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4 Arthabhrantiko Uttar Chetanaka Virudhha

Reseaerch Oriented criticism by Dr. Tara kant Pandey
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 ;dfhjfbL oyfy{jfbL dfGotf g} /x]sf] 5 . of] ;flxTo;dLIffsf] ljz'4 k|fl1s
e|flGtsf lj?4sf] df]rf{df k|of; xf]Og, clkt' ;dsfnLg l;h{gfh:t} snf / hLjglj/f]wL lrGtglj?4sf
d'7e]8sf] ;dfnf]rsLo df]rf{df lqmofzLntfsf] kl/0flt klg xf], of] d]/f] ljZjf;
g]kfnL ;flxTodf e|flGt / z"Gotfsf] pQ/cfw'lgs k|of;nfO{ tLj|tf lbg xf] . kf7sx¿nfO{ klg o:tf] cg'e"lt x'g ;Sof] / To; lbzfdf o;n] ;3fpg
vf]lh“b} u/]sf] kl/j]zdf d]/f] of] ;dfnf]rgf–s[lt k|sflzt x'“b} 5 . ;Sof] eg] d]/f] k|of; ;kmn ePsf] cg'ej x'g]5 .
pQ/cfw'lgstf pQ/k'“hLjfbL o'usf] / d'VotM ;fd|fHojfbsf] ;f+:s[lts r]tgf xf]
eGg] s'/fdf s'g} zª\sf jf e|d 5}g . 1fgk|;f/0fsfnLg o'usf] cfw'lgs bfz{lgs, cGTodf o; k':tssf tof/Ldf ;3fpg] cfTdLo ldq 8f= gGbLz clwsf/L /
;fdflhs, ;f+:s[lts / ;du| r]tgfut k|flKtsf lj?4 plePsf] of] k|sfzgsf] cleef/f af]lslbg] =================================nfO{ XbotM wGojfb lbG5' /
pQ/cfw'lgstf cem ljlzi6 ¿kdf eGbf dfS;{jfbL bz{g / To;sf hudf ePsf s[lt lj1 kf7sx¿nfO{ ;'lDkG5' .
dxfg\ qmflGt / kl/jt{gsf dxfufyfsf] lgif]w / cjd"Nog ug]{ lgof]lht k|of;df
;lqmo 5 . oxL k|of;:j?k o;n] ;flxTonfO{ / cem sljtfnfO{ ;dfh / 8f= tf/fsfGt kf08]o
;+j]bgfaf6 cnUofp“5 / To;nfO{ s]jn /TofTds v]ndf kl/0ft u5{ . o;f] egf}+ ;xk|fWofks
sljtfnfO{ dfgjLo pbfQ hLjgd"No / ;+j]bgfsf] cleJolQm xf]Og, ;lkª g]kfnL s]Gb|Lo ljefu
sDKn]S;sf] cfsif{s dfn agfp“5 / To;sf dfWodaf6 lg/ª\s'z ;EotfnfO{ sLlt{k'/ .
kf]if0f k|bfg ug{ rfxG5 . hLjgjfbL slj / sljtf o;sf ljkIfdf 5g\ /
;+;f/el/ hLjgjfbL oyfy{jfbL sljtf / pQ/cfw'lgs e|flGtsf lj?4 Psk|sf/n]
d'7e]8 rln/x]sf] 5 . g]kfnL sljtfsf] d"n wf/ o; d'7e]8sf cu|df]rf{df
cy{e|flGtsf] pQ/r]tgfsf lj?4 lqmofzLn 5 .
k|:t't k':tsdf d}n] pQm d'7e]8nfO{ pb\3fl6t ug]{ k|of; u/]sf] 5' / To;f]
u/]/ ;dsfnLg sljtfsf] d"n wf/ cy{eflGtsf] pQ/r]tgfsf lj?4 lqmofzfLn
/x“b} pbfQ hLjgd"No, dfgjLo ;+j]bgf / g]kfnL ;dfhdf ljsl;t ju{;ª\3if{åf/f
:yflkt / l;lh{t pbfQ dxfVofgsf] snfTds k|ltlaDagdf s;/L ;tt\
lqmofzLn 5 eGg] s'/fnfO{ :ki6\ofpg] k|oTg u/]sf] 5' . oBlk o;leqsf n]vx¿
leGg–leGg ;dodf n]lvPsf km'6s/ /rgf x'g\ t/ tL k|foM Pp6} ;}4flGts
k|:yfkgfnfO{ s]Gb| agfP/ n]lvPsf 5g\ / k|foM ;a}h;f]df ;dsfnLg g]kfnL
sljtfsf] d"n lbzf / k|j[lQsf ;fy} ltgsf d"NonfO{ s]nfpg] k|of; ul/Psf] 5 .
o; qmddf d}n] k|ultjfbL / ;dfgfGt/ b'j} wf/fsf sljtf–k|j[lQnfO{ s]nfpg]
k|of; klg u/]]sf] 5' . t/ d]/f] ljZn]if0fsf] cfwf/ eg] ;f}Gbo{lrGtgsf] cu|ufdL

3 4
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sljtf / qmflGtdf cf:yf M pbfQ dxfVofgsf] k|:t'lt
pQ/cfw'lgstfsf] kl/k|]Io / ;dsfnLg sljtfsf] lbzfaf]w
cy{e|flGtsf] pQ/r]tgfsf lj?4
;dsfnLg g]kfnL k|ultjfbL sljtfsf k|j[lQx¿
;dfgfGt/ sljtfsf] kLl7sf
åGå/t jt{dfg / jt{dfgsf] sljtf–n]vg
;f}Gbo{laDasf cfwf/ / ;dsfnLg sljtfdf To;sf] cª\sg
;d;fdlos k|ultzLn sljtfdf blnt r]tgf
k|ultzLntfsf ;Gbe{df b]jsf]6fsf] Joª\UosljTj
o'4k|;fb ld>sf sljtf M k|flKt / ;Ldfsf] cfsng
;dsfnLg k|ultjfbL lgaGwn]vg / To;sf k|j[lQx¿
hLjg / snfsf kIfdf pbfQsf] ktg M ;Gbe{ ;dsfnLg cfVofg

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sljtf / qmflGtdf cf:yf M
pbfQ dxfVofgsf] k|:t'lt
cf:yf, pbfQtf / lgi7f pQ/cfw'lgstfjfbn] eg]em}“ cfw'lgssfnLg …dxfVofgÚsf
ljz]iftf x'g\ . o;nfO{ cem k|:6\ofP/ eÌ] xf] eg] cf:yf, pbfQtf / lgi7f ljz]iftM
hLjgjfbL bfz{lgs dxfVofg dfS;{jfbdf kfOg] ljz]iftf x'g\ . st} gfd} lnP/ / st}
gfd glnO{ ;fdfGoLs[t u/]em}“ u/L 1fgk|;f/0fsfnLg-cyf{t\ cfw'lgssfnLg_ ;a} ljrf/
/ ljrf/>[ª\vnf -h;nfO{ pQ/cfw'lgstfjfbLx¿ …dxfVofgÚsf gfdn] lrgfp“5g\_ sf]
cy{xLgtf, ;Gbe{xLgtf / cGTosf] 3f]if0ff u/]sf] b]lvP klg o; k|of;sf k5fl8
jf:tjdf dfS;{jfbleq /x]sf] j}1flgs ;dfhb[li6, ;'Gb/–pbfQ eljiob[li6 clg To;sf]
d"tL{s/0f Pj+ k|flKtsf lgldQ pTkL8s ju{sf lj?4 tLj| åGår]t-cyf{t\ qmflGtr]t_ sf]
lj/f]w ug]{ p2]Zo g} lglxt /x]sf] k|:6 eO;s]sf] 5 . cem k|:6 zAbdf eGbf j[4
k'“hLjfbsf ;'/Iffy{ / dfS;{jfbsf lj?4sf] ;f+:s[lts o'4sf k[i7e"lddf hlGdPsf] x'gfn]
pQ/cfw'lgstfjfbn] qmflGt;“u} cf:yf, lgi7f / lgodgsf] lj/f]w ub{5 . o;} k[i7e"lddf
o;n] lgisif{ lgsfnsf] xf] – casf] o'u cf:yf / lgi7f lj36gsf] o'u xf], qmflGt ;Dej
5}g . t/ lj1fg of] ts{ dfGg tof/ 5}g, To;}n] dfS;{jfbnfO{ of] lgisif{ :jLsfo{ 5}g .
oxL sf/0f xf] dfS;{jfbL ;flxTo pQ/cfw'lgstfsf e|dk"0f{ lgisif{sf lj?4 ple“b}
qmflGtsf] ufyf ufp“5, hLjg / ;dfhsf pbfQ ;Gbe{nfO{ pb\3fl6t u5{ clg ;'Gb/
eljioaF]wnfO{ ;'Gb/ zAb k|bfg u5{ .
sljtfsf] s'/f ubF{ dfS;{jfbL-cyf{t\ k|ultjfbL_ sljtf / To;df klg g]kfnL
k|ultjfbL sljtfdf qmflGtsf] dxfVofgn] pbfQ k|:t'lt kfPsf] 5 / Tof] k|:t'lt TolQs}
/fufTds 5 . cf:yf cyf{t\ hLjgk|lt, qmflGtk|lt / ;'Gb/ eljiok|ltsf] cf:yf g]kfnL
k|ultjfbL sljtfsf dxŒjk"0f{ kfl/rfos k|flKt aGg k'u]sf 5g\ . o; k|j[lQsf sljsf]
sdL g]kfnL ;flxTodf 5}g t/ OR5's Pp6f o:tf] sljsf] gfp“ xf] h;sf sljtf
cf:yfsf kof{o / lgi7fsf kl/0flt ag]sf 5g\ / pgsf sljtfleq hLjg, qmflGt /
eljiok|ltsf] cf:yfsf] cleJolQm ljlzi6 Pj+ ;'Gb/ zAbsf dfWodaf6 h;/L ePsf] 5,
To;af6 g]kfnL sljtf pQ/cfw'lgs eP/ dxfVofgsf] cGTodf zf]s xf]Og, To;sf]
7 8
;fGble{stf / o'uLgtfsf] /fufTds cleJolQm u/]/ ;To / ;'Gb/tfsf kIfdf plePsf]
k'li6 ePsf] 5 .
qmflGtsd{df ;+nUg ePs} kl/l:yltdf lgi7fsf] ;'/Iffy{ d[To' /f]Hg] dxfg\ ;lxbslj
OR5's qmflGtk|lt k|lta4 tyf hLjg / ;fDojfbL ;'Gb/ eljiok|lt cf:yfzLn slj x'g\ /
of] cf:yf ;fdfGo xf]Og ljlzi6 ¿kdf / TolQs} pbfQ ¿kdf k|s6 ePsf] 5, h:t} M
d]/f] /ut b]zs} nflu auf];\ cfdf ∕
d hxf“ d¿“ b]zs} nflu d¿“
d'lQmo'4sf] xjgs'08df
d]/f] hLjg kljq ;ldwf agf];\
d]/f] k|f0f k|Hhjlnt clUg agf];\
/, d h}n] d¿“ b]zs} lglDt d¿“ .
-…aGbL 5f]/fsf] kqÚ Oltxf;sf] o; 38Ldf, k[= &@_
oL kª\lQmdf OR5'sn] cfkm\gf] hLjg qmflGts} nflu / qmflGtd} ;dlk{t u/]sf] pbfQ
cleJolQm u/]sf 5g\ / pgn] eg]h:t} pgsf] /ut ;f“RrL b]zs} nflu au]sf] / pgsf]
hLjg d'lQmo'4sf] xjgs'08df kljq ;ldwf aGg k'u]sf] oyfy{ xfd|f cufl8 5 . …qmflGtsf
nflu dg{ kfp“mÚ – of] pbfQ efj sljtfdf /f]dflG6s 9+un] JoQm ePsf] xf]Og clkt' zAb
/ sd{sf] Pstf:j¿k hLjgsf] s7f]/ t/ pbfQ oyfy{ ag]/ k|s6 ePsf] 5 . slj
OR5'ssf] ;xfbt / sljtfsf] o; efj;Gbe{n] pQ/cfw'lgs cf:yfxLgtf / z"Goaf]wsf
lj?4 pbfQ dxfVofgsf] lgdf{0f u/]sf] 5 .
cf:yf cyf{t\ qmflGt Pj+ ;'Gb/ dfgjeljiok|ltsf] of] cf:yf slj OR5'ssf
JolQmhLjg / sljtfdf olt hAa/ 5 ls ;a} vfn] lg/+s'z Pj+ dfgjå]ifL zlQmsf
k|ltaGwsf km/dfgsf afjh'b klg Tof] uNb}g, 8Ub}g / ;tL;fn agL k|ltaGw /
k|lts"ntfsf lj?4 clGtd If0f;Dd klg cf:yfsf ;'/Iffy{ o'4sf] x'ª\sf/ ul//xG5 M
xfd|f cf:yfx¿df k|ltaGw nfp“b}
xfd|f v'§fx¿df g]n le/fp“b}
ltdL eG5f}– lx“8\g t lx“8
t/ Tof] af6f] glx“8
xfdL eg] ToxL af6f] lx“l8/xG5f}+ .
cf] zf;s–k|zf;sx¿ †
c:jLsfo{ 5 xfdLnfO{
 ltd|f lg/+s'z cfb]zx¿ ljZjf; . qmflGtsdL{sf] Tof] ljZjf; p;sf sljtfdf s:tf] cfx\nfbs afGsLdf k|:t't
ltdL hlt;'s} x's'd / km/dfg hf/L u/ ePsf] 5, x]/f}+ t M
ltdL hlt;'s} h'n'd / pTkL8g ;'? u/
;S5f} eg] xfd|f r]tgfx¿df k|ltaGw nufpm nfdf] c“Wof/f] /ftkl5
/, ;TonfO{ s}b u/ emndnfpg] pHofnf] k|efth:t}
t/ cf], tfgfzfxx¿ ∕ cfhsf] sfnf] c“Wof/f] lr/]/
ltd|f aa{/ :j]R5frf/sf lj?4 xfd|f] cf:yfsf] ;fDojfb
xfdL eg] lg/Gt/ cfjfh p7fO/xG5f}+ Ps g Ps lbg h?/ em'Nsg]5
-…k|ltaGwÚ, Oltxf;sf] o; 38Ldf, k[= &$_ xfd|f] lgi7fsf] aLhaf6
r]tgfdf k|ltaGw nufpg vf]Hg] / kl/jt{gsfdL r]tgf /fv]afkt gful/snfO{ Ps g Ps lbg h?/
sf/fuf/df sf]+Rg] lg/Í'z zf;sx¿nfO{ slj d"v{sf] ;+1f lbG5g\ / ltgsf s'g} klg gof“ hLjgsf] gjfÍ'/ km'6\g]5
aa{/tfn] cfkm\gf] r]tgf / cf:yf 8ufpg g;Sg] pb\3f]if u5{g\ M / Ps g Ps lbg h?/
t/ d"v{x¿n] d]/f] cf“vfdf sfnf]k§L af“w]/ xfd|f] ;'vb / P]Zjo{k"0f{ eljiosf]
dnfO{ s]/sf/ ul//x] ;'Gb/ ;okqL km'Ng]5
d]/f hAa/ cf:yfx¿x¿nfO{ === === === ===
d]/f ;an ljZjf;x¿nfO{ /, ;f“rf] cy{df ha;Dd
sf“t/ k|Zgx¿ ;f]w]/ cfhsf] of] s'¿k w/tL
dfgf}+ kx/fnfO{ s'lxgfn] 7]ln/x] . dfgjhfltsf] ;'Gb/ a:tLdf ab\lng ;Sg] 5}g
-aGbL / rGb|flul/, k[= !)_ ta;Dd hf/L /xg]5
OR5'ssf] cf:yf pgn] cfkm} eg]em}“ hAa/ cf:yf lyof]-xf]_ . Tof] cf:yf o:tf] ;''Gb/ ;+;f/ lgdf{0f ug]{ xfd|f] ;ª\sNksf] ofqf .
kx/f] xf] h;sf cufl8 lg/+s'z zf;sx¿sf s]/sf/ s'lxgf l;4 x'G5g\ / pgsf] kx/f]– -aGbL / rGb|flul/, k[= %%_
cf:yf s'lxgfsf 7]nfOn] O~rL 8Ub}g . k|yd k6s l/dfnsf sljtfdf k|s6 ePsf] qmflGtk|ltsf] of] rfx, of] ljZjf; / of]
OR5'sn] lgdf{0f u/]sf] dxfufyfn] eG5– aa{/tfsf lj?4 pgLleqsf] O:kfltnf] cf:yf OR5'ssf sljtfdf cfOk'Ubf Pp6f leGb} p“rfO, pbfQtf / dxQf lnP/ k|s6
r]tgfn] oftgfu[xdf ;f“lRrs} lg/Gt/ cfjfh 3GsfO/x\of] . aa{/tfsf cufl8 pm nq]g ePsf] 5 lsgeg] ;fDojfbL-dfS;{jfbL_ r]tgfsf] k|v/tf l/dfnsf qmflGtsljtfdf
/ dxfg\ Pj+ uf}/jzfnL d[To-zxfbt_ j/0f u/]/ of}6f pbfQ dxfVofgsf] lgdf{0f u¥of] . cfO;s]sf] lyPg / pgL /f]dflG6stfaf6 d'Qm eO;s]sf lyPgg\ . l/dfnn] b]v]sf]
d[Tobftf / :jo+ d[To''nfO{ klg nHhfaf]w u/fpg] of] dxfVofg g]kfnL hgo'4sf] dxQd
k|flKt t x'“b} xf], PSsfO;f}+ ztfAbLsf] dfgjr]tgfnfO{ e|flGt / z"Gotfdf ws]Ng rfxg] qmflGt:jKgn] OR5'sdf cfOk'Ubf hgo'4sf] pbfQ / pj{/ e"ld, To;sf] s'zn g]t[Tj ug]{
;fd|Hojfbkf]lift pQ/cfw'lgstfsf nflu klg Pp6f bx|f] k|xf/ xf] . c/fhs efiffsf] dxfg\ kf6L{ clg hgo'4nfO{ kl/0fltdf k'¥ofpg ;ª\sNka4 g]kfnL cfdfsf dxfg\
h~hfn v8f u/]/ To;d} ;f}Gbo{ b]Vg] lj8Dagfk"0f{ r]tgfn] OR5'sk|e[lQ sljx¿sf ;Gtltx¿sf] ;flGgWo k|fKt u¥of] . ca qmflGt c:ki6 ?dfgL ljifo /x]g, To;n] To;sf]
l;h{gfdf k|s6 ePsf] ;f}Gbo{sf] o; pbfQtfsf] cg'e"lt / cf:jfbg ug{ ;Sb}g . lj1fg k|fKt u¥of] / qmflGt cyf{t\ hgo'4 g]kfnL ;dfhsf] s7f]/ t/ pbfQ oyfy{ aGg
k'Uof] . oxL oyfy{ cyf{t\ oxL dxfVofg OR5'ssf sljtfsf] ljifo xf] / To;sf] ;f}Gbo{sf]
slj / qmflGtsdL{ OR5'sn] lgdf{0f u/]sf] pbfQ dxfVofgsf] pNn]vgLotf s]Údf 5
sf/s klg xf] . qmflGtsf] of] dxfVofg OR5'ssf sljtfdf cToGt /fufTds, ;+j]bgfo'Qm
eg] Toxf“ qmflGt / ;fDojfbsf] eljiok|lt st} ;Gb]x 5}g, 5 t s]jn clj/fd Pj+ tLj|
tyf laDado ag]/ k|s6 ePsf] 5 .

9 10
 qmflGt cfkm}df Pp6f s7f]/ / lgd{d sfo{ xf] . ;+j]bgfsf aLraf6 s7f]/tf clg hgo'4df ;Gtfg u'dfPsL cfdf zf]s;GtKt ePh:t} OR5's klg cfkm\gf] ju{;vfsf]
s7f]/ x'“bfx'“b} ;+j]bgfsf] tLj|td cg'e"lt qmflGtdf x'g] / eO/xg] /x]5 . qmflGtsf] of] ;xfbtdf TolQs} zf]s;GtKt 5g\ t/ dfgjhfltsf] ;'Gb/ eljio–k|flKtsf nflu ;xfbt
ljkof{;L :jefjnfO{ a'em\g] dfq geO{ To;nfO{ ;'Gb/ zAbsf dfWodaf6 ;'Gb/ cfjZos 5 / zf]snfO{ zlQmdf gabnL Tof] ;'vb eljio k|fKt x'“b}g eGg] ;Toaf]w klg
sljtf¿k lbg] sfddf OR5's slt s'zn 5g\ , oL kª\lQmdf x]/f}+ M pgnfO{ 5 / oxL s7f]/ ;Tosf] /fufTds cleJolQm pgn] sljtfdf u/]sf 5g\ .
dgleq ha lk/f] cf“wL rNg yfN5 k'qzf]sdf au]sf] cf“;' krfP/ cljrn /xg ;s] PSsfO;f}+ ztfAbLsf] ;fDojfbL lzz'
dgleq ha lk/x¿sf] e'd/L rNg yfN5 hlGdg] s'/fdf sljsf] ljZjf; cToGt bx|f] 5 / To;nfO{ ju{a}/Lsf s:t} oftgfn]
sdnf / ;''gsf]zLsf] ;'g;fg lsgf/h:t} 8ufpg ;Qm}g . slj l;Gw'nLsL dxfg\ cfdfnfO{ ;Daf]wg ub}{ oxL ljZjf; JoQm
/Qmd'5]n eP/ ÷ha ltgsf] dg PSn} ?g yfN5 ul//x]sf 5g\ .
lk|o rGb|flul/ ∕ OR5'ssf sljtfdf qmflGtsf/L ljrf/sf] j[QfGQ hlt cf]hk"0f{ 5, cg'e"lt / efjgfsf]
elglbg" ltgnfO{
t/ntf / ;+j]bgzLntf klg TolQs} cfx\nfbs 5 . clg efjgf / ;+j]bgfdf pgL hlt
P ∕ l;Gw'nLsL dxfg\ cfdf
ltdL /f]P sdnf / ;'gsf]zL ?G5g\ sf]dn–t/n 5g\, sljtfsf zAbdf klg pgL TolQs} t/n–sf]dn 5g\ . o;f] klg eGg
ltdL /f]P ;fgL e]/L / b/f}+bL ?G5g\ ;lsG5 OR5'ssf sljtfdf ;f}Gbo{d"Nosf] lgdf{0f j:t'-oyfy{_ tyf cfTd-efjkIf_sf
c?0f ?G5÷tdf]/ ?G5 ;+Zn]if0faf6 lgld{t cGtj{:t' / ;''Gb/ zAb-¿k_sf] åGåfTds ;DaGwaf6 ePsf] 5 .
ltdL /f]P hnhnf / kmfk/r'nL ?G5g\ cGtj{:t' / ¿ksf] o; ;DaGwdf OR5'ssf] ;r]ttf cfkm\gf ;dsfnLg sljx¿sf bf“hfdf
To;}n] g?g" ltdL === lgs} k|v/ k|sf/sf] /x]sf] 5 . pgL juL{o cg'e"lt / ;+j]bgfsf Sofgef;-kmns_df
hgo'4df tLg–tLg ;Gtfgsf] zxfbt lbPsL l;Gw'nLsL cfdfsf] cfxt dgnfO{ qmflGtsf/L cGtj{:t'nfO{ ;'Gb/ zAbsf /Ëaf6 ;'Gb/ cfs[lt k|bfg ug]{ r]i6f u5{g\ .
