Activated Carbon With Kinetic Study The Isotherm and Treatment With Grey Water

Manufacturing & Kinetic Study of Activated Carbon From Industrial Waste for Grey Water treatment
Introduction
1.1 What is Grey Water?

Grey water gets its name from its cloudy appearance and from its status as being
between fresh, potable water (known as "white water") and sewage water ("black water").
Grey water is wastewater from showers, baths, washbasins, washing machines and kitchen
sinks. While kitchen wastewater is not recommended for use as grey water if untreated. Grey
water does not include wastewater from toilets, urinals, or bidets. This is referred to as black
water (water containing human excrement). Grey water can be collected from some or all of
these sources and, after treatment, used for purposes around the home such as toilet flushing
or garden watering that do not require drinking water quality.
Fig.1.1 grey water collects from office

Grey water gets its name from its cloudy appearance and from its status as being
between fresh, potable water (known as "white water") and sewage water ("black water").
Grey water is wastewater from showers, baths, washbasins, washing machines and kitchen
sinks. While kitchen wastewater is not recommended for use as grey water if untreated. Grey
water does not include wastewater from toilets, urinals, or bidets. This is referred to as black
water (water containing human excrement).
Grey water can be collected from some or all of these sources and, after
treatment, used for purposes around the home such as toilet flushing or garden watering that
do not require drinking water quality.
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1.2 Grey water composition and characteristics

Grey water is a reflection of the household activities and its characteristics are
strongly dependent on living standards, social and cultural habits, number of household members
and the use of household chemicals. Grey water from bathtubs, showers and hand washbasins is
considered as the least polluted grey water source.
Table 1.1 Water-quality characteristics of selected domestic grey water.
The average grey water contribution to the total organic load (BOD) amounts
about 40 – 50%. Grey water also contributes to one fourth of the total suspended solids and
up to two thirds of the total phosphorous load. Dishwashing and laundry detergents are the
main sources of phosphorous in grey water. In countries where phosphorous-free detergents
are used, these loads are minimal. Kitchen grey water is the main source of nitrogen in
domestic grey water, while the lowest levels are generally observed in bathroom and laundry
grey water. In terms of microbial contamination, grey water may still contain pathogens
given the likelihood of cross-contamination with excreta. However, this is user-dependent
and microbial contamination of the grey water especially with faecal coli forms is generally
low, and the risk to contract diseases when grey water is used for irrigation without any prior
treatment is very minimal.
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Table1.2: chemical and physical quality of grey water compared with raw sewage
1.3 How grey water can be reused?

Grey water from baths, showers, washbasins and washing machines has to be
collected separately from black water, treated and eventually disinfected for reuse as a non-
potable water source. Reusing grey water can be as cheap and easy (but labour intensive) as
bucketing water outside, or as complex and costly (but convenient to use) as installing
automatic grey water diversion, treatment, distribution and/or irrigation systems. Garden
irrigation is most commonly applied, whereby grey water can be bucketed or diverted to the
garden for immediate use. Advanced systems are also available that collect, filter and treat
grey water for indoor use such as toilet flushing or laundry is washing.Laundry washing
accounts for 10-30% of the average household water use. Grey water from laundry is easy to
capture and, with the right choice of laundry products, the treated grey water can be reused
for garden watering or irrigation
1.4 Uses of Recycled Grey Water

Grey water can be used untreated, or it can be treated to varying degrees to reduce
nutrients and disease-causing microorganisms. The appropriate uses of grey water depend on
both the source of grey water and the level of treatment. Recycled water is most commonly
used for non potable (not for drinking) purposes, such as agriculture, landscape, public parks,
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and golf course irrigation. Other non potable applications include cooling water for power
plants and oil refineries, industrial process water for such facilities as paper mills and carpet
dyers, toilet flushing, dust control, construction activities, concrete mixing, and artificial
lakes
Although most water recycling projects have been developed to meet non potable
water demands, a number of projects use recycled water indirectly for potable purposes.
These projects include recharging ground water aquifers and augmenting surface water
reservoirs with recycled water. In ground water recharge projects, recycled water can be
spread or injected into ground water aquifers to augment ground water supplies, and to
prevent salt water intrusion in coastal areas. The use of gray water at decentralized sites for
landscape irrigation and toilet flushing reduces the amount of potable water distributed to
these sites, the amount of fertilizer needed, and the amount of wastewater generated,
transported, and treated at wastewater treatment facilities. In other words, water reuse saves
water, energy, and money. Thus treating your wastewater in the soil under your own fruit
trees definitely encourages you to dump fewer toxic chemicals down the drain.
1.5Chemical parameters
General features of greywater are that it contains lower concentrations of organic matter, of
some nutrients (e.g. nitrogen, potassium) and microorganisms than blackwater. But the
concentrations of phosphorus, heavy metals and xenobiotic organic pollutants are around the
same levels. The main sources for these pollutants are chemical products such as laundry
detergents, soap, shampoo, toothpaste and solvents.
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1.6 Benefits of Grey Water Treatment

