com STPM
1.2 Relative atomic, isotopic, molecular and 3 Candidates should be able to:
formula masses (a) define the terms relative atomic mass, Ar, relative isotopic mass,
relative molecular mass, Mr, and relative formula mass based on 12C;
(b) interpret mass spectra in terms of relative abundance of isotopes
and molecular fragments;
(c) calculate relative atomic mass of an element from the relative
abundance of its isotopes or its mass spectrum.
1.3 The mole and the Avogadro constant 3 Candidates should be able to:
(a) define mole in terms of the Avogadro constant;
(b) calculate the number of moles of reactants, volumes of gases,
volumes of solutions and concentrations of solutions;
(c) deduce stoichiometric relationships from the calculations above.
2. The smallest particles in matter are atoms. Atoms are β particle is 0e-1 (e- that travels with high speed)
made up of subatomic particles known as protons, and
neutrons and electrons. γ rays (high energy electromagnet radiation)
3. Protons are deflected towards negative pole in emitted when radioisotope emits α and β particles.
electric field, electrons are deflected towards positive
pole while neutrons are not affected. STABLE & UNSTABLE ISOTOPES
n/p=1,
7. Isotopes are atoms of the same element that have the 9. By this decay, the ratio of n : p is stabilize near to
same proton number but different nucleon number. 1 and forming a stable isotopes
They have the same chemical properties but different
physical properties 235U 231Th + 4He2+ (α particle emitted)
8. The stability of nuclei depends on the relative number 225Ra 225Ac + 0e- (β particle emitted)
of protons and neutrons ratio (1:1), if the nucleus of
the isotope is unstable, it will emit radiation EXAMPLE 1
(radioisotope).
9. There are 3 types of radiation: Name the particles X and Y in the following nuclear
reactions,
α particle is 4He2+ (positively charged nuclei), and give their charge and mass.
Chemistry_abc@hotmail.com STPM
(II)
9
4 Be 24He Y 01n Isotope 24Mg 25Mg 26Mg
Relative
79% 10% 11%
abundance
SOLUTION
SOLUTION
EXAMPLE 4
SOLUTION
EXAMPLE 5
SOLUTION
EXAMPLE 6
MASS SPECTROMETRY
Chemistry_abc@hotmail.com STPM
26 C2H2 aromatic
ketone
CO
28 N2 aromatic, ethyl ether, ethyl ester, n-propyl
C2H4 ketones, McLafferty
rearrangement
CHO aldehyde
29
C2H5 ethyl
EXAMPLE 9
9.0
6.0
1.0
70 72 74
Give the formula of the species responsible for each of the
peaks
What is the relative abundance of 35R : 37R?
SOLUTION
SOLUTION
EXAMPLE 10 EXAMPLE 12
Name the parts A to E in the following diagram of a mass Bromine consists of two isotopes, Br-79 and Br-81. The
spectrometer relative molecular mass of bromine is 159.8. What is the
percentage composition of the Br-79 isotope?
SOLUTION
EXAMPLE 13
SOLUTION
SOLUTION
EXAMPLE 11 EXAMPLE 14
The mass spectrum for hydrogen chloride is shown below: A sample of carbon monoxide consisting of the isotopes 12C,
13C, 16O and 17O was analyzed in the mass spectrometer. The
Relative abundance 90 10 99 1
(a) Give the m/e values for all the CO+ peaks.
SOLUTION
SOLUTION
EXAMPLE 17
b)Calculate the number of moles of sodium hydroxide used 2. The molecular formula of a substance is the
c)Write the balanced equation for the reaction that occurs formula which shows the number of each type of
atom in the one molecule of that substance.
EXAMPLE 19
SOLUTION
EXAMPLE 20
SOLUTION
EXERCISE
EMPIRICAL AND MOLECULAR FORMULAE
1. A compound contains C 62.08%, H 10.34% and O
1. The empirical formula of a compound is the 27.58% by mass. Find its empirical formula and its
formula which shows the simplest whole-number molecular formula given that its relative molecular
ratio in which the atoms in that compound exist. mass is 58.
It can be calculated if the composition by mass of
the compound is known. 2. Find the empirical formula of the compound containing
C 22.02%, H 4.59% and Br 73.39% by mass.
Chemistry_abc@hotmail.com STPM
3. A compound containing 85.71% C and 14.29% H has a D the amount of particles present in one mole of the
relative molecular mass of 56. Find its molecular substance
formula.
3. The relative atomic mass of chlorine is 35.5. How many
4. A compound containing 84.21% carbon and 15.79% times is one atom of chlorine heavier than one atom of
hydrogen by mass has a relative molecular mass of 114. 12C?
5.
14 16 28 44 m/e
Which of the following substance is expected to give the
mass spectrum above?
A CO2 C N 2O
B C3H8 D Mixture of N2 and O2
11. The table below list the relative molecular mass of % of 18. Which of the following species will be deflected the
Q for three compounds of Q. most in a mass spectrometer?
2 64 50
3 40 40.
19. Which of the following particles can be describe as
What is the most probable relative atomic mass of Q? nucleons?