rGb|flul/sf dfWodaf6 ;Daf]wg ub}{ sljn] oxf“ qmflGtsd{sf] ;+j]bgf / s7f]/tfsf o;/L sljtfsf zAb / ljrf/ clg ;+j]bgfsf] cljefHo ;DaGw g} slj OR5'ssf] Tof]
ljkof{;L :jefjnfO{ cToGt /fufTds cleJolQm lbPsf 5g\ . ju{a}/Lsf cufl8 ljlzi6 zlQm / k|flKt aGg k'u]sf] 5 h;n] pgnfO{ g]kfnL k|ultjfbL sljtfsf
k'qzf]sdf ?g' zxLbk'qsf] ckdfg xf] / cfkm"nfO{ clg qmflGtnfO{ sdhf]/ b]vfpg' xf] . lzv/:yfgdf :yflkt u/fPsf] 5 . To;}n] lg:;Gb]x eGg ;lsG5– OR5'ssf] cf:yf s]jn
o:tf] wf/0ff /fVg] slj OR5's l;Gw'nLsL tL dxfg\ cfdfnfO{ rGb|flul/dfkm{t\ km]l/ o:tf] qmflGt / ;fDojfbk|lt 5}g, Pshgf sljsf ¿kdf pgsf] cf:yf ;'Gb/ sljtfk|lt klg
;Gb]z k7fp“5g\ M TolQs} 5 . pgL sljtfdf gf/f nfp“b}gg\ . t/ gf/fsf] ;f/ pgsf sljtfdf ;'Gb/
ltdL ;ÍNkdf d'7Lx¿ s;]/ zAbsf dfWodaf6 JoQm x'G5 / To;n] ;+j]bgfsf] sdnf] :kz{ k|fKt u5{ . gf/f cyjf
ltd|f] d'6'nfO{ s7f]/ kfl/b]pm dfq ljrf/ / sljtfaLrsf] leGgtf ;dfKt x'G5 / ltgsf aLr cå}t l:ylt sfod x'G5,h:t} M
ztfAbLsf] clGtd ;"o{u|x0f h:t} d}n] d]/f] dxfg\ /fi6«nfO{ d'6'df /fv]/
b]zsf] sfnf] b'ef{Uo efU5 dgv'zL lhGbfjfb eGg lsg gkfpg" <
P, l;Gw'nLsL dxfg\ cfdf ∕ d}n] d]/f] /fi6«sf s'nËf/x¿sf lj?4
ltdL cljrn / w}o{zLn algb]pm dfq d'6\7L p7fP/ d"bf{jfb ∕ eGg lsg gkfpg" <
PSsfO;f}+ ztfAbLsf] gof“ lzz' n's]/ d]/f] b]zsf] 5ftLdf tL/ rnfpg]
b]zsf] gjLg eljio af]s]/ P, d]/} b]zsf l;v08Lx¿ xf]
ltd|} sfvdf n'6k'l6g cfp“5 . ltd|f] kfv08Lkgsf lj?4
-aGbL / rGb|flul/, k[= $*_ d}n] ltdLnfO{ 3[0ffn] lwSsfg{ lsg gkfpg" <

11 12
 === === === === of] ;do pQ/cfw'lgstfsf] ;do xf] h;sf] ;flxlTos–;f+:s[lts cleJolQm
d]/f] dxfg\ b]zsf] tfhf dfglrqaf6 ljlgdf{0f÷ljk7g–jfbL snfsf dfWodaf6 eO/x]sf] 5 . of] pQ/cfw'lgstf jf
cfh lnlDkofw'/f x/fPh:t} ljlgdf{0fsf] o'u eÌ' cfbz{lj36gsf] o'u xf] . jt{dfgdf ;flxTosnfsf] rrf{ ug]{ w]/}h;f]
d]/f] /fli6«otf x/fp“b} uPsf] o; 38Ldf ;dLIfsb]lv ;h{s–kf7s;Ddn] pko{'Qm lsl;dsf] dfGotfnfO{ 7Ls 7fGb5g\ / ;+;f/s}
d s;/L ;S5' c/fli6«o eP/ af“Rg
d]/f] b]zsf] Uff}/jufyfaf6 ;dsfnLg ;flxTonfO{ To; b[li6n] x]g]{ k|of; ub{5g\ . o;f] x'g'sf k5fl8 c¿ s'/fsf
:jfledfg pl5l§“b} uPsf] o; 38Ldf cltl/Qm ;"rgf ;fd|fHosf] klg dxŒjk"0f{ e"ldsf /x“b} cfPsf] 5 .
ckdfgsf] tLtf] 3'6\sf lkp“b} cfw'lgstf jf pQ/cfw'lgstfjfbL snfdfGotf jf cfGbf]ngsf] ljsf;sf k5fl8
d s;/L ;S5' cl:tTj u'dfP/ af“Rg <
jf:tjdf ;Í6u|:t k'“hLJffb cyjf ;fd|fHojfbsf] cl:tTj/IffTds ;f+:s[lts k|of;
-aGbL / rGb|flul/, k[= &–*_
lglxt /lxcfPsf] 5 . cfw'lgstfjfbsf tLg k|d'v bfz{lgs kLl7sf – cl:tTjjfb,
o;/L ljrf/n] OR5'ssf sljtfdf k|fKt u/]sf] ;'Gb/ zAb / ;+j]bgfsf] ld7f] Jojxf/jfb / k|mfo8jfbnfO{ dfS;{jfbL ;f}Gbo{lrGts r}tGo-@)%! M #_n] …;fd|fHojfbL
;fxro{af6 lgdf{0f x'G5 Pp6f cf]hk"0f{ Pj+ pbfQ dxfVofgsf] h;df e|d xf]Og oyfy{, lrGtg Pj+ ;+:s[ltsf ;zQm xltof/Ú egL pNn]v u/]sf 5g\ . ;dfhaf6 k[ys\ /fv]/
z"Gotf xf]Og lj/f6\ d"t{tf, cgf:yf xf]Og tLj| cf:yf, zAbsf] v]n / h~hfn xf]Og ;dfhljR5]lbt JolQmsf] j}olQms dxQf, cl:tTj / cg'e"ltnfO{ k|fyldstf lbg' o;
cy{jQf / ;Ddf]xstf kfOG5 . oL s'/f OR5'ssf / k|ultjfbL sljtfsf cfkm\gf k|flKt cfw'lgstfjfbsf] j}lzi6\o xf] / Tof] klZrdL cfw'lgstfjfbsf–k|m]Gr cl:tTjjfb–z"Gojfb,
x'g\ h;sf] af]w / cf:jfbg pQ/cfw'lgs r]tgfn] ug'{ ;Dej 5}g . hLjgnfO{ k|]d ug]{
cª\u|]hL ¿kjfb tyf cd]l/sL gof“ ;dLIff–tLg} d"n ;+:s/0fx¿df pknaw /x]sf] 5 .
/ ;Dk"0f{ vfn] pTkL8gsf] cGTosf] rfxgf /fVg] r]tgfn] dfq OR5'ssf sljtfsf]
;f}Gbo{af]w ;Dej 5 . OR5'ssf sljtf cyf{t\ qmflGtsf] pbfQ dxfVofg o; o'usf / ;dfhdf JolQmsf] ;lqmo / cy{k"0f{ e"ldsf Pj+ JolQm kof{j/0faLrsf] åGåfTds
s'g} klg o'usf ;Dk"0f{ pTkL8sx¿sf lj?4 Pp6f c:q xf]– cf:yfsf] c:q, ljZjf;sf] ;DaGwnfO{ lgif]w ub}{ ljsl;t ePsf] cfw'lgstfjfbL lrGtgn] z}nLsf If]qdf NofPsf]
c:q, lgZrntf / k|lta4tfsf] c:q clg ;'Gb/ zAbsf] c:q . sljtfsf] of] c:q gjLgtfs} dfWodaf6 ;fd|fHojfbL ;Í6sf] ;f/nfO{ ;f+:s[lts k|lt/Iff k|bfg ug]{ k|of;
cljlht 5 . u/]sf] xf] . t/ ;fd|fHojfbsf] :yflkt ;+/rgf / pTkL8gsf :yflkt tf}/tl/sfx¿ ;j{xf/f
;ª\3if{ / /fli6«o :jfwLgtf cfGbf]ngsf sf/0f sdhf]/ aGb} To;n] gof“ ;Í6 a]xf]g{ /
cg'ej ug{ afWo x'g yfn]kl5 To;nfO{ cGo If]qdf em}“ ;f+:s[lts If]qdf klg k|lt/Iff /
;+/If0fsf] cfjZostf kb}{ uof] . jf:tjdf ;fd|fHojfbsf] -ljz]iftM låtLo ljZjo'4f]Q/
sfndf_ ToxL ;Í6 6fg{ To;sf] /Iffsjrsf ¿kdf cfw'lgstfjfbkl5
pQ/cfw'lgstfjfbsf] ljsf; ePsf] xf] / of] cfh ;f+:s[lts ;fd|fHojfbsf]
ljrf/wf/fTds cleJolQm ag]/ b]vf kl//x]sf] 5-r}tGo, @)%* M #@_ . olt x'“bfx'“b} klg
pQ/cfw'lgstfsf] kl/k|]Io / ;dsfnLg of] ;fd|fHojfbsf] ;Í6df]rgeGbf To;sf] cfGtl/s ;Í6sf] cleJo~hs g} Hofbf x'g
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sljtfsf] lbzfaf]w snflj/f]wL, ;dfhlj/f]wL, n]vslj/f]wL / dfgjå]ifL /x]sf] 5 . cfkm\gf] s[lt b 8]y ckm b
cy/-;g\ !(^*_df /f]nf“ afy{n] u/]sf] n]vssf] d[To'sf] 3f]if0ffb]lv hLjgnfO{ nLnf / e|d
!= cfd'v 7fGb} /rgfdf ljk7g jf ljv08g dfq 7fÌ] 8]l/8fsf] ljv08g÷ljlgdf{0f–jfb;Dd

13 14
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7"nf] c/fhstf;d]t lgDTofPsf] 5 . j:t'tM ¿kjfbs} r/d ljsf;sf ¿kdf b]vfk/]sf]
pQ/cfw'lgstfjfbn] ¿kjfbnfO{ g} gª\Uofpg] sfd ;d]t u/]sf] 5 . Clif/fh a/fn
-@)%@ M ^(_ eG5g\ M æpQ/cfw'lgstfjfbL ;flxTon] l;h{gf u/]sf] ;Í6u|:ttfn]
kfZrfTo ¿kjfbLx¿sf] hdftnfO{ v}nfa}nfsf l:yltdf k'¥ofpg' :jfefljs} lyof] .
¿kjfbsf] e|dnfO{ 9fs5f]k ug{ ca pgLx¿l;t s'g} e|d jf kbf{ /x]g . To;}n]
cf/Deb]lv g} o;sf lj?4 :jo+ ¿kjfbLx¿ b]vfk/] .
o; ;Gbe{df ljlgdf{0fjfbLx¿sf lj?4 dfS;{jfbLx¿ Dffq geO{ ;dfhzf:qLx¿,
oyfy{jfbLx¿, dfgjtfjfbLx¿ / :jo+ ;+/rgfjfbLx¿ ;d]tn] o;nfO{ …;flxTosf]
xTof/fÚ, …Oltxf;lj/f]wLÚ, …caf}l4sÚ, …c;flxlTosÚ / …c/fhstfjfbLÚ ;+1f lbPsf] ;Gbe{
klg oxf“ pNn]vgLo 5-a/fn, @)%@ M ^(_ . o;/L ;fd|fHojfbn] cfkm\gf] ;Í6sf]
;f+:s[lts k|lt/Iffsf lgldQ pQ/cfw'lgstfjfbL ;f+:s[lts lrGtgnfO{ k|>o lbP klg
of] cfkm\g} pu| snflj/f]wL c/fhstfjfbL :jefjsf sf/0f ;j{q cfnf]Ro dfq ag]g,
o;n] cGttM ;fd|fHojfbs} ;Í6 / k'“hLjfbL snflrGtgsf] x|f;f]Gd'v l:yltnfO{ Bf]ltt
ug{ k'Uof] . o; kl/k|]Iodf o;sf] ljZjJofkL ¿kd} h]–h:tf] xNnLvNnL b]lvP klg
oyfy{sf] csf]{ ;an kf6f] s] klg 5 eg] ljZjs} ;dfhjfbL oyfy{jfbL snfcfGbf]ng
pQ/cfw'lgstfsf ;dfgfGt/df To;sf snflj/f]wL lrGtg / l;h{gfsf lj?4 ;lqmo
/x]sf] 5 / ;+;f/s} d'lQmsfdL hgtfn] rnfO/x]sf] ju{;ª\3if{ / :jfwLgtf ;ª\3if{af6
;Dan k|fKt u/]/ o;n] pbfQ–;''Gb/ Pj+ ;f]2]Zo–;fy{s snf–l;h{gfsf] cleofgnfO{
tLj| agfO/x]sf] 5 .
cfhsf] ;dfhjfbL oyfy{jfbL ;flxTo ju{;ª\3if{sf Oltxf;sf hudf plePsf] 5
t/ o;df cfhsf ;Gbe{x¿, cfhsf cg'e"ltx¿ 5g\ . o;sf] hLjgaf]w jt{dfgsf]
ljZj ;j{xf/f ju{sf] ;ª\3if{ tyf ljZjsf pTkLl8t hgtfn] Gofo / ;dfgtf Pj+ ;du|
dfgjd'lQmsf nflu rnfO/x]sf] ;ª\3if{df cfwfl/t 5 / To;åf/f pb\a'4 5 . g]kfnL
sljtfsf ;Gbe{df klg oxL l:ylt /x]sf] 5 / o;} sf]0faf6 ;dsfnLg g]kfnL sljtfsf]
lbzfaf]wnfO{ klxNofpg ;lsG5 .
@= ;dsfnLg g]kfnL sljtfsf] lbzfaf]waf/] ljleGg cjwf/0ff
15
cfw'lgsf]Q/ jf ;dsfnLg g]kfnL sljtfsf] jt{dfg lbzf s] xf] < o; k|Zgaf/]
;dfgfGt/ wf/fsf ;flxTosf/–;dLIfsx¿n] lxhf]cfh rrf{ ug]{ u/]sf] kfOG5 .
;dfnf]rs df]xg/fh zdf{-@)%& M !^)_ eG5g\ M æcfw'lgs g]kfnL sljtfn] ca 9lNsg]
lbzf pQ/ cfw'lgstf g} xf] . pQ/cfw'lgstfnfO{ cfw'lgstfaf6 ljR5]b klg dflgG5 /
cfw'lgstfs} cu|ult klg dflgG5 Æ. o;f] elg;s]kl5 pgL jt{dfgsf] g]kfnL sljtfn]
pQ/cfw'lgstfnfO{ u|x0f ug{sf nflu s]xL k|j[lQx¿ cfTd;ft\ ug'{kg]{ ;'emfj k|:t't ub}{
^ j6f a'“bfdf tL k|j[lQx¿sf] pNn]v u5{g\ . pgsf] ;'emfjcg';f/ PsTjjfbsf ;§f
ax'TjjfbL wf/0ffnfO{ u|x0f ug'{, ;To zfZjt x'G5 eÌ] wf/0ffnfO{ km]g'{, hLjg, ;dfh /
;+:s[ltdf l:y/tf / lgZrofTdstf xf]Og, cl:y/tf / clgZrofTdstfsf] vf]hL ug'{,
snf;flxTosf ljwfx¿sf] ljlgdf{0f ug'{-cyf{t\ ltgsf df}lns ¿knfO{ eTsfpg'_,
On]S6«f]lgs oyfy{sf dfWodaf6 dfgjLo l:ylt / lgoltsf] cleJolQm ug'{, sljtfn]
ax':t/Lo cy{ JoQm ug'{ g]kfnL ;dsfnLg sljtfsf nflu cfjZos 5g\ -k[= !^)_ .
zdf{sf oL ljrf/x¿af6 s] a'lemG5 eg] pgn] xfn;Ddsf] g]kfnL sljtf-vf;u/L %)sf]
bzs <_nfO{ pQ/cf'wlgs dflgxfn]sf 5}gg\, a? capk|fGt o;n] ;dfTg] lbzfrflx“ c¿
geP/ pQ/cfw'lgstf g} xf] eGg] lgZrofTds wf/0ff pgL JoQm ub{5g\ . x'g t o;f]
eGbf g} ;dsfnLg sljtfdf pQ/cfw'lgstfsf ;Í]t pknAw /x]sf] s'/fdf zdf{ ljZj:t
/x]sf] a'em\grflx“ ;lsG5 . s]xL ;Í]tsf ¿kdf pknAw /x]s f To:tf pQ/cfw'lgs
k|j[lQx¿nfO{ cfwf/ agfP/} zdf{n] ca ;Tosf] e|dk"0f{ cleJolQm ub}{ g]fknL sljtfn]
ljk7gsf] af6f] eP/ pQ/cfw'lgstfsf] lbzf c“ufNg'kg]{ wf/0ff JoQm ug{ vf]h]sf]
a'lemG5 .
;dfnf]rs s[i0f uf}td eg] df]xg/fh zdf{eGbf cl3 a9]/ ;dsfnLg g]kfnL
sljtfdf ljk7g÷ljlgdf{0fjfbL k|j[lQ k|s6 /x]sf] wf/0ff k|:t't u5{g\ . o:tf] wf/0ff
k|:t't ubf{ pgn] cd]l/sL cfnf]rs ≈of/f]N8 An'd-;g\ !(#)_ sf dfGotfx¿sf] ;xof]u
lnPsf] b]lvG5 . k|mfo8Lo dgf]ljZn]if0fsf dfGotfx¿nfO{ ld;fp“b} An'dn] cfkm\gf]
;dfnf]rgf l;4fGtsf] lgdf{0f u/]sf x'g\ / To;sf/0f pgL dgf]cfnf]rss} >]0fLdf kb{5g\
t/ klg s[ltleqsf] kf7nfO{ dgf]ljZn]if0fsf cfnf]sdf ljk7g-ld;l/l8Ë_ / cGtkf{7-
OG6/6]S:6_ sf cfwf/df x]g]{ x'gfn] pgsf] gfp“ ljlgdf{0fjfb;“u uf“l;Psf] s'/f atfp“b}
uf}tdn] pgsf] ;dLIffl;4fGtsf cfwf/df ;dsfnLg g]kfnL sljtfsf]
ljk7g÷ljlgdf{0fjfbL :j¿ksf] rrf{ u/]sf 5g\ . An'dsf] dgf]j}Zn]lifs ljk7gl;4fGtsf]
16
kl/ro lb+b} uf}td-@)%^ M !($_ eG5g\ M æuf]a4{g kxf8em}“ cfkm"dfly pl7/x]sf]
ctLtsf]] ;flxlTos ef/af6 d'Qm x'g sljx¿ h'g …6]lSgsÚ ckgfp“5g\ To;nfO{ An'dn]
ljk7gsf] gfdn] ;DemfPsf 5g\ Æ. An'd]nL ljk7gnfO{ lrgfp“b} uf}td cufl8 eG5g\ M
æAn'dsf] cjwf/0ff s] 5 eg] r]nfx¿ u'?sf] ljk7g / ckJofVof-ld; OG6/lk|6];g_
o;/L u5{g\ h;af6 pgLx¿nfO{ Toxf“ 6]Sg] 7fp“ ldNb5 / ToxL“ pleP/ kl5sf tL
sljx¿ cfkm\gf] l;h{gf ub{5g\ -k[= !($_ .
An'd]nL dfGotfsf] lgrf]8 s] xf] eg] sljtfsf If]qdf k|To]s cg'hslj, 5f]/fslj jf
gjk':tfsf] slj cfkm\gf] cu|h, afa' jf k'/fgf] k':tfsf] sljk|lt Oiof{n', ljb|f]xL / lx+;fn'
k|s[ltsf] x'G5 . o;nfO{ pgL Ol8k; u|lGyåf/f pTkÌ 3[0ff eG5g\ / pgsf ljrf/df
oxL Ol8k; 3[0ffsf sf/0f k|To]s gjslj, cg'hslj jf 5f]/fslj cl3Nnf] k':tfk|lt
ljb|f]xL x'G5 / ljb|f]xLdfq x'“b}g, pm cu|h jf afa'sljsf /rgfsf] k"j{kf7sf] ckJofVof
ub}{ To;nfO{ gof“ z}nLdf k|:t't u5{ . An'dsf ljrf/df oxL ljk7g xf] / oxL ljk7g
g} gjk':tfsf sljsf] df}lnstfsf] cfwf/ klg xf] . oBlk An'dsf o; k|sf/sf dfGotfn]
8]l/8fsf] ljv08gsf] k"0f{ k|ltlglwTj ub}{gg\ t/ h'g;'s} sf/0fn] eP klg s[ltsf]
kf7nfO{ pgn] ljk7g g} dfg]sf x'gfn] pQ/cfw'lgstfjfbL ljlgdf{0fjfbL ;flxlTos
dfGotfsf ;Gbe{df pgsf] pNn]v / rrf{ :jfefljs x'g uPsf] xf] . 7Ls o;}
kl/k|]Iodf ;dfnf]rs uf}tdn] An'dsf] cf8 lnP/ ;dsfnLg g]kfnL sljtfdf ljk7gsf]
pkl:ylt / k|of]usf] rrf{ u/]sf x'g\ . cfkm\gf] n]vdf uf}td-@)%^ M !($–!(%_n]
;dsfnLg slj lbg]z clwsf/Lsf …dg M k|TofudgÚ, …zx/Ú h:tf sljtfnfO{ qmdzM
b]jsf]6fsf] …afnssfnÚ / dfx]g sf]O/fnfsf] …sf6'{gsf] zx/Úsf] ljk7gsf ¿kdf JofVof
u/]sf 5g\ . o;} u/L Zofdnsf] …/fOkmnDofg sLlt{axfb'/ÚnfO{ If]qk|tfk clwsf/Lsf]
…ca s] s] aÌ] xf] wgaxfb'/Úsf] ljk7g atfp“b} lbg]z clwsf/Ls} …6fOlk:6Ú / …gof“
3fd gof“ kfOnfÚ h:tf sljtfnfO{ qmdzM j}/fuL sfO“nfsf] …ljjflxt Sna o'jtLsf]
8fo/L M cGo k'?ifdfÚ / O{Zj/ jNnesf] …aGb s'lx/f]df gfgLsf] kfOnfÚ h:tf sljtfsf]
ljk7gsf ¿kdf k|:t't u/]sf 5g\ .
uf}tdsf] o; lsl;dsf] JofVofn] Pp6f /dfOnf] l:ylt s] l;h{gf u/]sf] 5 eg]
;dsfnLg g]kfnL sljtfdf ljk7g} ljk7gsf] l:ylt b]Vg ;lsg] ePsf] 5 / Toltdfq}
geO{ To;cl3s} sljtfdf klg cem cl3sf sljsf sljtfsf] cGtkf{7 jf ljk7g kfOg]
s'/fnfO{ ;}4flGts :t/ k|bfg ug{] k|of; u/]sf] 5 . hxf“;Dd kl5Nnf] -gof“_ k':tfsf
17
sljdf cl3Nnf] k':tfsf sljsf sljtfsf] kf7ut k|efjsf] s'/f 5, Tof] :jfefljs 5 .
uf]kfnk|;fb l/dfnsf sljtfsf] kf7ut k|efj / k'g/fj[lQ qmflGtsf/L wf/fsf kl5NNff y'k|}
sljsf sljtfdf kfOG5 . e"kL z]/rgsf ;Gbe{df klg oxL s'/f b]Vg ;lsG5 .
;dsfnLg cjlwsf rlr{t slj k"0f{ lj/fdsf sljtfsf] kf7ut k|efj t k|ultjfbL
wf/fsf y'k|} cg'hsljx¿df b]Vg ;lsG5 . t/ o;f] eg]/ jt{dfg k|ultjfbL sljtfnfO{
ljk7g÷ljlgdf{0fjfbL sljtf eÌ' o'lQm;Ët x'G5 / < uf}tdn] ;Gbe{ lbPem}“ An'd]nL
dfGotfsf cfwf/df k|To]s cg'h÷ gjk':tfsf sljdf cu|hk|lt Ol8k; 3[0ff g} x'G5 /
ToxL p;sf] l;h{gfsf] sf/s x'G5 eÌ] s'/fnfO{ oyfy{jfbL wf/0ff dfÌ ;lsÌ . An'dn]
eg]em}“ k|To]s gjk':tfsf slj–;h{sdf cl3Nnf] k':tfsf cu|h slj;h{sk|lt
Oiof{n'÷lx+;fTds efj x'G5 eÌ' oyfy{;Ddt 7xl/Gg . lgZro klg oxf“ k|Zg p7\5 – gj
k':tfsf slj–;h{sdf cl3NNff] k':tfsf ;h{ssf]] k|efj lsg k5{ / To; k|efjnfO{ s] eÌ]
< dfS;{jfbL bz{gdf o; k|Zgsf] pQ/ 1fg–l;4fGtsf] k|lqmof;“u uf“;]/ x]/]kl5 k|fKt ug{
;lsG5 .
s'g} klg n]vs z"Godf hlGd“b}g, g pm z"God} l;h{gf u5{ . p;sf] n]vg ;fdflhs
pTkfbg–k|lqmofs} Pp6f ¿k jf cË xf] . 1fg klg ;fdflhs pTkfbg–k|lqmof jf
pTkfbg–;ª\3if{s} pkh jf k|flKt xf] . n]vg jf l;h{gf, 1fg jf r]tgf ljrf/wf/fs} ¿k
x'g\ . tL ljrf/ cflv/ sxf“af6 cfp“5g\ t < oxL dxŒjk"0f{ k|Zg xf] / o; k|Zgsf] pQ/
lb+b} dfcf] eG5g\ M æ;xL ljrf/ cflv/ sxf“af6 cfp“5g\ < s] tL cfsfzsaf6 6lKsG5g\
< xf]Og . s] tL xfd|f lbdfudf :jfefljs ¿kn] k}bf x'G5g\ < xf]Og . tL ;fdflhs
Jojxf/af6 / s]jn ;fdflhs Jojxf/af6 k}bf x'G5g\ . tL tLg lsl;dsf ;fdflhs
Jojxf/af6 k}bf x'G5g\ – pTkfbg–;ª\3if{, ju{;ª\3if{ / j}1flgs k|of]u . ;fdflhs
cl:tTjn] g} p;sf ljrf/sf] lgdf{0f / lgwf{/0f u5{Æ. o; egfOsf ;Gbe{df x]bf{ k"j{jtL{
-k"j{ k':tfsf]_ l;h{gf cg'h jf gjk':tfsf nflu ;fdflhs cl:tTj x'g hfG5 / Tof]
:jo+df pTkfbg–;ª\3if{sf] kl/0flt klg 7xl/G5 . 7Ls oxL k"j{jtL{ pTkfbg–;ª\3if{ /
To;sf] kl/0flt:j¿ksf] snf-pTkfbg_af6 kl5Nnf] k':tfsf] ;h{sn] -cGtj{:t' / ¿k b'j}
txdf_ 1fg / cg'ej k|fKt u5{ / ;fdflhs cfjZostf tyf cfkm\gf df}lnstfcg';f/
To;sf] k'gp{Tkfbg u5{ . o:tf] k'g?Tkfbgdf cg'h ;h{sleq cu|h ;h{sk|ltsf]
lx+;fTds efjgfn] sfd u5{ eÌ] xf]Og . snfl;h{gf Psk|sf/sf] pTkfbg–;ª\3if{ xf] /
To; ;ª\3if{df ;fd]n eP/ k"j{jtL{ / cfkm\g} ;kmntf–c;kmntfaf6 l;Sb} pm ;d[4
18
cg'ej k|fKt u5{ cyjf egf}+ cg'ejnfO{ ;d[4 kfb}{ hfG5 . h;/L dfG5] :jo+ ;fdflhs
>dsf] pkh xf] / To;sf/0f p;df ;fdflhs u'0fx¿ kfOG5g\, To;/L g} snfTds
l;h{gf klg ;fdflhs >ds} pkh ePsfn] To;df k"j{jtL{ snfl;h{gfsf-;fdflhs_
u'0fx¿ kfOg' :jfefljs x'G5 . 1fgfh{gsf] åGåfTds ef}ltsjfbL dfGotfcg';f/
;fdflhs j:t' jf Jojxf/-k"j{jtL{ snf¿k_af6 gjk':tfsf] n]vsn] 1fg / cg'ej k|fKt
ul/;s]kl5 pm To; k|fKt 1fg / ;LknfO{ k'gM Jojxf/-cfkm\gf] snfTds l;h{gf_tkm{
n}hfG5 . of] k|lqmof eg]sf] 1fgk|flKtsf ;Gbe{df j:t'af6 ljrf/ / ljrf/af6 k'gM j:t'
jf cl:tTjtkm{ kmls{g] k|lqmof xf] . o; k|lqmofcGtu{t ;h{s cfkm"n] cflh{t jf k|fKt
u/]sf] 1fg / ;Lksf] Jofjxfl/s k|of]u u5{ / To;sf] ;kmntf–;Ldfsf] cfsng klg
u5{ . o;/L Jojxf/af6 1fg jf r]tgfsf] k|flKt tyf k'gM r]tgfaf6 Jojxf/tkm{ hfg]
of] k|lqmof af/Daf/ bf]xf]¥ofpg] sfo{af6} gj1fgsf] k|flKt x'G5 . o;/L k|fKt gj1fg
;fdflhs pTkfbgs} Pp6f ¿k x'g] x'gfn] Tof] g t ;dfhlg/k]If x'G5 g t k"j{
k/Dk/fsf ;Gbe{df lg/k]If–gjLg g} x'G5 . j:t'tM 1fgk|flKtsf] oxL j}1flgs ljlw xf] .
