palm Pre

A smart phone introduced in 2009 by Palm which uses webOS and allows for
multitasking, unlike the iPhone. Despite rave reviews, the product is generally
acknowledged to have come out too late to gain meaningful traction against the iPhone or
Google's Android operating system. HP recently announced that it would acquire Palm,
which was once the leading smart phone company

٧‫ٲح‬٪٥‫ف ذطْذد ج‬٪‫زٷ ٹغ‬٥‫ ج‬webOS ٤‫ ضؾٖٺ‬٧‫ ٭َح‬٧‫طٸ ضغطخذ‬٥‫ ج‬Palm ٜ‫ ىشٹ‬٬ّ 2009 ٧‫طْشٹ٘ ذٰ ّح‬٥‫ ج‬٨‫ٸ ض‬١‫ٱحض٘ ر‬
ٛ‫غٴ‬٥‫ٶ ج‬٥‫ٮطؽ ّشٗ ّٮٰ أ٭ٰ خشؼ ئ‬٪٥‫ ج‬٫‫ ئځ أ‬,‫حٱح‬ٞ٦‫زٷ ض‬٥‫ْذٹذز ج‬٥‫ذٹس ج‬ٞ‫ٮ‬٥‫حش ج‬ٞ‫ٺ‬٦ْ‫ط‬٥‫ ج‬٬٩ ٨ٕ‫ش‬٥‫ ذح‬.٫‫ٴ‬ٙ ‫ذخڂٗ جٻٷ‬
ٗ‫إخشج أ٭ٲح عٴ‬٩ ‫ٮص‬٦ّ‫ أ‬HP ‫س‬١‫ ؽش‬.Google's Android ٤‫ ضؾٖٺ‬٧‫ ٳ٭َح‬٫‫ٴ‬ٙ ‫ټٷ‬٥ ‫نحدج‬٩ ‫ٺؿزخ ج٭طرحٱح‬٥ ‫طأخشج‬٩
.‫شجتذز‬٥‫ٸ ج‬١‫ز‬٥‫ٲحض٘ ج‬٥‫س ج‬١‫ح ؽش‬٩‫ح٭ص ٹٴ‬١ ‫طٸ‬٥‫ ج‬Palm ‫ضؾطشٷ‬

- Relational Database

A piece of software that stores data in a series of tables, with relationships defined
between them. A news story might have columns for a headline, date, text and author,
where author points to another table containing the author's first name, last name and
email address. Information must be structured, but this allows for powerful queries.
Examples include MySQL, Oracle, PostgreSQL and SQLite. Most modern websites use
some kind of relational database to store content.

‫ خرشج‬٫‫ٴ‬٢‫ذ ٹ‬ٝ .‫ح‬٪‫س ذٺٮٲ‬ٙ‫ْش‬٪٥‫حش ج‬ٝ‫ْڂ‬٥‫ِ ج‬٩ ٣‫ؿذجٳ‬٥‫ ج‬٬٩ ‫س‬٦‫غ‬٦‫ٸ ع‬ٙ ‫رٺح٭حش‬٥‫ ج‬٬‫ ذطخضٹ‬٧‫ٴ‬ٞ‫طٸ ض‬٥‫ؿٺحش ج‬٩‫رش‬٥‫ ج‬٬٩ ‫يْس‬ٝ
٘٥‫إ‬٪٥‫ ج‬٨‫ٶ جع‬٦ّ ‫ آخش ٹكطٴٷ‬٣‫ٶ ؾذٳ‬٥‫حضد ئ‬٢٥‫ قٺع ٹؾٺش ج‬،‫ٮـ‬٥‫٘ ج‬٥‫إ‬٩‫ ٳ‬،‫طحسٹخ‬٥‫ ٳج‬،٫‫ْٮٴج‬٦٥ ‫ذز ستٺغٺس‬٪ّ‫ٹكٴٷ أ‬
‫س‬٦‫ػ‬٩‫ جٽ‬٬٩‫ ٳ‬.‫حش‬٩‫ڂعطْڂ‬٥ ‫ف‬٪‫ ٱزج ٹغ‬٬٢٥‫ ٳ‬،‫حش‬٩‫ٴ‬٦ْ٪٥‫ ٹؿد ضشضٺد ج‬.‫طشٳ٭ٸ‬٢٥‫رشٹذ جٿ‬٥‫ ج‬٫‫س ٳّٮٴج‬٦‫ْحت‬٥‫ ج‬٨‫ ٳجع‬٣‫جٽٳ‬
‫حّذز ذٺح٭حش‬ٝ ٬٩ ‫ ٭ٴّح‬٧‫كذٹػس ضغطخذ‬٥‫ِ ج‬ٝ‫ٴج‬٪٥‫ ج‬٨َْ٩ . SQLite-PostgreSQL - Oracle-MySQL ٠٥‫ٶ ر‬٦ّ
.‫كطٴٵ‬٪٥‫ ج‬٬‫طخضٹ‬٥ ‫ٺس‬ٞ‫ّڂت‬
 36

- Ruby

An increasingly popular programming language known for being powerful yet easy to
write with. Originally introduced in 1995 by Yukihiro "Matz" Matsumoto, Ruby has
gained increasing traction since 2005 because of the Ruby on Rails development
framework, which can create websites quickly. Ruby is open source and is very popular
for content-based sites

"‫ ين قبم ٌّكْيْزً "ياجز‬5991 ‫ قذيث فِ انبذء فِ عاو‬.‫نغة بزيجة جزداد شعبْة ًجعزف بقٌجيا ًسيٌنة كحابحيا‬
‫ ًانذُ ين خالنو ًّكن بناء‬Ruby on Rails ‫ نحطٌّزىا إطار‬5001 ‫ جذبث االنحباه ينذ‬Ruby , ٌ‫ياجسٌيٌج‬
.ٌٍ‫ ين انهغات يفحٌحة انًصذر ً شائعة جذا فِ انًٌاقع انقائًة عهَ انًحح‬Ruby ‫ جعحبز‬.‫يٌاقع انكحزًنْة بسزعة‬

- Ruby on Rails

A popular Web framework based on the Ruby programming language that

makes common development tasks easier "out of the box." The power of Ruby on Rails,
which was developed by the Chicago-based firm 37 Signals, comes from how quickly it
can be used to create a basic website

ٰ‫ٸ أ٭‬ٙ ٬٪٢‫ٴز ٱزج جٿىحس ض‬ٝ .‫س‬ٝ‫س ٳخڂ‬٦‫طيٴٹش عٲ‬٥‫ ج‬٧‫ٲح‬٩ ٬٩ ٤ْ‫طٸ ضؿ‬٥‫ؿٺس ج‬٩‫رش‬٥‫ ج‬Ruby ‫ٖس‬٥ ‫ٶ‬٦ّ ٨‫حت‬ٝ ‫ئىحس ٳٹد‬
.‫ٲح‬٥ ‫شج‬ٞ٩ ‫حٕٴ‬٢‫ذٹٮس ؽٺ‬٩ ٬٩ ‫ ؽخقح ضطخز‬37 ‫س‬١‫ ؽش‬٤‫ر‬ٝ ٬٩ ‫ ضيٴٹشٯ‬٨‫ ض‬.‫ِ ذغٺو‬ٝ‫ٴ‬٩ ٤٪ّ ٰ٥‫ خڂ‬٬٩ ٬٢٪‫عشٹِ قٺع ٹ‬

- RSS (Really Simple Syndication)

A standard for websites to push their content to readers through Web formats to create
regular updates through a "feed reader" or "RSS Reader." The symbol is generally a
orange square with radiating white quarter circles. (Also see Atom)
 37

‫ ضٖزٹس‬٣‫ خڂ‬٬٩ ٨َ‫ٮ‬٩ ‫ ضكذٹع‬ٜ٦‫خ‬٥ ‫ فٺٖس ٳٹد‬٣‫ خڂ‬٬٩ ‫شجء‬ٞ٦٥ ‫كطٴٹحضٲح‬٩ ِٙ‫ذ‬٥ ‫طشٳ٭ٺس‬٢٥‫ِ جځ‬ٝ‫ٴج‬٪٦٥ ‫ٺحعٸ‬ٝ ٫‫ٴ‬٢٩
‫ (أ٭َش أٹنح‬.‫ٺٰ دٳجتش سذْٺس ذٺنحء‬ٙ‫ ٳ‬٫‫ٴ‬٦٥‫ٸ ج‬٥‫ح‬ٞ‫شذِ ذشض‬٩ ٬ّ ‫ضٱح ّرحسز‬٩‫حځ س‬٪‫ ئؾ‬. RSS Reader ‫شٳءز أٳ‬ٞ٩
.(Atom

- SaaS (Software as a Service)

A pricing strategy and business model, where companies build a software solution,
usually business-to-business, and charge a fixed monthly rate to access it on the Internet.
It is a type of cloud computing. Salesforce.com is the best example, but other notables
include Mailchimp and even Amazon Web Services

‫س أخشٵ‬١‫ٶ ؽش‬٥‫س ئ‬١‫ ؽش‬٬٩ ‫ ّحدز‬,٣‫ٴ‬٦‫ك‬١ ٤٪ْ‫ؿٺحش ض‬٩‫حش ذش‬١‫ؾش‬٥‫ ضرٮٸ ج‬.‫س جعطشجضٺؿٺس ضغْٺش‬٩‫خذ‬١ ٤٪ْ‫ؿٺحش ض‬٩‫ذش‬
٣‫ػح‬٩ ٤‫ن‬ٙ‫ ٳأ‬.‫كٴعرٺس‬٥‫غكحذس ج‬٥‫ أ٭ٴجُ ج‬٬٩ ‫س ٭ٴّح‬٩‫خذ‬٥‫ ضْطرش ٱزٯ ج‬.‫ٶ جځ٭طش٭ص‬٥‫ٴؼ ئ‬٥‫ٴ‬٦٥ ‫كذدج ؽٲشٹح‬٩ ‫ٖح‬٦‫ر‬٩ ‫حمٶ‬ٞ‫ٳضط‬
.‫ ّرش جځ٭طش٭ص‬٫‫حصٳ‬٩‫ِ أ‬ٝ‫ٴ‬٩ ‫حش‬٩‫ ٳخذ‬Mailchimp ‫ ٳأٹنح‬Salesforce.com ِٝ‫ٴ‬٩ ‫ ٱٴ‬٠٥‫ٶ ر‬٦ّ

- S3

An online storage system run by Amazon that's often used as a cheap way to store (and
serve) photos and videos used on websites. It is short for Simple Storage Service. Its fees
are often pennies per month per gigabyte, depending on location and bulk discount. The
service is often used in conjunction with other Amazon Web Services, such as EC2, to
allow customers to process large amounts of data with low capital investment. The New
York Times used S3 with EC2 in this way to process its archives.

