OF
FLUID MECHANICS
1.1 INTRODUCTION
Fluid mechanics is encountered in almost every area of our physical lives. Blood flows
through our veins and arteries, a ship moves through water and water flows through rivers,
airplanes fly in the air and air flows around wind machines, air is compressed in a
compressor and steam expands around turbine blades, a dam holds back water, air is heated
and cooled in our homes, and computers require air to cool components. All engineering
disciplines require some expertise in the area of fluid mechanics.
Fluid mechanics is a physical science dealing with the action of fluids at rest or in motion,
and with applications and devices in engineering using fluids. Fluid mechanics can be
subdivided into two major areas, Fluid Statics, which deals with fluid at rest, and Fluid
Dynamics, concerned with fluids in motion.
TYPES OF FLUID
Fluids are generally subdivided into two categories: ideal fluid and real fluid
Ideal Fluid
Assumed to have a viscosity(and hence, no resistance to shear)
Incompressible
Have uniform velocity when flowing
No friction between moving layers of fluid
No eddy current or turbulence
Real Fluid
Exhibit infinite viscosities
Non uniform velocity distribution when flowing
Compressible
Experience friction and turbulence in flow
Area, A m2 ft 2
Volume, V m3 ft 3
m ft
Velocity, v
s s
ft
Acceleration, a
s2
Force, F kg.m
s2 or N slug.ft
s2 or lb
The mass per unit volume of material is called the density, which is generally expressed by
the symbol p. The density of a gas changes according to the pressure, but that of a liquid
may be considered unchangeable in general. The units of density are kg/m3 (SI). The density
of water at 4°C and 1 atm (101 325 Pa, standard atmospheric pressure; see Section 3.1.1) is
1000 kg/m3.
The ratio of the density of a material p to the density of water p , is called the specific
gravity, which is expressed by the symbol s:
𝜌
S₌
𝜌𝑊
The reciprocal of density, i.e. the volume per unit mass, is called the specific volume, which
is generally expressed by the symbol u:
1 𝑚3
𝜈₌ 𝜌 (
𝑘𝑔
)
Values for the density p of water and air under standard atmospheric pressure are given in
Table 1.3.
Viscosity is a property of a fluid which determines the amount of its resistance to shearing
force. A perfect fluid would have no viscosity.
𝜏
𝜇₌
𝑑𝑉
𝑑𝑦
Where:
𝜇₌absolute viscosity
𝜏₌shear stress
𝑉 ₌velocity
𝑦₌distance between plates
Kinematic viscosity is the ratio of the dynamic viscosity of the fluid, 𝜇, to its mass density, 𝜌.
𝜇
𝑣₌
𝜌
Where:
𝜇 ₌absolute viscosity in Pa.sec
𝑘𝑔
𝜌₌density in
𝑚3
Note:
1poise=1dyne.s/𝑐𝑚2 =0.1 Pa-sec (1dyne =10−5 N)
1stroke =0.0001𝑚2 /𝑠
1.5 Compressibility, 𝛽
Compressibility (also as the coefficient of compressibility ) is the fractional change in the
volume of a fluid per unit change in pressure in a constant-temperature process
𝚫𝑷 𝒅𝑷
k=𝚫𝑽/𝑽= -V𝒅𝑽 (2.10)
its reciprocal, 𝛽
𝜷 = 𝟏/𝑲 (2.11)
is called the compressibility, whose value directly indicates how compressible the fluid is. For
water of normal temperature/pressure K = 2.06 x 109 Pa, and for air K = 1.4 x 105 Pa assuming
adiabatic change. In the case of water, 𝛽 = 4.85 x 10−10 1/𝑃𝑎, and shrinks only by approximately
0.005% even if the atmospheric pressure is increased by 1 atm.
Putting 𝜌 as the fluid density and M as the mass, since pV = M = constant, assume an increase in
density Δ𝜌 whenever the volume has decreased by ΔV, and
𝚫𝒑 𝒅𝒑
K=𝒑 𝚫𝒑=𝒑 𝒅𝒑 (2.12)
𝒅𝒑 𝑲
A=√ =√ (2.13)
𝒅𝒑 𝝆