;+1fg–l;4fGtsf] of] j}1flgs ljlwsf cfwf/df x]bf{ gjk':tfsf ;h{sdf cu|h
k':tfk|ltsf] ljb|f]xL efjgf jf Ol8k;–3[0ffsf sf/0f ltgsf /rgfdf k"j{kf7sf] ljkf7
kfOg] xf]Og, clkt' ;fdflhs pTkfbgsf >[ª\vnfdf ;xefuL eP/ 1fg, ;Lk / cg'ej -
;du|tM r]tgf_ k|fKt ug]{ ;xh k|lqmofs} kl/0flt:j¿k ltgdf k"j{jtL{ snf–¿ksf]
:jfefljs emNsf], k|ltR5fof, k|efj jf leÌ gof“ z}nLdf kf7ut k'g/fj[lQ;d]t klg
kfOG5 . To;}n] gjk':tfsf ;Dk"0f{ /rgfdf ;fj{ef}d ¿kn] ljk7gsf] l:ylt b]Vg' /
cg'h k':tfdf cu|h k':tfk|lt Ol8k; 3[0ff /xg] lgisif{ lgsfNg' j}1flgs 7xl/+b} g .
s;}n] ;r]t 9Ën] ljk7gjfbL l;4fGtsf cfwf/df s'g} k"j{ s[ltsf] ljk7g u/]sf] x'g
;Qm5 h:tf] ls OGb|axfb'/ /fO{n] …s7k'tnLsf] dgÚdf ;fof]lht Pj+ ;f]2]Zod"ns 9Ën]
To;f] u/]sf 5g\ . t/ cfd /rgfsf ;Gbe{Dff To:tf] lgisif{nfO{ ;fdfGoLs[t ug'{ 7Ls
x'“b}g . ljk7g÷ljlgdf{0fjfbL /rgfsf] d"n dd{ jf To;sf] d"ne"t kIf cGtj{:t'sf
txdf To;n] k|:t't ug]{ e|dk"0f{ cy{ jf cy{sf] /x:odotf-h;nfO{
pQ/cfwlgstfjfbLx¿ ax'cy{stf klg eÌ ?rfp“5g\_ xf] h;n] j:t'tfsf] jf
j:t';Tosf] lgif]w u5{ . dfly df]xg/fh zdf{n] klg pQ/cfw'lgstfsf j}lzi6\ox¿sf]
;Í]t ug]{ qmddf ;To / oyfy{sf af/]df o:t} ;Í]t u/]sf 5g\ . ;To zfZjt x'“b}g eÌ]
gfp“df ;fk]If ;Tosf] ;d]t lgif]w ug'{ / ;fk]If ¿kn] 7xl/g] ;To jf oyfy{sf] e|dk"0f{
cleJolQm ub}{ z"Gosf] :yfkgf ug{ vf]Hg' g} ljk7g÷ljlgdf{0fjfbsf] d"n p2]Zo tyf
19
klxrfg;d]t xf] . o;/L x]bf{ An'd]nL dfGotfsf cfwf/df ljk7gjfbL 7xl/g] ;a}
s[ltx¿df pko'{Qm k|sf/s} l:ylt gkfOg' lgtfGt :jfefljs 5 . pbfx/0ffy{ uf}tdåf/f
rrf{ ul/Psf lbg]z clwsf/Lsf sljtfx¿sf] kf7ut p2]Zo ;Tosf] e|dk"0f{ cleJolQm
xf]Og . oBlk lbg]zsf sltko sljtfdf lg/fzfaf]w, s'07f / cljZjf;sf ;Gbe{x¿ klg
kfOG5g\ t/ s] s'/f ;f“rf] xf] eg] ;dsfnLg ;dfgfGt/ wf/fsf sljx¿dWo] lbg]z
clwsf/Lsf sljtfdf cfnf]rgfTds oyfy{jfbL :j/ ck]Iffs[t k|v/ 5 / s'¿k
oyfl:yltk|lt lgs} dfqfdf pgn] Joª\Uo tyf cfnf]rgf k|s6 u/]sf 5g\ . uf}tdsf]
;dLIFfdf plNnlvt sljtfd} klg Tof] l:ylt 5 eg] pgsf cGo sljtfdf klg o:tf]
l:ylt kfOG5 . cem, …OGb|hfqfÚ sfJodf t P]ltxfl;s ef}ltsjfbL r]t;d]t lgs} dfqfdf
k|s6 ePsf] 5 . To;f] t …OGb|hfqfÚd} klg ljk7g vf]Hg] xf] eg] s'g} g s'g} ¿kdf
kfOPnf g} . o;af6 lg:sg] lgisif{ s] xf] eg] s[ltsf] cGtj{:t'sf] ljZn]if0f gu/L /
To;n] k|ltlalDat ug]{ oyfy{sf] :j¿knfO{ gx]/L s]jn To;sf] k"j{jtL{ -k"j{k':tf_sf]
/rgf;“usf] s'g} k|sf/sf] ;DaGwsf cfwf/df To;nfO{ ljk7gsf] ;+1f lbg' plrt 7xl/+b}g
. ;dsfnLg sljtfsf] lbzfaf/] rrf{ ug]{ qmddf tf/fgfy zdf{sf ljrf/ klg Wofg
lbgof]Uo 5g\ . oBlk k|ultjfbL sljtfaf/] pgsf k"jf{u|x / em'l;nf ljrf/ klg cfkm\gf
7fp“df 5“b}5g\ tyflk ;du| ;dsfnLg g]kfnL sljtfaf/]sf] pgsf] egfO oxf“ pNn]Vo 5
. pgL eG5g\ M æbfz{lgs x'g] nf]edf b'?x x'g', k|of]ujfbL x'g] nf]edf zAbf8Da/sf] hfnf]
a'Ì' tyf ljs[lt, lj;Ëlt / Jofdf]xsf df]xgLdf km;]/ nf6fa'Ëf x'g' lxhf]sf] g]kfnL
sljtfsf b'R5/ /f]u lyP, cfh t ;/ntf, ultdotf, kf/blz{tf, ;fdflhs pTyfgsf] r]t
/ ljZjJofkstf g]kfnL sljtfsf u'0f ePsf 5g\ Æ. pgL cufl8 eG5g\ M æ;To–c;Tosf]
clj/n ;ª\3if{{Dff c;Tosf] dfq ljho b]v]/, Gofo / cGofosf] cgGt o'4df cGofosf]
dfq hLt kfP/ tyf Odfg / b'i6tfsf] cys n8fOdf b'i6tfsf] dfq ;kmntf e]6]/ slj–
Xbo ddf{xt 5 . ;'Gb/tfsf] 3f“6L s'¿ktfn] c“7\ofPsf] 5, :g]xnfO{ 3[0ffn] k5f/]sf] 5,
j}dg:on] anfTsf/ u/]sf] 5 / Oiof{n] v/fgL agfPsf] 5 . To;}n] cfhsf t?0f sljx¿
ljb|f]xfTds, ljKnjL / cfqmf]zo'Qm efiffsf] k|of]u u5{g\Æ . ;dsfnLg slj / sljtfaf/]
tf/fgfy zdf{sf oL egfOn] sDtLdf ;dsfnLg sljtfsf] lbzf pQ/cfw'lgs geO{
oyfy{jfbL g} xf] eÌ] s'/f :ki6 kfb{5g\ . ;dsfnLg sljtfsf h'g j}lzi6\osf] rrf{
zdf{n] u/]sf 5g\, tL pQ/cfw'lgs k|j[lQsf ;Í]ts xf]Ogg\ . c;To, cGofo, b'i6tf,
s'¿ktf cflbk|lt ljb|f]xL, ljKnjL, cfqmf]zL x'g' / ;'Gb/, ;To / :g]xsf] kIfkf]if0f ug'{
oyfy{jfbL k|j[lQ x'G5 .
20
 efpkGyL-@)%^ M (^–(&_n] ;dsfnLgtfleqsf] k|ultjfbL sljtfdf …jfd cfu|x
jf rfkÚ cg'ej u/]sf] atfP klg ;du| ;dsnLg sljtfsf k|j[lQaf/] s] :jLsfb{5g\
eg] cfhsf] ljZjdf s'g} klg k|sf/n] zf]lift–pTkLl8t / bldt dfgj;d'bfosf] kIf
lnP/ slj jf n]vs :jtGq cleJolQm lbG5 . slj jf n]vs x'g' eg]sf] ;dsfnLg
cj:yfdf dfG5]sf] ;/f]sf/df x/]s df]rf{df n8\g' xf] . o;}u/L ;dsnfLg slj /fhj-
@)%^ M $#_ eG5g\ M æcfhsf jf:tljs ;dsfnLg sljx¿ hLjgsf] k|lta4tf;“u
ljd'v x'g ;Qm}gg\ lsgeg] hLjgd"ns ;ª\3if{sf] bafj cToGt 3gTjk"0f{ 5 . cfkm\gf]
n]vgdf tL ;a} bafjsf] rfkaf6 pDsg ;Qm}gg\ . hf] o; rfkaf6 k[ys\ n]Vg vf]H5,
Tof] ;dsfnLg r]tgfsf] slj x'gaf6 klg jl~rt x'G5Æ . hLjgdf JofKt ;ª\3if{af6
knfog / hLjgk|ltsf] k|lta4tfaf6 ljd'vtfsf] l:ylt g t ;dsfnLgtfleq k5{ g
Tof] oyfy{jfbL g} x'G5 . t/ jt{dfgsf] g]kfnL sljtf ;dsfnLg klg 5 / oyfy{jfbL
klg 5 lsgeg] To;df hLjgk|lt k|lta4tf klg 5 / hLjg–;ª\3if{sf] rfkaf6 ljd'lQm
geO{ To;k|ltsf] ;/f]sf/ / ;+nUgtf 5 .
tf/fgfy zdf{, efpkGyL / /fhjsf pko'{Qm cledtx¿ ;dli6 ;dsfnLg g]kfnL
sljtfaf/] k|s6 ul/Psf x'g\ . oBlk hLjgk|ltsf] k|lta4tf / hLjg–;ª\3if{k|ltsf]
;/f]sf/ ;dsfnLgleqsf] k|ultjfbL sljtfdf g} Hofbf k|v/ / åGåfTds k|sf/sf] 5 .
To;nfO{ tfgf zdf{, efpkGyLk|e[lt n]vsx¿ cfu|xL cf“vfn] x]b{5g\ t/ To;f] eP klg
oyfy{tM k|ultjfbL sljtfsf] ;fdflhs k|lta4tf / ;/f]sf/ ;du| ;dsfnLg sljtfsf]
k|ltlglw ag]/} b]vf kl//x]sf] s'/frflx“ pk]Iff ug{ ;lsg] ljifo xf]Og h;sf] ;Tofkg
tn k|;Ëft ul/Psf] 5 . oxf“ :yflkt ug{ vf]lhPsf] s'/f s] xf] eg] ;dsfnLg g]kfnL
sljtfsf] ;du| lbzfaf]wrflx“ ljk7g÷ljlgdf{0f jf pQ/cfw'lgstf–jfbL xf]Og / Tof]
s'/f dflysf] rrf{af6 lgs} xb;Dd :ki6 ePsf] 5 . ca To;nfO{ yk ;fIosf
dfWodaf6 ;Tofkg ug]{ k|of; ul/g]5 .
#= ;dsfnLg g]kfnL sljtfsf] lbzf M ljljw ;ª\s]t / d"n wf/f
;dsfnLgtfnfO{ olb ;dojfrs ¿kd} lng] xf] eg] o;sf cfotgleq ljleÌ
k|sf/sf g]kfnL sljtfx¿ kg{ cfp“5g\ . of] :jR5GbtfjfbL o'u xf]Og, t/ clxn] klg
:jR5GbtfjfbL sljtf n]lv+b} 5g\ . To:t} k|of]ujfbL sljtfsf] ;do klg of] xf]Og, t/
k|of]ujfbL sljtf n]lvg] qmd k"0f{tM /f]lsPsf] 5}g . ;dsfnLgtfsf cfjlws
21
cfotgleq o:tf k|j[lQsf sljtf k/] klg ;dsfnLgtfsf] o'uLg oyfy{ jf ;dsfnLg
efj;Gbe{sf b[li6n] x]bf{ To:tf sljtf vf; ;dsfnLg r]tgfsf sljtf 7xb}{gg\ . dfly
rrf{ ul/Pem}“ ;dsfnLg r]tgfsf sljtf tLj| / ljz'4 k|of]ur]tgfo'Qm -k|fo]ujfbL_ jf
tLj| ?dfgL efjr]tgfo'Qm-:jR5GbtfjfbL_ b'j} vfn] sljtf xf]Ogg\ . ;dsfnLg sljtfsf
sf]l6df o; ;dosf] dfG5]sf] ef]ufO, p;sf ;ª\3if{x¿ / p;sf kl/j]zx¿k|lt k"0f{
;/f]sf/ /fVg] / To;sf] snfTds cleJo~hgf ug]{ sljtf g} kg{ cfp“5g\ . To:t}
sljtfnfO{ cfwf/ agfP/ ul/g] d"NofÍgn] dfq} ;dsfnLg sljtfsf] lbzfaf]wsf af/]df
7Ls lgisif{df k'Ug ;lsG5 .
dfly elgPem}“ ;dsfnLgtfsf] vf; kl/efiffleq kg{] g]kfnL sljtfnfO{ x]bf{
sltko ;dLIfsn] eg]em}“ xfd|f] ;dsfnLg sljtfdf pQ/cfw'lgstf d"n k|j[lQ / d"n
lbzfsf ¿kdf lelqO;Sof] eÌ ;lsg] cfwf/ cem} alg;s]sf] b]lv+b}g . xf], sltko
sltko sljsf sljtfdf ;+/rgfsf If]qdf ljk7g jf ljlgdf{0fsf] / cGtj{:t'sf txdf
pQ/cfw'lgsjftfbLx¿n] eÌ] u/]em}“ kfvf kfl/Psf -kl/wLo_ ljifo-hftLo–hghftLo,
n}lËs cflb_sf] ax'cyL{ k|:t'lt gkfOg] xf]Og . …sljtfÚ -k"0ff{Í &@, @)%&_ df k|sflzt
s'df/ gu/sf]6Lsf] …l;o:6f M Ps cltl/Qm cg'e"ltÚnfO{ To:t} k|sf/sf] sljtfsf sf]l6df
/fVg ;lsG5 . s]xL ;dootf rrf{df Nofpg vf]lhPsf] /Ë;flxTo-cfGbf]ng <_ leq
;lqmo sljx¿-:juL{o :jlKgn cflb_sf sljtfnfO{ klg pQ/cfw'lgs sljtfsf ¿kdf
k|:t't ug]{ sfd ;dLIfsx¿af6 ePsf 5g\ . oL sljtfsf] ;du| d"NofÍgn] a]Un} n]vsf]
dfu u5{ tyflk Pp6f s'/f s]rflx“ :ki6 5 eg] /Ë;flxTosf ;Gbe{Dff bfjL ul/Psf]
pQ/cfw'lgstf klg ;dsfnLg g]kfnL sljtfsf] d"n wf/ alg;s]sf] 5}g / ;dsfnLg
g]kfnL sljtfsf] d"n wf/n] To;nfO{ :Jffut u/]sf] 5}g . hxf“;Dd df]xg/fh zdf{n]
casf] 9NsfO pQ/cfw'lgstflt/} x'g' cfjZos /x]sf] atfPsf] ;Gbe{ 5, Tof] klg
tTsfnnfO{ lsg ;Dej 5}g eg] xfd|F] jt{dfg lg/ª\s'z ;fdGtjfbL / pbf/ nf]stGqjfbL
ljrf/ / zlQmx¿sf aLr tLj| åGån] JofKt 5 . oltdfq} xf]Og, ;fDojfbL nIoåf/f
pb\a'4 /xL sDtLdf u0ftGqsf] :yfkgflglDt ;~rflnt ;z:q o'4sf] >[ª\vnfn] klg Ps
bzssf] ;dofjlw gfl3;s]sf] 5 / To;n] cBflk lg/Gt/tf kfO g} /x]sf] 5 . ;dli6df
xfd|f] jt{dfg ;a} lsl;dsf bf;tf, lg/ª\s'ztf / pTkL8gaf6 d'lQmsf] rfx;lxt åGå/t
/x]sf] 5 / olta]nf d'lQmsfdL g]kfnL hgtfsf nflu ;To g ax'cyL{ 5 / g e|dk" 0f{ g} 5
. olta]nfsf] ;To bf;tfaf6 d'lQm xf], cfkm\gf] ;Dk|e'tfsf] k|flKt xf] / To;sf nflu
22
lg/ª\s'ztflj?4sf] cfGbf]ngnfO{ pmhf{ lbg' xf] . of] cfTolGts tfTsflnstf xf]Og /
o;f] eg]/ jt{dfgsf] oyfy{nfO{ kG5fpg jf To;sf] pk]Iff ug{ ;lsÌ . o;nfO{ s]jn
df3 !(-@)^!_kl5sf] kl/j]zhGo ;Gbe{sf ¿kdf lng' j:t'ut x'“b}g . j:t'tM lj= ;+=
@)$^ df /fhsLo ;Qfsf] :j¿kdf ePsf] kl/jt{gn] gful/sx¿nfO{ ;f“rf] cy{df
;fj{ef}d agfpg g;s]sf] / ;Qfsf] k'/fgf] juL{o :j¿k sfod} /x]sf] sf/0f / To;sf
k[i7e"lddf ;fdflhs–/fhgLlts cGtlj{/f]w gof“ ¿kdf k|s6 ePsf] xf] / kl5Nnf
;dox¿df ;Qfsf] rl/q cfkm\gf] jf:tljstfdf k|s6 x'“b} hf“bf åGåo'Qm To;
cGtlj{/f]wn] olta]nf tLj| jf pTsif{ ¿k lng k'u]sf] xf] . ;dsfnLgtfsf] olt 7"nf] /
ee{/fp“bf] ;Gbe{af6 sljtf-/ l;ª\uf] ;flxTo;d]t_ d'Qm x'g' / e|flGtdo aGg' ;Dej
5}g . ljB'tLo ;"rgf;fd|fHosf dfWodaf6 pQ/cfw'lgstfjfbL snf Pj+ ;+:s[ltsf
r6sL Pj+ pQ]hs k|:t'ltn] k|efljt t'Nofpg gvf]Hg] xf]Og, To;n] s'g} xb;Dd k|efj
kf/]sf] klg 5, t/ ;dsfnLg sljtfsf] d"n wf/n] To;nfO{ c:jLsf/ ul//x]sf] 5 /
To;;“u klg ljrf/ / l;h{gfsf If]qdf ;ª\3if{ ul//x]sf] 5 .
;fd|fHojfbsf ;"rgf;~hfnsf dfWodaf6 lkm+hfO“b} u/]sf] pQ/cfw'lgstfsf]
e|dk"0f{ ;TonfO{ lrb}{ c;To / c;'Gb/–s'¿knfO{ cgfj[Q ug'{ Pj+ hLjgk|lt tLj|
;/f]sf/ /fv]/ ;t\, ;'Gb/ / Gofosf] :yfkgfnfO{ sljtfsf] nIo agfpg' ;dsfnLg
g]kfnL sljtfsf] d"n klxrfg ag]sf] 5 . of] klxrfg k|ultjfbL sljtfdf a9L /x]sf]
s'/f :jLsf/ ug{ ;ª\sf]r dfÌ' kg]{ s'g} sf/0f 5}g . hxf“;Dd ;dfgfGt/ sljtfsf] s'/f
5, To;leq cg]svfn] k|j[lQ / klxrfgx¿ /x]sf 5g\ . ;dfgfGt/ sljtfleq Pp6f
wf/f lj;Ëlt / knfogjfbL r]tgfsf] ;+jfxs ag]/ b]vf kl//x]sf] 5 . dWojtL{ k':tfsf
;?eQm k|e[lQ sljaf6 clxn] To; k/Dk/fnfO{ ljKnj 9sfnk|e[lQ o'jfsljx¿n]
lj/f;tsf ¿kdf u|x0f ul//x]sf] b]lvG5 . Pp6f wf/f lxGb" hfltjfbL k'/ftgkGyL wf/f
5 / o;};“u hf]l8P/ :t'ltjfbL wf/f;d]t cl:tTjjfg\ /x]sf] 5 . oyfl:yltsf]
kIfkf]ifs;d]t /x]sf] of] wf/f ;dfgfGt/ sljtfleqsf] o; cjlwsf] ;aeGbf kZrufdL
/ gsf/fTds k|j[lQsf] wf/f xf] . o;sf cltl/Qm cfw'lgstfsf cfj/0fdf
cfw'lgsf]Q/;d]t x'g vf]Hb} / ;dsfnLgtfnfO{ kqmg;d]t vf]Hb} b]vfkl//x]sf]
;dfgfGt/ sljtfsf] Pp6f o:tf] lsQf klg 5 h;df ;TonfO{ jt{dfg ;+:yfkgfdf
;Lldt u/]/ x]g]{ / cu|ufdL r]tgfnfO{ lgif]w ug]{ k|j[lQ 5 . ;txdf cfnf]rgfTds
oyfy{jfbL h:tf] b]lvP klg ;f/tM of] wf/f oyfl:yltjfbL wf/f g} xf] . uf]kfn
23
k/fh'nLk|e[lQ sljx¿n] o; lsQfsf] k|ltlglwTj ul//x]sf 5g\ . vf;u/L k/fh'nLsf
…b]zdfly cfn]vÚ, …k[YjLdfly cfn]vÚ / kl5Nnf] …gof“ O{Zj/sf] 3f]if0ffÚh:tf nfdf sljtfn]
@)$^ kl5 :yflkt ;+/rgfdf g} k|hftGqsf] /0fgLlts k"0f{tf b]v]sf 5g\ / o;kl5sf
;dodf cfd"n kl/jt{gsf] s'/fk|lt ljdlt hgfp“b} cfd"n kl/jt{gsf/L ;ª\3if{k|lt v/f]
lj/f]w hgfPsf 5g\ .
