CHAPTER 1
INTRODUCTION
This is a portable testing kit in one unit suitable for testing protective relay
over current relay earth fault relay protective device, circuit breaker, tripping coils etc.
The set is designed for both laboratory and field use.
Single phase voltage source consists of auxiliary supply voltages such as 110V
DC, 220V DC, 110V AC and 220V AC. This supply is required by the
measuring circuit of the relay to operate. In a practical protection scheme, this
supply is derived from the station battery. Some electrochemical relays may
not need auxiliary supply.
Single phase variable AC output voltage (0 to 270V AC) with an output
switch. Either nominal voltage or fault voltage can be chosen by using this
output switch.
Time interval meter with built in START, STOP inputs and external RESET
input. The timer starts whenever the fault output voltage is switched on by
operating the rotary switch. The NO or NC output contact of the relay under
test has to be connected to the appropriate STOP input terminals of the timer
so that when the relay trips the timer stops. This helps in measuring the
operation time of the relay.
Voltmeter gives both fault voltage and nominal voltage.
In this way, depending on the type of test, and on the signal level and the type
of response measured, there are different and specific injection testers, which for
easier choice we can classify in two main groups, primary injection tester and
secondary injection tester. Likewise, the user may choose between a specialized
injection tester and a multi-purpose injection tester, according to their needs.
OUTPUTS:
1) AC Voltage Output:
a) 110VAC
b) 220VAC
2) DC Voltage Output:
a) 110VDC
b) 220V DC
3) Time Measurement:
4) Metering:
5) Voltage circuit
CHAPTER 2
2.1 Autotransformer
This single winding is “tapped” at various points along its length to provide a
percentage of the primary voltage supply across its secondary load.
The autotransformer has the usual magnetic core but only has one winding, which is
common to both the primary and secondary circuits.
When the primary current IP is flowing through the single winding in the
direction of the arrow as shown, the secondary current IS, flows in the opposite
direction. Therefore, in the portion of the winding that generates the secondary
voltage VS the current flowing out of the winding is the difference of IP and IS.
The Autotransformer can also be constructed with more than one single
tapping point. Auto-transformers can be used to provide different voltage points along
its winding or increase its supply voltage with respect to its supply voltage VP as
shown.
We can see that the Variac can adjust the voltage to the load smoothly from
zero to the rated supply voltage. If the supply voltage was tapped at some point along
the primary winding, then potentially the output secondary voltage could be higher
than the actual supply voltage. Variable autotransformer’s can also be used for the
dimming of lights and when used in this type of application, they are sometimes
called “dimmer stats”.
Variacs are also very useful in electrical and electronics workshops and labs as
they can be used to provide a variable AC supply. But caution needs to be taken with
suitable fuse protection to ensure that the higher supply voltage is not present at the
secondary terminals under fault conditions.
to double wound transformers of the same VA rating. Also, their core and copper
losses (I2R) are lower due to less resistance and leakage reactance giving a superior
voltage regulation than the equivalent two winding transformers.
A time interval meter does the measurement of the elapsed time between some
designated START phenomena and a later STOP phenomenon. Time Interval is an
important measurement frequently made with electronic counters. In this role, the
counter makes an elapsed time measurement between two electrical pulses. Minimum
time measurement is much less (to a nanosecond and below) than possible with a
stopwatch. Also, resolution and accuracy are much greater than attainable with a
stopwatch.
With increased speed of the timed object then the time interval becomes
shorter and shorter until the human factor involved in determining when to start and
when to stop the measuring device, a stopwatch or clock for instance begins to
introduce significant error. Mechanical, optical, or electrical transducers or a
combination of all were developed to reduce this error.
A time interval counter can measure electrical delays, pulse widths, and other
time related electrical phenomena required in the development and maintenance of
communications, navigation, television, and other present-day systems.
2.3 Voltmeter
A voltmeter is an instrument used for measuring electrical potential difference
between two points in an electric circuit. Analog voltmeters move a pointer across a
scale in proportion to the voltage of the circuit; digital voltmeters give a numerical
display of voltage by use of an analog to digital converter. General purpose analog
voltmeters may have an accuracy of a few percent of full scale and are used with
voltages from a fraction of a volt to several thousand volts. Digital meters can be
made with high accuracy, typically better than 1%. Specially calibrated test
instruments have higher accuracies, with laboratory instruments capable of measuring
to accuracies of a few parts per million. Meters using amplifiers can measure tiny
voltages of microvolts or less.
Fig.2.5: Voltmeter
i. Analog voltmeter
2.6 Switch
In electrical engineering, a switch is an electrical component that can "make"
or "break" an electrical circuit, interrupting the current or diverting it from one
conductor to another. The mechanism of a switch removes or restores the conducting
path in a circuit when it is operated. It may be operated manually. For example, a light
switch or a keyboard button, may be operated by a moving object such as a door, or
may be operated by some sensing element for pressure, temperature or flow.
switch may have multiple levels or "decks" in order to allow it to control multiple
circuits.
The first method makes use of a center tapped transformer and 2 diodes. This
arrangement is known as Center Tapped Full Wave Rectifier.