 Lowering the fresh water use
Grey water can replace fresh water in many instances, saving money and increasing the
effective water supply in regions where irrigation is needed. Residential water use is almost
evenly split between indoor and outdoor. All except toilet water could be recycled outdoors,
achieving the same result with significantly less water diverted from nature.
Grey water composition is varied according to the source of the grey water. Table 1 shows
the contaminants of grey water from different sources
 Less strain on septic tank or treatment plant
Grey water use greatly extends the useful life and capacity of septic systems. For municipal
treatment system by decreasing the wastewater flow which in turn means higher treatment
effectiveness and lower treatment costs.
 Less energy and chemical use
Less energy and chemicals are used due to the reduced amount of both freshwater and wastewater that
needs pumping and treatment. For those providing their own water or electricity, the advantage of a
reduced burden on the infrastructure is felt directly. Also,
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1.8 Activated carbon

Activated carbon has an extraordinarily large surface area and pore volume, making it
suitable for a wide range of applications. It can be used as a decolorizing agent, a taste and
odor removing agent or as a purification agent in food processing. One major use of activated
carbon is in water purification, including the production of potable water and the treatment of
waste and ground waters. Water treatment accounts for approximately half of the total use of
activated carbon in the US (Baker et al., 1992). There are also a number of applications
related to purification processes in the clothing, textile, automobile, cosmetics, and
pharmaceutical industries. The hundreds of other uses include its utilization as an adsorbent
in gas mask filters and as a pollution control material in a range of filters (Ashford, 1994).
Activated carbon is the major adsorbent used in canisters and filters because it adsorbs a large
variety of organic compounds, it is cheap, and it can
.
Fig 1.2Activated carbon sample
The macropores act as transport pathways, through which the adsorptive molecules
travel to the mesopores, from where they finally enter the micropores. The micropores
usually constitute the largest proportion of the internal surface of the activated carbon and
contribute most to the total pore volume. Most of the adsorption of gaseous adsorptive takes
place within these micropores, where the attractive forces are enhanced and the pores are
filled at low relative pressures. Thus, the total pore volume and the pore size distribution
determine the adsorption capacity.
The dynamics of adsorption in a packed activated carbon bed are influenced by the
shape and size of the activated carbon particles and their effect on the flow characteristics.
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The smaller an activated carbon particle is, the better the access to its surface area and the
faster the rate of adsorption. For spherical beads, the diameter can be measured easily. For
cylindrical extrudates, an equivalent spherical diameter, deqv, can be calculated from the
radius and length of the extrudate. However, for particles of irregular shape and a wide size
distribution, it is difficult to derive deqv. In such cases particle sizes derived from sieve
analyses can be useful parameters for determining adsorption rate.
Fig.1.3 Schematic representation of the different types of pores in an activated carbon particle.
Macro pores Pores with diameters larger than 50 nm (500 Ao)
Mesopores Pores with diameters between 2 nm and 50 nm

(20- 500 Ao)
Micropores Pores with diameters less than 2 nm (2 Ao)
Table 2.1. Different Size of activated carbon
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1.9 Preparation of activated carbon

1.Chemical Activation
Activated carbon can be prepared by chemical activation. In this method, the
carbonaceous material is carbonized after the addition of substances which restrict the
formation of tar. Used chemical is recovered for reuse and to free the pores after
carbonization. Through chemical activation, a carbonized product with very good sorption
properties can be obtained in a single operation. Chemical activation is used almost
exclusively for carbons produced from materials of recent origin, namely lignocellulosic
materials.
The activation agent influences the pyrolytic process. By this technique the
formation of tar is restricted to a minimum. The yield of carbon in the carbonized product is
increased accordingly. Furthermore, temperature needed for pyrolysis is also lower than that
needed for activation with gaseous agents in physical activation, and this promotes the
development of a porous structure. Under these conditions elementary crystallites of smaller
dimensions, (micropores) are formed.
The most widely used activation agents are phosphoric acid, zinc chloride and
potassium sulphide. In some studies hydroxides of an alkali metal, magnesium and calcium
chloride and other substances are also used. All these chemicals are strong dehydrating
agents. On calcination, the impregnate chemicals dehydrate the raw materials, which results
in changing and aromatization of the carbon skeleton by the creation of a porous structure
and surface area.
2. Carbonization
Carbonization is the thermal separation of carbonaceous materials, elimination of organic
materials and production of porous fixed carbon. This process is usually carried out in a
muffle furnace or in rotary kilns at elevated temperatures. It involves thermal decomposition
of the raw material as it is heated under a time schedule to remove the volatile or non-carbon
entities leaving basically carbon possessing a partially developed or rudimentary pore
structure.
Usually, basic microstructure of carbon is formed at 500℃, although there may be
blockages of the micropores by pyrolytic products, which can only volatilize at higher
temperatures. According to temperature below 600℃ are suitable for the production of chars
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that are to be activated with steam but this is not an invariable rule. Carbonization product is
non-active material as a result of its small surface area.
3. Activation
This is the process of transforming inert carbon into highly adsorbent material by
conferring on it a porous material structure and large specific surface area. The objective is to
enhance the volume and enlarge the pores which were created during the carbonization
process, and also to create new pores. Activation is of two main types, namely physical and
chemical activation.
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1.10Classifications of Activated Carbon