;dfgfGt/ sljtfsf] Pp6f lsQfdf cfnf]rgfTds oyfy{jfbL k|j[lQ lgs} xb;Dd
k|s6 /x]sf] s'/fnfO{ c:jLsf/ ug{ ldNb}g t/ slj;fk]If ¿kdf of] k|j[lQ l:y/ eg] 5}g .
cfnf]rgfTds oyfy{jfbL b]lvg] To:tf sljx¿ cfkm\gf sltko /rgf / ;dodf
knfogjfbL / oyfl:yltjfbL;d]t eO{ b]vf kg]{ u/]sf y'k|} pbfx/0fx¿ 5g\ . lbg]z
clwsf/L, z}n]Gb| ;fsf/, cz]if dNn, If]qk|tfk clwsf/L, /fh]Gb| k/fh'nLk|e[lQ s}og\
sljx¿df o:tf] l:ylt b]Vg ;lsG5 . /fli6«otf / hghLljsfsf If]qdf s]xL ;do s]xL
sljtfdf cfnf]rgfTds oyfy{jfbL k|j[lQ k|v/ ¿kdf k|s6 ug]{ If]qk|tfk clwsf/Ln]
lg0ff{os kl/l:yltdf ;fdGtjfbsf] k[i7kf]if0f klg k|v/ ¿kn] g} u/]sf] pbfx/0f Psflt/
5 eg] csf{lt/ lgs} w]/} sljtfdf k|v/ cfnf]rgfTds oyfy{jfbL :j/ k|s6 ug]{ z}n]Gb|
;fsf/h:tf sljn] k|1fk|lti7fgsf] ;+r/gf;Da4 åGådf ;fdGtjfbsf] gfËf] k[i7kf]if0f
u/]sf] ;fIo klg tfh} 5 . sltko sljtfdf lg/fzfefjsf afjh'b klg lbg]z clwsf/L,
lji0f'lje' l3ld/], a]~h' zdf{, cz]if dNn, >j0f d'sf?ª nufotsf sljn] eg] cfkm\gf]
;dosf] lj;Ëltk|lt cfnf]rgfTds :j/nfO{ /fd|} jf0fL lbPsf] s'/f dfÌ} kb{5 . ;dfgfGt/
sljtfsf] of] lsQf ;sf/fTds k|sf/sf] x'“bfx'“b} klg ;du|tM 9'nd'n k|sf/s} /x]sf] 5 .
bfz{lgs ¿kn] pbf/ k'“hLjfbsf lgs6 /x]sfn] To;df o; k|sf/sf] 9'nd'nkgf x'g'
c:jfefljs klg xf]Og . hxf“;Dd pQ/cfwlgstfsf] ;Gbe{ 5, o; lsQfsf sljtfdf
k|of]uzLntf e]l6P klg / k|of]uk|lt ?lr /x] klg d"n k|j[lQsf ¿kdf logdf
pQ/cfw'lgstf km]nf kb}{g cyjf egf}+ ltgnfO{ pQ/cfw'lgs sljtfsf] ;+1f lbg ldNb}g
. dfly rrf{ ul/Pcg'¿ksf] ;dsfnLgtf g} logsf] d"n k|j[lQ xf] .
;dsfnLg g]kfnL sljtfsf] cu|ufldtf b[li6uf]r/ x'g] k|ultjfbL sljtfrflx“
;"rgf;fd|fHodfly 9nLdnL ub}{ ;Tosf] e|dk"0f{ cleJolQm;“u} b]vf kl//x]sf]
pQ/cfw'lgstfnfO{ lrb}{ cfkm\gf] k|v/ oyfy{jfbL klxrfg;lxt cl3 al9/x]sf] 5 .
oyfy{jfb / vf; u/L ;dfhjfbL oyfy{jfbdfly xdnf af]ln/x]sf] o; pQ/cfw'lgstfsf
hLjg / snfk|ltsf lgif]wsf/L k|j[lQlj?4 j}rfl/s Pj+ l;h{gfTds ;ª\3if{ ljZjJofkL
24
¿kdf oyfy{jfbL–;dfhjfbL oyfy{jfbL snf;flxTosf] clxn]sf] d'Vo bfloTj ag]sf] 5 jt{dfgsf] pbfQ oyfy{ xf] . cfhsf] dfG5] kL8f, j]bgf / lg/fzfsf] ?~r] uLt ufP/ a:g
/ ;dsfnLgtfsf] vf; k|ltlglwTj ug]{ oyfy{jfbL – ;dfhjfbL oyfy{jfbL wf/fsf] :jLsf/ ub}{g, pm cfuf]sf] ofqf /f]H5, cfuf] rf]g{ rfxG5 / ;'Gb/ dfG5] aÌ rfxG5,
sljtfn] o; bfloTjsf] lgjf{x /fd|};“u ul//x]sf 5g\ . uËfn] eg]em}“ M
snfTds z}nL / k|ljlwsf] ljsf; / k|of]uk|lt oyfy{jfbL–;dfhjfbL oyfy{jfbL d}n] Tof] a]nf x'/L lgNg] cf“6 gu/]sf] eP
sljtfsf] j}/efj 5}g . z}nL / k|ljlwsf If]qdf h8tfn] sljtfsf] d"No / k|efjnfO{ cfuf] krfpg] ;fx; gu/]sf] eP
Iflt k'¥ofp“5 eÌ] s'/fk|lt o; wf/fsf ;|i6fx¿ ;r]t 5g\ eGg] s'/fsf] ;fIo sDtLdf d 7f]s]/ eGg ;S5'
rfnL; / krf;sf] bzssf sljtfn] /fd|};“u k|:t't u/]sf 5g\ . pbfQ Pj+ kl/is[t cfh d olt ;'Gb/ x'g] lyOg
-pxL, k[= @@_
z}nLk|ltsf] ;r]ttf, cfkm\gf] ;dosf] hLjgk|ltsf] ulx/f] ;/f]sf/, :jftGq\or]t tyf
pbfQ–gjLg hLjgd"Nosf] cleJolQm pQ/cfw'lgs sljtfdf eGbf logdf stf–stf Pp6f ;'Gb/ dfG5] aGg', bf;tfnfO{ c:jLsf/ ug'{ / Pp6f ;'Gb/–:jtGq hLjg
dxQd k|sf/sf] /x]sf] 5 . lhpg' clxn]sf dfG5]sf] cfsfª\Iff xf] . uËfk|e[lQ ;dsfnLg sljn] s'g} e|dlagf o;
;Tosf] snfTds pb\3f6g cfhsf sljtfdf ul//x]sf 5g\ . dfG5]nfO{ …kf7]3/leqsf]
uËf >]i7 ;dsfnLg sljx¿sf] eL8df w]/} ;'lgPsf] gfd gnfUg ;S5 sltnfO{
t/ h"gsf] b]zaf6-@)%&_ ;ª\u|xsf pgsf sljtfsf] k7gn] b]vfp“5–cfkm\gf] ;do / b'a{n ;DefjgfÚ b]Vg]1 pQ/cfw'lgs sljtfsf] hLjgaf]w eGbf uËfsf oyfy{jfbL
;dfhsf] ;ª\3if{;“u uf“l;P/ pgn] u/]sf] hLjgaf]wn] ;f“lRrs} gof“ Pj+ pbfQ sljtfsf] hLjgaf]w lgs} pbfQ / dxt\ 5 . oxL pbfQ hLjgaf]w;“u} hLjgd"Nosf]
hLjgd"NonfO{ k|:t't u/]sf] 5 / ;'Gb/ sljtfsf ¿kdf Tof] TolQs} cf:jfB klg /x]sf] k/Dkl/t kl/efiff klg pbfQtfdf ¿kfGtl/t ePsf] 5 . bf;tfaf6 d'lQmsf vflt/ cfuf]
5 . Pp6f ;fIo x]/f}+ M krfpg ;Sg' / x'/L lgNg ;Sg'df cfh hLjgd"No pbfQ lsl;dn] kl/eflift / :yflkt
ePsf] 5 . d"NofGt/0fsf] o; l:yltnfO{ uËfn] csf]{ 7fp“df o;/L klg k|:t't u/]sf 5g\ M
;kgfsf] j;Gt phf8]/
ha pm ljkgfdf lzlz/ ef]Ug afWo eof] ;nfd ug'{eGbf bf;tfnfO{
bh{gf}+ k6s d[To'n] luhf]n]/ klg :jLsf/ ug'{eGbf k/fwLgtfnfO{
ha pm hLljt} /lx/x\of] Kof/f] nfUof] dnfO{ aa{/tfsf uf]nLx¿ g}
ta p;sf] kl/ro d]/f] nflu gf}nf] eof] xxx xxx xxx
-…Pp6f ;'Gb/ dg'iosf] cg'/f]wÚ, h"gsf] b]zaf6, k[= @!_ xfdL af“Rg'eGbf klg hLjg rfxG5f}+
xfd|f] cfo' rf/ lbgs} xf];\
cfkm\gf] ;Dk|e'tf / :jtGqtfsf nflu ;ª\3if{zLn x'“bf ljkgfdf s7f]/ lzlz/ t/ hLjgdo xf];\ .
ef]Ug afWo cfhsf] dfG5]nfO{ bh{gf}+ k6s d[To'n] luhf]n]/ klg p;nfO{ dfg{ ;Qm}g /
d[To' p;sf cufl8 k/flht x'G5, gtd:ts x'G5 . Tof] ;ª\3if{zLn dfG5] cfkm\gf -h"gsf] b]zaf6, k[= %@, %$_
…emem{/fp“bf hf]8L cf“vfaf6 wtL{ lr/]/ cgdf]n /Tg vf]Hg cft'/Ú b]lvG5 . slj uËfn] hLjgsf] k/Dk/futeGbf gjLg cy{ / d"No oxf“ cg'ejof]Uo 5 . cy{xLg pd]/
u/]sf] of] hLjgaf]w ?dfgL sNkgf xf]Og oyfy{df cfwfl/t 5 . cfh h'g eLif0f af“r]/ af“lrPsf] lhGbuL uËfsf nflu d"Nojfg\ 5}g . rf/} lbg af“Rg kfP klg Tof] ;fy{s
ju{;ª\3if{ g]kfnL df6f]df rln/x]sf] 5, gful/s–;Dk|e'tf k|flKtsf] cfGbf]ngn] h;/L
Jofkstf k|fKt ub}{ uPsf] 5, To;n] dfG5]sf] hLjgaf]w / hLjgrof{df dxQd kl/jt{g
NofOlbPsf] 5 . cfuf]leq /x]sf] :jftGq\o–/Tg lemSg cfuf]df xfd\ kmfNg cft'/ lhGbuL 1
s''df/ gu/sf]6Lsf] …cfdf ∕ d hGd"“ ls ghGd"“Ú, sljtf, -k"= &@, k[= !!*–!@)_ .

25 26
/ ;f“rf] cy{df hLjgdo /xf];\ – sljsf] rfxgf o:tf] 5 . uËfn] af]w u/]sf] oxL /utsf wf/fx¿ alu/x]sf 5g\
hLjgd"NonfO{ slj OR5's cfkm\gf sljtfdf o;/L k|:t't u5{g\ M kL8fsf] sf/fuf/af6 km'Ts]/
xfdL ;8sdf cfPsf 5f}+
o; a]nf Xbosf] lrTsf/nfO{ uLtdf ufPsf 5f}+
d b]lv/x]5' xfdL ;8sdf cfPsf 5f}+
x/kn d[To'sf aLr klg -j]bgf, k"= %(, k[= !@_
s;/L km"nem}“ kmqm]/ xf“l;/x]5 hLjg
x/kn aGb's / uf]nLx¿;“u ax'bnLo Joj:yfsf] k'g:yf{kgfkZrft\ klg xfdL /}tLaf6 ;Dk|e' gful/s x'g
n'sfdf/L v]Nb} g;Sg', lg/ª\s'ztfsf] sf]kefhg af/Daf/ eO/xg] cj:yf ljBdfg /xg', k|hftflGqs
eofgs sfn/flqsf aLr klg elgPsf] Joj:yfsf c:qaf6 gful/s:jtGqtfsf] z/L/n] 3fOt] eO{ /utsf wf/f aUg]
s;/L /htk|sfz 5l//x]5 hLjg l:ylt sfod /xg' lgZro klg :jtGqtfk]|dL ;a}sf nflu clk|o s'/f xf] . g};lu{s
-aGbL / rGb|flu/L, k[= #&_ gful/s–:jtGqtfsf] x/0f ug]{ k~rfotsfnLg sfnf sfg'gx¿nfO{ k'ghL{jg lbg] k|of;
olta]nf hLjgn] cToGt ljs6 k|lts"n kl/l:ylt ef]Ug afWo 5 . bf;tfnfO{ ax'bnLo elgPsf] ;Qfaf6 k~rfotpQ/ sfndf klg k6s–k6s eO/x“bf n]vs–
c:jLsf/ u/L ;8sdf s]jn cfjfh lnP/ ple“bf klg lg/ª\s'ztfsf] uf]nLn] 6fpsf] snfsf/nufot cGo tKsfsf gful/sx¿ ;8sdf cf]ln{g'kg]{ cj:yf cfof] / ;r]t
/utkR5] agfpg] bdgsf/L jLeT;tf JofKt 5 . t/ o:tf] ljs6tf / k|lts"ntfsf aLr gful/sx¿n] To;f] u/]/ :jtGqtfk|ltsf] cfkm\gf] rfxgf / To;nfO{ s'l07t ug]{ ;QfnfO{
klg hLjg xf“l;/x]sf] 5 / c“Wof/f]nfO{ lrg]{ k|of; ul//x]sf] 5 . rfx] dfG5] va/bf/L ug]{ sfd klg ljutdf u/]sf x'g\, cBflk ul//x]sf 5g\ . slj jt{dfgsf]
oftgflzlj/leq xf];\, o'4sf] df]rf{df xf];\ rfx] v]t jf sf/vfgfdf xf];\, h:t} ;do, pko'{Qm sljtfn] o;} ;fdlos / dxŒjk"0f{ ;Gbe{nfO{ sl;nf] cleJolQm lbPsf] 5 . o;
:yfg / kl/l:yltdf xf];\, pm hLjgnfO{ lxhf]eGbf leÌ gof“ / pbfQ kl/efiff / d"No sljtfn] s] klg ;Í]t u/]sf] 5 eg] ;dsfnLg sljx¿ cfkm\gf] ;dosf] ;Tok|lt cToGt}
k|bfg ug{ rfxG5 / To;sf nflu pm ;lqmo 5 . pQ/cfw'lgstfjfbLx¿n] cfbz{ / lgi7fjfg\ / ;+j]bgzLn 5g\ / To;sf] cd"t{ / e|dk"0f{ xf]Og d"t{–7f]; t/ snfTds
d"Nolj36gsf] xNnf lk+mhfP klg oyfy{jfbL -/ ;dfhjfbL oyfy{jfbL_ sljx¿sf nflu cleJolQmk|lt ;r]t / ;lqmo 5g\ .
Tof] ldYofk|of; xf]–Pp6f e|d . oyfy{df c;To / ;Tosf aLr, s'¿k / ;'Gb/sf aLr cfkm\gf] ;do;Tok|ltsf] ;/f]sf/ / ;+j]bgf csf{ ;dsfnLgtfsf kof{oslj k"0f{
lg/ª\s'ztf / :jtGqtfsf aLr åGå/t cfhsf] -xfd|f] h:tf]_ ;dfhdf cu|ufldtfsf lj/fdsf sljtfdf o;/L k|s6 ePsf] 5 M
kIfw/ dfG5]x¿n] To;} åGåsf aLraf6 hLjgnfO{ gof“ d"No / dxQf k|bfg ul//x]sf
5g\ . uËf / OR5'ssf sljtf o;} s'/fsf ;fIfL x'g\ / o:tf] ;fIosf] pkl:ylt If'b| zx/n] h'ga]nf u/]sf] x'G5
;dsfnLg sljtfdf kof{Kt dfqfdf e]6\g ;lsG5 . x/]s kndf rf/}lt/af6 lgu/fgL
slyt ;Eo dflg;x¿n] h'ga]nf
jt{dfg cyf{t\ ;dsfnLg sljtfsf] lbzfaf]wnfO{ :ki6 kfg{sf lglDt s]xL cGo g/d'08 nufP/ 5/]sf x'G5g\
;dsfnLg slj / ltgsf sljtfsf] ;fIo cufl8 ;fg'{ cfjZos cg'ej x'G5 . uf]ljGb lgjf/s gh/aGbsf] cgluGtL k'hL{
jt{dfg, ;dsfnLg r]tgfsf Pshgf k|v/ slj, pgL …ljj]s –ofqfÚ zLif{ssf] sljtfdf To:tf] a]nfdf :g]xfn' z/L/
n]V5g\ M cz/L/df k|j]z ePsf] ;dfrf/ klg
af;L eP/ sfgdf kbf]{ /x]5
;Qfsf] rdsbf/ rSs'n] ;ls+bf] /x]g5 To:tf] a]nfdf
tfl5+b} uPsf] 5 :jtGqtfsf] z/L/ :g]xfn' z/L/sf lglDt tfhf cf“z'sf] d'xfg kl:sg .

27 28
 -…lgu/fgLdfÚ, snd, k"= @!–@$, k[= %_
lj= ;+= @)%% ;fnlt/} n]lvPsf] sljtf eP klg o;n] xfd|f] lgtfGt clxn]sf]
;fdlos ;Gbe{nfO{ klg pb\3fl6t ul//x]sf] 5 . ;fdGtL lg/ª\s'ztfn] cfkm\gf] r/d
¿k b]vfO/x]sf o; a]nfdf klg d'n's skm{\o'sf sflndfleq s}b 5 / gful/sx¿ s7f]/
lgu/fgLdf gh/aGb 5g\, h;n] ubf{ :jtGqtfsf nflu ;ª\3if{/t cfkmGtsf] d[To'sf]
va/ klg af;L eP/ cfpg] / p;sf] d[To'df tfhf cf“z' aufpg klg g;lsg] cj:yf
l;h{gf ePsf] 5 . ds/tGqptf klg of] l:ylt lyof] / ds/tGqotf klg ;"rgfdfly
cg]s lsl;dn] nufpg yflnPsf] k|ltaGwn] oxL l:ylt l;h{gf u/]sf] 5 . slj k"0f{
lj/fdn] cnf]stflGqs Pj+ lg/ª\s'z zf;gJoj:yfdf gful/sn] ef]Ug'kg]{ o;} cj:yfsf]
uDeL/tfnfO{ sljtfdf ;+j]bgzLn 9Ën] k|:t't u/]sf 5g\ . o:tf] ;+j]bgzLn ;Gbe{af6
g t ;dsfnLg r]tgfsf sljx¿ 6f9f /xg' ;Dej 5 g t pQ/cfw'lgs x'g] gfp“df
o:tf] oyfy{sf] e|dk"0f{ cleJolQm u/]/ ;dsfnLg slj x'g'sf] bfloTjaf6 klG5g' g}
jf~5gLo 5 . k"0f{ lj/fdnufotsf w]/} ;dsfnLg sljx¿n] cfh oxL bfloTj k"/f
ul//x]sf 5g\ .
vf;u/L @)^! Dff3 !(otf …nf]stGqÚ zAb /fhgLlts kª\lQmleq dfq geO{ cfd
hg;d'bfodf lgs} nf]slk|o ePsf] 5 . dflg;x¿ clxn] …k|hftGqÚ zAb k|of]u ug{
?rfp“b}gg\ . …nf]stGqÚ zAbk|of]uk|ltsf] of] cfsif{0f csf/0f k}bf ePsf] 5}g . lj= ;+=
@)$^kl5sf] kl/jlt{t /fhgLlts l:yltnfO{ /fhgLlts bnx¿n] k|hftGqsf ¿kdf
lgs} k|rf/ ug'{sf ;fy} k"0f{ k|hftGq g} k|fKt eO;s]sf] cy{df JofVof ug]{ sfd klg
u/] . t/ oyfy{ To:tf] lyPg . /fhgLlts bnx¿n] ;+;b / ;/sf/ agfpg] :jtGqtf
kfP klg tL b'j} ;f“rf] cy{d} ;fj{ef}d eO;s]sf lyPgg\ / To;sf/0f Tof] elgPsf]
k|hftGq k"0f{ / ;f“rf] k|hftGq lyPg . o; u"9 jf:tljstfsf] pb\3f6g df3 !(
-@)^!_sf] 36gfaf6 /fd|};“u eof] / aNn bnx¿n] cfkm"n] eg]sf] k|hftGqsf]
jf:tljstfnfO{ :jLsf/ ug{ afWo eP . gful/sx¿-ljz]iftM ;r]t gful/sx¿_ n]] o;}
jf:tljstfnfO{ XboËd u/]/ jf:tjdf gful/s:t/d} …nf]stGqÚ zAbnfO{ k|lti7flkt
u/]sf 5g\ . j:t'tM eGb} cfOPsf] …k|hftGqÚ zAb cToGt} l3l;P/ To;n] gful/s
;Dk|e'tfsf] ;f/nfO{ af]Sg c;dy{h:t} eO;s]sf] lyof] . To;}n] …nf]stGqÚ zAbsf]
;f]2]Zo k|of]un] cfd :jLs[lt kfof] . ca gful/sx¿ cfkm\gf] ;Dk|e'tf gf]vl;g] u/L
k|fKt ug{ / cfkm" s'g} klg k|sf/sf] bf;tfaf6 d'Qm x'g rfxG5g\ eÌ] s'/f;“u g} of]
29
…nf]stGqÚ zAbsf] k|of]usf] ;Gbe{ uf“l;Psf] 5 . of] oyfy{sf] cufl8sf] Pp6f kf6f] xf] .
o;sf] csf]{–ptfsf] kf6f]df ljut ;dosf] Pp6f o:tf] kl/b[Zo 5 hxf“ k|hftGq, ;/sf/,
;+;b h:tf cfd hgtfsf] ;/f]sf/;“u uf“l;Psf zAb -/ ltgn] k|ltlglwTj ug]{ ;+:yf–
lgsfox¿_n] s;/L cfkm\gf] hgd'vL cy{ / bfloTj lal;{+b} uP eGg] s'/f klg HjnGt
;fdlos ;Gbe{ ag]/ /x]sf 5g\ / ;dfhjfbL oyfy{jfbL klxrfg /fVg] g]kfnL ;dsfnLg
g]kfnL sljx¿n] o; lj8Dagfd"ns ;Tosf] pb\3f6gdf klg Tolts} ?lr b]vfPsf 5g\ .
slj ljdn lgefsf …zAbsf]zÚ zLif{s sljtfsf oL kª\lQm x]/f}+ tM
lxhf]cfh zAbx¿n]
Pp6} cy{ lbg yfn]sf 5g\
pbfx/0fsf nflu
tkfO{+ ;+;bnfO{ ;+;b eGgf];\
cyjf ;'k/dfs]{6
cfGbf]ngnfO{ cfGbf]ng eGgf];\
cyjf wf]sf
d lg/Gt/ kfgf kN6fP/ x]l//x]5'
nf]stGqsf] zAbsf]zdf
zAbx¿n] cy{ x/fPsf 5g\ .
-sljtf–;Gbe{, @)%^, k[= !@_
ljdn lgefsf] of] sljtf cfheGbf sl/a ^ jif{cl3 n]vPsf] xf] hlta]nf nf]stGq
zAbnfO{ clxn]sf] h:tf] k"0f{ nf]stGqsf cy{df Jofks :t/df k|of]u ul/Psf] lyPg .
lgefn] k/D/fut / ?9 ¿kdf k|o'Qm x'“b} cfPsf] …k|hftGqÚs} ;dfgfyL{ ¿kdf nf]stGq
zAbsf] k|of]u o; sljtfdf u/]sf x'g\ . df3 !( cl3s} sfnsf ;Gb{edf klg k|hftGq
jf nf]stGq zAb s;/L cy{xLg ePsf] lyof] / To;;“u hf]l8Psf ;+;b, ;/sf/, cfGbf]ng
h:tf zAbn] s;/L hgtfnfO{ wf]sf lb+b} jf ltgsf] lxteGbf clxt ub}{ uPsf lyP eGg]
lj8Dagfk"0f{ oyfy{nfO{ lgefn] o; sljtfdf …cfO/lgsÚ cleJolQm lbPsf 5g\ . df3 !(
kl5 klg /fhgLlts zAbfjnLsf cy{xLgtfsf] of] lj8Dagf emg} a9]/ uPsf] 5 / lgefsf]
sljtf plQs} ;fdlos ag]sf] 5 . xfd|f] jt{dfgsf] of] oyfy{ pk]Iffof]Uo lyPg / 5}g /
To;af6 ;dsfnLg r]tgfsf] slj pbf;Lg /xg' klg ;Dej 5}g . oxL sf/0f xf] –
sljx¿ cfkm\gf] ;dosf s'¿ktfk|lt lgd{d ag]sf 5g\ t/ snfTds wd{sf] lgjf{x ub}{
To; s'¿ktfsf] e]bg / pb\3f6g u/]/ gful/sx¿sf] :jtGqtfk|flKtsf] cfsfª\IffnfO{
30
sljtfTds jf0fL lbPsf 5g\ . ;dsfnLg sljtfsf oL ;fIox¿n] b]vfp“5g\–
;dsfnLg sljtfsf] lbzf eg]sf] o'usf s7f]/ ;Tosf] oyfy{k/s cÍg ub}{
:jtGqtfk|flKtsf] gful/s rfxgfnfO{ snfTds jf0fL lbg' xf] .
dfly rrf{ ul/Psf sljtf;fIox¿n] ;dsfnLg sljtfdf s'g} klg k|sf/sf]
bf;tfnfO{ c:jLsf/ ug]{ gful/s–r]tgfnfO{ ;dsfnLg sljtfn] k|s6 u/]sf] s'/f
b]vfPsf 5g\ . ;dsfnLg sljtfsf] o; ;dli6 k|j[lQleq cem ;"Idtfk"j{s x]g]{ xf] eg]
;fdGtjfbL ;dfhleq Pp6f cToGt s'¿k / cdfgjLo ;+:s[ltsf ¿kdf ljBdfg
5'jf5"t–k|yf jf hftLo lje]bsf] k|yfk|lt klg ;dsfnLg sljx¿n] uDeL/ ;/fsf]/ /fVb}
To; k|yfsf] k|v/ cfnf]rgf / hftLo lje]b tyf pTkL8gaf6 d'lQmsf] dfgjLo rfxgf
/ ;ª\3if{nfO{ TolQs} ;zQm cleJolQm lbPsf 5g\ . xfdL PSsfO;f}+ ztfAbLdf k|j]z
ul/;Sof}+ t/ ;+;f/sf cGo e"efusf dflg;eGbf slt kl5 5f}+ eg] Psy/L dflg;nfO{
l;gf] af]sfpg]–v'jfpg]b]lv sf§f] v'jfpg];Ddsf cdfgjLo dWoo'uLg ;+:sf/sf] ux«f}+
ef/L af]s]/ l3;fl/g xfdL afWo 5f}+ . oyfy{sf] o:tf] s'¿k / s7f]/ ;Gbe{af6
;dsfnLg r]tgfsf] sljn] g t efUg' jf o;sf] pk]Iff ug'{ ;Dej 5 g t o;sf]
e|dk"0f{ cleJolQm u/]/ g} p;sf] bfloTj k"0f{ x'g ;S5 . cfx'ltsf …kRrL; jif{sf] pT;j
/ jL/axfb'/Ú tyf …ux'“uf]/f] clk|msfÚ OR5'ssf …cflbjf;L lbj; / levf/Lbf; ;fbfÚ,
…c:jLsf/Ú / …l;D7f/f] wfgÚ, lbn ;fxgLsf] …l;gf]Úh:tf ;dsfnLg sljsf sljtfn] oxL
bfloTjsf] lgjf{x u/]sf 5g\ . ;fdGtjfbL ;dfhsf] dfgjtflj/f]wL o:tf] ;f+:s[lts
lj/f;tsf lj?4 xfd|f] ;dfhdf ljsl;t x'“b} uO/x]sf] ljb|f]xL r]tgf;d]tnfO{ JoQm ug]{
oL sljtf o'usf cGtlj{/f]wnfO{ l5rf]Nb} cu|ufdL r]tgfsf ;Dkf]ifs Pj+ ;+jfxs ag]/
b]vfk5{g\ . cfx'ltsf] sljtfaf6 Pp6f ;fIo x]/f}+ M
d ltd|f] dlGb/sf] b]ptf agfpg] sfdL x'“
d of] e"uf]nsf] Pp6f ux'“uf]/f] clk|msf x'“
=== === === ===
d ckdflgt Oltxf;sf] lx;fa rfxG5'
d s'g} klg d"Nodf d'lQm rfxG5'
-…ux'“uf]/f] clk|msfÚ, ;dsfnLg g]kfnL sljtf, @)%^, k[= @%_
31
hftLo lje]b / pTkL8gsf lj?4 pleg] o:tf sljtfn] ;fdGtjfbL–k'“hLjfbL
d"Noaf]wdfly tLj| k|xf/ ub}{ oyfy{jfbL–;dfhjfbL oyfy{jfbL d"Noaf]wnfO{ k|v/ 9Ën]
cleJoQm u/]sf 5g\ 2.
