ABSTRACT

The rapid increase in population and the increased demand for industrial

establishments to meet human requirements have created problems such as

overexploitation of available resources, leading to pollution of land, air and

water requirements. The Slaughter house waste production of the waste

products generate a considerable amount of pollutants characterized by

biochemical oxygen demand (BOD), chemical oxygen demand (COD),

suspended solids (SS), toxicity and color when untreated or poorly treated

waste water are discharged to receiving waters.

Slaughterhouse waste generate varieties of pollutants depending upon

the type of the treatment process .This wastes is the state of art review of

treatability of the Slaughterhouse wastewater and performance of available

treatment processes. Comparisons of all treatment processes are presented.

Combinations of anaerobic and aerobic treatment processes are found to be

efficient in the removal of soluble biodegradable organic pollutants. Color can

be removed effectively by coagulation, chemical oxidation. The suspended

solids are removed by primary treatment such as sedimentation.BOD and COD

present in the wastewater are removed by biological treatment such as activated

sludge process, aerated lagoons. In the secondary treatment processes, activated

sludge process is the most commonly used. Aerated lagoons are efficient in
Removing BOD over 95% in most of the reported results. The tertiary treatment

used to remove the recalcitrant compounds present in the wastewater.

By comparing all the treatment processes, Ferric coagulation process is

more efficient and economical among advanced oxidation processes. In this

study, the efficiency of Ferric coagulant process for the treatment of

Slaughterhouse wastewater was evaluated and the removal of color and COD

were investigated. The experiment is conducted in a lab scale Ferric coagulation

reactor of capacity seven liters which are exposed to the sunlight with the

irradiation time of one hour. . The maximum removal efficiencies of COD and

color removal was 94% and 100% respectively under optimal conditions (Tio 2=

1g/L, H2O2= 5 g/L and pH=4). The degradation kinetics was evaluated with the

optimized value and it was observed that it follows the first order reaction. The

rate of degradation of solar/TiO2/H2O2 was three times faster than

solar/TiO2.The biodegradability of wastewater was also increased during

treatment from 0.097 to 1.089.

Thus coupling of Ferric coagulant process with the biological treatment

is an effective treatment method thereby reducing the cost of the treatment

 TABLE OF CONTENTS

CHAPTER TITLE PAGE

AKNOWLEDGEMENT І
ABSTRACT (ENGLISH) ІІ
LIST OF TABLES ІІІ
LIST OF FIGURES ІV
LIST OF SYMBOLS AND ABBREVIATIONS V

1. INTRODUCTION 1
1.1 GENERAL 1
1.2 SOURCES OF POLLUTION 4
1.3 WASTE WATER CHARACTERISTICS 5
1.4 MINAS DISPOSAL LIMITS 8
1.5 EFFECTS OF THE POLLUTANT ON THE 9
ENVIRONMENT
1.6 NEED FOR THE STUDY 10
1.7 OBJECTIVES OF THE STUDY 12

2. REVIEW OF THE LITERATURE 13

2.1 GENERAL 13

CONVENTIONAL TREATMENT OF
2.2 SLAUGHTERHOUSEWASTE WATER 13
 2.3 LEVELS OF TREATMENT 14
2.3.1 Screening 14
2.3.2 Skimming tank 14
2.3.3 Sedimentation 14
2.3.4 Chemical coagulation and precipitation 14
2.3.5. Advanced Oxidation process 17
2.3.6.1 Photo catalysis 18
2.3.6.2 Photo-oxidation systems 18
2.3.6.3 Wet oxidation process 19
2.3.6.4 Fenton process 19
2.4 STUDIES ON OTHER TREATMENT 23
PROCESSESS
2.4.1. Adsorption 23
2.4.2. Studies on aerated lagoons 23
2.4.3. Studies on anaerobic treatment processes 24
2.4.3.2 Anaerobic filter 24
2.4.4. Studies on membrane filtration 24
2.5 STUDIES ON COUPLED TREATMENT 25
PROCESSES

3. MATERIALS AND METHODS 27

3.1 GENERAL 27
3.2 COLLECTION AND CHARACTERIZATION 27
OF WASTEWATER
 3.3 MATERIALS 29
3.4 EXPERIMENTAL METHODS 29
3.5 EFFECT OF OPERATING PARAMETERS 30
3.5.1 Effect of pH 30