٬‫طخضٹ‬٦٥ ‫س‬ٚ٦٢٩ ‫س ٕٺش‬ٞ‫يشٹ‬١ ٧‫ح ٹغطخذ‬٩ ‫رح‬٥‫زٷ ٕح‬٥‫ ٳج‬٫‫حصٳ‬٩‫ِ أ‬ٝ‫ٴ‬٩ ٤‫ر‬ٝ ٬٩ ‫س جځ٭طش٭ص ٹذجس‬٢‫ٶ ؽر‬٦ّ ٬‫ ضخضٹ‬٧‫٭َح‬
٤٢٥ ‫ؾٲش‬٥‫ٸ ج‬ٙ ‫غٮطحش‬٥‫طٲح ځ ضطْذٵ ج‬ٚ٦٢‫ ٳ قطٶ ض‬.‫س‬٦‫قٺشز ٳعٲ‬ٝ ٬‫س ضخضٹ‬٩‫ ئ٭ٲح خذ‬.ِٝ‫ٴج‬٪٥‫ٸ ج‬ٙ ‫ٺذٹٴ‬ٚ٥‫قٴس ٳج‬٥‫ ج‬٨‫ذٹ‬ٞ‫ٳض‬
EC2 ٤‫ػ‬٩ ‫ جٽخشٵ‬٫‫حصٳ‬٩‫ِ أ‬ٝ‫ٴ‬٩ ‫حش‬٩‫ِ خذ‬٩ ‫رح‬٥‫س ٕح‬٩‫خذ‬٥‫ ٱزٯ ج‬٤٪ْ‫ ض‬.‫حش‬٩‫خقٴ‬٥‫ٸ ٳج‬ٙ‫ؿٖشج‬٥‫ِ ج‬ٝ‫ٴ‬٪٦٥ ‫ح‬ٞٙ‫ؾٺؿحذحٹص ٳ‬
‫ٮٲؿٺس‬٪١ EC2 ِ٩ S3 ٧‫ض ضغطخذ‬٪‫ ضحٹ‬ٟ‫س ٭ٺٴ ٹٴس‬ٚ‫ فكٺ‬.٤ٝ‫حس أ‬٪‫رٺح٭حش ذحعطػ‬٥‫ ج‬٬٩ ‫ذس‬ٝ ‫رش‬١‫ؿس أ‬٥‫ْح‬٪‫ڂء ذ‬٪ْ٦٥ ‫حـ‬٪‫غ‬٦٥
.‫ٲح‬ٚ‫ؿس أسؽٺ‬٥‫ْح‬٪٥
 38

- Scripting language

A programming language designed to be easy to use for everyday or administrative tasks.

It may involve trade-offs such as sacrificing some performance for ease of programming.
Popular scripting languages include PHP, Perl, Python and Ruby

‫حٹنحش‬ٞ٩ ٨‫ ضن‬٫‫ أٹنح أ‬٬٢٪٪٥‫ ج‬٬٩ .‫ جٿدجسٹس‬٧‫ٲح‬٪٥‫ أٳ ج‬,٧‫ ٹٴ‬٤٢٥ ٧‫س جځعطخذج‬٦‫ عٲ‬٫‫ٴ‬٢‫ط‬٥ ‫ص‬٪٪‫ؿس ف‬٩‫ٖس ذش‬٥
Ruby, Perl, Python ‫ٳ‬.PHP ‫ؾحتْس‬٥‫ؿٺس ج‬٩‫رش‬٥‫ٖحش ج‬٦٥‫ ج‬٬٩ .‫ؿس‬٩‫رش‬٥‫ ج‬٤‫طغٲٺ‬٥ ٧‫ٲح‬٪٥‫طنكٺس ذرْل ج‬٥‫ح‬١

- Scribd

A document-sharing site that is often described as a "YouTube for documents" because it

allows other sites to embed its content. It allows people to upload files and others to
download in various formats. Recently Scribd, which is based in San Francisco, moved
from Flash-based technology to HTML5 standards.

.‫ِ جٽخشٵ‬ٝ‫ٴج‬٪٥‫كطٴٹحش ج‬٩ ٬‫ٺ‬٪‫ف أٹنح ذطن‬٪‫حش؛ ٽ٭ٰ ٹغ‬ٚ٦٪٥‫ح ٹْشٗ ذٺٴضٺٴخ ج‬٩ ‫رح‬٥‫زٷ ٕح‬٥‫حش ٳج‬ٚ٦٪٥‫س ج‬١‫ؾحس‬٩ ِٝ‫ٴ‬٩
‫ٴ‬٢‫شج٭غٺغ‬ٙ ٫‫ٸ عح‬ٙ ِٞ‫طٸ ض‬٥‫ ج‬Scribd ‫س‬١‫ قذٹػح ؽش‬.‫س‬ٚ٦‫خط‬٩ ٔ‫ٲح ذقٺ‬٦‫طٮضٹ‬٥ ‫ ٳٕٺشٱح‬٨‫حضٲ‬ٚ٦٩ ٤‫ٺ‬٪‫ڂؽخحؿ ذطك‬٥ ‫ف‬٪‫ٹغ‬
. HTML5 ‫ٮٺس‬ٞ‫ٶ ض‬٥‫ڂػ ئ‬ٚ٥‫ٮٺس ج‬ٞ‫ ض‬٬٩ ‫ٲح‬٩‫ٸ جعطخذج‬ٙ ‫ص‬٦ٞ‫ج٭ط‬

- structured thesaurus

A group of preferred terms created for editorial use to normalize and more effectively
classify content. For example, the AP Stylebook is similar to (but includes more rules
than) a structured thesaurus in that it gives writers preferred terms to use and standards to
follow, so everyone following AP Style writes the word "website" the same way.

٧‫ جعطخذج‬٤‫ٺ‬٥‫ػڂ د‬٩ .٣‫ْح‬ٙ ٤٢‫كطٴٵ ذؾ‬٪٥‫ ج‬٨‫طٮَٺ‬٥ ‫طكشٹش‬٥‫طحذس ٳج‬٢٥‫ْص ٽٕشجك ج‬٪‫طٸ ؾ‬٥‫كحش ج‬٦‫قي‬٪٥‫ ج‬٬٩ ‫ٴّس‬٪‫ؿ‬٩
‫طحخ‬٢٥‫ٸ أ٭ٰ ٹْيٸ ج‬ٙ ‫كحش‬٦‫قي‬٪٥‫ ج‬٨َ‫ٮ‬٪٥ ٰ‫ؾحذ‬٩ ‫ٺس‬٢‫شٹ‬٩‫طكذز جٽ‬٪٥‫ٴځٹحش ج‬٥‫ٸ ج‬ٙ ٧‫ جٿّڂ‬٫‫ح٭ٴ‬ٝ‫شٳء ٳ‬ٞ٪٥‫ ج‬٧‫جٿّڂ‬
 39

"website" ‫س‬٪٦١ ‫طد‬٢‫ ٹ‬AP ٧‫ ؽخـ ٹطرِ ٭َح‬٤١ ٫‫ قطٶ أ‬,‫طرْس‬٪٥‫حٹٺظ ج‬ٞ٪٥‫ ٳج‬ٛ‫غٺح‬٦٥ ٤‫ن‬ٙ‫كحش جٽ‬٦‫قي‬٪٥‫ج‬
.‫غٲح‬ٚ‫س ٭‬ٞ‫يشٹ‬٥‫ذح‬

- Social Media

A broad term referring to the wide swath of content creation and consumption that is
enabled by the many-to-many distributed infrastructure of the Internet. Unlike legacy
media, where the audience is usually on the receiving end of content creation, social
media generally allows three stages of interaction with content: 1) producing, 2)
consuming and 3) sharing. Social media is incredibly broad and refers to blogging, wikis,
video-sharing sites like YouTube, photo-sharing sites like Flickr and social networking
sites like Facebook and Twitter

‫طكطٺس‬٥‫رٮٺس ج‬٥‫ ضٴصٹِ ج‬٬٩ ‫ْذٹذ‬٥‫ ج‬٬٢٪‫طٸ ض‬٥‫ ج‬ٟ‫كطٴٵ ٳجځعطٲڂ‬٪٥‫ ج٭ؾحء ج‬٬٩ ‫ْس ٳجعْس‬ٝ‫ٶ س‬٥‫ف ٳجعِ ٹؾٺش ئ‬٦‫قي‬٩
٫‫ا‬ٙ ,‫ش‬٢‫رط‬٪٥‫كطٴٵ ج‬٪٦٥ ٬‫ٺٺ‬ٞ٦‫ط‬٩ ‫و‬ٞٙ ‫ٲٴس‬٪‫ؿ‬٥‫ ج‬٬٩ ٤ْ‫طٸ ضؿ‬٥‫س ج‬٪‫ذٹ‬ٞ٥‫ ج‬٧‫ جٿّڂ‬٤‫ ذخڂٗ ٳعحت‬.‫ْذٹذ أٹنح‬٦٥ ‫ڂ٭طش٭ص‬٥
٧‫ جٿّڂ‬.‫س‬١‫ؾحس‬٩ -3 ٟ‫ جعطٲڂ‬-2 ‫ ئ٭طحؼ‬-1 :‫كطٴٵ‬٪٥‫ِ ج‬٩ ٤ّ‫ح‬ٚ‫ط‬٥‫ ج‬٬٩ ‫غطٴٹحش‬٩ 3‫ف ذـ‬٪‫حّٸ ٹغ‬٪‫ جځؾط‬٧‫جٿّڂ‬
٤‫ػ‬٩ ‫قٴس‬٥‫س ج‬١‫ؾحس‬٩ ,‫ٺٴضٺٴخ‬٥‫ ج‬٤‫ػ‬٩ ‫ٺذٹٴ‬ٚ٥‫س ج‬١‫ؾحس‬٩ ِٝ‫ٴج‬٩ ,‫ٸ‬٢‫ ٳٹ‬,٬‫طذٳٹ‬٥‫ٶ ج‬٥‫س ٳٹؾٺش ئ‬٦‫زٱ‬٩ ‫س‬ٞ‫حّٸ ٳجعِ ذيشٹ‬٪‫جځؾط‬
.‫ ٳ ضٴٹطش‬ٟ‫حٹغرٴ‬ٚ٥‫ ج‬٤‫ػ‬٩ ‫حّٺس‬٪‫حش جځؾط‬٢‫ؾر‬٥‫ِ ج‬ٝ‫ٴج‬٩‫ش ٳ‬٢‫ٺ‬٦ٙ

