Energy needs of life

 All life needs a constant input of energy

 Heterotrophs (Animals)
 get their energy from “eating others”
consumers  eat food = other organisms = organic molecules
Photosynthesis:  make energy through respiration
Life from Light and Air  Autotrophs (Plants)
 produce their own energy (from “self”)
 convert energy of sunlight
producers
 build organic molecules (CHO) from CO2
 make energy & synthesize sugars through
photosynthesis

How are they connected? What does it mean to be a plant

Heterotrophs
making energy & organic molecules from ingesting organic molecules
 Need to…
 collect light energy ATP
glucose + oxygen  carbon + water + energy
 transform it into chemical energy
dioxide
 store light energy
C6H12O6 + 6O2  6CO2 + 6H2O + ATP  in a stable form to be moved around
oxidation = exergonic
glucose the plant or stored
Autotrophs  need to get building block atoms
making energy & organic molecules from light energy from the environment CO2
H2O
carbon + water + energy  glucose + oxygen  C,H,O,N,P,K,S,Mg
dioxide N
 produce all organic molecules K P
needed for growth …
6CO2 + 6H2O + light  C6H12O6 + 6O2
energy  carbohydrates, proteins, lipids, nucleic acids
reduction = endergonic

Plant structure Basic plant anatomy 1

 Obtaining raw materials  root
 sunlight  root tip
 leaves = solar collectors  root hairs
 CO2
 stomates = gas exchange
 H2O
 uptake from roots
 nutrients
 N, P, K, S, Mg, Fe…
 uptake from roots

1
 1
Roots Basic plant anatomy 2
 Roots anchor plant in soil, absorb  root
minerals & water, & store food  root tip
 fibrous roots (1)  root hairs
 mat of thin roots that spread out  shoot (stem)
 monocots  nodes
 tap roots (2)  internodes
 1 large vertical root  buds
 also produces many small lateral,  terminal or apical buds
or branch roots  axillary buds
 dicots  flower buds & flowers
 root hairs (3)
2
 increase absorptive
surface area
3

Modified shoots Basic plant anatomy 3

stolons (strawberries) rhizome (ginger)
 root
 root tip
 root hairs
 shoot (stem)
 nodes
 internodes
 buds
 terminal or apical buds
 axillary buds
 flower buds & flowers
 leaves
 mesophyll tissue
 veins (vascular bundles)
tuber (potato) bulb (onion)

Leaves Modified leaves

tendrils (peas) spines (cacti)
 Function of leaves
 photosynthesis
 energy production
 CHO production
 gas exchange
 transpiration simple vs. compound

succulent leaves colored leaves (poinsetta)

2
 Interdependent systems
 Both systems
depend on the
other
 roots depend on sugars
sugars produced
by photosynthetic
leaves
 shoots depend on
water & minerals
absorbed from the
soil by roots
water &
minerals

Plant TISSUES Plant CELL types in plant tissues

 Dermal  Parenchyma
 epidermis (“skin” of plant)  “typical” plant cells = least specialized
 single layer of tightly  photosynthetic cells, storage cells
packed cells that covers  tissue of leaves, stem, fruit, storage roots
& protects plant
 Ground  Collenchyma
 bulk of plant tissue  unevenly thickened primary walls
 photosynthetic mesophyll,  support
storage  Sclerenchyma
 Vascular  very thick, “woody” secondary walls
 transport system in  support
shoots & roots  rigid cells that can’t elongate
 xylem & phloem  dead at functional maturity

Parenchyma Collenchyma
 Parenchyma cells are unspecialized, thin, flexible &  Collenchyma cells have thicker primary walls &
carry out many metabolic functions provide support
 all other cell types in plants develop from parenchyma  help support without restraining growth
 remain alive in maturity

the strings in celery stalks

are collenchyma

3
 Sclerenchyma
 Thick, rigid cell wall
 lignin (wood)
 cannot elongate
 mostly dead at maturity
 Cells for support
 xylem vessels
 xylem tracheids
stomate
 fibers
 rope fibers
 sclereids
 nutshells
 seed coats
 grittiness in pears transpiration
gas exchange

chloroplast +
+H +H +
H+ H+ H + H+ H+ HH+
Chloroplasts Plant structure ATP H+ Hthylakoid
cross section absorb
leaves of leaf
sunlight & CO2
 Chloroplasts
 double membrane
CO2  stroma outer membrane inner membrane
 fluid-filled interior

chloroplasts  thylakoid sacs stroma

in plant cell  grana stacks
 Thylakoid membrane thylakoid
contains granum

 chlorophyll molecules
chloroplasts  electron transport chain
chloroplast contain  ATP synthase
chlorophyll make  H+ gradient built up within
energy & sugar thylakoid sac

Photosynthesis Photosynthesis Pigments

 Light energy has to be
 Light reactions trapped by something in the
 light-dependent reactions plant cells
 energy conversion reactions  Two main groups of
 convert solar energy to chemical energy photosynthetic pigments:
 ATP & NADPH Chlorophylls and
 Calvin cycle Carotenoids
 light-independent reactions  Light energy hits pigments,
excites electrons in
 sugar building reactions
pigments, and passes this
 uses chemical energy (ATP & NADPH) to
energy through an ETC
reduce CO2 & synthesize C6H12O6

4
 Pigments of photosynthesis A Look at Light
 The spectrum of color

 Chlorophylls & other pigments V I B G Y O R

 embedded in thylakoid membrane
 arranged in a “photosystem”
 collection of molecules
 structure-function relationship