3.5.2 Effect of TiO2 concentration 30

3.5.3 Effect of H2O2 concentration 30
3.5.4 Effect of liquid depth 31
3.5.5 Effect of biodegradability 31
3.5 FERRIC COAGULATION DEGRADATION 32
KINETICS
3.6 DESIGN OF PILOT PLANT REACTOR AND 32
COST ANALYSIS

4. RESULTS AND DISCUSSION 33

4.1 GENERAL 33
4.2 INITIAL CHARACTERISTICS OF 33
SLAUGHTERHOUSE WASTEWATER
4.3 EFFECT OF OPERATING PARAMETERS 34
4.3.1 Effect of pH 34

4.3.2 Effect of TiO2 concentration 37

4.3.3 Effect of H2O2 concentration 39
4.3.4 Effect of liquid depth 42
4.3.5 Effect of biodegradability 44
4.4 FERRIC COAGULANT DEGRADATION 45
KINETICS
4.5 DESIGN OF PILOT PLANT REACTOR AND 46
COST ANALYSIS

5. SUMMARY AND CONCLUSION 48

5.1 GENERAL 48
5.2 SUMMARY 48
5.3 CONCLUSION 49
REFERENCES 50
 LIST OF TABLES

TABLE TITLE PAGE

1.1 Typical waste water generation and pollution load 5

from Slaughterhouse waste water
1.2 Typical pollution load per ton of production 5
1.3 Typical characteristics of waste water at different 6
Processes
1.4 Characteristics of slaughterhouse bleaching effluent 6
1.5 Raw waste water characteristic supplied by a 7
Indian slaughterhouse
1.6 Characteristics of slaughterhouse waste water 7
1.7 Characteristics of agro based black liquor 8
1.8 MINAS disposal limits 9
2.1 Performance of various treatment process 26
3.1 Analysis methods for the treatment of slaughterhouse 27
wastewater
4.1 Initial characteristics of slaughterhouse 33
Wastewater
4.2 Effect of pH on color removal 34
4.3 Effect of pH on COD removal 35

4.4 Effect of TiO2 on color removal 37

4.5 Effect of TiO2 on COD removal 38
4.6 Effect of H2O2 on color removal 40
4.7 Effect of H2O2 on COD removal 41
4.8 Effect of liquid depth 43
4.9 Biodegradability of slaughterhouse wastewater 44
4.10 First order reaction rate constants for color removal 46
 LIST OF FIGURES

FIGURE TITLE PAGE

1.1 Flow diagram for the Kraft process 3
1.2 Existing conventional treatment layout of slaughter 11
house wastewater
2.1 Layout of treatment processes 13
3.1 Schematic methodology of ferric coagulation 28
3.2 Solar photo-Fenton reactors 29
4.1 Effect of pH on color removal 35
4.2 Effect of pH on COD removal 36

4.3 Effect of TiO2 on color removal 38

4.4 Effect of TiO2 on COD removal 39
4.5 Effect of H2O2 on color removal 40
4.6 Effect of H2O2 on color removal 42
4.7 Effect of liquid depth 43
4.8 Biodegradability of Slaughterhouse wastewater 45
4.9 Proposed treatment layout of slaughterhouse 47
Wastewater
 LIST OF SYMBOLS AND ABBREVIATIONS

AC - Anaerobic Contact
AF - Anaerobic Filter
AOX - Absorbable Organic Halides
ASB - Aerated Stabilization Basin
BAT - Best Available Technology
BKM - Bleached Kraft Mill
BOD - Biochemical Oxygen
COD - Chemical Oxygen Demand
CWO - Catalytic Wet Oxidation
DSFF - Down flow Stationary Fixed Film
EGSB - Expanded Granular Sludge Blanket
FB - Fluidized Bed
FSB - Facultative Stabilization Basin
HRT - Hydraulic Retention Time
N - Nitrogen
NF - Nano Filtration
P - Phosphorus
PAC - Poly Aluminum Chloride
PACT - Powdered Activated Carbon
PEO - Poly Ethylene Oxide
SCWO - Super Critical Wet Oxidation
SRT - Solids Retention Time
SS - Suspended solids
TS - Total Solids
UASB - Up flow Anaerobic Sludge Blanket
UF - Ultra filtration
VLR - Volumetric Loading Rate
WAO - Wet Air Oxidation