Activated carbons are complex products which are difficult to classify on the
basis of their behaviour, surface characteristics and preparation methods. However, some
broad classification is made for general purpose based on their physical characteristics.
1. Powdered activated carbon (PAC)
PAC material is defined as fine activated carbon material. PAC is made up of crushed
or ground carbon particles. They are so finely powdered that most of them can easily pass
through a designated mesh size. Due to their small size they form large internal surface
having small diffusion distance (barrier to adsorption) and large pore diameters. Hence, their
rate of adsorption is high and mass transfer problems are very low. PAC is not commonly
used in a dedicated vessel, owing to the high head loss that would occur. PAC is generally
added directly to other process units, such as raw water intakes, rapid mix basins, clarifiers,
and gravity filters. In general, PAC is used to adsorb materials from liquids.
2. Granulated activated carbon (GAC)

GAC is usually prepared from coal, petroleum, heavy oils, rubber, and the pyrolysis of
waste rubber tyres55. They come in both granular and extruded form. Granulated activated
carbon forms are of larger particle size than the powdered activated carbon forms. Granulated
carbons are mainly used for treating water. Their main function includes deodorization and17
separation of components of flow system. They are generally used for the removal of
hazardous and/or pollutant chemicals from wastewater and for purification of water, air and
other materials56. Hard granules and relatively dust free pellets are usually used for
adsorbing gaseous materials in packed beds.
3. Pelleted activated carbon

They are granulated in smaller size and come in extruded and cylindrical shape with
diameters from 0.8 to 5 mm. These are mainly used for gas phase applications because of
their low pressure drop, high mechanical strength and low dust content.
4. Spherical activated carbon

These are usually small and spherical and have high mechanical strength and excellent SO2
and NO2 adsorption capacity.
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5. Impregnated carbon
These are porous carbons which have been impregnated with other substances. They
are usually prepared for specific applications in air pollution control especially in museums
and galleries. Silver loaded activated carbon is used as an adsorbent for purification of
domestic water. Drinking water can be obtained from natural water by treating the natural
water with a mixture of activated carbon and flocculating agent [Al(OH)3]. Impregnated
carbons are also used for the adsorption of H2S and mercaptans.
6. Polymers coated carbon

These are porous carbons produced by coating with a biocompatible polymer to give a
smooth and permeable coat without blocking the pores. The resulting carbon is useful for
hemo-perfusion which is a treatment technique in which large volumes of the patient's blood
are passed over an adsorbent substance in order to remove toxic substances from the blood.
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1.11. Properties
 Physical properties
 Forms
Activated carbons are available in different forms such as symmetrical pellets, irregularly
shaped granules, powder and specialties like pre-formed shapes, example, wool and slurry for
coating supports. The major forms of activated carbon are the powdered form, the granular
form and the pellets.
 Particle size
This property is important due to the fact that adsorption rate varies inversely with particle
size. Mathematically,
r α (1/s)
where r is the rate of adsorption and s is the particle size. This means that, an increase in
particle size will lead to a decrease in adsorption rate while a decrease in particle size will
favour high adsorption rate. The finer the particles size of an activated carbon, the better the
access to the surface area and the faster the rate of adsorption kinetics. In vapour phase
systems, this needs to be considered against pressure drop which will affect energy cost.
Careful consideration of particle size distribution can provide significant operating benefits.
 Surface area
Activated carbons have very large surface area, typically ranging from 500 – 1400m2g-1 59.
This is an important property of activated carbon as it greatly affects the adsorptive properties
of the carbon. Increase in surface area enhances the adsorptive capabilities of activated
carbon by exposing a wide surface for physical as well as chemical adsorptions.
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 Chemical properties
 pH
The pH of an activated carbon is a measure of the surface acidity/ basicity of the carbon. This
is the pH of a suspension of the activated carbon in distilled water. The numerical values of
the pH are affected by the experimental conditions when carrying out the experiment. A
carbon pH of 6-8 is acceptable for most application such as sugar decolourization, water
treatment, etc.
 Moisture content
This is determined by drying an isolated portion of an activated carbon in an oven at 105 –
110oC until constant weight is attained. This property is important in adsorptive capacity test.
 Ash
This is the form in which the inorganic constituents of carbon exist after the carbon has
undergone complete combustion at controlled temperature. Ash in an activated carbon is an
Impurity and is not desired. It reduces the overall activity of the activated carbon and reduces
the efficiency of re-activation.
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1.12. ADSORPTION
Adsorption is a process that occurs when a gas or fluid solute gathers on the
surface of a strong or a fluid (adsorbent), shaping an atomic or nuclear film (the adsorbate). It
is unique in relation to assimilation, in which a substance diffuses into a fluid or strong to
frame an answer. The term sorption includes both procedures, while desorption is the
opposite procedure. Adsorption is agent in most common physical, organic, and synthetic
frameworks, and is broadly utilized as a part of modern applications, for example, enacted
charcoal, manufactured gums and water cleaning. Like surface pressure, adsorption is a result
of surface vitality. In a mass material, all the holding necessities (ionic, covalent or metallic)
of the constituent molecules of the material are filled. Anyway, molecules on the (clean)
surface experience a bond lack, on the grounds that they are not entirely encompassed by
different iotas the adsorbed material is for the most part delegated showing physisorption or
chemisorption process before it is vigorously great for them to bond with whatever happens
to be accessible. The careful way of the holding relies on upon the points of interest of the
species included.
1.12.1 Physical Adsorption (Physisorption)
This is a weak form of interaction between an adsorbent and adsorbate molecules.

