STATS: HYPOTHESIS TESTING

One and Two Sample Tests

ONE SAMPLE
STEPS
1. Hypotheses Categorical
H0: = . Quantitative (Average)
(Proportion)
Ha: < Lower Tail Test H0: μ=
H0: P=
> Upper Tail Test
≠ Two Tail Test

z-score =
σ known σ unkown (ොp − P)
P 1−P
2. Test Statistic 𝑛
Find the correct formula
using the flow charts, and
use it to calculate a test z-score = t-score =
(x̄ − μ) (x̄ − μ)
statistic. χ2 tests are a bit
different. σ 𝑠
𝑛 𝑛
df = n − 1

3. P-Value
Use the test statistic to find
an area TWO SAMPLES

Categorical
Quantitative
4. Conclusion H0: P1=P2
Compare p-value to level of
significance (α)
p-value < α: Reject H0 Independent Dependent
(Unrelated) (Related) z-score =
p-value > α: Fail to reject (ොp1 − pො 2)
(accept) H0 H0: μ1=μ2 H0: μd=0
1 1
PC 1 − PC n1 + n2
x1+x2
t-score = t-score = PC = n1+n2
(x̄ 1 − x̄ 2) x̄ d
s 12 s 22 sd
n1 + n2 n
df = smallest n − 1 df = n − 1
 STATS: HYPOTHESIS TESTING
χ2 (Chi-Squared) Tests

χ2 Test
𝑂−𝐸 2
෍
𝐸

GOODNESS OF FIT TEST OF INDEPENDENCE

(Are these two variables related?)
(Does this data fit the given distribution?)
H0: The variables are independent.
H0: The data fits the distribution. Ha: The variables are dependent.
Ha: The data does not fit the distribution.
(𝑟𝑜𝑤 𝑡𝑜𝑡𝑎𝑙) × (𝑐𝑜𝑙𝑢𝑚𝑛 𝑡𝑜𝑡𝑎𝑙)
𝐸 = distribution proportion percentage × n 𝐸=
𝑜𝑣𝑒𝑟𝑎𝑙𝑙 𝑡𝑜𝑡𝑎𝑙
df = number of categories - 1
df = (number of colums - 1) X (number of rows - 1)

VARIABLES
• x̄ = sample mean
• H0/a: Null/alternative hypothesis
• μ = population mean
• n = sample size
• s = sample standard deviation
• x = observations of interest
• σ = population standard deviation
• df = degrees of freedom
𝑥 • n = sample size
• p̂ = sample proportion = 𝑛 • O = Observed (given) value (χ2 Test)
• P = population proportion • E = Expected (calculated) value (χ2 Test)