$=pk;+xf/
pko'{Qm ljj]rgfaf6 ;dsfnLg g]kfnL sljtfsf] lbzfaf]w ljk7g÷ljlgdf{0fdf
cfwfl/t pQ/cfw'lgstf xf]Og eÌ] s'/f :ki6 x'G5 . ;dfgfGt/ wf/fsf s]xL sljsf
sljtfdf To:tf] k|of; ;r]t ¿kdf gkfOg] xf]Og, t/ ;dli6 ;dsfnLg sljtfsf]
lbzfaf]wrflx“ d'VotM oyfy{jfbL g} /x]sf] 5 . o; lbzfaf]wsf] k|v/tf ljz]iftM
;dfhjfbL oyfy{jfbL wf/fsf sljtfdf 68\sf/f] b]Vg ;lsG5 . ltgdf ;fdGtjfbL–
k'“hLjfbL dfq} geO{ ;fd|fHojfbL ;f+:s[lts d"Noaf]wsf] cfnf]rgfsf ;fy} pTkLl8t
dfgjhfltsf] ljZjJofkL Gofok"0f{ ;ª\3if{af6 ;Dan k|fKt ub}{ cu|ufdL ;f+:s[lts
d"Noaf]wsf] cleJolQm ePsf] kfOG5 . of] oyfy{jfbL–;dfhjfbL oyfy{jfbL sljtf
cfGtl/s ¿kdf ;fdGtjfb;“u / j}lZjs ¿kdf ;"rgf;~hfnsf dfWodaf6 ljZjJofkL
lj:tf/ k|fKt ul//x]sf] ;f+:s[lts ;fd|fHojfb;“u h'em\b} j}rfl/s Pj+ snfTds b'j}
df]rf{df nl8/x]sf] 5 . hLjgk|ltsf] k|lta4tfaf6 ljd'v geO{ dfG5] / p;sf
hLjg;ª\3if{nfO{ sljtfsf] s]Gb|Lo ;/f]sf/ agfpg' tyf ;dsfnLg ;fdflhs åGådf
cu|ufdL ju{ tyf r]tgfsf] ;Dkf]if0f ub}{ :jftGq\or]tnfO{ snfTds jf0fL lbg' ;dli6df
cfhsf] g]kfnL sljtfsf] vf; lbzfaf]w xf] . ;Tosf] o; Jofks ;Gbe{nfO{ pk]Iff jf
gh/cGbfh u/]/ ;dsfnLg sljtfsf] lbzfaf]waf/] lgsflng] lgisif{ j:t'ut 7xl/+b}g .
k|d'v ;Gbe{;fdu|L
cfx'lt-@)%^_, æux'“uf]/f] clk|msfÆ, ;dsfnLg g]kfnL sljtf, sf7df8f}+ M clvn g]kfn
hg;f+:s[lts ;+3 .
OR5's, s[i0f ;]g-@)%&_, aGbL / rGb|flu/L, sf7df8f}+ M k|ultzLn cWoog s]Gb| .
2
;dsfnLg g]kfnL sljtfsf] o; k|j[lQaf/] yk hfgsf/Lsf nflu o;} k':tsdf ;ª\u[xLt
…;dsfnLg g]kfnL sljtfdf blntr]tgfÚ zLif{ssf] n]v k7gLo 5 .
32
uf}td, s[i0f-@)%^_, l;h{gfsf] ;'jf;, sf7df8f}+ M ;femf k|sfzg .
r}tGo-@)%!_, ækfl/hftsf] ;f}Gbo{ lrGtgsf] ljsf;–k|lqmofÆ, kfl/hft :d[lt u|Gy, lgg'
rfkfufO{+ / vu]Gb| ;ª\u|f}nfåf/f ;Dkflbt, sf7df8f}+ M kfl/hft :d[lt s]Gb| .
===============-@)%&_, æh"gsL/Lsf] ;ËLtdf nfdv'§]sf :j/x¿Æ, snd, -k"= @&_, k[= @%–
$) .
gu/sf]6L, s'df/-@)%&_, æcfdf ∕ d hGd"“ ls ghGd"“Æ, sljtf, -k"= &@_, k[= !!*–!@) .
a/fn, Clif/fh-@)%@_, dfS;{jfb / pQ/cfw'lgstfjfb, lj/f6gu/ M ;ljtf a/fn .
efpkGyL-@)%^_, æztfAbLsf] cf/Dedf ;dsfnLg g]kfnL sljtfÆ, sljtf–;Gbe{, ;Dkf=
/fh]Gb| k/fh'nL, sf7df8f}+ M ljb'/ uf}td, k[=(#–!$% .
Dffcf] T;] t'ª-;g\ !(^(_, 5flgPsf /rgfx¿, lxGbL ;+:s/0f, sf7df8f}+ M k|ult k|sfzg
.
/fhj-@)%^_, …lbg]z clwsf/Lsf sljtfaf/] /fhjÚ-zLif{sljxLg_, sljtf–;Gbe{, @)%^,
k[=$#–$% .
jt{dfg, uf]ljGb-@)%$_, æljj]s ofqfÆ, j]bgf, -k"= %(_, k[= !@ .
zdf{, tf/fgfy-@)%^_, ætÌ]/L sljtfÆ, sljtf–;Gbe{, ;Dkf= /fh]Gb| k/fh'nL, sf7df8f}+ M
ljb'/ uf}td, k[= s–r .
zdf{, df]xg/fh-@)%&_, æcfw'lgs g]kfnL sljtfsf] k|j[lQ / lbzfaf]wÆ, sljtf, -k"0ff{Í
&@_, k[= !%*–!^! .
>]i7, uËf-@)%&_, h"gsf] b]zaf6, sf7df8f}+ M k|ultzLn cWoog s]Gb| . cy{e|flGtsf] pQ/r]tgfsf lj?4
!= ljifok|j]z
pQ/cfw'lgstfn] uf“lh/x]sf] jt{dfg kl/j]zdf g]kfnL ;flxTodf klg o;nfO{
d"nwf/sf ¿kdf pEofpg] k|oTgdf s]xL ;|i6f–;dLIfsx¿ nfluk/]sf 5g\ . vf; u/L
;dfgfGt/ wf/sf s]xL n]vs–;dLIfsx¿n] lgs} hf]8tf]8sf ;fy pQ/cfw'lgstfnfO{
g]kfnL ;flxTosf] d"n k|jlQ b]vfpg'sf ;fy} o;nfO{ cfkm\gf] ljåtf–k|bz{g / af}l4s
ljnf;sf] dfWod agfO/x]sf] b]lvG5 . cem k'“hL, ahf/, k|sfzgu[x / ;~rf/ cflb If]qdf
klg ltgs} kx'“r / ks8 Hofbf ePsfn] o;sf] k|rf/afhL klg :jfefljs ¿kn] a9L
eO/x]sf] 5 . oyfy{tf eg] To:tf] xf]Og . cfhsf] xfd|f] n]vgsf] d"n k|j[lQ hLjgjfbL 5,
of] ;'Gb/ Pj+ hLjgjfbL eljiob[li6df cfwfl/t 5 / o;n] jt{dfgsf s'¿ktf, lje|d /
lj;Ëlt, ;+j]bgfxLgtf / z"Gotf tyf bdg / pTkL8gsf lj?4 h]xfb 5]l8/x]sf] 5 .
snf / hLjg–lj/f]wL pQ/cfw'lgstfjfbL e|dk"0f{ Pj+ z"GojfbL lrGtg / k|j[lQsf lj?4

33 34
xfd|f] oyfy{jfbL n]vgsf] oxL k|j[lQ / zlQmsf] rrf{ ug]{ p2]Zon] of] n]v tof/ kfl/Psf]
xf] . o;df k|ydtM pQ/cfw'lgstfjfbL cy{e|flGtsf] d"n ;Gbe{nfO{ k|:6\ofp“b}
;dsfnLg g]kfnL sljtfsf ;fIoaf6 e|flGtlj?4sf o;sf ;zQm x:tIf]knfO{
pb\3fl6t ug]{ k|of; ul/Psf] 5 .
@= cy{e|flGt / pQ/cfw'lgstf
pQ/cfw'lgstfjfbL lrGtg vf;u/L cfw'lgs 1fgk|;f/0fsfnLg o'usf dxŒjk"0f{
bfz{lgs, j}rfl/s, snfTds / ;fdfhj}1flgs If]qdf ePsf k|ult / k|flKtnfO{ gsfb}{ /
ltgsf] Wj+zg ub}{ la;f}+ ztfAbLsf pQ/fw{df-ljz]iftM ^) sf] bzsotf_ ljsl;t ePsf]
xf] . of] oyfy{tM ;fd|fHojfb-h]d;gsf zAbdf j[4 jf pQ/ k'“hLjfb_sf] ;f+:s[lts
cjwf/0ff xf] . o;sf JofVoftfx¿n] l;4fGts} cl:tTjnfO{ gsfg]{ x'gfn] o;nfO{ s'g}
zf:qLo l;4fGtsf sf]l6df /fVg gx'g] ts{ klg k|:t't u/]sf] kfOG5-krf}/L, ;g\ @))^ M
!@, !#_ . o;n] Oltxf;nfO{ klg gsfg]{ x'gfn] o;sf] kl/efiff ug{ uf/f] /x]sf] ljrf/
JoQm ub}{ pQ/cfw'lgstfsf JofVoftf h]d;g eG5g\ M æh'g cfkm} cJojl:yt 5,
To;nfO{ Jojl:yt ug'{, h'g :jefj}n] Oltxf;]t/ 5, To;nfO{ Oltxf;df /fVg' Pp6f
afWotf xf]Æ -rfkfufO{+, @)^!, k[= !@@df p4[t_ . o;/L :yflkt l;4fGtx¿sf lj/f]wsf
hudf plePsf] pQ/cfw'lgstfjfbn] cfkm"nfO{ l;4fGtsf sf]l6df /fVg g?rfP klg of]
c/fhstfjfbL l;4fGt g} xf] h;n] ;+:ff/ / ;du| dfgjr]tgfnfO{ Pp6f pkef]Qmf s]Gb|
-;lkË sDkn]S;_ agfOlbPsf] 5 / snfsf] ;fdflhs bfloTj / d"NonfO{ /TofTds
cfgGb(Erotic Pleasure) df Go"gLs[t ul/lbPsf] 5 .
pQ/cfw'lgstfjfbL dfGotfsf cg]s cfofd 5g\ / o;sf cg]s JofVof /
JofVoftf klg 5g\ . ;ª\If]kdf ltgsf] ;f/nfO{ a'em\g vf]Hg] xf] eg] o; lrGtgsf
s]Gb|df ;lqmo /x]sf] …d[To'lrGtgÚ jf …cGTolrGtgÚaf6 o;nfO{ ;lhnf] u/L a'em\g
;lsG5 -e§/fO{, @)^! M @_ . o; jfbsf k|jt{sdWo] Ps Nof]tf/n] cfw'lgstfsf]
cGTosf] 3f]if0ff ub}{ 1fgk|;f/sfnLg ;a} j[QfGt ca c;To / cljZj;gLo eO;s]sf]
3f]if0ff u/] . pgn] x]u]n, sfG6 / dfS;{ ;a}sf] lj/f]w u/] klg d'VotM dfgjtf /
d'lQm;“u ;Da4 dfS;{jfbsf] lj/f]w pgsf] d'Vo p2]Zo xf] / pgn] o;nfO{ dxfj[QfGtsf]
;+1f lbP/ k|To]s dxfj[QfGtx¿ clwgfosjfbL x'G5g\ eGb} o;sf] cfnf]rgf u/] / ;fy}
ca To;sf] cl:tTj / cf}lrTo ;dfKt ePsf] bfjL u/] .
pQ/cfw'lgstfjfbsf csf{ k|jt{s Pj+ JofVoftf ld;]n km'sf]n] stf{sf] cGTosf]
3f]if0ff u/] . ljlzi6 r]tgf / pmhf{;DkGg dfG5]sf] ljj]sL / l;h{gzLn rl/qsf] lgif]w
ub}{ kmut\ pkef]Qmfdf kl/0ft ug]{ sfd km'sf]x¿af6 eof] . ;flxTodf ;g\ !(^*d} /f]nf“
afy{n] u/]sf] …n]vssf] d[To'Úsf] 3f]if0ff / To;cl3 g} lgT;]n] u/]sf] cfd dfG5]sf] lgif]w
/ dxfdfgjsf] sNkgfaf6 o;n] ;fdu|L lnP/ cfd dfG5] -/ ;flxTosf/;d]t_sf
35
l;h{gzLn ;DefjgfnfO{ c:jLsf/ u/]sf] 5 . sltko pQ/cfw'lgstfjfbLx¿n] n]vssf]
7fp“ ca kf7sn] lnPsf] / n]vssf lrxfgaf6 kf7ssf] hGd ePsf] ts{ klg cufl8
;f5{g\ t/ pQ/cflgstfjfbL km'sf]n] kf7ssf] ;d]t d[To' eO;s]sf] wf/0ff cufl8 ;f/]sf
5g\ . kf7s klg ljj]sL x'g ;Sg] / p;n] klg s[ltsf] j:t'ut cy{ lgsfNg ;Sg]
ePsfn] vf; pQ/cfw'lgstfjfbLx¿ kf7ss} cl:tTjnfO{ :jLsf/ ub}{gg\-e§/fO{, @)^!M
^–&_ .
pQ/cfw'lgstfjfbLx¿n] …Oltxf;sf] cGToÚsf] klg 3f]if0ff u/]sf 5g\ . jf:tjdf
Oltxf; dfgj;dfhdf ePsf ljlzi6 kl/jt{gsf] syf xf] eg] efjL kl/jt{gsf]
eljiob[li6 klg xf] . jf:tjdf ;dfhjfbsf] ktg / k'“hLjfbsf] ck/fh]o ljhok|ltsf]
ljZjf; clg qmflGtsf] cfjZostf / ;Defjgf gb]Vg] k[i7elddf Oltxf;sf] cGTosf]
cjwf/0ff o;sf JofVoftfx¿n] cufl8 ;f/]sf x'g\ . o;f] ug'{sf k5fl8sf] lgof]lht
p2]Zo dfS;{jfbsf hudf lgdf{0f ePsf ;dfhjfbL qmflGtsf dxfufyfx¿nfO{ lgif]w ug'{
g} lyof] / of] s'/f pQ/cfw'lgstfjfbLx¿sf kf7df :ki6 b]Vg ;lsG5 .
bz{g / Oltxf;sf ;Gbe{df oL …cGToÚx¿n] jf:tjdf ;dfhkl/jt{gsf] åGåjfbL
lgodsf] lgif]w / k'“hLjfb tyf To;sf] pQ/¿k ;fd|fHojfbsf :yfloTjsf nflu pko'Qm
j}rfl/s–;f+:s[lts e"ld tof/ ug]{ sfd u/]sf 5g\ . hxf“;Dd ;flxTosf] ;Gbe{ 5,
o;df klg hLjg;fk]If ;'Gb/ ;flxTo ;fd|fHojfbsf nflu cfjZos gePsf] / To;nfO{
;fdflhs bfloTjxLg agfpg' g} >]ois/ ePsf] x'gfn] ;flxTodf klg …cGToÚsf] cjwf/0ff
ljsl;t ePsf] xf] / 8]l/8fsf] ljv08gdf cfOk'Ubf To;n] Pp6f pTsif{ k|fKt u/]sf] 5 .
k|mfG;]nL ljrf/s Hofs 8]l/8f pQ/cfw'lgstfjfbL lrGtgsf s]Gb|ljGb' x'g\ . pgsf]
ljv08g jf ljlgdf{0fsf] l;4fGt pQ/cfw'lgs ;flxlTos lrGtgsf] dxŒjk"0f{ cfwf/ xf] .
Ps k|sf/n] pQ/cfw'lgs ;flxTolrGtgsf] ;flxlTos l;4fGt jf JofVof g} 8]l/8fsf]
ljv08g xf] eGbf x'G5 . pQ/cfw'lgs …cGToÚsf ts{x¿nfO{ efiffzf:qLo cfwf/ lbg]
sfd 8]l/8fs} lrGtgn] u/]sf] 5 . Oltxf;, n]vs / ;flxTosf] …cGToÚ jf …d[To'Úsf]
ts{nfO{ pgsf] efiffzf:qLo JofVofn] k'li6 ug]{ sfd u/]sf] 5 . o; ;Gbe{df 8]l/8fnfO{
pQ/;+/rgfjfbL JofVoftf jf lrGtssf ¿kdf x]bf{ pgsf] lrGtgnfO{ /fd}|;“u a'em\g
;lsG5 .
pQ/;+/rgfjfb ;+/rgfjfbsf] k/jtL{ jf pQ/jtL{ dfGotf xf] . ;+/rgfjfbL efiff
tyf ;flxTolrGtgsf hgs kml8{gfG8 l8 ;:o'/ x'g\ . ;:o'/sf] ;+/rgfjfbn] efiffsf jfs\
/ n]Vo ¿k-Kof/f]n / nª_sf] JofVof ub}{ jfs\ ¿knfO{ efiff / cy{sf] s]Gb| agfof] .
oBlk ;+/rgfjfbsf] ljsf;n] klg ;flxTonfO{ ;dfhaf6 cnUofp“b} s[ltleq ;Lldt ug]{
sfd u/]sf] xf] / s[ltleqsf zAbsf cy{sf] ;dfhc;Dk[Qm JofVofnfO{ o;n] :yflkt ug]{
sfd u/sf] xf] h;sf hudf gof“ ;dLIffsf] ljsf; klg eof] . t/ sDtLdf ;+/rgfjfbsf]
t'ngfTds ¿kn] Pp6f :fsf/fTds kIf s] lyof] eg] o;n] s[ltleq}sf] cy{nfO{ dxŒj lbP
36
klg cy{sf] lglZrttfnfO{ :jLsf/ u/]sf] lyof] . ofb[lR5s ¿kn] zAbdf ?9 cy{k|ltsf]
;+/rgfjfbsf] :jsf/f]lQmnfO{ 8]l/8fsf] pQ/;+/rgfjfbn]
zAbsG]b | jfb(Logocentrism) sf] cf/f]k nufp“b } To;sf] cfnf] r gf u¥of] /
To;nfO{ c:jLsf/ ub}{ cy{sf] clglZrttf / e|dsf] wf/0ff cufl8 ;f¥of] . o;n]
cyf]{TklQsf] k|lqmofnfO{ tŒjtM cl:y/ (Essentially unstable) atfof] . ;Í]t-
cy{_sf] l:y/tf jf clåtLoTj ;Dej 5}g eGb} o;n] ;Í]ts-zAb÷signifier_ /
cy{(signified) b'O{ cnu tGq x'g\ / logsf aLrsf] PsTj Ifl0fs / c:yfoL x'G5
eGg] lgisif{ k| :t't u¥of] . zAbsf] zdf Pp6f zAbsf] cy{sf nflu csf]{ zAbsf]
pkl:ylt cfjZos kg]{ atfp“b} km]l/ To; csf]{ zAbsf] cy{sf nflu cem csf]{ zAb
cfjZos x'g] / o;/L k|To]s zAb cy{ / k|To]s cy{ zAb aG5g\ eGg] JofVof o;n]
u¥of] . o;nfO{ 8]l/8fn] e]b (Differ) / :yug(Defer) cyjf …5Ú – …5}gÚsf]
Jolt/]sL o'Udaf6 cYof{p“5g\ . …ufO{Ú zAbsf] cy{ …uf]?Úsf] k|of]uaf6 dfq cly{g ;S5 .
o;/L efiffdf zAbx¿ k/:k/ Jolt/]sL o'Uddf cfp“5g\ / ToxL Jolt/]saf6 cy{
lg:klQ x' G5 . ;' G b/–s'? k, nfe–xflg, ;fgf] – 7" n f] h:tf Jolt/] s L o' U dsf] o;
k|lqmofnfO{ ;:o'/n] klg :jLsf/ u/]sf lyP t/ 8]l/8fn]] o;
e]b÷Jolt/]s(difference) nfO{ :yug(Defer) df abNb} yk s] JofVof u/] eg]
of] :yug(defer) efiffdf lg/Gt/ rln/xG5 / cy{ (Signified)sf ;fy} Pp6f
zAbsf] cy{sf] ;Í]tsf nflu cfpg] csf]{ Jo~hs÷zAb(Signifier)sf] klg :yug
;tt\ eO/xG5-krf}/L, ;g\ @))^, k[= #^_ . o:tf] :yug Jolt/]sL o'Uddf cfpg]
k"/sx¿(Suppplements) df cfwfl/t x'G5 / efiffdf :yugnfO{ lgDTofpg] o:tf
k"/sx¿ klg l:y/ x'“b}gg\, ltgs} klg :yug / kl/jt{gsf] ;tt\ k|lqmof rln/xG5 .
To;}n] s'g} zAbsf] lglZrt cy{ nufpg ;lsGg . h:t} …ufOÚsf] cy{ To;s} Jolt/]sL
o'Udsf] csf]{ zAb …uf]?Úsf cfwf/df nufOG5 t/ …uf]?Ú zAbn} g} cfkm\gf] ?9 cy{
u'dfof] eg] …ufO{Úsf] k'/fgf] ?9 cy{ a'lemg' jf To; ¿kdf To;nfO{ cYof{pg' ;Dej x'Gg
. clg o;f] eGb} o;n] s] ts{ k|:t't ub{5 eg] zAbsf] ?9 cy{df :yug cfO/xG5 /
To;}n] cy{df klg leGgtf cfO/xG5, To;nfO{ lglZrt agfpg jf dfGg ;lsGg .
efiff t oxL :yug / k"/ssf] v]n xf] . clg ha o:tf] lrlKn/xg] k"/s / To;sf]
:yugsf cfwf/df cy{ nfpg'kg]{ x'G5 eg] s'g} eflifs ¿ksf] lglZrt cy{ s;/L
nufpg ;lsG5 < oxL bfz{lgs k|Zg cufl8 ;fb}{ 8]l/8fn] ;flxTodf klg cy{dfly
cy{sf] :yugsf] of] k|lqmof jf v]n cgGt ¿kdf rNg] atfP/ ;+/ rgfjfbn] em}“
;flxTosf] cy{ n fO{ lglZrt ;Gbe{ d f ?9 ug{ gx' g ] lgisif{ k| : t' t u/] .
8]l/8fnL pQ/;+/rgfjfb cyf{t\ ljlgdf{0fjfbsf k|v/ cd]l/sL JofVoftf kn l8
Dofgn] efiffleqsf] oxL cfGtl/s rnv]nnfO{ g} jf:tljs ;flxTokgf atfPsf 5g\ .