The forces involved are similar to van der Waal’s forces and the heat evolved during the
exothermic adsorption reaction is low (usually of the same magnitude as the enthalpy of
condensation, < 42KJ/mol). This amount of energy can be adsorbed as vibrations of the
lattice and dissipated as thermal motion. Because of the energy requirements for the process,
equilibrium between the solid surface and the gas molecules is usually easily attained and is
readily reversible.
The amount of physisorption decreases rapidly as temperature is raised and is

generally very small above the critical temperature of the adsorbed specie. Due to the weak
force involved in physisorption, the activation energy is low, not more than 42kJ/mol. The
rate of physisorption is very high but the process is non-specific. Generally, the process of
physical adsorption begins as an adsorbate molecule is transported from the bulk adsorbate
phase to the surface of the adsorbent. Next, the molecule then diffuses into the pore and then
physically bonds with the surface. Heat is usually evolved, making adsorption an exothermic
process. In the first step, the bulk adsorbate stream must be intimately mixed with the
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adsorbent to promote good contact between the two components. In the second and third
stages, the concentration gradient between the amount of adsorbate present in the bulk
adsorbate stream and that within the micropore provides the driving force for adsorption.
1.12.2 Chemical Adsorption (Chemisorptions)

This type of adsorption is one in which chemical bond is formed between the
adsorbate and the adsorbent. The chemical bond involved is usually covalent bond and the
adsorbent tends to find sites that will maximize its co-ordination number with the substrate.
Chemisorption is specific and involves forces which are stronger than those associated with
physisorption. Hence, the heat of adsorption in this case is high and is of the same order as
heat of reaction. This process requires generally high temperature and is often irreversible.
Unlike physisorption, in which multilayer coverage is possible, chemisorptions does not
exceed monolayer coverage. This is because the valence force holding the molecules on the
adsorbent surface diminishes rapidly with distance. Generally, chemical adsorption is linked
to the porosity and surface chemistry of the carbon, since chemisorptions is associated with
the number of active sites and carbon surface.
Chemisorption is of two kinds; activated and non-activated chemisorptions. In
activated chemisorptions, high activation energy is involved and the rate varies with
temperature according to the finite activation energy (between 8.4 – 83.7kJ/mol) in the
Arrhenius equation (equation 2.8) 67.
k = Ae(-E/RT) (2.8)
where k is the rate of reaction, A is a proportionality constant, E is the activation energy, R is

the universal gas constant and T is the absolute temperature. In non-activated chemisorption,
the process occurs very rapidly, hence, the activation energy is low, usually close to zero.
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1.13 Adsorption Isotherms