Light: absorption spectra Light: action spectra

 Photosynthesis gets energy by absorbing  While absorption spectra show
wavelengths of light
everywhere light is absorbed by a given
 chlorophyll a
 absorbs best in red & blue wavelengths & least in green pigment…
 accessory pigments with different structures  Action spectra are graphs that show
absorb light of different wavelengths
 chlorophyll b, carotenoids, xanthophylls
where photosynthesis is most efficient

Photosynthesis
 Light reactions
 light-dependent reactions
 energy conversion reactions
 convert solar energy to chemical energy
 ATP & NADPH
 Calvin cycle
 light-independent reactions
 sugar building reactions
 uses chemical energy (ATP & NADPH) to
reduce CO2 & synthesize C6H12O6

5
 chloroplast thylakoid
H+ H+H
+H+ H+ H+
+ + + +
ETC of Respiration
H+H H H H
Light reactions H+ H+H
+H+ H+ H+
+ + + +
Mitochondria transfer chemical energy from food molecules
ATP H+H H H H
 Electron Transport Chain into chemical energy of ATP
 use electron carrier NADH
 like in cellular respiration
 proteins in organelle membrane
 electron acceptors
 NADPH
 proton (H+)
gradient across
inner membrane
 ATP synthase

enzyme generates H2O

ETC of Photosynthesis Chloroplasts transform light energy

into chemical energy of ATP
 use electron carrier NADPH
ATP Building
photosynthesis respiration
sunlight breakdown of C6H12O6
H+
H+ H+ H+

H+ H+
H+ H+
 moves the electrons
 runs the pump
 pumps the protons
 builds the gradient
 drives the flow of protons
through ATP synthase ADP + Pi

 bonds Pi to ADP ATP

generates O2
 generates the ATP H+

ETC of Photosynthesis
chlorophyll a
Photosystems of photosynthesis Photosystem II
 2 photosystems in thylakoid membrane = chlorophyll b
Photosystem I
most efficient way to harness energy
 collections of chlorophyll molecules
 act as light-gathering molecules
 Photosystem II reaction
 chlorophyll a center
 P680 = absorbs 680nm
wavelength red light
 Photosystem I
 chlorophyll b
 P700 = absorbs 700nm
wavelength red light antenna
pigments PSII comes BEFORE PSI!!

6
 ETC of Photosynthesis
ETC of Photosynthesis
 ETC uses light energy to produce
 ATP & NADPH
 go to Calvin cycle (light-independent reactions)
 PS II absorbs light sun
 excited electron passes from chlorophyll to
“primary electron acceptor” 1

 need to replace electron in chlorophyll e

e
 enzyme extracts electrons from H2O &
supplies them to chlorophyll
 splits H2O
 O combines with another O to form O2
 O2 released to atmosphere
 Builds an H+ concentration gradient INSIDE the Photosystem II
thylakoid sacs P680
 and we breathe easier! chlorophyll a

ETC of Photosynthesis ETC of Photosynthesis

chloroplast thylakoid
+
+H H H+
+
H+ H+H + + + + thylakoid
H+H H H H chloroplast +H+ H+ H+
H+ H+H + + + +
H+ H+H
+H+ H+ H+ H+H H H H
+ + + +
ATP H+H H H H +H+ H+ H+
H+ H+H + + +
+H+ H H H
ATP H

H H 3
1 O 1
2 2
e e H+
e e
OO H
H

+H
4 ATP
e- H+ H+ to Calvin Cycle
e- H+
H+ H+ H+

e e
+
H+ H+ H H+
energy to build
carbohydrates
Photosystem II Photosystem II
P680 P680 ADP + Pi

chlorophyll a chlorophyll a ATP

H+

ETC of Photosynthesis ETC of Photosynthesis

electron carrier

6
e
e e
e sun

5 5
sun

e e

Photosystem I Photosystem I
P700 P700
Photosystem II Photosystem II
chlorophyll b chlorophyll b
P680 P680 $$ in the bank…
chlorophyll a chlorophyll a reducing power!

7
 ETC of Photosynthesis
Experimental evidence
 Where did the O2 come from?
 radioactive tracer = O18
Experiment 1
sun sun

6CO2 + 6H2O + light  C6H12O6 + 6O2

energy
+
+ H +
O H+ H H+ H+ H +
H+ H to Calvin Cycle Experiment 2
H+ H+ H+
split H2O
6CO2 + 6H2O + light  C6H12O6 + 6O2
energy

ATP
Proved O2 came from H2O not CO2 = plants split H2O!

Noncyclic Photophosphorylation Cyclic photophosphorylation

 Light reactions elevate  If PS I can’t pass electron
electrons in to NADP…it cycles back
2 steps (PS II & PS I) to PS II & makes more
 PS II generates
energy as ATP
ATP, but no NADPH
 coordinates light

 PS I generates reactions to Calvin cycle
reducing power as NADPH
 Calvin cycle uses more
 Does this through the enzyme
NADP reductase ATP than NADPH ATP
ATP

18 ATP +
12 NADPH
 1 C6H12O6

Photophosphorylation
cyclic  Detailed Overview:
photophosphorylation
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=hj_W
KgnL6MI

NADP
 Fun:
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=x-
t0sGyjfto
NONcyclic
photophosphorylation

ATP

8
Photosynthesis Light Rxns summary:
Answer on your own paper and turn in!
Where did the energy come from?
Where did the electrons come from?
Where did the H2O come from?
Where did the O2 come from?
Where did the O2 go?
Where did the H+ come from?
Where did the ATP come from?
What will the ATP be used for?
Where did the NADPH come from?
What will the NADPH be used for?

…stay tuned for the Calvin cycle