- Social graph

A mapping of the connections between people and the things they care about that could
provide useful insights. The term originally promoted by Facebook and is now gaining
broader usage

٨‫ف ض‬٦‫قي‬٪٥‫ ٱزج ج‬.‫ؾخـ‬٥‫ ج‬٬ّ ‫ح‬٩‫ ضْيٸ ج٭يرحّح ّح‬٫‫ أ‬٬٢٪٩ ‫طٸ‬٥‫ ذٲح ٳج‬٫‫ٴ‬٪‫طٸ ٹٲط‬٥‫ جٽؽخحؿ ٳجٽؽٺحء ج‬٬‫خيو ذٺ‬٩
.ٛ‫ٮيح‬٥‫ ٳجعِ ج‬٧‫ف رج جعطخذج‬٦‫قي‬٪٥‫ ٳأفرف ج‬ٟ‫حٹغرٴ‬ٚ٥‫ِ ج‬ٝ‫ٴ‬٩ ٤‫ر‬ٝ ٬٩ ٰ٩‫جعطخذج‬

- Sinatra

A lightweight framework written in Ruby that can be used to set up web services, APIs
and small sites at lightning speed.
 40

٬٩ ُ‫ أعش‬٤٢‫قٖٺشز ذؾ‬٥‫ِ ج‬ٝ‫ٴج‬٪٥‫حش ٳج‬ٞ‫طيرٺ‬٥‫ٴٹد ٳج‬٥‫حش ج‬٩‫ٸ خذ‬ٙ ٰ٩‫ جعطخذج‬٬٢٪‫طٴخ ذشٳذٸ ٳٹ‬٢٩ ٘‫ٺ‬ٚ‫ئىحس خ‬
.ِٝ‫طٴ‬٪٥‫ج‬

- Server-side

Referring to when network software runs in a central location, the server, rather than on
the user's computer, often known as the client. (Also see client side).

‫رٺٴضش‬٪١ ‫ٸ‬ٙ ٤٪ْ‫ ض‬٫‫ أ‬٬٩ ‫ ذذځ‬٧‫خحد‬٥‫ٸ ج‬ٙ ‫ضٷ‬١‫ش‬٩ ِٝ‫ٴ‬٩ ‫ٸ‬ٙ ٤٪ْ‫س ض‬٢‫ؾر‬٥‫ؿٺحش ج‬٩‫ٺٰ ذش‬ٙ ٫‫ٴ‬٢‫زٷ ض‬٥‫ص ج‬ٝ‫ٴ‬٥‫ٶ ج‬٥‫ٹؾٺش ئ‬
.)٤‫ٺ‬٪ْ٥‫ (أ٭َش أٹنح ٳجؾٲس ج‬٤‫ٺ‬٪ْ٥‫ ج‬٫‫ جٽقٺح‬٨َْ٩ ‫ٸ‬ٙ ‫ٶ‬٪‫زٷ ٹغ‬٥‫ ٳج‬,٧‫غطخذ‬٪٥‫ج‬

- semantic web

A vision of the web that is almost entirely machine readable, in which documents are
published in languages that are designed specifically for data. It was first articulated by
Tim Berners-Lee in 2001. In many implementations, tags would identify the information,
such as <ADDRESS> or <DATE>. While there has been progress toward this front,
many say this vision remains largely unrealized.

٨٪‫ٖحش ضق‬٦٥‫طْذدز ج‬٩ ‫ ٭ؾشٱح‬٨‫طٸ ٹط‬٥‫حش ج‬ٚ٦٪٥‫ ج‬٫‫ٸ أ‬ٙ ‫س‬٥‫ جٻ‬٤‫ر‬ٝ ٬٩ ‫شأ‬ٞ‫حځ ض‬٪‫طٸ ئؾ‬٥‫ٴٹد ج‬٦٥ ‫ سؤٹس ؾذٹذز‬:‫ٸ‬٥‫ذځ‬٥‫ٴٹد ج‬٥‫ج‬
‫ٺٲح‬ٙ ٗ‫طٴمٺكحش ضْش‬٥‫حش ٳج‬ٞ‫طيرٺ‬٥‫ ج‬٬٩ ‫ػٺش‬١ ‫ٸ‬ٙ .2001 ٧‫ٸ ّح‬ٙ ‫ٸ‬٥ ‫ ذحس٭ٺشص‬٨‫ ضٺ‬٤‫ر‬ٝ ٬٩ ٰٝ‫ ئىڂ‬٨‫ ض‬.‫رٺح٭حش‬٦٥ ‫خقٺقح‬
‫شؤٹس‬٥‫ ٱزٯ ج‬٫‫ ئ‬٫‫ػٺشٳ‬٢٥‫ ج‬٣‫ٴ‬ٞ‫ ٹ‬.‫ٮٺس‬ٞ‫ط‬٥‫ ٭كٴ ٱزٯ ج‬٧‫ذ‬ٞ‫ ض‬ٟ‫ ٱٮح‬٫‫ح‬١ ‫ح‬٪‫ ذٺٮ‬, <DATE>‫<أٳ‬ADDRESS> ٤‫ػ‬٩ ‫حش‬٩‫ٴ‬٦ْ٪٥‫ج‬
.‫رٺش‬١ ‫ٶ قذ‬٥‫س ئ‬ٞٞ‫ك‬٩ ‫ ٕٺش‬٣‫ځ ضضج‬

- SEM (Search Engine Marketing)

A type of marketing that involves raising a company or product's visibility in search

engines by paying to have it appear in search results for a given word.

.‫ركع‬٥‫ٸ ٭طحتؽ ج‬ٙ ‫ِ ٿٍٲحسٱح‬ٙ‫ذ‬٥‫ ج‬٣‫ خڂ‬٬٩ ‫ركع‬٥‫حش ج‬١‫كش‬٩ ‫ٶ‬٦ّ ‫ٮطؽ‬٩ ‫س أٳ ٳمٴـ‬١‫ ؽش‬٨‫زٷ ٹن‬٥‫ ج‬ٜ‫طغٴٹ‬٥‫ ج‬٬٩ ُ‫٭ٴ‬
 41

- SEO (Search Engine Optimization)

A suite of techniques for improving how a website ranks on search engines such as
Google. SEO is often divided into "white hat" techniques, which (to simplify) try to boost
ranking by improving the quality of a website, and "black hat" techniques, which try to
trick search engines into thinking a page is of higher quality than it actually is. SEO can
also refer to individuals and companies that offer to provide search engine optimization
for websites.

"white hat" ‫ٮٺس‬ٞ‫ٶ ض‬٥‫ ئ‬٨‫غ‬ٞ‫ح ٹ‬٩ ‫ ّحدز‬.٤‫ ؾٴؾ‬٤‫ػ‬٩ ‫ركع‬٥‫ ج‬ٟ‫كش‬٩ ‫ٶ‬٦ّ ِٝ‫ٴ‬٩ ‫طيٴٹش ضشضٺد‬٥ ‫ٮٺحش‬ٞ‫ط‬٥‫ ج‬٬٩ ‫ٴّس‬٪‫ؿ‬٩
‫ ضشضٺد‬٬٩ ِٙ‫طٸ ضش‬٥‫" ٳج‬black hat" ‫ٮٺس‬ٞ‫طشٳ٭ٸ ٳض‬٢٥‫ِ جځ‬ٝ‫ٴ‬٪٥‫ ضيٴٹش ٭ٴّٺس ج‬٣‫ خڂ‬٬٩ ‫طشضٺد‬٥‫ِ ج‬ٙ‫ س‬٬٩ ٤‫طٸ ضغٲ‬٥‫ج‬
‫شجد‬ٙ‫ٲح جٽ‬٩‫خحفٺس ٹغطخذ‬٥‫ ٱزٯ ج‬.‫طٲح‬ٞ‫ٺ‬ٞ‫ ق‬ٛ‫ٴ‬ٚ‫كس رجش ٭ٴّٺس ض‬ٚ‫ق‬٥‫ ج‬٫‫ أ‬٬َ‫ركع ٹ‬٥‫ ج‬ٟ‫كش‬٩ ٤ْ‫ْٺٮس ذكٺع ٹؿ‬٩ ‫كس‬ٚ‫ف‬
.ِٝ‫ٴج‬٪٦٥ ‫ركع‬٥‫حش ج‬١‫كش‬٪٥ ٬‫طكغٺ‬٥‫ خٺحس ج‬٧‫ذ‬ٞ‫طٸ ض‬٥‫حش ج‬١‫ؾش‬٥‫ٳج‬

- Twitter

A microblogging and social media service where users can send out messages limited to
140 characters. Launched in 2007, Twitter became popular in part because it had a set of
APIs that allowed other developers to build tools on top if it. Twitter users came up with
their own conventions, including the @ symbol to denote user names (@nytimes), and #,
the hashtag, to denote subjects (#sxsw). Twitter computes Trending Topics, which give a
real-time view into the most talked about topics on the service.