A 16 C 44
B 17 D 26 1 Neutron
2 proton
3 Electron
12. Which of the following ions will be deflected most in a
mass spectrometer? 20. The proton number of argon and potassium is 18 and
19 respectively. However, their relative atomic mass is 40
A 35Cl+ C 35Cl2+ and 39 respectively. Which of the following statement
B 37Cl+ D 35Cl37Cl+ regarding the most abundant isotopes of argon and
potassium is/are correct?
13. The mass spectrum of bromine contains two peaks of
equal height at m/e values of 158 and 162, and no other 1 oxygen atoms
peaks with m/e value greater than 162. The relative atomic 2 carbon atoms
mass of bromine is 3 carbon dioxide molecules
A 446.4 g C 111.6 g
B 63.6 g D 31.8 g
22. Which of the following statements regarding the
isotopes 32P and 32S are correct?
A ejected from the nucleus when a proton breaks down to 23. The mass spectrum of a sample of bromine consists
form an electron and a neutron of a peak at m/e 79. Which of the following species
B ejected from the nucleus when a neutron breaks down to is/are responsible for this peak?
form an electron and a proton
C ejected from the nucleus when an electron breaks down 1 79Br+
26. An organic compound has the following 3 4. Which of the following is correct with regards to
composition by mass: the number of electrons and number of neutrons in the
C, 40.1%; H, 6.6%; O, 52.3% particles concern?
It can be concluded that
1 its empirical formula is CH2O Particle electrons neutrons
2 its molecular formula is C2H4O2
3 its relative molecular mass is 60 A 7935Br+ 34 44
1 Relative mass 35. Chlorine consists of 2 isotopes Cl-35 and Cl-37 in the
2 Number of neutron ratio of 3:1. Phosphorus is monoisotopic consisting only
3 Smell P-31.The mass spectrum of phosphorus trichloride consists
of 9 peaks in 3 groups as below. Identify the species
30. In a mass spectrometer, the deflection of a that are responsible for the peaks.
positively charge ion increases with
Group m/e value
1 increasing mass of the ion A 66, 68
2 increasing charge on the ion B 101, 103, 105
3 increasing speed of the ion C 136, 138, 140, 142
36. CF2Cl2 is a coolant used in refrigerators. Which is
31. Which of the following statements is/are correct the possible mass spectrum for CF2Cl2? [Isotopes are
regarding radioactive decay? 12C, 19F, 35Cl, 37Cl].
1 it is an isotopes of hydrogen
2 it contains 2 protons in the nucleus
3 it has a relative mass of 2
38.
44. The two types of isotopes for boron are 105B and
11 B. The relative atomic mass for boron is 10.8. What 50. Sulfamic acid is a white solid used by plumbers
5
is the percentage of 105B in this mixture? as a limescale remover.Sulfamic acid contains
A 20% B 40% 14.42% by mass of nitrogen, 3.09% hydrogen and
C 60% D 80% 33.06% sulfur the remainder is oxygen.
(i) Calculate the empirical formula of sulfamic acid.
45. Which of the following cannot be obtained from a
mass spectrometer? (ii) The molar mass of sulfamic acid is 97.1 g mol–1.
A The number of isotopes
Use this information to deduce the molecular
B Relative molecular mass
C Relative abundance of isotopes formula of sulfamic acid.
D The electron configuration in an atom
(ii) Complete the table below to show the composition of (ii) The relative abundances of the isotopes in this sample
the 25Mg and 26Mg isotopes of iron were found to be as
follows.
(iii) Complete the electronic configuration of an atom of Use the data above to calculate the relative atomic mass
24Mg. of iron in this sample.
Give your answer to one decimal place
1s2..................................................................[1]
1. What is the correct number of each particle Calculate the relative atomic mass of
in a fluoride ion, 19F–? argon.
B. 12 14 10
(b) Chlorine exists as two isotopes, 35Cl C. 12 26 10
and 37Cl. The relative atomic mass of 14 12 12
D.
chlorineis 35.45. Calculate the
percentage abundance of each isotope.
69
6. A sample of gallium exists as two isotopes, Ga, relative
71
abundance 61.2 %, and Ga, relative abundance 38.8 %.
Calculate the relative atomic mass of gallium.
A. 69.2
B. 69.8
C. 70.0
D. 70.2
ANSWER
1. C
9. Which ion would undergo the greatest 2. (a) mass / density / for gases: rate of
deflection in a mass spectrometer? effusion or diffusion / melting point /
boiling point
A. 16O+
(b) if 35Cl = x, then (x = 35.00) + (1 – x)
37.00 = 35.45
B. 16O2+
D. (16O18O)+
3. A
4. (a) atoms of the same element / same
10. Lithium is a Group I element in the Periodic Table. It number of protons / same atomic
occurs naturally in two isotopic forms. The relative number;
abundance of the each of these isotopes is shown in having different numbers of neutrons /
the table below: different (mass number);
(b) relative atomic mass =
Istope 6
Li 7
Li 36 0.337 38 0.0630 40 99.6 ;
Relative abundance (%) 7.4 92.6 100