The data obtained from batch experiments were fitted to Freundlich and Langmuir adsorption
isotherms
The Freundlich isotherms is represented as
The Linear form of Freundlich isotherm is represented as
Where qe is the amount of grey water adsorbed per unit weight of the adsorbent,Ce is the
equilibrium concentration (mg L-1), K and n are the empirical constants and their values
were obtained from the intercepts (log k) and slopes(1/n) of the linear plot of log qe versus
log Ce.
Langmuir Adsorption Isotherm
The Langmuir isotherm is represented as follows
Where Ce is the concentration of the solution at equilibrium, Qe is the mass of the grey water
adsorbed per gram of the adsorbent. Cm is the mass of the dye that 1gm of adsorbent can
absorb when the monolayer is complete and b is the isotherm constant for particular
adsorbate-adsorbent combination. The Cm and b values were calculated from the intercept
(1/Cm) and slope (1/bCm) of linear plots of 1/qe versus 1/Ce
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2. Literature review
R. Sujitha and K. Ravindhranath (2016) studied the active carbon derived from the barks
of Ficus racemosa plant has been developed as bio-adsorbent in the removal of Coomassie
brilliant blue R-250 dye from the effluents of Industries based on the dyes. The sorption
properties have been explored towards the said dye with respect to various physicochemical
parameters such as pH, time of contact, adsorbent dosage, temperature and initial
concentration of the dye and the conditions have been optimized for the maximum removal of
the dye. The adsorption process is found to be maximum at low pH values: 2- 4. The co-ions
generally found in natural waters have not interfered. The adsorption process has been
analyzed using Langmuir and the Freundlich isotherms and the latter model has been found to
be better fit for the observed data indicating the heterogeneous and multilayer nature of the
adsorption process. The Kinetics of adsorption is found to follow pseudo second-order model.
The FTIR data before and after the adsorption of the dye indicate the binding of the dye to the
surface of the adsorbent. The thermodynamic parameters indicate the spontaneous and
endothermic nature of the adsorption. They conclude the maximum dye adsorbed on to
ACFR is found to be 65.0 mg/g. The methodologies developed are successfully applied to
real industrial water samples collected from the effluents of dyeing industries.
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Chowdhury, et al., (2011) They studied the potential of activated carbon prepared from
kenaf fiber (KF) to remove copper (II) from aqueous effluents was investigated. The fibers
were first semi-carbonized, then impregnated with potassium hydroxide (KOH) and finally
activated by using carbon dioxide (CO2) gas to produce activated carbon. Pore structure and
physical characteristics of the prepared kenaf fiber activated carbon (KFAC) were
determined. Adsorption studies for divalent copper (Cu) ions were carried out to delineate the
effect of contact time, temperature, pH and initial metal ion concentration on equilibrium
adsorption capacity. The experimental data followed pseudo-second-order kinetics and
Elovich Model than pseudo-first-order. Langmuir, Freundlich and Temkin models were
implemented to analyze the parameters for adsorption at 30 oC, 50 oC and 70 oC.
Thermodynamic parameters such as ΔGo, ΔHo and ΔSo which represent Gibbs free energy,
enthalpy and entropy, respectively, were evaluated. It was concluded that activated carbon
from kenaf fiber (KFAC) can be used as an efficient adsorbent for removal of Cu (II) from
synthetic wastewater.
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XIAO-JUAN JIN, 2010 Activated carbon was prepared through chemical activation of lignin
from a straw pulping precursor, using K2CO3 and KOH as chemical agents. To optimize the
preparation method, the effect of the main process parameters (such as impregnation ratio,
activation temperature and activation time) on the performance of the obtained activated
carbon (expressed in terms of iodine number and yield of activated carbon) was investigated,
and the actions of the activating agents were compared. The activated carbon prepared by
K2CO3, under optimum conditions, permitted to obtain a BET surface area of 1104 m2/g,
including an external or non-microporous surface of 417 m2/g, an average adsorption pore
width of 2.0 nm, the amount of methylene blue, iodine number and the yield of activated
carbon being of 10.6 mL/0.l g, 1310 mg/g and 19.8%, respectively. As to the carbon activated
by KOH under optimum conditions, its BET surface area was of 917 m2/g, including the
external or non-microporous surface of 231 m2/g, the average adsorption pore width of 2.5
nm, while the amounts of methylene blue, iodine number and yield of activated carbon were
of 9.6 mL/0.l g, 1180 mg/g and 18.7%, respectively.
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Hamid Reza Hafizi-Atabaketal, (2013) Studied the Cellulose wastes of a wood and paper
factory were used to produce activated carbon. Several chemical agents under various
conditions were used for production of activated carbon and hence their adsorption properties
have been evaluated. In addition the effect of process parameters such as raw material,
chemical agent concentration, impregnation ratio, carbonization temperature, carbonization
time, activation temperature, activation time, particle size and soaking time on adsorption
properties and product yield have been studied. Based on experimental results, the optimum
values of process parameters were determined. As an achievement, samples of activated
carbon with specific surface area up to 1100 m2 /g and iodine adsorption number up to 1080
mg/g were prepared. The results indicate that cellulose wastes of wood and paper factories,
particularly those maintained from pulp preparation unit are physically more suitable to
produce activated carbon. The most important parameters affecting the production of
activated carbon by chemical activation method have been investigated, and the optimized
values for the operative comparison between the produced active carbon and some
commercial samples. It’s obvious that produced active carbon has an acceptable comparable
quality.
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Nor Adilla Rashidi , 2013 They studied the influence of temperature at 25, 50, and 100 oC
towards the CO2 adsorption capacity. Maximum CO2 sorption capacity on the synthesized
activated carbon is found to be 80 mg CO2 per gram adsorbent. Experimental data is modeled
through Lagergren first-order, pseudo-second-order, and intra particle diffusion model. From
the correlation coefficient, it is found that the pseudo-second-order model is well-fitted with
the experimental data. In addition, the activation energy is found to be less than 42 kJ/mol,
and it is proved that the physical adsorption occurs. They conclude that the low-cost activated
carbon can be produced from the coconut by-products. The utilization of the coconut waste is
promising as it consists of mainly carbon and low in inorganic content, aside from the
minimization of the waste problems. The CO2 activation is found to develop porosity of the
activated carbon, which assists the adsorption process. Comparability in the CO2 adsorptions
capacity and complete desorption indicates the practicality of the synthesized activated
carbon to be used in industrial applications. Further, the equilibrium and kinetic of CO2
adsorption onto the activated carbon has been studied. The magnitude of activation energy
which is lesser than 40 kJ/mol indicates an occurrence of the physisorption mechanism.
Besides, the kinetic analysis demonstrates that the CO2 adsorption onto the activated carbon
obeys the pseudo-second-order model, due to its closer R2 value to unity.
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Wankhade and Ganvir 2013 Studied the Adsorption is an important surface operation in
unit operation and unit processes. Among many type of adsorbent material activated carbon
are the most widely used, because of their large adsorptive capacity. Cost is an important
parameter for comparing the adsorbent material. Among many such materials like turmeric
waste, ferronia shell waste ,Jatropha curcus seed shell waste, delonix shell waste stem, Tea
waste is one such alternatives which is cheap easily available. Activated carbons tea waste
prepared by chemical activation with sulphuric acid as an activating agent .The effect of
activation parameter such as carbonization temperature, sulphuric acid concentration contact
time on the final products was studied by varying the H2SO4 to tea waste ratio, activation
temperature and preheats –temperature.
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O. Ioannidou ,A. Zabaniotou (2006) Studied the production of activated carbons from
agricultural residues is presented. The effects of various process parameters on the pyrolysis
stage are reviewed. Influences of activating conditions, physical and chemical, on the active
carbon properties are discussed. Under certain process conditions several active carbons with
BET surface areas, ranging between 250 and 2410m2/g and pore volumes of 0.022 and 91.4
cm3/g, have been produced. A comparison in characteristics and uses of activated carbons
from agricultural residues with those issued from tires, and commercial carbons, have been
made. A review is carried out of the reaction kinetic modelling, applied to pyrolysis of
agricultural wastes and activation of their pyrolytic char. it seems that the soaking time in the
chemical activation plays a less important role in the production of activated carbon. It is seen
that, by increasing soaking time, the surface area and the pore volume were increased as a
result of the development of porosity. They conclude the values thereafter are observed to
decrease gradually at long soaking time, which is possibly attributed to the gasification of the
few well, developed micro pore walls.
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Aim: To synthesis activated carbon from cellulosic waste samples and its effect for grey
water treatment fallowed by kinetics.
Research Objectives
The objectives of this work are:
 To study the potential of cellulosic waste as an alternative material i.e. adsorbent
 To determine the potentials of prepared activated carbon from cellulosic waste for
efficient treatment of grey water via Phosphors, TDS, and TSS removal.
 To study the removal capacity through various kinetic/ isotherm studies models, and
 To also determine the behaviour of the adsorption processes.
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3. Materials and Method