٧‫ٸ ّح‬ٙ ‫ ذذأش‬.‫ضج‬٩‫ س‬140 ‫ٶ‬٦ّ ‫طقشز‬ٞ٩ ٤‫ سعحت‬٣‫ ئسعح‬٬٩ ٧‫غطخذ‬٪٥‫ ج‬٬٢٪‫ ض‬.‫حّٸ‬٪‫ جؾط‬٧‫قٖشز ٳئّڂ‬٩ ٬‫س ضذٳٹ‬٩‫خذ‬
‫ ذٮحء‬٬٩ ٬‫ آخشٹ‬٬‫يٴسٹ‬٪٥ ‫ف‬٪‫ؿٺس ضغ‬٩‫حش ذش‬ٞ‫ ٳجؾٲس ضيرٺ‬APIs ٬٩ ‫ٴّس‬٪‫ؿ‬٩ ‫ٶ‬٦ّ ‫ ٳأفركص ؽحتْس؛ ځقطٴجتٲح‬2007
٧‫غطخذ‬٪٥‫ ج‬٨‫ٶ جع‬٦ّ ‫س‬٥‫ذځ‬٦٥ @ ٨‫ ٳضن‬٨‫حس جفيڂقحش ضخقٲ‬٢‫ٴ ضٴٹطش ذحذط‬٩‫غطخذ‬٩ ٧‫ح‬ٝ .‫ٴجؾٲس‬٥‫ٶ ج‬٦ّ ‫أدٳجش ؾذٹذز‬
‫غحّس‬٥‫ٴجمٺِ ج‬٩ ‫ ّشك‬٬٩ ‫س ضٴٹطش‬٩‫ خذ‬٬٢٪‫ ض‬.(#sxsw) ٬‫ْٺ‬٩ ُ‫ٴمٴ‬٩ ‫ٶ‬٦ّ ‫س‬٥‫ذځ‬٦٥ # ‫ض‬٩‫@( ٳس‬nytimes)
.‫غحّس‬٥‫ِ ضٴٹطش قطٶ ج‬ٝ‫ٴ‬٩ ‫ٶ‬٦ّ ‫ؾس‬ٝ‫ٮح‬٩ ‫ػش‬١‫جٽ‬
 42

- Transparency

In the context of news and information, a term describing openness about information
that has become increasingly popular. In many cases it is used to refer to the
transparency of government releasing data to journalists and to the public. It is often used
in the context of journalists being open about their reporting process and material by
sharing with their readers before the final project emerges or providing more context in
addition to the final product.

٬٩ ‫ػٺش‬١ ‫ٸ‬ٙ .‫زٷ أفرف ؽحتْح‬٥‫حش ج‬٩‫ٴ‬٦ْ٪٥‫س ج‬١‫ؾحس‬٩ ‫ٸ‬ٙ ‫طحـ‬ٚ‫ف ٹق٘ جځ٭‬٦‫قي‬٪٥‫ ٱزج ج‬,‫حش‬٩‫ٴ‬٦ْ٪٥‫ جٽخرحس ٳج‬ٛ‫ٸ عٺح‬ٙ
‫ح‬٩ ‫رح‬٥‫ ٕح‬.‫ٲٴس‬٪‫ؿ‬٥‫ ٳج‬٬‫ٺٺ‬ٚ‫قك‬٦٥ ‫رٺح٭حش‬٥‫ٸ ئفذجس ج‬ٙ ‫حش‬٩‫ٴ‬٢‫ك‬٥‫ٺس ج‬ٙ‫ح‬ٚ‫ ؽ‬٬ّ ‫طْرٺش‬٥‫ٸ ج‬ٙ ‫ف‬٦‫قي‬٪٥‫ ٱزج ج‬٧‫كحځش ٹغطخذ‬٥‫ج‬
٣‫ح‬٪٢‫ جعط‬٤‫ر‬ٝ ٨‫شجءٱ‬ٝ ‫ ذٲح‬٫‫ٴ‬١‫طٸ ٹؾحس‬٥‫ٴجد ج‬٪٥‫حسٹش ٳج‬ٞ‫ط‬٥‫ ئؾشجءجش ج‬٬ّ ‫طْرٺش‬٦٥ ٬‫ٺٺ‬ٚ‫قك‬٥‫ ج‬ٛ‫ٸ عٺح‬ٙ ‫ أٹنح‬٧‫ٹغطخذ‬
.‫ٮٲحتٸ‬٥‫خشؼ ج‬٪٥‫ ج‬/‫ٮطؽ‬٪٥‫ٶ ج‬٦ّ ٣‫كقٴ‬٥‫ ج‬٤‫ر‬ٝ ٛ‫غٺح‬٦٥ ‫ٺس‬ٙ‫حش ئمح‬٩‫ٴ‬٦ْ٩ ‫ٮٲحتٸ أٳ ضضٳٹذ‬٥‫ؾشٳُ ج‬٪٥‫ج‬

- Tumblr

A free short-form blogging platform that allows users to post images, video, links, quotes
and audio. The company is based in New York City and competes with Posterous.

‫ش‬ٞ٩ .‫حىِ فٴضٺس‬ٞ٩‫حش ٳ‬ٚ‫طي‬ٞ٩ ,‫ سٳجذو‬,‫ٺذٹٴ‬ٙ ,‫س فٴس‬ٙ‫ ذامح‬٬‫ٺ‬٩‫غطخذ‬٪٦٥ ‫ف‬٪‫قٺشز ضغ‬ٝ ‫ؿح٭ٺس ذقٺٖس‬٩ ٬‫ٮقس ضذٳٹ‬٩
.Posterous ‫س‬١‫ظ ؽش‬ٙ‫ ٳضٮح‬,ٟ‫ٸ ٭ٺٴٹٴس‬ٙ ‫س‬١‫ؾش‬٥‫ٱزٯ ج‬

- Taxonomy

A hierarchical classification system. In the world of content, this can be a hierarchy of

terms (generally called nodes or entities) that are used to classify the category or subject
content belongs to as well as terms that are included in the content. In many cases,
website navigation systems appear taxonomical in that users narrow down from broad
top-level categories to the granular feature they want to see. An ontologyis similar to a
taxonomy in that it is also a classification system with nodes or entities, but it is more
 43

complex and flexible because ontologies allow for non-hierarchical relationships. While
in a taxonomy a node can be either a broader term or narrower term, in an ontology nodes
can be related in any way.

ٗ‫حځ ضْش‬٪‫كحش (ئؾ‬٦‫قي‬٪٥‫ ج‬٬٩ ٧‫ ٹْٮٸ ٱش‬٫‫ أ‬٬٢٪٪٥‫ ج‬٬٩ ‫ف‬٦‫قي‬٪٥‫ ٱزج ج‬,‫كطٴٵ‬٪٥‫ ج‬٨٥‫ٸ ّح‬ٙ .‫ٸ‬٩‫ ضقٮٺ٘ ٱش‬٧‫٭َح‬
,‫كحځش‬٥‫ ج‬٬٩ ‫ػٺش‬١ ‫ٸ‬ٙ .‫كطٴٵ‬٪٥‫ٶ ج‬٥‫ٸ ئ‬٪‫ٴمٴُ ٹٮط‬٩ ‫ثس أٳ‬ٙ ‫كطٴٵ‬٩ ٘‫ ضقٮٺ‬٤‫ أؾ‬٬٩ ٧‫طٸ ضغطخذ‬٥‫ٺح٭حش) ج‬٢٥‫ذ ٳج‬ْٞ٥‫ذح‬
‫ٴجعْس‬٥‫ٺح ج‬٦ْ٥‫ثحش ج‬ٚ٥‫ ج‬٬٩ ‫ركع‬٥‫ذٵ ج‬٩ ‫ ققش‬٬٩ ٧‫غطخذ‬٪٥‫ ج‬٬٢٪‫ٸ ٳ ض‬ٚ‫ ضقٮٺ‬٤٢‫ِ ضَٲش ذؾ‬ٝ‫ٴج‬٪٥‫ٸ ج‬ٙ ‫ف‬ٚ‫طق‬٥‫س ج‬٪َ‫ أ٭‬٫‫ا‬ٙ
٘‫ ضقٮٺ‬٧‫ٸ أ٭ٰ أٹنح ٭َح‬ٙ ‫طقٮٺ٘ ٱزج‬٥‫ ج‬٧‫ٮَح‬٥ ٰ‫ؾحذ‬٩ ‫ٴؾٸ‬٥‫ جځ٭يٴ‬٧‫ٮَح‬٥‫ ج‬.‫ ضشجٱح‬٫‫طٸ ضشٹذ أ‬٥‫ٺضجش جٽعحعٺس ج‬٪٥‫ٶ ج‬٥‫ئ‬
٧‫ٮَح‬٥‫ٸ ج‬ٙ ‫ذز‬ْٞ٥‫ ج‬٫‫ أ‬٬‫ٸ قٺ‬ٙ ‫ٺس‬٩‫حش ٕٺش ٱش‬ٝ‫ف ذْڂ‬٪‫شٳ٭س؛ ٽ٭ٰ ٹغ‬٩‫ٺذج ٳ‬ْٞ‫ػش ض‬١‫ٮٰ أ‬٢٥ ‫ٺح٭حش‬١‫ذ ٳ‬ّٞ ٬٩ ٫‫ٴ‬٢‫ٹط‬
.‫ذٵ‬٪٥‫س ج‬ٞ‫ذٵ أٳ مٺ‬٪٥‫ ٳجعْس ج‬٫‫ٴ‬٢‫ ض‬٫‫ح أ‬٩‫ ئ‬,‫ٸ‬ٚ‫طقٮٺ‬٥‫ج‬

- Tag

A common type of metadata used to describe a piece of content that associates it with
other content that has the same tag. Tags can be specific terms, people, locations, etc.
used in the content it is describing, or more general terms that may not be explicitly
stated, such as themes. The term "tag" is also used in the context of markup languages,
such as <title> identifying the name of the web page. In HTML, tags usually come in sets
of open and closed, with the closed tag containing an extra slash ("/") inside. For
example: <title>This is the Title.</title>.

