HANDOUTS
LESSON 1: COMMUNICATION LESSON 2: PROCESS OF COMMUNICATION
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PROCESS OF COMMUNICATION Example of Communication Manifesting Shannon
The SPEAKER generates an idea. and Weavers’ Model
Resource Speaker in a large auditorium
The speaker ENCODES an idea or converts the idea
into words or actions IV. INTERACTIVE MODEL
This model explains communication as a
The speaker TRANSMITS or sends out a message. dynamics exchange.
According to Wilbur Schramm (1954), the key
The RECEIVER gets the message. element of this model is FEEDBACK: the
reaction to a message. Through feedback, the
The receiver DECODES or interprets the message communicator and the recipient can clarify and
based on the context. develop the ideas in their conversation.
I. LINEAR MODEL
There are two types of linear models, one
introduced by Harold Dwight Laswell (1948) and
another one modeled by Claude Elwood
Shannon and Warren Weaver (1949)
Example
The Movie and Television Review and
Classification Board (MTRCB)
1. Do not talk down on younger people and elderly. 4. CHECK YOUR UNDERSTANDING AND THAT
2. Be sensitive to religious practices of others. OF OTHERS
3. Be polite at all times; do not belittle people you ╶ The best way to avoid
perceive to be on a lower social class than you. misunderstandings is to listen carefully
4. Avoid stereotypes, i.e., generalizations about a and check understanding regularly in the
certain group course of a conversation. Ask questions
5. Challenge gender norms; avoid using “he” and to make sure that you have understood,
“man” to refer to a general group of people. To and ask others to recap what you have
remedy this, you may use plural pronouns or said to ensure that they have understood
rewrite a sentence to avoid using pronouns. The you.
use of his/her is also acceptable.
5. DON’T BE AFRAID TO APOLOGIZE
IV. SKILLS REQUIRED FOR COMPETENT ╶ You can usually see quite quickly if you
INTERCULTURAL COMMUNICATION have caused offence. The fastest way to
manage that is to apologise, and ask
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what it was that you did. A confession of Examples of situations
total ignorance will often go a long way to manifesting Information
mitigate offence. Ignoring it will just Dissemination
offend further.
o A person sharing what he has
6. USE LOCAL TELEVISION TO LEARN ABOUT read from a book
BEHAVIORAL ISSUES AND NORMS “Did you know that there’s
╶ You wouldn’t want to rely on television a secret apartment at the
dramas as your only source of top of the Eiffel tower?”
information, but they can provide useful
insights. In the UK, for o An SSG officer announcing
instance, Coronation Street or East the steps to follow in
Enders could give you an idea of what’s joining a club.
considered acceptable and unacceptable
behavior. Comedies are perhaps less Social Interaction
reliable as they often use communication – This communication functions to
difficulties to generate laughs. allow individuals to interact with
others.
7. REFLECT ON YOUR EXPERIENCE – This function of communication is
╶ As with so many aspects of life, a little used to produce social
reflection about your experience can help relationships; used to develop
you to put it in context, especially if you bonds, intimacy, relations, etc.
are able to discuss it with someone else
in a similar position. Examples of situations
manifesting Social Interaction
o Marriage Proposals
LESSON 8: FUNCTIONS OF COMMUNICATION “Will you marry me?”
o Invitation
I. FUNCTIONS OF COMMUNICATION “Would you like to have
This refers to how people use language for coffee with me?”
different purposes and how language is affected
by different time, place, and situation. Emotional Expression
– This communication facilitates
These are also used to control the behavior of people’s expressions of their
people and to regulate the nature and amount of feelings and emotions
activities people engage in
Examples of situations
The most basic functions of communication in manifesting Emotional
an organization are to regulate/ control, to Expressions
inform, to interact socially, to express and to o Appreciation
motivate. “I’m so glad that you
came into my life.”
Regulation/Control “I like you so much!
– This communication functions to o Expressing one’s ambition
control behavior. “I want to finish up my
studies with good
Examples of situations grades to be accepted in
manifesting Regulation/Control a good university.”
o Doctors’ Prescription o Expressing a need
“Take your medicine 3 times a “I need you in my life.”
day.” o Expressing prayers
o Parents’ Instruction to their child “We pray for the souls
“Wash the dishes now, or else I of people who are facing
won’t allow you to go to the many problems in life.”
party later.” Motivation
o Friends giving advice on what to – This communication
do motivates or encourages people
“Move on. He doesn’t love you to live better.
anymore”
Examples of situations
Information Dissemination manifesting Emotional
– This communication functions to Expressions
convey information. o “You can do it!”
o “You will pass the
examination! You just
have to study well!”