Raw material Java Citronella waste after extraction of oil
3.1EXPERIMENTAL WORK
1. Raw cellulose was first dried in sun rays for 2 days, then crushed .Crushing provided
smaller particles with increased surface area and also enabled more efficient chemical
activation of the raw material
2. The crushed raw material is send to muffle furnace for carbonization at 450 degree
centigrade for 1hr hours. It got completely carbonized.
3. Then crushed the sample which brought it down into small particles and separated into
different mesh size, basically we wanted very fine particle.
4. Activated carbon was now been treated with Noah (1N). For (1N) NaOH , we added 10gm
of NaoH into 250 ml of water and for (1N) HCL , we dissolved 8.2 ml of HCL in 240 ml of
water. This gave the removal of acidic and basic volatile component present in the sample.
5. The moist activated carbon we got, now kept for drying to increase the porosity of
activated carbon.
6. After taking out from drying we again washed it with distilled water and dried the
activated carbon for 5 hours.
7. Activated charcoal is now ready to use.
P.I.E.T NAGPUR 25
3.2 Flow chat for Preparation Activated Carbon
Raw material Java

Citronella
Crushing
Carbonization in muffle
Furnace for 450
Treating with NaOH 1N
Drying
Activation with 1N Hcl
Drying
Washing with Distilled Water
Drying
Activated carbon is ready
Fig.3. Flowchart of manufacturing of activated carbon
P.I.E.T NAGPUR 26
Fig3.1 Cellulosic waste raw cellulose
Fig. 3.2 Treating with Naoh
P.I.E.T NAGPUR 27
Fig3.3 Drying After treating with (1N) NaoH
Fig 3.4. Activating with 1N Hcl
P.I.E.T NAGPUR 28
Fig.3.5. Filtering the activated carbon
Fig 3.6 Drying of activated carbon
P.I.E.T NAGPUR 29
4.Result & Discussion
Parameters Conc. mg/l