.‫طٴمٺف‬٥‫ظ ج‬ٚ‫ٸ ٭‬ٙ ‫كطٴٵ آخش‬٪‫زٷ ٹشضرو ذ‬٥‫كطٴٵ ج‬٪٥‫ ج‬٬٩ ‫ٴف٘ ؾضء‬٥ ٧‫ٺس ضغطخذ‬ٚ‫ٴف‬٥‫رٺح٭حش ج‬٥‫ ج‬٬٩ ِ‫٭ٴُ ؽحت‬
‫ٰ أٳ‬ٚ‫طٸ ضق‬٥‫ ج‬ٛ‫غٺح‬٥‫ٸ ج‬ٙ ٧‫خ ضغطخذ‬٥‫ ج‬.. ِٝ‫ٴج‬٩ ,‫ أؽخحؿ‬,‫كحش‬٦‫قي‬٪٥ ٫‫ٴ‬٢‫ ٹ‬٫‫ أ‬٬٢٪٪٥‫ ج‬٬٩ ٨‫ٴع‬٥‫طٴمٺف أٳ ج‬٥‫ج‬
‫طكذٹذجش‬٦٥ ‫ أٹنح‬٧‫" ٹغطخذ‬٨‫ٴع‬٥‫طٴمٺف أٳ ج‬٥‫ف "ج‬٦‫قي‬٪٥‫ ج‬.‫شتٺغس‬٥‫حس ج‬٢ٙ‫ جٽ‬٤‫ػ‬٩ ٧‫ ّح‬٤٢‫س ضٴمف ذؾ‬٩‫كحش ّح‬٦‫قي‬٩
‫طف‬ٚ٥‫ ئؽحسجش ج‬٬٩ ‫ٴّحش‬٪‫ؿ‬٩ ‫ٸ‬ٙ ‫طٴمٺف ٹأضٸ‬٥‫ ج‬,HTML ‫ٖس‬٥ ‫ٸ‬ٙ .‫ٴٹد‬٥‫كس ج‬ٚ‫ ف‬٨‫< ضْشٗ جع‬title> ٤‫ػ‬٩ ‫ٖٴٹس‬٦٥‫ج‬
:‫ػڂ‬٩ . ٤‫ذجخ‬٥‫ٸ ج‬ٙ ٛ‫حش جٿٕڂ‬٩‫ٸ ّڂ‬ٙ "/" ‫ِ ٳؾٴد‬٩ ٛ‫ٳجٿٕڂ‬

<title>This is the Title.</title>

 44

- UX (User Experience)

Generally referring to the area of design that involves the holistic interaction a user has
with a product or a service. It incorporates many disciplines, including engineering,
graphic design, content creation and psychology. User interface is one element of user
experience.

٬٩ ‫ْذٹذ‬٥‫خحفٺس ج‬٥‫ؽ ٱزٯ ج‬٩‫ ضذ‬.‫ْٺٮس‬٩ ‫س‬٩‫ٮطؽ أٳ خذ‬٩ ٨‫ٺ‬٪‫ ضق‬٣‫ خڂ‬٬٩ ٧‫غطخذ‬٪٦٥ ‫ٸ‬٦٢٥‫ ج‬٤ّ‫ح‬ٚ‫ط‬٥‫ٶ ج‬٥‫ف ئ‬٦‫قي‬٪٥‫ٹؾٺش ٱزج ج‬
٬٩ ‫ ّٮقش ٳجقذج‬٤‫ػ‬٪‫ ض‬٧‫غطخذ‬٪٥‫ ٳجؾٲس ج‬.‫ظ‬ٚ‫ٮ‬٥‫ ج‬٨٦ّ‫كطٴٵ ٳ‬٪٥‫ ج‬٨‫ٺ‬٪‫ ضق‬,٠‫ٺ‬ٙ‫ؿشج‬٥‫ ج‬٨‫ٺ‬٪‫ ضق‬,‫ٲٮذعس‬٥‫ٮٲح ج‬٩ ‫طخققحش‬٥‫ج‬
.٧‫غطخذ‬٪٥‫خرشز ج‬

- URL (Uniform Resource Locator)

Often used interchangeably with the "address" of a web page, such as

http://hackshackers.com. All URLs are URIs, but not vice versa. While humans are
familar with URLs as a way to see web pages, computer programs often use URLs to
pass each other machine-readable content, such as RSS feeds or Twitter information. In
addition, words that appear in URLs often help boost search rankings, which is why
many content sites are now shifting to URLs with headlines as opposed to data strings.

ِ‫ٺ‬٪‫ ؾ‬. http://hackshackers.com : ٤‫ػ‬٩ .‫ٴٹد‬٥‫كس ج‬ٚ‫ ف‬٫‫ف ّٮٴج‬٦‫قي‬٩ ِ٩ ٣‫طرحد‬٥‫ف ذح‬٦‫قي‬٪٥‫ ٱزج ج‬٧‫ٹغطخذ‬
‫رٺٴضش‬٪٢٥‫ؽ ج‬٩‫رشج‬٥ ‫ٮغرس‬٥‫ ٳذح‬,‫ٴٹد‬٥‫كحش ج‬ٚ‫شؤٹس ف‬٥ ‫س‬ٞ‫ ىشٹ‬٬‫ٺ‬٩‫غطخذ‬٪٦٥ URL ٤‫ػ‬٪‫ ٹ‬.‫ظ‬٢ْ٥‫ٺظ ج‬٥‫ ٳ‬URIs ‫ ضْذ‬URL
.‫حش ضٴٹطش‬٩‫ٴ‬٦ْ٩ ‫ أٳ‬RSS ‫طٖزٹس‬٥‫س ج‬٩‫ خذ‬٤‫ػ‬٩ ‫ٶ آخش‬٥‫ ئ‬٫‫ح‬٢٩ ٬٩ ‫س‬٥‫ٖس جٻ‬٦‫شٳء ذ‬ٞ٩ ‫كطٴٵ‬٩ ‫شٹش‬٪‫ط‬٥ ٧‫ا٭ٰ ٹغطخذ‬ٙ
٤ْ‫زٷ ٹؿ‬٥‫غرد ج‬٥‫ركع ٳٱٴ ج‬٥‫شجضد ج‬٩ ‫ٸ ضيٴٹش‬ٙ ٨‫ح ضغحٱ‬٩ ‫رح‬٥‫ ٕح‬URL ‫ٸ‬ٙ ‫طٸ ضَٲش‬٥‫حش ج‬٪٦٢٥‫ ج‬,٠٥‫ٶ ر‬٥‫س ئ‬ٙ‫ذحٿمح‬
.‫رٺح٭حش‬٥‫ ج‬٤‫ عڂع‬٬ّ ‫ ذذځ‬٫‫س أٷ ّٮٴج‬ٙ‫ ذامح‬URL ٬٩ ‫ِ ضٖٺش‬ٝ‫ٴج‬٪٥‫كطٴٹحش ج‬٩ ٬٩ ‫ػٺش‬٢٥‫ج‬
 45
- URI (Uniform Resource Identifier)

The way to identify the location for something on the Internet. It is most familiarly in
"http:" form, but also encompasses "ftp:" or mailto:

‫ٶ‬٦ّ ‫طقش‬ٞ‫ٮٰ أٹنح ځ ٹ‬٢٥‫ ٳ‬,"http:" ‫قٺٖس‬٥ ٰ٦٪ّ ‫ٸ‬ٙ ‫ف‬٦‫قي‬٪٥‫ ٹؾرٰ ٱزج ج‬.‫ٶ جځ٭طش٭ص‬٦ّ ِٝ‫ٴج‬٪٥‫ٶ ج‬٥‫طْشٗ ئ‬٦٥ ‫س‬ٞ‫ىشٹ‬
mailto:‫"أٳ‬ftp:" :٨‫ ئر ٹن‬٠٥‫ر‬

- UI (Unser Interface)

The part of a software application or website that users see and interact with, which takes
into account the visual design and the structure of the program. While graphic design is
an element of user interface design, it is only a portion of the consideration.

‫ٸ‬ٙ ‫ِ جٽخز‬٩ ,‫ْٲح‬٩ ٤ّ‫ح‬ٚ‫ط‬٥‫ؾحٱذز ٳج‬٪٥‫ ج‬٬٩ ٬‫ٺ‬٩‫غطخذ‬٪٥‫ ج‬٬٢٪‫طٸ ض‬٥‫طشٳ٭ٸ ج‬٢٥‫ِ جځ‬ٝ‫ٴ‬٪٥‫ؿٺس أٳ ج‬٩‫رش‬٥‫حش ج‬ٞ‫طيرٺ‬٥‫ ج‬٬٩ ‫ؾضء‬
٤‫ػ‬٪‫ا٭ٰ ٹ‬ٙ ,٧‫غطخذ‬٪٥‫ ٳجؾٲس ج‬٬٩ ‫ٸ ٹْذ ّٮقشج‬٢‫ٺ‬ٙ‫ؿشج‬٥‫ ج‬٨‫ٺ‬٪‫طق‬٥‫ ج‬٬‫ٸ قٺ‬ٙ .‫ؽ‬٩‫رش٭ح‬٥‫شتٸ ٳذٮٺس ج‬٪٥‫ ج‬٨‫ٺ‬٪‫طق‬٥‫جځّطرحس ج‬
.٧‫ح‬٪‫ جځٱط‬٬٩ ‫و‬ٞٙ ‫ؾضءج‬

- WordPress

The most popular blogging software in use today, in large part because it is free and
relatively powerful, yet easy to use. First released by Matt Mullenweg in 2003,
WordPress attracts contributions from a large community of programmers and designers
who give it additional functionality and visual themes. Sites that use WordPress include
the New York Times blogs, CNN and the LOLCats network. It has been criticized for
security flaws. 46
2003 ٧‫ٸ ّح‬ٙ ‫ ئفذجسٯ أٳځ‬٨‫ ض‬.٧‫ جځعطخذج‬٤‫ٴٷ ٳعٲ‬ٝ‫ؿح٭ٸ ٳ‬٩ ٰ‫ ٽ٭‬٠٥‫ ٹْٴد ر‬.٧‫ٺٴ‬٥‫ح ج‬٩‫رش جعطخذج‬١‫ جٽ‬٬‫طذٳٹ‬٥‫ؽ ج‬٩‫ذش٭ح‬
٬‫زٹ‬٥‫ ج‬٬‫ٺ‬٪٪‫ق‬٪٥‫ ٳج‬٬‫ؿٺ‬٩‫رش‬٪٥‫ِ ج‬٪‫ؿط‬٩ ٬٩ ٬‫ٺ‬٪‫غحٱ‬٪٥‫ ج‬٬٩ ‫ػٺش‬٢٥‫ ج‬WordPress ‫ ؾزخ‬٨‫ غ‬٬٩ ‫ٺٮٴٹؽ‬٥‫ٴ‬٩ ‫حش‬٩ ٤‫ر‬ٝ ٬٩
The ‫ذٳ٭حش‬٩‫ ٳ‬CNN ِٝ‫ٴ‬٩ , WordPress ٧‫طٸ ضغطخذ‬٥‫ِ ج‬ٝ‫ٴج‬٪٥‫ ج‬٬٩ .‫ٺس‬٦٪ّ ‫شتٺس ٳخحفٺس‬٩ ِ‫ٴجمٺ‬٩ ‫س‬ٙ‫ٴج ذامح‬٩‫ح‬ٝ
‫ذٺذ‬ .the LOLCats network ‫ٳ‬ New York Times
.‫ٮٺس‬٩‫خحفٺس جٽ‬٥‫حك ج‬ٚ‫حدٯ؛ ځ٭خ‬ٞ‫ ج٭ط‬٨‫أ٭ٰ ض‬
 46

- Wiki

A web site with pages that can be easily edited by visitors using their web browser, but
generally now gaining acceptance as a prefix to mean "collaborative." Ward Cunningham
created the first wiki, naming it WikiWikiWeb after the Hawaiian word for "quick." A
wiki enables the audience to contribute to a knowledge base on a topic or share
information within an organization, like a newsroom. The best-known wiki in existence is
Wikipedia, which burst onto the scene around 2000 as one of the first examples of mass
collaborative information aggregation. Other sites that have been branded "wiki" include
Wikinews, Wikitravel, and WikiLeaks (which was originally but is no longer a wiki).