37
pgL s] eG5g\ eg] s[ltsf] cy{ lgwf{/0f ug]{ qmddf ;Gbe{ / n]vsh:tf afx\o
kIfx¿(Reference, context, author) uf}0f /xG5g\, zAbsf] cfGtl/s rnv]n
cyjf nIf0ffh:tf s'/fn] cy{lgwf{/0fdf d'Vo e"ldsf /fVb5g\ . pgL n]vg / vf; u/L
sljtfnfO{ cfnÍfl/s v]n (Rhetorical Play) dfGb} cfnÍfl/s v]n
(Rhetorical Play) / ;Gbe{ut cy{ (Refferencial meaning) aLrsf]
;DaGwnfO{ zAb / ;+:ff/aLrsf] ;DaGwh:t} Ifl0fs ;DaGw(Temporal Relation)
atfp“5g\ -df]xGtL, k[= @&, @*_ . zAb / ;Gbe{aLrsf] ;DaGw clgjfo{ geO{ cfsl:ds /
;f+of]lus dfq x'G5 eGg] pgsf] wf/0ff 5 . kf7df k|j]z u/]kl5 zAb / ;+;f/aLrsf]
k"j{lglZrt ;DaGw uf}0f x'g k'U5 / cy{ lgwf{/0fdf 1fgzf:qsf] e"ldsf lgik|efjL x'g
hfG5 . o;f] lsg x'G5 eGg] k|Zgsf] hjfkmdf pgL s] eG5g\ eg] x/]s efiff
cjwf/0ffTds(conceptual), cfnÍfl/s(Rhetorical) /
clweflifs(Metalingual) x'G5g\ / log} ;fwgx¿n] ;flxTonfO{ cfnÍfl/s agfp“5g\,
To;}n] efiffsf] lglZrt ;fdflhs cy{ nufpg ;lsGg-df]xGtL, k[= #^_ .
l8 Dofg / 8]l/8f cflb pQ/;+/rgfjfbL-ljgdf{0fjfbLx¿_sf] efiffk|ltsf] d'Vo
b[li6sf]0f s] xf] eg] efiff :jefj}n] cnÍf/n] o'Qm jf k"0f{ x'G5 . cyf{t\ efiffsf
zAbx¿÷;Í]tlrGxx¿ :jo+df j:t' jf cy{k|ltsf cnÍf/ x'g\, To;}n] cnÍf/sf dfWodn]
lgdf{0f ul/g] -csf]{_ cnÍf/-cyf{t\ ;flxTo / To;df klg sljtf_sf] lglZrt cyf{kg
;Dej 5}g . Kn]6f]n] …cs'/0fsf] klg cg's/0f ePsfn] ;flxTo ;Tok/s gx'g] jf ;ToeGbf
b'O{u'gf 6f9f x'g]Ú lgisif{ lbPh:t} pQ/;+/rgfjfbL l8 Dofgx¿n] ;flxTo cnÍf/sf] klg
cnÍf/ ePsfn] o;sf] j:t'k/s / lglZrt cy{ glgl:sg] lhls/ u/]sf 5g\ . sljtfsf
;DaGwdf l8 Dofgsf] yk wf/0ff s] 5 eg] efiffsf] ;flxlToskgf g} o;sf] cfnÍfl/stf
xf] / cfnÍfl/stf sljtfsf cu| efudf a9L :ki6 /xG5, Toxf“ dfgs Jofs/0f lgliqmo
x'g k'U5 jf cf]em]ndf k5{ . oxL dfGotfsf cfwf/df pgL eG5g\ –æefiffsf] :j:km"t{
IFdtfsf] rnv]nn] g} jf:tljs ;flxTonfO{ phfu/ u5{ . olta]nf Pp6f
;Í]ts(Signifier)n] Psdfq ;Í]ltt(Signified)nfO{ JoQm u5{ eGg] dfGotfaf6
xfdL km/fs x'g'k5{Æ-df]xGtL, k[= ##–#$_ . o;f] ePs}n] sljtfdf ;flxTosf] ;aeGbf
k|efjsf/L ;ª\syg x'G5 / o;df ljlgdf{0fsf] k|r'/ k|of]u kfOG5 eGg] dfGotf pgn]
k|:t't u/]sf 5g\ .
;du|tM sljtfk|lt l8 Dofgsf] lgrf]8 s] xf] eg] sljtf cfnÍfl/s kl/0flt:j¿ksf]
efiffaf6 n]lvg] ljlzi6 jf pRr cnÍf/ ePsf] x'gfn] of] cAan bhf{sf] ljlgdf{0f xf]
h;df cy{sf] lglZrttf xf]Og, a? ax'ntf(plurality) / c:yfloTj(Unstability)
x'G5 . o;nfO{ ;f+:ffl/s ;DaGwsf cfwf/df dfq cYof{pg' x'Gg / ;lsGg . cd]l/sL
38
;dsfnLg sljtfsf k|j[lQsf] rrf{ ug]{ qmddf xf]dgfy cfrfo{n] eg]sf s'/fn] klg o;}
wf/0ffnfO{ k|:6\ofp“5g\ . pgL-@)%* M !$_ n]V5g\ M
sljtfsf af/]df n]Vbf sljtfsf] cy{ nufpg'sf] s'g} cy{ 5}g
lsgeg] sljtf sljtf x'g sljtf g} x'g'k5{ . of] dfGotf
pQ/cfw'lgssfnLg dfGotf xf] . s;}n] sljtf eg]sf] o:tf] xf]
eg]/ kl/efiff nufp“5 eg] Tof] p;sf] JolQmut :jtGqtfsf]
s'/f xf] t/ o;sf k5fl8 b'u'{0frflx“ cjZo klg d"v{tfsf]
glhs–glhs k'Ug vf]Hg' xf] . ha sljtf kl/efiffsf] aGwgaf6
d'Qm x'G5 ta dfq sljtfn] k"0f{ hLjg k|fKt u5{ . o;sf] d'Vo
sf/0f s] xf] eg] sljtfsf] ljsf;sf af6f]df /x]sf cj/f]wx¿
x6\g' xf] . cd]l/sL sljtfsf] ljsf;qmdnfO{ ;/;tL{ x]g]{ xf] eg]
klg Tof] s'/fsf] k'li6 lgs} ;xh ¿kdf x'G5Æ.
xf]d/fh cfrfo{sf] o; egfOn] sljtfk|ltsf] pQ/cfw'lgs dfGotfnfO{ /fd|};“u lrgfPsf]
5 . sljtfsf] ljwfut d"No / dfGotfnfO{ sljtfs} zq' 7fGg] dfGotf
pQ/cfws'lgstfjfbL dfGotf xf] eGg] s'/f cfrfo{n] eg]sf 5g\ / Tof] unt 5}g .
jf:tjdf sljtfdfq xf]Og ;du| ;flxTonfO{ s'g} ljwfdf ;Lldt gu/L s]jn
kf7(Text) sf ¿kdf lng] / a'em\g] k|j[lQ pQ/cfw'lgstfjfbL k|j[lQn] ;flxTosf] dd{,
:jTj Pj+ ;fdflhs tyf snfTds d"NonfO{ g} Wj:t t'NofPsf] 5 . ha snfsf] s'g}
ljwf g} c:jLs[t x'g k'uL Pp6f kf7dfq aGg k'U5 eg] snfsf] lghTjsf] /Iff
pQ/cfw'lgstfjfb jf ljlgdf{0faf6 x'G5 eGg] s'/f dfGg' kg]{ cfwf/ g} sxf“ /x\of] / <
cem slt;Dd eg] o;n] t xfdLn] n]Vg] kf7 klg d"n kf7 xf]Og Tof] ljkf7 xf] jf
ljlgdf{0f xf] / xfdLn] k9\g] k7g klg df}lns / ;xL xf]Og, ljk7g÷unt
k7g(Misreading) xf] eGg] k|:yfkgf;d]t cufl8 ;fb{5 . xfdL Pp6} k7g / Pp6}
cyf{kg ug{ ;Qm}gf}+ eGb} 8]l/8f s] eG5g\ eg] efiffsf] nfIfl0fs / cfnÍfl/s ;+/rgf g}
o:tf] 5 ls bz{g jf ;Íygdf lglZrt cy{sf] s'/f ug{' s]jn lg/Í'z k|lqmof xf] .
dgf]ljZn]if0fsf sf]0faf6 ljlgdf{0f jf pQ/cfw'lgstfjfbsf] JofVof ug]{ Hofs nfsf“n]
dfG5]sf cjr]tg / eflifs ;+/rgfaLr t'ngf ug]{ qmddf s] eg]sf 5g\ eg] cfbz{
n]vg Tof] xf] h;n] :jo+ cfkm"nfO{ lj:yflkt u5{ / h;n] :jo+ cfkm"nfO{ Wj+z ug{ ;S5
. pQ/cfwf'lgstfjfbsf] j}lzi6\o / k|flKt klg elgG5 t/ cy{sf] clgZrotf, n]vgnfO{
km'sf]n] n]vgnfO{ ljdz{ (Discource)sf] ;+1f lb+b} ;a} ljdz{nfO{ Ps
k|sf/sf] lx+;f atfPsf 5g\ . pgsf ljrf/df tL ljdz{x¿ zlQm;ª\3if{ jf zlQmk|flKt
x]t' ul/G5g\ . To;}n] s'g} klg ljdz{sf] j:t'k/s cyf{kg ;Dej 5}g / To:tf] bfjL
39
u/]/ n]lvPsf] ljdz{ vf]6f] x'G5 . pgL s] klg yK5g\ eg] s'g} klg ljdz{ ztk|ltzt
;To x'“bg} , Tof] ls t sd zlQm;DkGg x['G5 ls t a9L zlQm;DkGg .
ljlgdf{0fjfbL dfGotfnfO{ cfkm\g} 9/f{df JofVof / k|of]u ug]{ OGb|axfb'/ /fO{n] klg
wf/0ffnfO{ e|d atfPsf 5g\ . pgL -@)#$ M (*_ eG5g\ M æxfdLn] hfg]sf] wf/0ff
hfg]sf x'“bf /x]g5f}+ . wf/0ff e|d xf] . oyfy{ c1]o / cl7DofOg] x'“bf] /x]5 / xfdL e|d
n]Vbf /x]5f}+ . oyfy{ hflg+b} ghflgO{ laTyfdf xfdL s'lGg s] aft dfbf{ /x]5f}+ . hLjgsf] of]
oyfy{ ;flxTodf nufO{ To;sf/0f xfdL laTyfdf laTyf n]vf}+Æ . laTyfdf laTyf, cflv/L
z"Gotf, lg/y{stf . lgT;]sf] z"GotfnfO{ g} cGttM ljlgdf{0f / l;Ëf] pQ/cfw'lgstfn]
k'g:yf{lkt ug{ vf]h]sf] 5 gof“ ¿k / /Ëdf . æzAbx¿nfO{ s'lGg s] ePsf] 5 cr]n M
7Ls s'/f atfp“b}gg\ . ca ylst klg eO;s] zAbx¿ . h] ;f]w] c“ c“ elglbG5g\Æ-/fO{,
!(*( M %)_, o;f] eGg] /fO{n] cGttM n]Vg'nfO{ ;fdflhs bfloTjaf6 d'Qm u/]/ cy{xLg /
e|dn]vgdf ;Lldt ul/lbPsf 5g\ . kf7df hlt e|dsf] ;[li6 ug{ ;lsof] /fO{sf nflu /
pQ/cfw'lgstfsf nflu Tof] kf7 TolQs} anjfg\ x'G5 .
8]l/8fsf ljrf/df k|To]s n]vg zAbsf] cgGt v]ndfq xf] . xfdL h] n]V5f}+ s]jn
kf7 n]V5f}+, / To;sf] cy{ oxL eg]/ 7f]s'jf ug{ ldNb}g . efiffdf cy{sf] lg/Gt/ lrKnfO
rln/xG5 / ToxL lrKn]6Ldf /dfpg' o;sf] ceLi6 xf] . oBlk 8]l/8f cfkm\gf] e]b /
:yugsf] k|:yfkgfaf6 jfs\-;:o'/sf] Kof/f]n_ df blaPsf bldt tŒjnfO{ ;|i6fs} :t/df
;dfnf]rsn] klg n]Vo kf7-nª_df pb\3fl6t ug]{ k|of; u5{ eGg] s'/fsf] bfjL u5{g\ t/
pNn]vgLo s] 5 eg] :yug / cy{sf] lg/Gt/ lrKnfO-8]l/8fn] g} eg]em}“_ olb efiffdf
/xG5 eg] ljlgdf{0fjfbL n]vsn] jfs\sf bldt tŒjnfO{ slt pb\3fl6t ug{ ;Snf < x'g
t …;Qm}gÚ eGg] pQ/ klg o;} ljdz{df k|fKt 5 lsgeg] cfkm\g} sd{sf k|flKtk|lt o;
l;4fGt :jo+sf] ljZjf; 5}g . cy{sf] lg/Gt/ lrKnfO / n]vgnfO{ s]jn v]n / e|dsf]
lgdf{0f elg;s]kl5 kf7af6 s] cy{ lbg] jf kf7n] s'g ;fdflhs ;Gbe{nfO{ k|:t't ug]{
eGg] s'/f o;sf nflu dxŒjxLg x'g k'u]sf] 5 . Toltdfq geO{ To;f] ug{ vf]Hg' o;sf
b[li6df lg/Í'z k|of; x'G5 eGg] lgisif{ pQ/cfw'lgstfjfbL ljdz{df kfOG5 . s]jn
/TofTds cfgGb clg cy{sf] :yug / clglZrttfsf gfp“df cy{e|flGt . oxL xf] n]vg /
sljtfk|ltsf] pQ/cfw'lgstfjfbL cjwf/0ff .
eGg t efiffleq} jfs\cGtu{t bldt jf kfvf nufOPsf clg To;} u/L ;dfhdf
kfvf nufOPsfnfO{ s]Gb|lt/ Nofpg] / k/Dk/fsf] s]Gb|e~hg ug]{ cjwf/0ffnfO{
e|d -jf /fO{sf zAbdf nLnf_ dflg;s]kl5 / dxfVofgsf] cGTosf gfp“df ;fdflhs
r]tgfsf cu|ufdL k|flKtnfO{ c:jLsf/ jf lgif]w ul/;s]kl5 kfvf nufOPsfnfO{ s]Gb|lt/
Nofpg] s'/fsf] klg s'g} ;fy{s kl/0ffd lg:sg] l:ylt t sxf“ /xG5 / < Tof] t s]jn
pQ/cfw'lgs /TofTds v]nsf] ;fdu|L dfq aG5 .
40
 lgisif{df eGg' kbf{ pQ/cfwlgstfn] ;+Zn]if0fnfO{ xf]Og ljZn]if0fnfO{, pkl:yt-
b[Zo, oyfy{ jf ;To_nfO{ xf]Og cg'kl:yt-cb[Zo, oyfy{, c;To_nfO{, cy{sf]
lglZrttfnfO{ xf]Og clglZrttf, lje|d cyjf e|flGtnfO{, ;dfh / ju{li7tfnfO{ xf]Og
JolQmlgi7tfnfO{ dxŒj lbG5 / :yflkt ub{5 / o;f] ug'{ eg]sf] efiffsf] ;fdflhs
zlQm / ;DaGwnfO{ lgif]w ug'{sf ;fy} l;h{gf / ;|i6fsf] ;fdflhs bfloTjaf6 ljd'v
agfp“b} z"Gosf] pkf;s agfpg] sfd ug'{ xf]-a/fn, @)^# M $$,$%_ . To;}n] o;sf
b[li6df dfly elgPh:t} sljtfn]vg klg Pp6f e|flGt jf nLnfsf] /TofTds v]ndfq
xf] .
#= sljtf M /TofTds v]n / cy{e|flGt ls ;fdflhs r]tgfsf]
ljzi6 ¿k
sljtf s] xf] eGg]af/] pQ/cfw'lgstfjfbL sf]0faf6 ;f]Rg'sf] cy{ 5}g lsgeg] o;n]
ljwfut d"No / :jTjnfO{ c:jLsf/ ul/;s]sf] 5 / x/]s n]vgnfO{ e|dk"0f{ kf7df
;Lldt ul/lbPsf] 5 . o;f] u/]/ o;sf JofVoftf / l;4fGtsf/x¿n] efiff clg sljtf
jf ;flxTosf] ;fdflhs zlQm, d"No / e"ldsfnfO{ c:jLsf/dfq xf]Og lgif]w u/]sf 5g\ .
efiff / cy{s} ;DaGwsf sf]0faf6 x]bf{ klg pQ/;+/rgfjfbsf] ts{ lsg pko'Qm 5}g eg]
dfgjhfltn] r]tgfsf] ljsf;qmddf cfh{g u/]sf] ljleGg If]qsf] 1fg / To;sf
cfwf/df ePsf k|ult efiffs} cfwf/df ePsf x'g\ / tL g t sd dxŒjsf 5g\ / g t
tL e|ddfq x'g\ . /fO{n] eg]em}“ …laTyfsf nflu laTyfÚ n]lvPsf] eP dfgj;dfhsf]
kl/jt{g / k|ult of] ¿kdf x'g] lyPg / ca klg olb n]vgnfO{ e|flGt / /TofTds v]n
7fGg] xf] eg] xfdL Pp6f ;+j]bgfxLg ;dfhsf] lgdf{0f ug{ k'Ug]5f}+ hxf“ xfdL dflg; x'g'
/ gx'g'sf] cy{ /xg] 5}g . Tolta]nf kfvf nufOPsfnfO{ s]Gb|lt/ tfGg'sf] klg s'g} cy{
x'“b}g . 6]Sg] jf ;dfpg] cfwf/ eTsfP/ dfly r9\5' jf r9fp“5' eGg'sf] s'g} cy{ /x“b}g .
k"jL{o ldyssf] sfnLbf;Lo xf“ufs6fOafx]s Tof] c?yf]s x'“b}g . zAbsf]zdf efiffsf
zAbx¿sf /fO{-@)^$ M $!_n] eg]em}“ Pp6} xf]Og, cg]s cy{ lgZro klg lbOPsf 5g\
t/ tL lg/k]If xf]Og, ;fk]lIft ¿kdf dfq leGg 5g\ . Pp6f ;fdflhs ;Gbe{ /
Joj:yfdf ltgn] ljlzi6 cy{ lbG5g\ . efiff kl/jt{gzLn j:t' xf] / Tof]
dfgjLo÷;fdflhs >dsf] pTkfb klg xf] . To;sf] ofb[lR5stf klg lg/k]If 5}g .
;fdflhs >d / To;n] lgdf{0f u/]sf ;fdflhs kl/36gf / kl/l:yltn] efiffsf] lgdf{0f
/ To;df kl/jt{g ub}{ hfG5g\ / o;/L efiff dfgjLo >d;“u uf“l;P/ ljsl;t x'“b}
41
hfG5 . To;}n] zAbljz]ifsf cy{ klg ToxL ;fk]Iftfdf Psflws / slxn]sfxL“ leGg klg
x'“b} hfG5g\ . b[i6fGtsf nflu xfd|} ;Gbe{df lxhf] xfdL k|hftGq h]nfO{ eGYof}+, To;n]
cfGbf]ng / kl/jt{gsf] rfxsf ¿kdf k|s6 ePsf] xfd|f] >dr]tgf;“u tfbfTDo /fVg
5f]8\of], clg xfdLn] …nf]stGqÚ zAb k|of]u ug{ yfNof}+ . o;n] xfd|F] >dr]tgf;“u a9L
tfbfDo /fv]sf] b]lvof] . o;} u/L s'g} ;do …d08n]Ú zAbn] lgs[i6 cy{ lbGYof] . To;sf]
sf/0f 8]l/8fn] eg]em}“ efiffsf]] e]b / :yug xf]Og, d08n] ;d"xleqsf dflg;x¿n]
u/]sf] gsf/fTds, vn Jojxf/ lyof] / ToxL Jojxf/af6 …d08n]Ú zAb lgs[i6 cy{sf]
;Í]ts aGof] . tfTko{ s] xf] eg] zAbsf] lg/k]If zAbsf]zLo jf lg/k]If ofb[lR5s ;Qf
x'“b}g . zAbx¿ jf efiff ;fdflhs j:t' / >dsf] pTkfb ePsfn] dfgjLo >d jf
Jojxf/af6 ltgsf] cy{ lgikbfg / kl/jt{g;d]t x'“b} hfG5 . /TofTds v]nsf
cfsfª\Iffaf6 k|]l/t eO{ efiffsf] c/fhs k|of]u ugf{n] Psflt/ efiffdfly g} cTofrf/ x'G5
eg] dfgjr]tgfsf] k|flKt / To;sf] snfTds Pj+ pbfQ cÍgnfO{ ;dfKt kfl/G5 . o;f]
ug''{ eg]sf] cGttM 3f]/ c/fhstfsf] af6f] x'“b} efiff / r]tgfnfO{ z"Gotfdf k'¥ofpg' xf] .
pQ/cfw'lgstfn] 3f]lift ¿kdf oxL ul//x]sf] 5 . sljtfdf cy{x¿sf] u[xo'4(aporia)
nfO{ :jLsfg]{ / To;d} /dfpg] pQ/cfw'lgs k|j[lQn] oxL s'/fsf] ;Í]t ub{5 .
cl3 g} pNn]v ul/of], pQ/cfw'lgs sf]0faf6 sljtfnfO{ x]l/of] eg] z"Gotfd}
k'luG5 . s;}nfO{ z"Go / e|dd} af“Rg' 5 eg] Tof] p;sf] j}olQms :jtGqtfsf] s'/f xf] t/
oyfy{tf s] xf] eg] sljtf ;fdflhs÷dfgjLo >d;“u uf“l;Psf] ;fdflhs r]tgfsf]
ljlzi6 ¿k xf] . clw/rgfsf cGo ¿kx¿ klg dfgj>ds} pkh x'g\ t/ sljtf-/
;flxTo_ tLeGbf o; cy{df ljlzi6 / leGg 5 ls o;sf] lgdf{0f / cleJolQm /fufTds
Pj+ snfTds k|ltlaDagsf ¿kdf x'G5 . o;n] >dr]tgf / To;n] hGdfPsf oyfy{sf]
snfTds k|ltlaDag u5{ / To;f] u/]/ dfG5]nfO{ cflTds cfgGb lbO{ p;sf /fufTds
cfjZostfsf] kl/k"lt{ ub{5 eg] dfG5]sf hLjgef]ufOk|lt ;r]t agfO{ s'¿ktfsf] cGt /
;'Gb/sf] :yfkgfsf nflu p;nfO{ ;ª\3if{/t aGg j}rfl/s / cflTds pmhf{ klg k|bfg
ub{5 . o;/L sljtfn] Ps} k6s /fufTds÷snfTds, ;+1fgfTds / j}rfl/s e"ldsf k"/f
ub{5 .
sljtfsf] e"ldsfaf/] rrf{ ub}{ zDe'gfyn] JoQm u/]sf ljrf/ lgs} dxŒjk"0f{ 5g\ .
pgL eG5g\ M æsljtfsf] sfd xf] dg'iosf] ;f}Gbo{af]w / r]tgfsf] kl/isf/ / gjlj:tf/ .
sljtf k9\g' eg]sf] xfdL ;f}Gbo{ / ;+j]bgfsf h'g w/ftndf 5f}+, To;eGbf pkNNnf] pGgt
w/ftndf k'¥pfpg' xf] . k6s–k6s sljtf k9\g' eg]sf] ;Eotfsf cfj/0fdf n's]sf
t'R5tfx¿, ;ÍL0f{tfx¿ / 9f]+ux¿af6 aflx/ lg:sg' / dfgjtfsf] Pp6f pRrt/ e"lddf
a;f]af; ug'{ xf] . dfgjtf;“u} sljtf hlGdPsf] xf] / To;}n] To;sf] cGTo klg dfgjtfsf]
cGTo;“u} x'G5 / ha;Dd dfG5] hLljt 5 ta;Dd dfgjtfsf] cGTo x'“b}gÆ.
42
 cToGt ;f/ule{t / ;'Gb/ egfO . o;sf] dd{ / ;f}Gbo{nfO{
pQ/cfw'lgstfjfbLx¿n] ga'em\g' ltgsf] ;Ldf xf] / Tof]eGbf klg a9L ltgsf] lgot xf]
h'g lgot ;fd|fHojfbsf] dfgjtf / snflj/f]wL k|j[lQsf] pksf/s aGg k'u]sf] 5 .