TDS 497
TSS 0.091
Phosphorus 1.87
Table4.1.Grey water Content
Fig4.1 Grey water Sample
Grey water Removal

600
500
400
Phosphrous
300
TSS
200 TDS
100
0
Initial Batch 1 Batch 2 Batch 3
Fig.4.2 Shows the inital and final concentration
P.I.E.T NAGPUR 30
Adsorption of impurities from grey water

Batch adsorption process was employed for the adsorption tests.
1) Take 2gm of activated carbon and 40 ml of grey water in conical flask keep it in a
orbital shaker for 3 hr then filter the solution and analyzed for residual concentration of
grey water
2) Make 2 batch of 50 and 60 ml with 2gm absorbent for 6 and 8 hr and analyzed the
concentration of sample
Conc mg/l Sample 1 Sample 2 Sample 3

TDS
407 302 252
TSS
0.072 0.055 0.032
Phosphorus
1.27 0.92 0.771
Table4.2.For Batch Adsorption Process
The adsorption capacity and percentage quantity adsorbed were calculated from equation
(3.6) and equation (3.7), respectively.
qe = [(Co – Ce) x V] / ( m)
%q = [(Co – Ce) ⁄ Co] x 100
Where qt is the amount of metal adsorbed (mg/g) at time, t, V is the volume of the
solution(ml), m is the weight of adsorbent (g), C0 and Ct are the metal concentration
(mg/L) at the initial time and at a time t, respectively.
P.I.E.T NAGPUR 31
4
3.5
3
2.5 R² = 0.9989
Ln QE
2
1.5
1
0.5
0
-0.3 -0.2 -0.1 0 0.1 0.2 0.3
ln ce Linear (ln qe )
Fig 4.3 Graph of freundlich isotherm for phosphrous adsorption
Parameter Value
K 4.480434
n -1.8565
R2 0.998
Table 4.3The Isotherm Parameters for Adsorption of Phosphorus
The value of K, the value of 1/n less than 1 and the value of n less them 10 Indicate
favourable for freundlich adsorption Isotherm. More over the steep slopes (1/n) which is very
close to 1 indicate high adsorption capacity at higher equilibrium concentration.
P.I.E.T NAGPUR 32
9
8.8
8.6
8.4
ln qe
8.2
8 ln qe
7.8
7.6
7.4
5.5 5.6 5.7 5.8 5.9 6 6.1
ln ce
Fig 4.4.Graph of adsorption isotherm for TDS
Parameter Value
K 4.480434
n -2.26842
R2 0.990
Table. 4.4 The Isotherm Parameters for Adsorption of TDS
P.I.E.T NAGPUR 33
4.2
4.1
4
3.9
3.8
3.7 ln qe
3.6
3.5
3.4
-0.3 -0.2 -0.1 0 0.1 0.2 0.3
ln ce
Fig4.5.Graph of adsorption isotherm for TSS
Parameter Value
K 4.480434
n -1.90276
R2 0.990
Table4.5 .The Isotherm Parameters for Adsorption of TSS
P.I.E.T NAGPUR 34
Contact time
The effect of contact time on the removal of TDS, TSS and Phosphorous by the adsorbent
was determined by keeping particle size, initial concentration, dosage, 2grm, respectively
70
60
50
%removal
40
30
%removal
20
10
0
0 100 200 300 400 500 600
Time min
Fig4.6 Effect of contact time for removal of Phosphorus
P.I.E.T NAGPUR 35
80
70
60
50
%Removal
40
30 %removal
20
10
0
0 100 200 300 400 500 600
Time min
Fig 4.7. Effect of contact time for Removal of TSS
P.I.E.T NAGPUR 36
60
50
%removal 40
30
%removal
20
10
0
0 100 200 300 400 500 600
Time min
Fig4.8 Effect of contact time for Removal of TDS
P.I.E.T NAGPUR 37
5.Conclusion
The present study was carried out to assess the adsorption of grey water by activated
carbon prepared by using low cost celloluic waste material. The prepared Activated carbon
had good adsorption quality as compared to other commercial activated carbon. The
Freundlich isotherm were studied for adsorption of TDS, TSS and for phosphorous and the
prepared absorber found effective for removal of above contaminants from grey water. The
amount of impurities removal was found to be increasing with increase of time. Result found
that initially the rate of adsorption is more and as the time passes the adsorption increases
with increase in removal.
P.I.E.T NAGPUR 38
References
1. https://urpjournals.com/tocjnls/34_12v2i4_5.pdf
2. Nemerrow, N.L. (1978), Industrial Water Pollution: Origins, Characteristics, and
Treatment. Addison-Wesley Publishing Company, Massachusetts.
3. Eilbeck, W.J.; Mattock, G. Chemical Processes in Wastewater Treatment; Wiley:
New York, NY,USA, 1987; pp. 12–96.
4. Zhou, Q.; Wang, X.; Liu, J.; Zhang, L. Phosphorus removal from wastewater using
nano-particulates of hydrated ferric oxide doped activated carbon fiber prepared by
Sol-Gel method. Chem. Eng. J. 2012, 200, 619–626.
5. L. S. Clesceri, A. E. Greenberg and A. D. Eaton, “Standard methods for the examination
of water and wastewater”. (20th edition). American Public Health Association,
Washington,1998, 1325
6. Nemerrow, N.L. (1978), Industrial Water Pollution: Origins, Characteristics, and
Treatment. Addison- Wesley Publishing Company, Massachusetts.
7. Acar, F.N., Malkoc, E., 2004. The removal of chromium (VI) from aqueous solutions by
Fagus orientalis L. Bioresource Technol. 94,13–15.
8. Jankowska, H., Swiatkowski, A. and Choma, J. (1991). "Activated carbon." Ellis
Horwood, NewYork, pp. 13–29.
9. Keltsev, N.V. (1980). "Principles of Adsorption Technology." Wnt, Warsaw.
10. Moreno- Piraján, J. C. and Giraldo, L. (2013). "Activated carbon from bamboo waste
modified with iron and its application in the study of the adsorption of arsenite and
arsenate." Cent. Eur. J. Chem., Vol. 11, No. 2, pp. 160-170.
11. Brateka, W., Świątkowskib, A., Pakułac, M., Biniakd, S., Bystrzejewskie, M. and
Szmigielskif, R. (2013). “Characteristics of activated carbon prepared from waste
12. Wasewar K.L., Adsorption of Metals onto Tea Factory Waste Waste: A Review,
International Journal of Research and Reviews in Applied Science, 3(3), 303-322 (2010)
13. Smisek, M. and Cerny, S. (1970). "Active Carbon; Manufacture, Properties, and
Application." American Elsevier Publishing Co., Inc., New York.
P.I.E.T NAGPUR 39

