Razavi
Win. 10 HO #2
Introduction to Modulation
• Modulation Characteristics:
- Signal quality in the presence of noise
- Bandwidth efficiency
- Power efficiency
Analog Modulation
• AM
- Sensitive to noise
and nonlinearity
- Requires linear PA.
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EE215C B. Razavi
Win. 10 HO #2
• PM and FM
- Insensitive to nonlinearity
- Can operate with nonlinear PA.
- But occupies more BW.
- Insensitive to nonlinearity
- Can operate with nonlinear PA.
- But occupies more BW.
• Narrowband FM Approximation
If the phase component is much less than 1 rad, then:
For example, if
Digital Modulation
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Quality is quantified by bit error rate (BER). For voice, BER = 10 .
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EE215C B. Razavi
Win. 10 HO #2
• Quadrature Modulation
How to build a
GMSK modulator?
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EE215C B. Razavi
Win. 10 HO #2
Shaped
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EE215C B. Razavi
Win. 10 HO #2
• Multiple Access
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EE215C B. Razavi
Win. 10 HO #2
Wireless Standards
• GSM
• CDMA
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EE215C B. Razavi
Win. 10 HO #2
• Bluetooth
• 802.11a
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