٬٢٥ ,‫ف جځ٭طش٭ص‬ٚ‫طق‬٩ ٧‫ٲح ذحعطخذج‬٦‫ ضْذٹ‬٬‫ضجتشٹ‬٥‫ٶ ج‬٦ّ ٤‫غٲ‬٥‫ ج‬٬٩ ‫طٸ‬٥‫كحش ج‬ٚ‫ق‬٥‫ ج‬٬٩ ‫طشٳ٭ٸ ٹكٴٷ ّذدج‬٢٥‫ِ ج‬ٝ‫ٴ‬٩
‫ٮح‬٪‫ٸ ٳٹد" ضٺ‬٢‫ٸ ٳٹ‬٢‫حٯ "ٳٹ‬٪‫ٸ" ٳأع‬٢‫ "ٳٹ‬٣‫ أٳ‬٧‫ٴ٭ٺٮؿح‬١ ‫ش ٳجسد‬٢‫جذط‬. ‫طْحٳ٭ٸ‬٥‫ ج‬٤٪ْ٦٥ ‫س‬٩‫ذ‬ٞ٪١ ٰ٥‫رٴ‬ٝ ‫طغد‬١‫ِ ج‬ٝ‫ٴ‬٪٥‫ج‬
ُ‫ٴمٴ‬٩ ‫ٸ‬ٙ ‫حضٸ‬٩‫ٴ‬٦ْ٩ ‫ٶ أعحط‬٦ّ ‫س‬٪‫غحٱ‬٪٥‫ ج‬٬٩ ‫ٲٴس‬٪‫ؿ‬٥‫ ج‬٬٢٪‫ٸ" ٹ‬٢‫ "ٳٹ‬.ِ‫" أٷ عشٹ‬quick." ‫ ٱحٳجٷ ضْٮٸ‬٬٩ ‫س‬٪٦٢‫ذ‬
‫زٷ‬٥‫ٺرٺذٹح" ٳج‬٢‫ٺح ذـ"ٳٹ‬٥‫ْشٳٗ قح‬٪٥‫ٸ" ج‬٢‫ـ"ٳٹ‬٥‫ ٳج‬.‫ػڂ‬٩ ‫س جٽخرحس‬ٙ‫ٖش‬١ ‫ْٺٮس‬٩ ‫س‬٩‫ٮَٴ‬٩ ‫ٸ‬ٙ ‫حش‬٩‫ٴ‬٦ْ٩ ‫س‬١‫ؾحس‬٩ ‫ أٳ‬٬‫ْٺ‬٩
‫شّص‬ٚ‫طٸ ض‬٥‫ِ ج‬ٝ‫ٴج‬٪٥‫ ج‬٬٩ ‫ ٳٕٺشٱح‬,‫حضٺس‬٩‫ٴ‬٦ْ٪٥‫س ج‬١‫ؾحس‬٩ ِ٪‫طؿ‬٥ ‫ٶ‬٥‫س جځٳ‬٦‫ػ‬٩‫ جٽ‬٬٩ ‫ ٹْطرش ٳجقذج‬2000 ٧‫ٸ ّح‬ٙ ‫ٴز‬ٞ‫ٍٲش ذ‬
.‫ٸ‬٢‫ ځ ضْطرش ٳٹ‬٫‫ٮٲح جٻ‬٢٥‫ ٳ‬, WikiLeaks Wikinews, Wikitravel, ٨‫ٸ ٳ ضن‬٢‫ ٳٹ‬٬٩

- Widget

In a web context, this refers to a portable application that can be embedded into a third-
party site by cutting and pasting snippets of code. Common web widgets include a
Twitter box that can sit on a blog, or a small Google Map that sits within an invitation.
Desktop widgets, such as ones offered for the Macintosh Dashboard or by Yahoo!, can be
placed on the desktop of a computer, such as for weather or stocks. Similarly, Android
offers the ability to add widgets to the home screens.

47
٣‫ خڂ‬٬٩ ‫ػس‬٥‫ؿٲس غح‬١ ‫ؽ‬٩‫ ٹذ‬٫‫ أ‬٬٢٪٪٥‫ ج‬٬٩ ‫زٷ‬٥‫ ٳج‬٣‫ٴ‬٪‫ك‬٩ ٜ‫ٶ ضيرٺ‬٥‫س ئ‬٪٦٢٥‫ ضؾٺش ٱزٯ ج‬,‫طشٳ٭ٺس‬٢٥‫ِ جځ‬ٝ‫ٴج‬٪٥‫ ج‬ٛ‫ٸ عٺح‬ٙ
‫زٷ‬٥‫طٴٹطش ج‬٥ ِ‫طحذ‬٥‫ٮـ ج‬٥‫ ج‬ٛ‫ٸ فٮذٳ‬ٙ ٜ‫طيرٺ‬٥‫ ٳ٭غطيٺِ سؤٹس ٱزج ج‬.‫ٮحعد‬٪٥‫شجٓ ج‬ٚ٥‫ٸ ج‬ٙ ‫ٲح‬ٞ‫ق‬٥‫شز ٳ‬ٚ‫ؾ‬٥‫قحفحش ج‬ٝ ‫ـ‬ٝ
‫كطٴٹحش‬٪٥‫ٴقس ج‬٦‫ ذ‬٤‫ػ‬٪‫طد ٳضط‬٢٪٥‫حش عيف ج‬ٞ‫ؽ ذذّٴز ضيرٺ‬٩‫طٸ ضذ‬٥‫ ج‬٤‫ خشجتو ؾٴؾ‬٤‫ػ‬٩ ‫ أٳ‬,٬‫طذٳٹ‬٥‫ ج‬٬٩ ٧‫غطخذ‬٪٥‫ ج‬٬٢٪‫ٹ‬
‫ظ أٳ‬ٞ‫ي‬٥‫س ج‬٥‫ قح‬٤‫ػ‬٩ ‫طد‬٢٪٥‫ٶ عيف ج‬٦ّ ‫ٴ٭حش‬ٞ‫أٹ‬١ ٤‫ػ‬٪‫ ض‬٫‫ أ‬٬٢٪٪٥‫ ج‬٬٩ ‫طٸ‬٥‫ِ ٹحٱٴ ٳ ج‬ٝ‫ٴ‬٩ ‫ٸ‬ٙ ‫ٺٮطٴػ أٳ‬١‫ح‬٩ ٧‫ٮَح‬٥ ‫طحذْس‬٥‫ج‬
.‫ؾحؽس‬٥‫ٶ ج‬٦ّ ‫كس جٽعحعٺس‬ٚ‫ق‬٦٥ ‫حش‬ٞ‫طيرٺ‬٥‫س ج‬ٙ‫ ذخحفٺس ئمح‬٧‫غطخذ‬٪٥‫ ذطضٳٹذ ج‬Android ٤٪ْ‫ ٹ‬٤‫ػ‬٪٥‫ ٳذح‬.‫رٴسفس‬٥‫ج‬
 47
- webOS

Operating system used on the latest generation of Palm smart phones, including the Pre
and the Pixi. Apps for webOS are developed using web standards (HTML, Javascript and
CSS), which means there is a low barrier to entry for web developers to create mobile
apps for webOS as compared to other mobile platforms. It allows for having several
applications open at the same time, unlike the current iPhone

٤‫طؾٖٺ‬٥‫ ج‬٧‫حش ٭َح‬ٞ‫ ضيٴٹش ضيرٺ‬٨‫ ٹط‬. Pixi ‫ ٳ‬Pre ٨‫ٺس ٳضن‬١‫ز‬٥‫٘ ج‬٢٥‫ ٱٴجض٘ ج‬٣‫ٸ أقذظ أؾٺح‬ٙ ٧‫ ٹغطخذ‬٤‫ ضؾٖٺ‬٧‫٭َح‬
‫حس‬٢‫ٴٹد ځذط‬٥‫ؽ ج‬٩‫يٴسٷ ذشج‬٩ ٣‫ذخٴ‬٥ ‫ل‬ٚ‫ٮخ‬٩ ‫ح ٹْٮٸ قحؾض‬٪٩ (HTML, Javascript and CSS) ٧‫ذحعطخذج‬
‫ص‬ٝ‫ٴ‬٥‫ظ ج‬ٚ‫ٸ ٭‬ٙ ٜ‫ ضيرٺ‬٬٩ ‫ػش‬١‫طف أ‬ٚ‫ف ذ‬٪‫ ٹغ‬.‫ جٽخشٵ‬٣‫ح‬ٞ‫ٮ‬٥‫ٲحض٘ ج‬٥‫ؽ ج‬٩‫حس٭س ذرشج‬ٞ٩ ٧‫ٮَح‬٥‫ ذٲزج ج‬٣‫ح‬ٞ‫ٮ‬٥‫ٲحض٘ ج‬٦٥ ‫حش‬ٞ‫ضيرٺ‬
.‫ٸ‬٥‫كح‬٥‫ ج‬٫‫ٴ‬ٙ ‫ذخڂٗ جٻٷ‬

- Web 3.0

Sometimes used to refer to the semantic web. (Also see semantic web)