To;}n] of] ;do Ps k|sf/n] dfgjtf, oyfy{ / snf clg dfgå]ifL, snflj/f]wL
;fd|fHojfbL ;f+:s[lts r]tgfsf aLr tLj| cGtlj{/f]w / ;ª\3if{sf] ;do xf] . ljlzi6 /
;fk]If cy{fkgn] lg/Ís'ztfsf] ;[li6 ug]{ geO{ pQ/cfw'lgs cy{e|flGtsf] c/fhs
k|of]un] Pp6f lg/Í'z ;EotfnfO{ hGdfO/x]sf] 5 hxf“ dfgjtf / dfgjLo ;+j]bgf cfxt
5 / dfgj>dsf] cjd"Nog ul/+b} 5 . To;}n] zDe'gfy-;g\ @))) M *%_ eG5g\ M æcfh
;flxTo n]Vg' / k9\g' eg]sf] lg/Í'z ;Eotf;“u Ps k|sf/n] d'7e]8 ug'{ xf] . k'tnLx¿sf
/Ën] xf]Og, x•Lx¿leq aUg] d;Ln] n]lvg] ;flxTon] g} o; lg/+s'z ;Eotfsf lj?4
d'7e]8 ug{ ;S5 / o;/L pm cfkm\gf] ;dosf] ;fIfL, cGj]ifs, / ;xr/ x'g ;S5 Æ.
lglZrt ¿kn] cfhsf] ;fy{s sljtf-;flxTo_ sf] bfloTj /TofTds v]n / e|flGtsf]
l;h{gf xf]Og, To; k|j[lQsf lj?4 dfgjtf, ;+j]bgf / ;f}Gbo{sf kIfdf cfkm"nfO{
pEofpg' xf] . cfh klg t];|f] ljZj / ;fd|fHojfbL pTkL8gsf lj?4 ;ª\3if{/t ;dfhdf
sljtfn] oxL sfo{ ul//x]sf] 5 . To;}n] o;f] eGg' ;j{yf plrt 5 M æof] sljtfsf]
;kmntf xf] ls of] ahf/sf] pkef]Uo j:t' xf]Og, o;sf] s'g} Jofj;flos d"No 5}g .
lhGbuL Tolta]nf lhGbuL x'G5 ha p;df ahf/]t/ / Joj;fo]t/ s'/fsf nflu klg
clnstf 7fp“ x'G5Æ-zDe'gfy, ;g\ @))) M *$_ .
oBlk pQ/cfw'lgstf cfh lhGbuLsf ;fy} sljtf-snf_nfO{ klg ;lkª sDKn]S; /
To;leqsf] lj1flkt lasfp dfn agfpg] k|of;df ;tt\ k|oTgzLn 5 t/ sd;]sd
;+;f/sf ;fy{s sljtfn] dfly elgPem}“ u}/Jofj;flos lhGbuL / ;+j]bgfsf nflu …:k];Ú
lbO/x]sf 5g\, …:k];Ú agfOx]sf 5g\ .
jf:tjdf sljtfsf] d'Vo nIo ;+j]bgfsf] ljB'tsf]ifnfO{ k'gp{2LKt kfg'{ xf] /
cfhsf] pQ/cfw'lgs cy{sf] …Pkf]l/ofÚsf] o'udf of] sfo{ emg dxŒjk"0f{ ePsf] 5 . t/
;Gtf]ifsf] s'/f s] 5 eg] sljtfn] of] sfd ul//x]sf] 5 . zDe'gfy-k[= **_sf zAbdf
sljtf dFG5]sf glhs cfPsf]] 5 t/ zAbqmL8fsf ¿kdf xf]Og, lg/ª\s'z ;Eotf;“usf]
d'7e]8df Pp6f dha't xltof/sf ¿kdf . o;/L jf:tjdf sljtf cfkm\gf] P]ltxfl;s
lhDd]jf/L ;DkGg ug]{ d'7e]8sf] df]rf{df cu|klª\Qmdf 5 / sljx¿ To; df]rf{df
sljtfsf] xltof/ s'zntfk"j{s rnfO/x]sf 5g\ . sljtfaf/] olt rrf{ ul/;s]kl5 ca
d cy{e|flGtsf] /TofTds v]nsf lj?4sf] d'7e]8sf] o; df]rf{sf cu|kª\lQmdf cf:yfsf]
9fn lnP/ s'zntfk"j{s sljtfsf] xltof/ rnfO/x]sf / sljtfdf ljrf/ / ;+j]bgfsf]
dxfVofg l;h{gf ul//x]sf Pshgf k|v/ k|ultjfbL sljsf sljtfnfO{ k|:t't ub}{
cfhsf] o; d'7e]8nfO{ b[Zojfg\ agfpg rfxG5' .
43
$= d'7e]8sf] df]rf{sf cu|kª\lQmdf k"0f{ lj/fdsf sljtf
sljtf clxn] ;+j]bgfxLgtf / cy{e|flGtsf] cleofgsf lj?4 d'7e]8sf] df]rf{df
lqmofzLn 5 eGg] s'/fnfO{ g]kfnLOt/ k|;Ëaf6 klg a'em\g] k|of; ul/of] . ca o;
df]rf{sf cu| kª\lQmdf plePsf ;dsfnLg slj k"0f{ lj/fdsf] sljtfTds Tof] d'7e]8
s:tf] 5 eGg] s'/fnfO{ pgs} sljtf;fIox¿af6 x]/f}+ .
;fIo !=
xfdLx¿n] ca sfkL, snd / d;Lsf] ;§fdf
aGb's lsg] s;f] xf]nf <
b]znfO{ a]l//x]sf] gfukfznfO{ l5gfpg] snf l;sfpg]
ljBfnodf cfh} egf{ eP s;f] xf]nf <
kfs]6df /x]sf] cfwf df;f k|hftGq klg
d'bf{sf] z/L/af6 a;fO“ ;/]sf lsgf{x¿n]
v'Nndv'Nnf kfs]6 df/]/ kfs]6df/f eO;s]sf 5g\
o:tf] kfs]6df/fsf] huhuL a9]sf] a:tLdf
xfdLx¿ cfh} 5fkfdf/ eP s;f] xf]nf <
-…s;f] xf]nfÚ, P, d]/f] cfb/0fLo n]s fnL km"n, k[= %*_
pQ/cfw'lgstfsf nflu o;df st} zAbsf] /TofTds v]n / cy{sf] u[xo'4-
Pkf]l/of_ ge]l6g' cfZro{ x'g]5}g . glhs}sf OGb|axfb'/ /fO{nfO{ o;df e|flGt ge]l6Psf]df
lvGgtfaf]w nfUg' klg :jfefljs} xf]nf / ;a} pQ/cfw'lgstfjfbLx¿sf nflu o;df
lg/Í'ztf e]l6g' klg lsdfy{ c:jfefljs x'g]5}g . t/ oyfy{ s] xf] eg] dfly elgPh:t}
e|flGtlj?4sf] df]rf{df o; sljtfn] cfkm\gf] ;dosf] oyfy{ / ;+j]bgfnfO{ ;'Gb/ / :ki6
cleJolQm lbPsf] 5 . lxhf] -@)$^_cl3sf] ;+ljwfgnfO{ ljZjs} pTs[i6 ;+ljwfg /
lxhf]sf] k|hftGqnfO{ cfbz{ atfP/ cg]sg pTkL8g hf/L /fv]s} sf/0f hgo'4sf] ¿kdf
ju{åGåsf] Hjfnf blGsPsf] xf] / cGttM pTs[i6 elgPsf] ;+ljwfgn] lj:yflkt x'g'k/]sf]
kl/0flt xfd|f cufl8 tfh} 5 . To:tf] cf]7] k|hftGqsf] dfqfTds Go"gtfnfO{ JoQm ug{
k"0f{ lj/fdn] To;nfO{ cfwf df;fsf] ¿ks lbPsf 5g\ / ToxL cfwf df;fsf] k|hftGqnfO{
klg ;Qfwf/L -h;nfO{ sljn] d'bf{af6 Ao'“lemPsf sLgf{sf] laDafTds ¿ks lbPsf
5g\_x¿n] g} kfs]6 df/]sf] cyf{t\ ckx/0f u/]sf] atfp“b} o:tf] cj:yfaf6 d'lQmsf nflu
aGb's af]Sg' cfjZos /x]sf] efj JoQm u/]sf 5g\ . efjut o; ;Gbe{n] ljutsf]
hgo'4do kl/j]z, hgo'4sfnLg g]kfnL /fhgLlts–;fdflhs oyfy{ / s'¿ktfaf6
d'lQmsf] rfxnfO{ pbfQtfk"j{s k|:t't u/sf] 5 h;sf] af]w 8]l/8fsf] :yug l;4fGtaf6
x'g' jf ul/g' ;Dej 5}g . o;sf nflu kf7s;“u k|v/ ;dfhaf]w cfjZos k5{ . o;/L
44
Ps k|sf/n] of] xfd|f] Oltxf;sf] k|:tf]tf klg aGg k'u]sf] 5 / ;dfhaf]w;“u} k|v/
Oltxf;af]w klg o;df e]6\g ;lsG5 .
o;df -/ k"0f{ lj/fdsf cGo ;a}h;f] sljtfdf_ k"0f{ lj/fd sljtfsf kf7snfO{
;lkª sDkn]S;df xf]Og, ju{;ª\3if{sf] e§Ldf n}hfG5g\ / g]kfnL ;dfhdf rln/x]sf]
ju{;ª\3if{sf] /fkaf6 kf7ssf cg'e"ltdf oyfy{, ;+j]bgf / ljrf/sf] pmhf{ k|jflxt u5{g \
. pgsf sljtfdf pmhf{sf] of] k|jfx s}og xhf/ ef]N6sf] ljB'tLo k|jfxeGbf zlQmzfnL
5 . x]/f}+ t ljrf/ / ;+j]bgfTds pmhf{sf] of] k|jfx M
;fIo @=
sfa]/Lsf] cf]7nfO{ of] b]z r';fP/
cfkm\gf] cf]7n] :jflbnf cfO;lqmd r'l;/x]sf g/fwdx¿nfO{
xfdLx¿n] ca cfuf] g} r';fOlbP s;f] xf]nf <
/fi6« /f]O/x]sf] w'g ;gO{ ahfP/ k|:t't ubf{
;'Gb} g;'Gg} sfgsf x'nx¿sf] cv8fdf
af?b k8\sfp“b} hgo'4s} eofgs uLt ufOlbP s;f] xf]nf <
=== === ===
uf]/vfdf sdnf e§nfO{ df/]/
gof“;8sdf lg/k/fw 5' eg]/ xNnf dRrfO/x]sf]
lha|f]nfO{ hGt/af6 lgsfn]/ ;fOgfO8
xfdLx¿n] r6fOlbP s;f] xf]nf <
-pxL_
hgtfsf kL8f g;'Gg] alx/f zf;sx¿ / ltgsf] ;QfpTkL8gk|lt tLj| 3[0ffsf
;fy} ljb|f]xefj clg b]znfO{ r'l;/x]sf] lj:tf/jfbL zlQmk|lt 3[0ff / cfqmf]z 5
sljtfdf / ;“u;“u} oL s'¿ktfaf6 d'lQmsf nflu hgo'4s} …eofgs uLtÚ cfjZos
/x]sf] ts{gf 5 . sljsf] of] ljb|f]xefj h'g zAbz}nL / elª\udfdf JoQm ePsf] 5 Tof]
olt 5f]Og] / olt k|efjf]Tkfbs 5 ls aGb'ss} uf]nLsf] k|efj klg zf/Ll/s ¿kn]
k|efjf]Tkfbs xf]nf t/ cflTds ¿kn] oltlj£g k|efjsf/L x'“b}g . jf:tjdf s}of}+ xhf/
ef]N6sf] ljB'tk|jfxem}“ ;+j]bgfTds phf{k|jfx 5 o;df . oxf“ st} e|flGt 5}g, g]kfnL
;dfhdf ljsl;t oyfy{ / r]tgfsf w/ftndf pleP/ dfgjr]tgfnfO{ ;lkª
sDKn]S;sf] pef]Uo j:t' agfpg] ;+:s[ltsf lj?4sf] h]xfb 5 o;df .
k"0f{ lj/fdsf sljtf cfkm\gf] ;dosf] oyfy{;“u 3lgi6 ¿kn] hf]l8Psf 5g\ .
ltgdf pTkLl8t dflg;sf] cfjfh 5 / 5 cg]s gfp“df jiff}{+b]lv ;fdGtL zf;sx¿sf]
pTkL8gsf lj?4sf] 3[0ff / ljb|f]xefj . g]kfndf hgo'4sf] cf}krfl/s ;'?jft\ gx'“b} klg
pgn] pTkL8s ;fdGtjfbL ;Qfaf6 d'lQmsf nflu ;z:q ;ª\3if{sf] cfjZostfaf]w
u/]sf lyP / sljtfdf To;sf] ;zQm cleJolQm u/]sf lyP . @)$* ;fnsf] …uf]ljGbn]
45
7Ls eGof]Ú sljtfdf …ljgf cfo'w ;"o{ cfpg dfGb}gÚ eg]/ pgn] Tolta]n} ;z:q
;ª\3if{sf] cfjZostfnfO{ cf}+NofPsf x'g\ / kl5 @)%@b]lv ha ;z:q hgo'4sf] ljsf;
eof], pgn] To;sf cg]s kIfnfO{ sljtfsf] ljifo agfp“b} uP . To;}n] k"0f{ lj/fdsf
ljut bzssf sljtfdf hgo'4sf cg]s cfofdnfO{ k9\g ;lsG5 . pgn] st} o;sf]
cfjZostfnfO{ cf}+NofPsf 5g\, st} o;sf gfossf] cfbzL{s/0f u/]sf 5g\, st}
hgo'4k|lt cfTdLotfefj jf juL{o kIfw/tf k|s6 u/]sf 5g\, st} hgo'4nfO{ bafpg]
gfp“df lg/Í'z ;Qfåf/f ul/Psf cdfgjLo bdgsf] lj/f]w / To;sf kl/0ffdsf] efjdo
lrq0f u/]sf 5g\ eg] st} l;ª\uf] o'4k|lqmofdf of]4fx¿n] k|bz{g u/]sf ljlzi6 ;fx; /
zf}o{sf] ufyf / ltgn] :yflkt u/]sf] pbfQ hLjgd"Nosf] dxfVofg /r]sf 5g\ . ltgdf
st} cy{sf] e|flGt 5}g, g ltgdf zAbsf] /TofTds v]n 5 . o;f] eGg'sf] cy{ k"0f{
lj/fdsf sljtf ;kf6 j0f{g 5g\, To;f] t x'“b} xf]Og . 8]l/8fnL :s"nsf s'g} klg
ljk7gstf{n] zAbsf] ;f}Gbo{ oyfy{jfbL sljtfdf s:tf];Dd cfx\nfbs x'g ;S5 eGg]
s'/fsf] b/f] b[i6fGt kfpg]5g\ k"0f{ lj/fdsf sljtfdf, x]/f}+ oL :ffIo M
;fIo #=
pxf“x¿n] 3'd gcf]9]sf] ;dodf
d]3x¿ gal;{g" xfQL;+'“9]sf] gfd eP/
pxf“x¿sf] ;fydf 5ftf gePsf] If0fdf
afbnx¿ ltdLx¿n] 5f]Kg" ;"o{nfO{
/ pxf“x¿df zLtn ePsf] cg'e"lt lbnfpg"
r:dfx¿ gePsf] cj:yfx¿df
pxf“x¿ /xg' x'“bf
atf; ltdLn] w'nfx¿ gp8fpg"
pxf“x¿sf] cf“vf laemfp“bf
d]/f] dgdf sf“9f laem]sf] cg'ej x'G5
5ftLdf ^ OGrsf] lsnf] 7f]ls“bf
hlt kL8f pTklQ x'G5
Tolt g} kL8f d}n] ef]u]sf] dnfO{ cg'e"lt x'G5 .
-…pxf“x¿sf] cy{Ú, n8\g hGd]sfx¿n], k[= &$_
;+j]bgf / /fufTdstfsf] pTs[i6 snfTds cleJolQm ePsf] 5 o;df . …pxf“x¿Ú
;fj{gflds k|tLssf] k|of]u ePsf] 5 d'lQm;ª\3if{df nfd nfu]sf of]4fx¿sf nflu . tL
of]4fx¿ h;n] hgo'4sf qmddf-/ hgo'4 dfq xf]Og, ;du| dfgjd'lQm–;ª\u|fddf_ ofjt\
b'Mv / si6 ;x]/ dxfg\ ofqfnfO{ cufl8 a9fO/x]sf 5g\, slj tLk|lt, ltgsf Tofuk|lt
>4fgt 5g\ / cfkm" ;z/L/ o'4df ;xefuL x'g gkfP klg ltgn] ef]lu/x]sf ;Dk"0f{
si6sf] oyfjt\ tLj| cg'e"lt ul//x]sf 5g\ . tL of]4fnfO{ x'g] s'g} klg k|sf/sf] b'Mvsi6n]
46
sljsf cfkm\g} 5ftLdf ^ OGrsf] lsnf] 7f]ls“bf x'g] kL8fhlQs} kL8fsf] cg'e"lt pgnfO{ l;h{gf u¥of] / ;+j]bgfsf s'g ulx/fOdf pgnfO{ k'¥ofof] eGg] s'/fsf] pTs[i6 b[i6fGt o;
x'g] dd{:kzL{ efjsf] cleJolQmn] dfgjLo / vf; u/L juL{o ;+j]bgfsf] pTs[i6 / pbfQ sljtfn] k|:t't u/]sf] 5 . pQcfw'lgstfjfbLx¿n] eg]h:t} sljtf x'gsf nflu sljtf
b[i6fGt oxf“ lgdf{0f ePsf] 5 . ;f“Rr} hgo'4df ;fd]n ePsf of]4fn] k"0f{ lj/fdsf] of] xf]Og of] . of] ju{k|]d / dfgjLo ;+j]bgfsf] hLjGt cleJolQm xf] . o;sf] tLj|tf /
sljtf k9] jf k9]gg\ t/ h;n] of] sljtf k9] jf k9\g]5g\, ltgn] zAbdf ;+j]bgfsf] / ulx/fOsf] af]w k]K;Lsf] af]tn lgtDadf 6f“;]/ lj1flkt x'g tof/ x'g] pkef]QmfjfbL
juL{o k|]dsf] pTs[i6 cleJolQm oxf“ e]6\g]5g\ . pQ/cfw'lgstfsf] ;lkª sDkn]S;df of] dfgl;stfaf6 ;Dej 5}g, ;fdflhs oyfy{ / dfgjLo ;+j]bgfsf glhs k'u]/ dfq Tof]
;+j]bgf, of] k|]d k|fKt x'g' c;Dej 5 . zDe'gfyn] eg]em}“ k'tnLsf /Ëaf6 xf]Og, af]w ;Dej 5 . k"0f{ lj/fd ;dosf] cu|ufdL ;fdflhs oyfy{;“u hf]l8Psf ;+j]bgzLn
xf8leqsf] d;Laf6 n]lvPsf] sljtf xf] of] . slj x'g\, To;}n] pgsf sljtfdf of] ;Dej ePsf] xf] .
pTkL8s ;Qfn] dfgjd'lQmsf] ;'Gb/ ljrf/ / ;'Gb/ hLjgsf] kIfkf]if0f u/]s} k"0f{ lj/fd hLjgsf kIfdf pleg] slj x'g\ . t/ slxn]sfxL“ pgnfO{ hLjgeGbf
sf/0f slnnf ;'Gb/ z/L/x¿sf OHhtcfa?nfO{ v'n]cfd luhf]ln/x]sf] ;'Gbf / To;sf d[To' ;'Gb/ nfU5 . o;f] eGbf lgT;]sf] z"Gojfbaf6 k|efljt eP/ jf sfd'sf] lj;Ëltaf6
lj?4 cfkm"n] s]xL ug{ g;ls/x]sf] ljjztfaf]w x'“bf s:tf] dfgl;s kL8f x'G5 xf]nf < k|efljt eP/ pgNffO{ d[To' ;'Gb/ nfU5 eGg] k6Ss} xf]Og . ha qmflGtsf] uf]kgLotf eË
xfdL sNkgf t ug{ ;sf}+nf t/ zfob} To; dgl:yltnfO{ o:tf] zAbdf JoQm ug{ ug]{ zt{Dff hLjg k|fKt x'G5, cyjf cfkm\g} dxfg\ cf:yfsf] xTofsf pkxf/:j¿k hLjg
;sf}+nf M k|fKt x'G5, Tolta]nf To:tf] hLjg pgnfO{ s'¿k÷c;'Gb/ nfU5, / To:tf] hLjgeGbf d[To'
;fIo $= w]/}–w]/} ;'Gb/ cg'e"t x'G5 . To:tf] d[To'j/0fnfO{ lg/Í'z ;Eotfsf lj?4sf] dxfg\ k|xf/
b]zel/ tf]kr/fn] em}“ ;'Gb/ u'“8 agfP/ cg'ej u5{g\ pgL . of] ;fIo x]/f}+ M
6'x'/f b'MvL ar]/fx¿nfO{ cf/If0f k|bfg ug{sf vflt/ ;fIo %=
b'n'{ªdf cfOk'u]sf x]b}{ kfn"“–kfn"“ nfUg] af“Rg'sf gfddf Ps yf]kf klg
r/fx¿n] cfxf/f l6Kg nfu]sf If0fdf ¥ofn gr'xfPsf] Pp6f ;Tosf] cgfj/0f u/]/ d¥of}
Jofwfx¿n] r/fsf] /utn] cfxf/f;d]t lehfP Xbosf] ultnfO{ oyfjt\ /fVgsf lglDt
t]/f] cfkm\gf] Pp6f 3/ t lyof] g} k"0f]{ cy{xLg eP/ skfn km'nfpgsf lglDt
t+}n] lsg 3/nfO{ tf]k;“u ljlgdo ug{ gflb/zfxx¿;“u leIff6gsf] cnv ghufP/} d¥of}
lxrlsrfO;\ k"0f]{ d/] klg hqf];'s} k|non] ;d]t
s;/L x'ln; cfkm\gf] k]6df xNnfpg g;Sg] Pp6f ljzfn dha't
dG;'/L hftsf] ksfPsf] rfdn o; o'usf]
s;/L l5/fO;\ 3f“6Laf6 eftsf l;tfx¿, y'OSs k"0f]{ . o'uLg :tDe eP/} d¥of}
-…y'OSs k"0f]{Ú, n8\g hGd]sfx¿n]===, k[= @*_ b'Zdgsf] ta]nfleq
o; sljtfsf] uDeL/ efjaf]wsf nflu e]b / :yug cy{xLg 5 . k'Ug'k5{ b'Zdgn] lrD6f] lnP/
nlntk'/sf] 7"nf b'n'{ª, k9\g'k5{ hgo'4sf] Oltxf; . To:tf] Oltxf; h;df Psflt/ cfkm\gf] hu/sf Ps–Ps /f}+x¿ pv]ln/x“bf
alnbfg / zf}o{sf] dxfufyf / gjLg hLjgd"Nosf] pkl:ylt 5 / csf{l t/ lg/Í'z cfkm\gf ta]nfsf s'g} klg 3f]8fsf
;Qfsf tfj]bf/x¿n] hgo'4, qmflGtsf/L ljrf/ tyf cf:yfnfO{ ;dfKt kfg]{ k'R5/sf /f}+x¿ ;d]t
pkqmd:j¿k cGoqh:t} nlntk'/sf] 7"nf b'n'{ªdf Ps hf]8L slnnf lszf]/Lx¿nfO{ k|bz{g gu/]/
lgj{{:q ahf/ 3'dfP/ ltgsf] OHht;“u v]njf8 ul//x] / To;f] u/]/ qmflGtcf:yf ;dfKt o; o'usf] Pp6f csf]{ a';]km]n; eP/ d¥of} .
kf/]sf] e|ddf dvd]n eO/x]sf] s'¿k 36gf clÍt 5 . -…;+jfbbftfx¿ eG5g\Ú, P, d]/f] cfb/0fLo n]sfnL km"n, k[= &%–&^_
dfgjLo b[li6n] klg cToGt nHhf:kb / 3[l0ft s's[To lyof] Tof] h;sf lj?4
sljn] ef}lts ¿kn] k|ltsf/ ug{ ;s]gg\ t/ To;sf] kL8fn] pgLleq s:tf] HJffnfd'vL

47 48
 h:tf] / hqf] k|non] klg xNnfpg g;Sg] …o'uLg :teÚ eP/ dg'{ cyf{t\ eLif0f lj/fdsf] wf/f xf] . oL b'O{ slj hgo'4sf] kl/j]znfO{ sljtfdf cleJolQm lbg] b'O{
k|non] klg xNnfpg g;Sg] u/L dg'{ – cgf}7f] ljkof{;(Paradox) / oxL lzv/x¿ x'g\ .