Activated Carbon With Kinetic Study The Isotherm and Treatment With Grey Water

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Activated Carbon With Kinetic Study The Isotherm and Treatment With Grey Water

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Manufacturing & Kinetic Study of Activated Carbon From Industrial Waste for Grey Water treatment

1.1 What is Grey Water?

Fig.1.1 grey water collects from office

1.2 Grey water composition and characteristics

Table 1.1 Water-quality characteristics of selected domestic grey water.

1.3 How grey water can be reused?

1.4 Uses of Recycled Grey Water

1.6 Benefits of Grey Water Treatment

1.8 Activated carbon

Macro pores Pores with diameters larger than 50 nm (500 Ao)

Mesopores Pores with diameters between 2 nm and 50 nm

1.9 Preparation of activated carbon

Usually, basic microstructure of carbon is formed at 500℃, although there may be

1.10Classifications of Activated Carbon

2. Granulated activated carbon (GAC)

3. Pelleted activated carbon

4. Spherical activated carbon

6. Polymers coated carbon

1.12.1 Physical Adsorption (Physisorption)

This is a weak form of interaction between an adsorbent and adsorbate molecules.

The amount of physisorption decreases rapidly as temperature is raised and is

1.12.2 Chemical Adsorption (Chemisorptions)

where k is the rate of reaction, A is a proportionality constant, E is the activation energy, R is

1.13 Adsorption Isotherms

The Linear form of Freundlich isotherm is represented as

The Langmuir isotherm is represented as follows

3. Materials and Method

3.2 Flow chat for Preparation Activated Carbon

Raw material Java

Treating with NaOH 1N

Activation with 1N Hcl

Washing with Distilled Water

Activated carbon is ready

Fig.3. Flowchart of manufacturing of activated carbon

Fig3.1 Cellulosic waste raw cellulose

Fig. 3.2 Treating with Naoh

Fig3.3 Drying After treating with (1N) NaoH

Fig 3.4. Activating with 1N Hcl

Fig.3.5. Filtering the activated carbon

Fig 3.6 Drying of activated carbon

4.Result & Discussion

Parameters Conc. mg/l

Table4.1.Grey water Content

Fig4.1 Grey water Sample

Grey water Removal

Fig.4.2 Shows the inital and final concentration

Adsorption of impurities from grey water

Conc mg/l Sample 1 Sample 2 Sample 3

Table4.2.For Batch Adsorption Process

Fig 4.3 Graph of freundlich isotherm for phosphrous adsorption

Table 4.3The Isotherm Parameters for Adsorption of Phosphorus

Fig 4.4.Graph of adsorption isotherm for TDS

Table. 4.4 The Isotherm Parameters for Adsorption of TDS

Fig4.5.Graph of adsorption isotherm for TSS

Table4.5 .The Isotherm Parameters for Adsorption of TSS

Fig4.6 Effect of contact time for removal of Phosphorus

Fig 4.7. Effect of contact time for Removal of TSS

Fig4.8 Effect of contact time for Removal of TDS

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