.‫ٸ‬٥‫ذځ‬٥‫ٴٹد ج‬٥‫ أ٭َش أٹنح ج‬. ‫ٸ‬٥‫ذځ‬٥‫ٴٹد ج‬٥‫ٶ ج‬٥‫ف ئ‬٦‫قي‬٪٥‫ ٹؾٺش ٱزج ج‬٫‫ٸ ذْل جٽقٺح‬ٙ

- Web 2.0

Referring to the generation of Internet technologies that allow for interactivity and
collaboration on websites. In contrast to Web 1.0 (roughly the first decade of the World
Wide Web) where static content was downloaded into the browser and read, Web 2.0
uses the Internet as the platform. Technologies such as Ajax, which allow for rapid

48
 48
communication between the browser and the web server, underlie many Web 2.0 sites.
The term was popularized by a 2004 conference, held by O'Reilly Media and MediaLive,
called Web 2.0. (Also see Ajax)

ٗ‫ ذخڂ‬.‫طشٳ٭ٺس‬٢٥‫ِ جځ‬ٝ‫ٴج‬٪٥‫ ج‬٬‫ ذٺ‬ٟ‫طؾحس‬٥‫ٺس ٳج‬٦ّ‫ح‬ٚ‫ط‬٥‫ف ذح‬٪‫طٸ ضغ‬٥‫ٴؾٺح جځ٭طش٭ص ج‬٥‫ٮٴ‬٢‫ ض‬٤‫ٶ ؾٺ‬٥‫ف ئ‬٦‫قي‬٪٥‫ٹؾٺش ٱزج ج‬
٤‫ؿٺ‬٥‫ ج‬٫‫ا‬ٙ ,ٰ‫شجءض‬ٝ‫ف ٳ‬ٚ‫طق‬٪٥‫ٶ ج‬٥‫كطٴٵ غحذص ئ‬٩ ٤‫ٺ‬٪‫ٮص ضك‬٪‫طٸ ضن‬٥‫رٴضٺس) ٳج‬٢‫ْٮ‬٥‫س ج‬٢‫ؾر‬٥‫ ج‬٬٩ ٣‫ جٽٳ‬٤‫ؿٺ‬٥‫ (ج‬1 ‫ٴٹد‬٥‫ج‬
‫ ٳٱزٯ‬,‫ٴٹد‬٥‫ ج‬٧‫ف ٳخحد‬ٚ‫طق‬٪٥‫ ج‬٬‫ عشٹِ ذٺ‬٤‫ف ذطٴجف‬٪‫طٸ ضغ‬٥‫ ٳج‬Ajax ٤‫ػ‬٩ ‫ٮٺحش‬ٞ‫ ض‬.‫ٮقس‬٪١ ‫ جځ٭طش٭ص‬٧‫ػح٭ٸ ٹغطخذ‬٥‫ج‬
ٰ‫ط‬٩‫ح‬ٝ‫زٷ أ‬٥‫ ٳج‬2004 ٧‫ش ّح‬٪‫إض‬٩ ‫ٸ‬ٙ , Web 2.0 ‫ أٷ‬, ‫ف‬٦‫قي‬٪٥‫ ج٭طؾش ٱزج ج‬.‫ػح٭ٸ‬٥‫ ج‬٤‫ؿٺ‬٥‫ ٳسجء ج‬٬٪٢‫خحفٺس ض‬٥‫ج‬
.) Ajax ‫( أ٭َش أٹنح‬. MediaLive ‫ ٳ‬O'Reilly Media

- XML (Extensible Markup Language)

A set of rules for encoding documents and data that goes beyond HTML capacities.
Whereas HTML is generally concerned with the semantic structure of documents, XML
allows other information to be defined and passed such as <vehicle>, <make>, <model>,
<year>, <color> for a car. It is the parent language of many XML-based languages such
as RSS, Atom, and others. It gained further popularity with the emergence of Ajax as a
way to send back data from web services, but has since lost ground to JSON, another data
encoding format, which is seen as easier to work with.

‫ذسجش‬ٝ ٛ‫ٴ‬ٚ‫طٸ ض‬٥‫حش ج‬ٚ٦٪٥‫طٸ ضٮذسؼ ضكص ج‬٥‫رٺح٭حش ج‬٥‫غطٮذجش ٳج‬٪٥‫شجش ج‬ٚ‫طف ؽ‬ٚ٥ ‫طٸ جعطكذغص‬٥‫ٴجّذ ج‬ٞ٥‫ ج‬٬٩ ‫ٴّس‬٪‫ؿ‬٩
٨‫ٺط‬٥ ‫حش‬٩‫ٴ‬٦ْ٪٥‫ ج‬٬٩ ٠٥‫ٖٺش ر‬٥ ‫ف‬٪‫ ٹغ‬HTML ٫‫ا‬ٙ ,‫غطٮذجش‬٪٦٥ ‫ٺس‬٥‫ذځ‬٥‫رٮٺس ج‬٥‫ ذح‬XML ٨‫ ٹٲط‬٬‫ٸ قٺ‬ٙ‫ ٳ‬. HTML
,ِ‫قٮ‬٥‫ ج‬,٤‫ٴدٹ‬٪٥‫ ج‬,ِ‫قٮ‬٥‫< عٮس ج‬vehicle>, <make>, <model>, <year>, <color> ٤‫ػ‬٩ ٰ٩‫ٰ ٳجعطخذج‬ٚ‫ضْشٹ‬
‫ذ‬ٝ‫ ٳ‬.‫ ٳٕٺشٱح‬RSS, Atom ٤‫ػ‬٩ XML ‫ٶ‬٦ّ ‫ذ‬٪‫طٸ ضْط‬٥‫ٖحش ج‬٦٥‫ ج‬٬٩ ‫ػٺش‬٢٥ ٧‫ٖس جٽ‬٦٥‫ ضْذ ج‬.‫غٺحسز‬٥‫ ج‬٫‫ٴ‬٥‫ ٳ‬,‫رس‬١‫ش‬٪٥‫ج‬
‫ذ‬ٝ ‫ص‬ٝ‫ٴ‬٥‫ ج‬٠٥‫ٮز ر‬٩ ‫ٮٲح‬٢٥ ,‫ٴٹد‬٥‫س ج‬٩‫ خذ‬٬٩ ‫س‬٦‫شع‬٪٥‫رٺح٭حش ج‬٥‫س ٿسؾحُ ج‬ٞ‫يشٹ‬١ Ajex ‫ظ‬٢‫ أؾٺ‬٣‫ِ دخٴ‬٩ ‫صجدش ؽٲشضٲح‬
.‫ ذٲح‬٤٪ْ٦٥ ‫س‬٥‫ػش عٲٴ‬١‫طٸ ضْطرش أ‬٥‫رٺح٭حش ٳج‬٥‫ٺش ج‬ٚ‫طف ضؾ‬ٚ٥ ‫ فٺٖس أخشٵ‬, JSON ‫ ٍٲٴس‬٬٩ ‫ضٱح‬١‫ش‬٩ ‫خغشش‬

- Yahoo Pipes

An online service from Yahoo! that provides a drag-and-drop visual interface to create
interesting combinations of data. This is stuff you would otherwise need to know how to
program to do. Instead, inputs, operators and chunks of logic are represented visually —
 ‫‪49‬‬

‫‪as consoles connected by pipes — with information flowing from sources to output. It‬‬
‫‪can import and output in almost any common data format, including RSS, CSV, and‬‬
‫‪JSON. Yahoo Pipes is an excellent resources for tech-minded, non-programming‬‬
‫‪journalists.‬‬

‫خذ‪٩‬س ٹ‪ٞ‬ذ‪٩‬ٲح ‪٩‬ٴ‪ ِٝ‬ٹحٱٴ ّ‪٦‬ٶ ؽر‪٢‬س جځ٭طش٭ص ‪٩‬ضٳدز ذٴجؾٲس ‪٩‬شتٺس جعكد ٳجع‪ٞ‬و؛ ‪٥‬خ‪ ٜ٦‬ضٮٴُ ‪٪٩‬طِ ‪ ٬٩‬ج‪٥‬رٺح٭حش‪ .‬ٱزٯ‬
‫ج‪٥‬خحفٺس ض‪ْ٩ ٬٢٪‬ش‪ٙ‬س ‪١‬ٺ٘ ضْ‪ ٤٪‬ج‪٥‬رشج‪٩‬ؽ‪ .‬ج‪٪٥‬ؾٖڂش ج‪٪٥‬ذخ‪٦‬س ٳ‪ٝ‬يِ ‪٩‬ٮي‪ٞ‬ٺس ‪ٞ٩‬ذ‪٩‬س ذؾ‪٩ ٤٢‬شتٸ ‪ٚ٪١‬حضٺف ‪٩‬شضريس‬
‫ذأ٭حذٺد ضنخ ج‪٦ْ٪٥‬ٴ‪٩‬حش ‪ ٬٩‬ج‪٪٥‬قحدس ئ‪٥‬ٶ ج‪٪٥‬خشؾحش‪ .‬ضغطيٺِ ٱزٯ ج‪٥‬خذ‪٩‬س ؾ‪٦‬د ٳّشك أٷ ٭ٴُ ؽحتِ ‪ ٬٩‬ج‪٥‬رٺح٭حش‬
‫‪٩‬ٮٲح ‪ CSV ,RSS‬ٳ ‪ . JSON‬أ٭حذٺد ج‪٥‬ٺحٱٴ ضْطرش ‪٩‬قحدس ‪٪٩‬طحصز ‪٥‬پؽخحؿ رٳٷ ج‪٪٥‬ٲحسز ج‪٥‬ط‪ٞ‬ٮٺس ٳ‪٦٥‬قك‪ٚ‬ٺٺ‪ ٬‬ج‪٥‬زٹ‪٬‬‬
‫‪٥‬ٺظ ‪٥‬ذٹٲ‪ ٨‬خرشز ذح‪٥‬رش‪٩‬ؿس‪.‬‬
 ‫‪50‬‬