The second method uses a normal transformer with 4 diodes arranged as a
bridge. This arrangement is known as a Bridge Rectifier.
2.8 Relay
Fig.2.13: Relay
• A protective Relay is a device that detects the fault and initiates the operation
of circuit breaker to isolate the defective element from the rest of the system.
The main part of the relay is an electromagnet (a coil of wire that becomes a
temporary magnet when electricity flows through it).
• When a fault occurs at point F on the line the current flowing in the line
increases to a dangerous value this results in heavy current flows through the
relay coil, causing the relay to operate by closing its contacts.
• Thus, in turn closes the trip circuit of the circuit breaker and the circuit breaker
gets open.
CHAPTER-3
Single phase A.C supply is fed to the voltage injection kit and with the help of
rotary switch, voltage is given to different components. The rotary switch will be
connected to auxiliary PT through auxiliary supply switch which in turn will give ac
or dc voltage for the components of the microcontroller as well as nominal voltage for
the operation of the relay. From that rotary switch, it will be connected to auto
transformer, timer and voltmeter and further connected to rotary switch 2 which will
feed either nominal voltage or fault voltage to the relay. When this rotary switch 2
will be on 1st position, nominal voltage will be fed to the relay but at this time
voltmeter will display only nominal voltage and timer circuit won’t start counting. As
soon as the rotary switch will be rotated to 2nd position, the fault voltage will be set
using an autotransformer which is to be fed to the relay and by this time voltage will
be measured and timer circuit will start counting the time.
1) Potential Transformer 1
2) Potential transformer 2
3) Auto transformer
The Potential Transformer 2 is used to produce Nominal voltage for the relay
MV12.
The phase and neutral terminals of Auto transformer (terminals B & C) and
Timer (terminals 1 & 2) are connected to the output terminals of Rotary switch
1.
The Nominal voltage is fed to the relay when Rotary Switch 2 is at position 1
between terminal A1 and terminal 2 of rotary switch from Auxiliary supply.
The fault voltage is fed to the relay when Rotary Switch 2 is at position 2
between terminal A2 and D2 of Rotary switch 2 by using an Autotransformer.
The timer is connected to the Rotary Switch 2 and when it is turned to 2nd
position, the fault voltage is fed and at that particular time, the timer starts
counting the trip time in seconds.
A RESET button is used to reset the timer after each operation and it is
connected across terminal 5 and terminal 6 of Timer.
A NO contact is connected to terminal 2 and terminal 4 of a timer and the
timer stops counting the time when the relayMV12 trips.
The output is taken from terminal C3 and terminal 4 through a output
terminals.
A relay is connected inside the kit to protect the kit from abnormal conditions.
the output rotary control switch be operated to output either nominal or fault
voltage.
Note: NO means Normally Open and NC means Normally Closed. A relay is said to
be NO when it has open circuit across its terminals in un-energized state. Similarly, a
relay is said to be NC when it has a short circuit across its terminals in the un-
energized state. When the relay is energized, the NO contact closes whereas the NC
contact opens.
From the same output voltage terminals, fault voltage will be send to the same
terminals for operation of relay after comparing with reference voltage.
NC terminals are shorted and NO terminals are connected across terminals 5
and 6 which will get closed as soon as relay trips.
CHAPTER-4
4.1 ADVANTAGES
4.2 DISADVANTAGES
High cost.
It does not verify the current sensors, circuit breakers current carrying
components.
4.3 APPLICATIONS
Protective devices such as relays, overload coils and circuit breakers must be
checked on installation and at regular intervals while in service to ensure that they are
always ready to operate correctly if any fault occur in the equipment’s that they are
protecting. Routine Voltage injection testing will quickly detect fault or incorrect
adjusted protection devices. Also, it will possibly prevent serious damage to plant
equipment and injury to personnel.
The Voltage injection kit is suitable for all these applications and particularly
for testing protective relays, including microcontroller-based relays.
CHAPTER-5
CONCLUSION
A single-phase voltage injection kit has been implemented for the operation of
relay. Certain tests were accounted to test the operation of relay. Single phase
injection kit resembles the operation of numerical relay by giving nominal voltage as
well as fault voltage. It provides voltage for MV12 relay which will fed voltage under
two conditions which are under voltage condition and the other one is over voltage
condition. Fault voltage was set and fed to the microcontroller based under/over
voltage relay. Using auxiliary potential transformers, auxiliary AC or DC supply is
given to the components of microcontroller and AC supply for the relay operating
mechanism.
As this kit is designed for microcontroller based under voltage and over
voltage relay MV12. We can also test different relays based on their operating
voltage. Suppose, a new relay is constructed then tripping characteristics of that relay
can be achieved by using the kit before supplying to the customer.
REFERENCE
www.electricalengineeringportal.com
www.electricalsforu.com
Switching in Electrical Transmission and Distribution Systems by Rene
Smeets, Lou van der Sluis, Mirsad Kapetanovic, David F. Peelo, Anton
Janssen.
SNAPSHOTS