‫جزيو اىشنر ىــ ‪:‬‬

‫اىصحفي واىقاص‪ /‬وشىان محمذ اىعثماوي‬

‫٭ؾٴج‪٩ ٫‬ك‪٪‬ذ ج‪ْ٥‬ػ‪٪‬ح٭ٸ‪ -‬فك‪ٚ‬ٸ ٳ‪ٝ‬حؿ ‪ ٬٩‬ج‪٥‬ٺ‪٩ .٬٪‬ٴج‪٥‬ٺذ ‪٩‬كح‪َٙ‬س ‪٥‬كؽ ‪ .1986‬ذ‪٢‬ح‪٥‬ٴسٹٴط فكح‪ٙ‬س ‪ٝ ٬٩‬غ‪ ٨‬جٿّڂ‪-٧‬‬
‫ؾح‪ْ٩‬س ّذ‪ ,٫‬ج‪٪٥‬ش‪١‬ض جٽٳ‪٩ ِ٩ ٣‬شضرس ج‪٥‬ؾشٗ‪ٙ ٤٪ّ .‬ٸ ‪٩‬ؿح‪ ٣‬ج‪٥‬قكح‪ٙ‬س ٽ‪١‬ػش ‪ ٬٩‬غڂغس أّٴج‪ ٧‬قطٶ جٻ‪٩ ,٫‬ٮٲح ‪٩‬كشس‬
‫فك‪ٚ‬ٸ ‪ٙ‬ٸ ‪٩‬ٴ‪٩ ِٝ‬أسخ ذشط ٽ‪١‬ػش ‪ّ ٬٩‬ح‪ .٧‬قحتض ّ‪٦‬ٶ ّذد ‪ ٬٩‬ج‪٥‬ؾٲحدجش ج‪٥‬ط‪ٞ‬ذٹشٹس ‪ٙ‬ٸ ‪٩‬ؿح‪ ٣‬ج‪٥‬ط‪ٚ‬ٴ‪ ٛ‬ج‪٪٦ْ٥‬ٸ‬
‫ٳج‪٪٥‬غحذ‪ٞ‬حش ج‪٥‬ػ‪ٞ‬ح‪ٙ‬ٺس‪ ,‬ئمح‪ٙ‬س ئ‪٥‬ٶ ‪٩‬ؾحس‪١‬حضٰ ‪ٙ‬ٸ ّذد ‪ ٬٩‬ج‪٪٥‬ٲشؾح٭حش ج‪٥‬ؿح‪ْ٩‬ٺس ٳجٽدذٺس‪ .‬ج٭خشه ‪ٙ‬ٸ ‪٩‬ؿح‪ ٣‬ج‪٪٥‬ؿط‪ِ٪‬‬
‫ج‪٪٥‬ذ٭ٸ ‪ّ ِ٩‬ذد ‪ ٬٩‬ج‪٪٥‬ٮَ‪٪‬حش ٳج‪٪٥‬إعغحش ‪٩‬ٮز أ‪١‬ػش ‪ّ ٬٩‬ح‪٩‬ٺ‪ .٬‬ٹطٴ‪٥‬ٶ قح‪٥‬ٺح ‪٩‬ٮقد ج‪٪٥‬غثٴ‪ ٣‬جٿّڂ‪٩‬ٸ ‪٪٥‬إعغس ذٺص‬
‫ج‪٥‬ٮٴس‪ّ -‬ذ‪.٫‬‬
‫ج‪٥‬طٮ‪ٚ‬ٺزٷ ‪٪٥‬إعغس ذٺص ج‪٥‬ٮٴس‪ .‬ىح‪٥‬رس دسجعحش ّ‪٦‬ٺح ‪ٙ‬ٸ ‪٩‬ؿح‪ ٣‬دسجعحش ج٭ؿ‪٦‬ٺضٹس ٳضشؾ‪٪‬س‪ .‬ضْ‪٤٪‬‬ ‫اىمذير‬
‫‪٪١‬غحّذ ‪٩‬ٴجسد ذؾشٹس ‪ٙ‬ٸ ‪٩‬ؾحسٹِ ج‪٥‬طٮ‪٪‬ٺس ‪٪٥‬ؿط‪ ِ٪‬ج‪٥‬ڂؾثٺ‪ٙ ٬‬ٸ ‪٩‬ذٹٮس ّذ‪ ٫‬ٳج‪٥‬طٸ ضذٹشٱح ‪٩‬ٮَ‪٪‬س أدسج ‪٦٥‬طٮ‪٪‬ٺس‬
‫ٳجٿٕحغس ‪ٙ‬ٸ ج‪٥‬ٺ‪.٬٪‬‬

‫ٱزٯ ج‪٪٥‬ؾحسٹِ ضن‪ ٨‬ذشج‪٩‬ؽ دّ‪ ٨‬ج‪٥‬ٮغحء ٳج‪٥‬كذ ‪ ٬٩‬ج‪ْ٥‬ٮ٘ ‪ ٬٩‬خڂ‪٩ ٣‬ؾحسٹِ ج‪٥‬طٮ‪٪‬ٺس ٳذٮحء ج‪ٞ٥‬ذسجش‪٪١ .‬ح ضْ‪٤٪‬‬
‫‪٪١‬طشؾ‪٪‬س ‪ٙ‬ٸ ئىحس ّذد ‪ ٬٩‬ج‪٪٥‬ؿحځش جٿ٭غح٭ٺس ج‪٥‬طٸ ضخـ ج‪٥‬ڂؾثٺ‪ ٬‬ٳمكحٹح ج‪ْ٥‬ٮ٘ ٳجځعطٖڂ‪.٣‬‬

‫ضْطرش ‪ ٬٩‬خشٹؿٸ ج‪٥‬ذ‪ْٙ‬س جٽٳ‪٥‬ٶ ‪٩ ٬٩‬ٮكس ‪ NESA‬ٳج‪٥‬طٸ ض‪٪‬ٴ‪٥‬ٲح ج‪٥‬غ‪ٚ‬حسز جٽ‪٩‬شٹ‪٢‬ٺس ‪ٙ‬ٸ آعٺح (ٳضن‪ ٨‬ج‪٥‬ؾش‪ٛ‬‬
‫جٽٳعو)‪ ,‬ٳ ؽ‪٪‬ح‪ ٣‬أ‪ٙ‬شٹ‪ٞ‬ٺح ‪٦٥‬ذسجعس ‪٪٥‬ذز ‪ٙ‬ق‪ ٤‬دسجعٸ ٳجقذ‪ٙ /‬ق‪٦‬ٺٺ‪ ٬‬دسجعٺٺ‪ٙ ٬‬ٸ ئقذٵ ج‪٦٢٥‬ٺحش‪ /‬ج‪٥‬ؿح‪ْ٩‬حش‬
‫جٽ‪٩‬شٹ‪٢‬ٺس‪.‬‬

‫ضْ‪ ٤٪‬ذؾ‪ ٤٢‬ضيٴّٸ ‪ٙ‬ٸ ذْل ج‪٪٥‬رحدسجش ٳج‪٥‬ؾر‪٢‬حش‪٪١ ,‬رحدسز ج‪٥‬ؾشج‪١‬س ج‪٥‬ؾش‪ ٛ‬أٳعيٺس (‪٩‬ٺرٸ)‪ ,‬ٳفٮحُ‬
‫ج‪٥‬طٖٺٺش ج‪ْ٥‬ح‪٪٥‬ٸ (‪ ) Global Change Makers‬ضكص ئىحس ؽر‪٢‬س ج‪٥‬ركع ج‪ْ٥‬شذٺس ‪ٙ‬ٸ ‪ 8‬دٳ‪ّ ٣‬شذٺس‬
‫)‪ .)Young Arab Research Network- Yarn‬ذحٿمح‪ٙ‬س ئ‪٥‬ٶ ّ‪٦٪‬ٲح ‪٪١‬طشؾ‪٪‬س ‪٩‬طيٴّس ‪ٙ‬ٸ ‪٩‬ٴ‪ِٝ‬‬
‫‪ٙ TIG‬ٸ ج‪ٞ٥‬غ‪ ٨‬ج‪ْ٥‬شذٸ‪ .‬ٳأٹنح دسذص ّذد ‪ ٬٩‬ج‪٥‬ؾرحخ م‪٩ ٬٪‬رحدسز ج‪٪٥‬ٺرٸ ٳ‪٩‬ؾشٳُ دّ‪ ٨‬ج‪٪٥‬رحدسجش‬
‫ج‪٥‬ؾرحذٺس ج‪٪٪٥‬ٴ‪٩ ٬٩ ٣‬ٮَ‪٪‬طٸ ‪ – Equal Access‬ج‪٥‬ٺ‪ ٬٪‬ٳعٴ‪.٣‬‬

‫ٳٹط‪٪‬ػ‪ ٤‬ج‪٥‬ٲذٗ ج‪٥‬ٮٲحتٸ ‪ٙ‬ٸ قٺحضٲح ‪ٙ‬ٸ ضك‪ٞ‬ٺ‪ ٜ‬ج‪٥‬طٴجص‪ ٫‬ٳج‪ْ٥‬ذج‪٥‬س ‪ٙ‬ٸ ؾ‪٪‬ٺِ ج‪٪٥‬ؿحځش ج‪٪٥‬طْ‪ٞ٦‬س ذح‪٥‬رؾش‪ ,‬ٳ‪٩‬ٮحفشز‬
‫ج‪٪٪٥‬حسعحش ج‪٥‬قح‪٥‬كس ج‪٥‬طٸ ضٮط‪٪‬ٸ ئ‪٥‬ٶ ج‪٥‬يرٺْس ج‪٥‬رؾشٹس‪.‬‬

‫ٳ‪٥‬ٲح ّذد ‪ ٬٩‬جٿّذجدجش ج‪٥‬ط‪ٞ‬ٮٺس ٳج‪٥‬طٮ‪٪‬ٴٹس‪ ,‬ٳ‪٩‬ٮٲح دىيو حىيخر ىنو اىمسخخذميه‪ ,‬ٳج‪٥‬زٷ دؽ‪ ٬‬ئفذجسٯ ‪ٙ‬ٸ ج‪٥‬ٺٴ‪٧‬‬
‫ج‪ْ٥‬ح‪٪٥‬ٸ ‪٥‬ڀّڂ‪ ٧‬جځؾط‪٪‬حّٸ ‪ ٬٩‬ٱزج ج‪ْ٥‬ح‪ .٧‬ٳٹْذ ٱزج ج‪٥‬ذ‪٥‬ٺ‪ ٤‬ٱٴ جٿفذجس ج‪٥‬ػح٭ٸ ‪٥‬ٲح ٳ‪٪٥‬إعغس ذٺص ج‪٥‬ٮٴس‪.‬‬