ljkof{;af6 ;'Gb/ pbfQ d[To'sf] gjLg kl/efiff . g]kfnL hgo'4 / ;dsfnsf] Oltxf; k"0f{ lj/Fdsf ljut bzssf k|foM clwsf+z sljtfdf Ps jf csf]{ k|sf/n]
k9\g]nfO{ yfxf 5, g]kfnL hgtfsf lk|o slj, ;+:s[ltsdL{ tyf hgo'4sf dxfg\ of]4f hgo'4s} k|;Ë 5 / dfly p4[t ;fIox¿n] klg o;} k|;ËnfO{ 5f]Psf 5g\ tyflk o'4s}
s[i0f ;]g OR5'sn] lx/f;tdf qm"/ cdfgjLo oftgf ;xg ub}{ d[To' j/0f u/] t/ d"n k|;Ë;“u ;Da4 pgsf y'k|} sljtfx¿ klg pNn]Vo 5g\ h;n] hgo'4sf] pbfQtfnfO{
qmflGtsf] uf]kgLotf eË u/]/ hLjg /f]h]gg\ . qmflGt / ;fË7lgs uf]kgLotfsf] o; snfTds zAbdf lnlka4 u/]sf 5g\ . hgo'4sf] cfjZostf / hgo'4sf] dfgl;stfnfO{
;Gbe{nfO{ oxf“ k"0f{ lj/fdn] To;/L dxfg\ d[To' j/0f ug]{ slj OR5's / cGo cleJolQm lbg] of] sljtf+z x]/f}+ M
of]4fx¿nfO{ …ta]nfsf] 3f]8fÚ / qmflGtsf/L kf6L{ / kf6L{–kª\lQmnfO{ …ta]nfÚsf] ¿ksfTds ;fIo M ^=
laDa lb+b} cfttfoLx¿n] slj¿kL 3f]8fsf hu/sf Ps–Ps /f}+x¿ pv]Nbf klg pgn] ;/sf/L a';]km]n;sf lha|fx¿n] ;tfO/x]sf 5g\ /f]Nkfdf
cfkm\gf] ta]nfsf cGo s'g} klg 3f]8f-cyf{t\ of]4fx¿_sf hu/sf xf]Og, k'R5/s} klg ltgsf lha|fx¿ 5]bg ug{ emL/x¿sf] cfjZostf 5 /f]Nkfdf
Pp6} /f}+ k|bz{g gu/L a';]km]n; eP/ d[To' j/0f u/]sf] atfP/ pgn] uf]kgLotfsf] …uÚ cfpg' kb}{g 8Da/s'df/Lsf] rf]nf] lnP/
klg eË gu/L cbDo ;fx; k|bz{g u/]sf] ;Gbe{nfO{ lgs} ;'Gb/ laDa / k|tLssf / l56sf kml/ofx/ af]s]/ klg /f]Nkfdf cfpg' kb}{g
dfWodaf6 k|:t't u/]sf 5g\ . lglZrt ¿kn] oxf“ cnÍf/sf] ;fdfGo xf]Og ljlzi6 hf8f] ;Dem]/ e]nfsf] ef/L af]sfP/ klg cfpg' kb}{g
k|of]u 5 t/ l8 Dofgn] eg]em}“ cnÍf/s} sf/0f cy{sf] clgZrotf jf c:yfloTj 5}g . /fhwfgLdf eft vfP/ /fhwfgLd} r'7]/
a?, cnÍf/n] ceLi6 cy{nfO{ kof{Kt ;+j]B / cfx\nfbs agfPsf] 5 . lglZrt ¿kdf ca /f]Nkfdf cfpg' kb}{g
o;sf] ;fdflhs ;Gbe{ 5 / cfkm\gf] ;dosf] ;fdflhs oyfy{;“usf] ulx/f] ;DaGwaf6} === === ===
sljtfsf] cy{n] k"0f{tf / d"t{tf k|fKt u/]sf] 5 / oyfy{sf] To; ;Gbe{;“u ghf]l8O{ of] ;/sf/L a';]km]n;x¿sf] huhuLaf6
uDeL/ cy{af]w t ug{ ;lsGg g} . /F]Nkf d'Qm kfg]{ Wo]]o af]s]/ cfpg'xf];\
hgo'4 g]kfnL ;dfhdf 3l6t Pp6f P]ltxfl;s dxŒjsf] /fli6«o dfq geO{ -…/f]NKffsf] :j/Ú, P, d]/f] cfb/0fLo=== , k[= *)_
cGt/f{li6«o :t/sf] kl/36gf(Phenomena) xf] . s;}sf c?lrsf sf/0f jf hgo'4sf] pb\ud:yn /f]Nkfn] bdg klg a9L :jefjtM a9L g} v]Kof] . To;}n]
j}rfl/s ljdltsf sf/0f-h'g x'g' lgtfGt :jfefljs 5_ o;sf] P]ltxfl;s dxŒj Go"g /f]NkfnfO{ g} cfnDag agfP/ k"0f{ lj/fdn] o;df hgo'4sf] cfjZostfnfO{ lgs}
x'“b}g / ug'{ ;Dej klg 5}g . g]kfnL ;dfhljsf;sf] qmdnfO{ P]ltxfl;s ef}ltsjfbL /fuffTds 9+un] k|:t't u/]sf 5g\ . o:t} hgo'4nfO{ cfuf]sf] ¿ks–laDa lbP/ pgn]
sf]0faf6 x]bf{ /fhtGqsf] cGTo / u0ftGqsf] :yfkgfsf d"ndf hgo'4sf] s]Gb|Lo e"ldsf n]v]sf 5g\ M
/x]sf] xf] . o;sf af/]df pQ/cfw'lgstfsf efiffdf eGbf cg]sg ;fIo &=
;ª\syg(Discourse)x¿ n]lvPsf 5g\ / n]lv+b} hfg] klg 5g\ . hxf“;Dd ;flxTosf] lxp“ kl//x]sf] af]w eP/ g}
;Gbe{ 5, g]kfnleq hgo'4sf k|lqmofdf ef}lts ¿kdf ;xefuL ePsf Psy/L cfuf] afNg]n] 7Ls ;dodf cfuf] afn]sf] xf]
;|i6fx¿af6 n]lvPsf] ;flxTodf To;sf cg]s kIfsf] cleJolQm ePsf] 5 eg] d'bf{x¿nfO{ /fd|/L kf]Ng' k¥of] eGg] cfu|x
o'4e"ldaf6 s]xL b"/Ldf /x]/ klg Psy/L ;|i6fx¿n] To;sf k|efjsf] ;sf/fTds b]zn] u/]sf] x'gfn]
sf]0faf6 lrq0f u/]sf 5g\ clg csf{y/L ;|i6fx¿ -k|foM oyfl:yltjfbL / cfkm"nfO{ cfuf] afNg]n] si6s/ hLjg lhpg] k|0f ub}{
pQ/cfw'lgstfjfbL eGg ?rfpg]x¿_n] hgo'4sf] ljb|"k lrq0f klg u/]sf 5g\ . b]zsf] cfu|xadf]lhd cfuf] afn]sf] xf] .
sljtfdf hgo'4sf kl/j]z / k|efjsf] lrq0f ug]{ sljx¿sf] 7"nf] kª\lQm 5 t/ ltgnfO{ -…cfuf] afNg]n] cfuf] afn]s} xf]Ú, P, d]/f] cfb/0fLo ======, k[= &(_
k|ltlglwd"ns 9Ën] x]bf{ Pp6f w|'jdf s[i0f ;]g OR5's csf{ w|'jdf k"0f{ lj/fd 5g\ . g]kfnL hgo'4n] a9L k|efj kf/]sf] dlxnfx¿ vf; u/L u|fdL0f dlxnfx¿nfO{ xf]
;/n ;fª\uLltstfsf] wf/f OR5'ssf] wf/f xf] eg] gof“ laDaf]b\efjgsf] wf/f k"0f{ . k"0f{ lj/fdsf] b[li6 otflt/ klg uPsf] 5 . hgo'4n] dlxnfsf dfgl;stf / lbgrof{df
kf/]sf] k|efjsf] Pp6f lrq o:tf] 5 M

49 50
 ;fIo M &= u]O, kfpnf / c¿x¿, ;Dkf=-;g\ !((*_, c s];a's ckm kf]:6df]8g{ lyo/LÚ, kf]:6df]8g{
h'g]nf] e'l6/xg] / slt 3fg e'l6of] eg]/ cd]l/sg lkmS;g, Go'of]s{ M gf]6{g PG8 sDkgL .
3fgsf] lx;fa ul//xg] ;do xfdL;“u 5}g rfkfufO{+, lgg'-@)^!_, pQ/cfw'lgstfjfb M e|d / jf:tljstf, sf7fdf8f}+ M ;x;|fAbL
cTofrf/L Hofgx¿nfO{ bvn lbg] x]t'df k|sfzg k|f= ln= .
ca k|of]u ul/g]5 xfdL;“u ePsf x“l;ofx¿ krf}/L, ;'wLz-;g\ @)))_, cfnf]rgf ;] cfu], lbNnL M /fwfs[i0f k|sfzg k|f= ln= .
cTofrf/Lsf Hofgsf /utn] ===================-;g\ @))^_, 8]l/8f M ljv08g sL l;4flGtsL, lbNnL M jf0fL k|sfzg .
/lª\ug]5g\ xfdL;“u ePsf x“l;ofx¿ k"0f{ lj/fd-@)^$_, P ∕ d]/f] cfb/0fLo n]sfnL km"n, sf7df8f}+ M czf]s ;'j]bL .
s'jf eP s'jfdf kvfnf}+nf xfd|f x“l;ofx¿ ==============-@)^$_, n8\g hGd]sfx¿n]===, sf7df8f}+ M ljj]s l;h{gzLn k|sfzg k|f= ln= .
s'jf 5}gg\ eg] k“w]/fdf kvfnf}+nf a/fn, Clif/fh-@)^#_, pQ/cfw'lgstfjfb / ;dsfnLg oyfy{, sf7df8f}+ M k|ultzLn
xfdLn] af]s]sf x“l;ofx¿ ;flxTo cWoog s]Gb| .
-…csf]{ gfnfkfgLdf cfhsf dlxnfx¿Ú, P, d]/f] cfb/0fLo ======, k[= @&_ . e§/fO{, /d]z-@)^!_, pQ/cfw'lgstfjfb, k|n];åf/f cfof]lht uf]i7Ldf k|:t't sfo{kq .
oL s]xL afGsL x'g\ hgo'4sf] kl/36gf / To;sf k|efjnfO{ k"0f{ lj/fdn] lbPsf df]xGtL, ;To kL=-;g\ !((*_, ln6/]/L lyo/L PG8 b Sn]D; ckm lx:6«L , lbNnL M cS;kmf]8{
sljtfTds k|:t'ltsf . k"0f{ lj/fdsf sljtfdf cfkmg\f] ;dosf] oyfy{ cToGt hLjGt / o'lgel;{6L k|]; .
k|efjsf/L 9+un] JoQm ePsf] 5 / ;+j]bgfsf bli6n] klg tL plQs} ;+j]B 5g\ eg] /fO{, OGb|axfb'/-@)#$_, …e|flGtx¿ / nLnfn]vg dfqÚ, ¿k/]vf, k"0ff{Í @)) .
laDad} klg /fufTdstfsf] sdL 5}g eGg] s'/f oL ;fIoaf6 /fd|};“u :ki6 x'G5 . ====================-;g\ !(*(_, s7k'tnLsf] dg, snsQf M >LdtL OGb| k|wfg .
zDe'gfy-;g\ @)))_, ;+:s[ltsL pQ/syf, gof“ lbNnL M jf0fL k|sfzg .
%= pk;+xf/
jf:tjdf lg/Í'z ;Qf / ;Eotfsf lj?4 h]xfb x'g\ k"0f{ lj/fdsf sljtf .
sljtfnfO{ /TofTds v]n agfpg] / e|dsf] nLnf b]vfpg] ;+j]bgfxLg r6s]x¿sf
lj?4sf] df]rf{sf cu|kª\lQmdf /x]/ k"0f{ lj/fdsf sljtfn] sljtfsf :jTjsf] /Iff ub}{
o;nfO{ hgtfsf ;fd"lxs cfj]usf] snfTds cleJolQm agfpg] k|of; u/]sf 5g\ . oxL
g]kfnL sljtfsf] d"n k|j[lQ klg xf] . s;}df hgo'4sf] k|;Ë s]Gb|df xf]nf, s;}df
o;nfO{ kl/lwdf /fv]/ klg hLjgsf ;dsfnLg cGo ;Gbe{sf] s]Gb|Lo cleJolQm xf]nf
t/ ;dsfnLg g]kfnL sljtfdf hLjgsf] ;+j]bgf s]Gb|df 5 . sljtfnfO{ ;lkª
sDKn]S;sf] 8]sf]/]6]8 dfn jf lj1fkg–;'Gb/Lsf lgtDadf 6f“l;Psf] k]K;L agfpg]
k|j[lQsf lj?4 d'7e]8sf] df]rf{ ;lqmo 5 / o; df]rf{df sljx¿sf] 7"nf] kª\lQm ;lqmo
5 . k"0f{ lj/fdh:tf sljx¿ o; df]rf{sf cu| :yfgdf 5g\ .

k|d'v ;Gbe{;"rL
cfrfo{, xf]d/fh-@)%*_, …cd]l/sL sljtfsf] ;dsfnLg k|j[lQ, ul/df, -!( M&, k"0ff{Í
@@#_, k[=#@–#& .
======================-@)%*_, …cd]l/sL sljtfsf] ;dsfnLg k|j[lQ / k[i7e"ldsf] Ps
;j]{If0fÚ, ul/df, -@) M %, k"0ff{Í @@!_, !–!$ .

51 52

;dsfnLg g]kfnL k|ultjfbL sljtfsf
k|j[lQx¿
!=p7fg
k|ultjfbL sljtfsf] tfTko{ k|ultjfbL -dfS;{jfbL_ ljZjb[li6sf]0fsf cfnf]sdf
n]lvg] ;dfhjfbL oyfy{jfbL sljtf xf] eGg] s'®fsf] yk ljj]rgf cfjZos b]lv“b}g .
k|ultzLn dfGg ;lsg] cfnf]rgfTds oyfy{jfbL wf®fsf sljtf k|ultjfbsf ;Dkf]ifs
7flgg] eP klg g]kfnL kl®k|]Iodf o; wf®fsf] l:ylt cToGt cl:y® ®x]sf] b]lvG5 .
l:ylt s:tf] 5 eg] oyfl:yltjfbL k|ltw'jL{o sljtf–wf®fd} klg n]vsLo ljj]ssf]
;lqmotfsf k[i7e"lddf sltko sljtf k|v® cfnf]rgfTds oyfy{jfbL ag]sf 5g\ eg]
slxn] ltg}sf sltko sljtf oyfl:yltjfbsf ;+jfxs÷;Dkf]ifs klg ag]sf 5g\ . clg
otf ljz]iftM @)$^ kl5sf] kl®l:yltdf ;fDojfbL cfGbf]ngleq} jt{dfg ®fhgLlts
;+®rgfnfO{ g} ®0fg}lts nIo agfpg] b[li6sf]0fsf] ljsf; ePkl5 ® To;n] qmdzM
kl®kSjtf k|fKt ub}{ uPkl5 k|ultjfbL sljtflzlj®leq} klg sltko sljsf sljtfdf
k|ultjfbsf] df}lns klxrfg / k|j[lQ :vlnt x'“b} uO{ tL ;fdfGo cfnf]rgfTds
oyfy{jfbL / slxn] t oyfl:yltjfbs} ;Dkf]ifs;d]t x'g] u®]sf] cj:yf klg b]vf kb}{5 .
o; ljlzi6 kl®k|]Iodf k|ultjfbL sljtfsf :jefj, :j¿k ® k|j[lQaf®] gjefiosf] dfu
x'g' ® gjefio ul®g' klg Tolt c:jefljs 5}g ® To;f] eO klg ®x]sf] 5 . o:tf]
cj:yfdf æ;dsfnLg k|ultjfbL sljtfsf k|j[lQÆ zLif{sdf k|n];h:tf] ;femf ;+:yfn]
sfo{kqfTds ljrf®uf]i7Lsf] cfof]hgf ug'{ cfkm}df ;d:ofd"ns sfo{ xf] eGg] cg'ej of]
sfo{kq n]vs ul®®x]sf] 5 . o;f] eP klg of] n]vs s] s'®fdf ljZjf; u5{ eg]
dfS;{jfbsf cfwf®e"t dfGotf lj1fg;Ddt ePsfn] h;®L To;sf] gjefiosf]
cfjZostf 5}g, To;®L g} k|ultjfbsf cf/Deb]lv o]gfg uf]i7L;Dd ljsl;t / lg?lkt
53
cfwf/e"t ;flxlTos dfGotfdf gjefio–n]vgsf] cfjZostf 5}g . To;}n] cfnf]rgfTds
oyfy{jfb;Dd gk'uL ® k|ultjfbnfO{ pko'{Qm kf®Dkl®s t® ljz'4 ;Gbe{ d} :jLsf® u®L
To;} sf]0faf6 ;dsfnLg k|ultjfbL g]kfnL sljtfsf k|j[lQsf] cfsng o; sfo{kqdf ug]{
k|of; ul®Psf] 5 . To;f] ubf{ sltko j}rfl®s sf]0faf6 o;sf ;Ldf b[li6uf]r® x'g
;Sb5g\ ® To:tf] cg'ej x'g'nfO{ of] sfo{kq n]vs c:jfefljs 7fGb}g .
@=;dsfnLg k|ultjfbL sljtf M cfjlws ;Gbe{
g]kfnL ;flxTo -vf; u®L sljtf_df ;dsfnLg÷;d;fdlos zAbn] lgs} rrf{
kfO®x]sf] ® To;sf] cfjlws cfofdaf®] k|z:t 5nkmn rln®x]sf] b]lvG5 . To:tf]
5nkmnsf hGhfndf k|j]z ug'{ clxn] -o; sfo{kqdf_ ;Dej 5}g . ;d:ofsf] df]6fdf]6L
;dfwfg vf]Hg] qmddf @)$^ otfnfO{ ca ;d;fdlos dfg]® lx“8 \bf vf;} cfklQ x'g]
b]lvGg . @)$^ otf Pp6f leGg kl®j]zsf] ljsf; ePsf kl®k|]Iodf o:tf] dfGg'
cj:t'ut x'“b}g . ;DejtM o;} ;Gbe{nfO{ b[li6ut u®]® k|n];n] @)%) df O6x®Ldf
hgcfGbf]ngkl5sf æsljtfsf] :j® ® ;+®rgfÆ zLif{sdf sfo{kqfTds uf]i7Lsf] cfof]hgf
u®]sf] lyof] . clxn] k'gM -nueu_ o:t} k|sf®sf] zLif{sdf uf]i7Lsf] cfof]hgf ul®g'n] pQm
;dootf klg lgs} kl®j]zut kl®jt{g ePsf] ® tbg'¿k k|ultjfbL g]kfnL sljtfsf
k|j[lQdf klg yk gJotf jf ;BM ;fdlostf ylkPsf] cg'ej ul®Psf] cg'dfg nufpg
;lsG5 . csf]{ k|sf®n] x]bf{ @)$^ b]lv @)%) aLrsf] -cyf{t\ @)$) sf] bzssf]
pQ®fw{sf]_ cjlw hgcfGbf]ngsf] …x\ofª\ucf]e®Ú sf] cyjf ;ª\qmd0fsf] cjlw klg xf] eg]
@)%) otfsf] -jt{dfg bzssf]_ cjlw To; …x\ofª\ucf]e®Úaf6 -;sf®fTds gsf®fTdes
b'j} txdf_ d'Qm x'“b} k|ultjfbL sljtfn] klg o'ufg's"n Pp6f lbzfaf]w ® :ki6 lghTj
k|fKt ul®®x]sf] cjlw xf] eGg] k|fSsNkgf ug{ ;lsG5 eg] xfd|f] ;BM ;fdlostf klg o;}
bzssf sljtfdf JoQm eO®x]sf] :jLsfg{ ;lsG5 . ctM @)%) ptfsf sljtfaf®]
k|n];åf®f g} o;cl3 sfo{kqfTds uf]i7L eO;s]sf] ® To;af®] k|ultjfbL ;dLIff–kmf“6df
kof{Kt ;dLIff klg eO;s]sf] kl®k|]Iodf oxf“ @)%) otfsf cyf{t\ jt{dfg bzssf
k|ultjfbL sljtfs} k|j[lQut rrf{ o; sfo{kqdf ug]{ hdsf]{ ul®Psf] 5 . cfjlws
Jofkstfsf sf]0faf6 x]bf{ o;nfO{ sfo{kqsf] ;Ldf klg ;Demg ;lsG5 .
#= k|d'v k|j[lQx¿sf] cfsng
k|ultjfbL g]kfnL sljtfsf] l;h{gfqmd jt{dfg bzsdf lgs} pj{® ®x]sf] 5 . cfk\mgf]
;dosf] oyfy{ ® To;leqsf cGtlj{®f]wx¿sf] cGtb{z{gsf k|lqmofaf6 sljtfn] lgdf{0f
kfPsf 5g\ . o; b[li6df ;dsfnLg k|ultjfbL sljtf ;dsfnLg oyfy{sf] snfTds
cleJo~hgfsf b[li6n] klg pNn]vgLo ®x]sf 5g\ . hxf“;Dd ltgsf] k|j[lQsf] ;jfn 5,
oyfy{sf ljleGg kIf ® kf6fx¿ ®x]sf, ®fli6«o hLjgsf ;Gbe{df ljljwtfx¿ ®x]sf clg
54
sljx¿sf ?lr, cjaf]wg k|lqmof ® :t® cflbdf klg x'g] ljljwtfsf kl®k|]Iodf
sljtfsf k|j[lQx¿df klg ljleGgtf kfOg' :jfefljs x'G5 ® o:tf] ljleGgtf o;
cjlwsf sljtfdf b]Vg kfOg' lgtfGt :jfefljs x'G5 ® To:tf] ljleGgtf o; cjlwsf
sljtfdf b]Vg ;lsG5 . o; ;Gbe{df oxf“ …;xofqLÚ -;flxlTos q}dfl;s_ sf] k|j]zfª\s
-!M!, @)%^_ sf] pNn]v k|f;ª\lus ®x]sf] 5 . pQm k|j]zfª\sdf …;xofqLÚsf
;Dkfbs÷k|sfzsx¿n] klg ;dsfnLg k|ultjfbL sljtf–n]vgsf] l:ylt ® k|j[lQaf®]
( hgf sljx¿sf] cledt lng] sfd u®]sf lbP . oxf“ tL ;a} sljsf ljrf®sf]
k'gp{Nn]v ;Dej ® cfjZos geP klg s]xL dxŒjk"0f{ ljrf®sf] pNn]v ug'{ d}n]
cfjZos 7fg]sf] 5' .
pQm klqsfdf cledt lbgx¿dWo]sf Ps ® jt{dfgsf ;lqmo ;h{s slj k"0f{
lj®fdn] jt{dfgsf k|ultjfbL sljtfdf lgDg k|j[lQ ®x]sf] pNn]v u®]sf 5g\ .
-s_ cfd"n kl®jt{gsf lglDt k|f0f–pT;u{ u®]sfx¿k|lt pRrtd ;Ddfg k|s6 ub}{
sljtfdf hLljt ®fVg] k|j[lQ -v_ hgcfGbf]ngn] k|bfg u®]sf] ;Lldt clwsf®;d]t
n'l6Psf] kl®l:yltk|lt v]bk|s6, -u_ ®fHocftª\ssf] tLj| eT;{gf ® -3_ cGofo
ug]{x¿sf lj?4df cfqmfds ¿kdf wfjf af]ln®x]sf] lrq .
k"0f{ lj®fdn] k|ultjfbL sljtfsf -;dsfnLg_ k|j[lQaf®] k|s6 u®]sf] of] cledt
lgs} j:t'ut 5 ® To;k|lt ;xdlt hgfpg ;lsG5 . xf], sltko yk s'®f hf]8\g ;lsg]
l:ylt eg] ®x]s} 5 . o;}u®L ;f]xL klqsfdf slj ljho ;'Aaf o;f] eGb5g\M
æ;flxTosf®x¿ ;dGjojfbL ePsf 5g\, t® cfk"mnfO{ k|ultjfbL eGg} k5{– 7fG5g\ .
knfogjfbL ePsf 5g\, cfk"mnfO{ cem} ;xL dfS;{jfbL eGg}k5{–7fG5g\ .=======oyfy{df
s]xLnfO{ 5'6\ofP® k|ultjfbL ;flxTosf®x¿df ;fdGtL ;+:sf® ® lrGtg x®fp“b} uPg,
®lx®x\of] .Æ -;xofqL, !M!, @)%^, k[=^_ .
slj ;'Aafn] k|ultjfbL sljtf–lzlj®leq} knfogjfbL–;dGjojfbL k|j[lQsf] ljsf;
ePsf] :ki6 ;ª\s]t u®]sf 5g\ ® pgsf] o; egfOdf lgs} ;Totf klg 5 . t® h;®L
gsf®fTdstfnfO{ pxf“n] k|ultjfbL sljtflzlj®sf] k|wfg kIf b]Vg'ePsf] 5, l:ylt To:t}
rflx“ xf]Og . knfogsf]÷;dGjojfbL lrGtgsf] dfu{lt® pGd'v ePsf slj -
;flxTosf®_nfO{ 5f8]® qmflGtsf] dfu{tkm{ bx|f] u®L kfOnf prfNg] jf g}lts :t®d} eP
klg qmflGtsd{sf] kIfkf]if0f ug]{ b[9 cf:yfzLn sljx¿sf] hdft klg Tolts} 7"nf] 5 ®
Tof] kª\lQm ;'b[9 aGb} uPsf] 5 . o; oyfy{nfO{ pk]Iff ug{ ldNb}g .
o;kl5 …;xofqLÚsf cledtdf ;+nUg csf{ slj dft[sf kf]v®]nsf egfOdf æclxn]
k|ultjfbL -sljtf_ cfGbf]ngleq tLgj6f k|j[lQ kfOG5g\– -s_ qmflGtsf®L, -v_
h8;"qjfbL ® -u_ ljrngjfbL k|j[lQÆ -k[= !&–!*_
dft[sf h8;"qjfbnfO{ ;dsfnLg k|ultjfbL sljtfsf] Pp6f k|j[lQ 7fGb5g\ t®
To;sf] :ki6 -;k|df0f_ lrgf®L lbg ;Sb}gg\ . pgL eGb5g\– ædf]6fdf]6L ¿kdf of] wf®n]
55
qmflGtsf®L efjgfnfO{ g} d'vl®t ub{5 . ======= t® klg o;n] snfnfO{ ®fhgLltsf] k|rf®–
k|;f® ug]{ ;fwgsf] ¿kdf dfq :jLsf5{ ® sljtfdf oyfy{nfO{ a9fO{–r9fO{ k|:t't ug]{ ®
j:t'ut oyfy{nfO{ a]jf:tf ug]{ u®]sf] 5Æ -k[=!*_ .
cgf}7f] s] 5 eg] d'n'sdf jiff}{+b]lv ;fdGtjfbL pTkL8gsf lj?4sf] g]kfnL hgtfsf]
ju{;ª\3if{n] pRrtd ¿k k|fKt u®]sf] ® To;sf] ®fi6«JofkL lj:tf®n] ;du| ®fli6«o
kl®j]znfO{ P]ltxfl;s b[li6n] g} gjLg df]8df NofOk'¥ofPsf] oyfy{ h;®L 3l6t ePsf] 5
® To; qmddf pTkLl8t hgtfsf cbDo ;fx; ® zf}o{sf h'g gjgj sLlt{ufyfx¿ lgld{t
x'“b} uPsf 5g\, To;k|lt cf“vf lrDng] jf pk]Iff ug]{ k|j[lQnfO{ dft[sf qmflGtsf®L ®
To;sf] lgi7fk"j{s snfTds lrq0f ug]{ k|j[lQnfO{ h8;"qjfbL 7fGb5g\ . o:tf] cfu|xk"0f{
lrGtg cr]n Psfy®L kfsf ;|i6f–lrGts;d]tdf ljsl;t eO®x]sf] lj8Dagf xfd|f
cufl8 5 ® o'jfslj dft[sfsf pko'{Qm ljrf®n] To;} lrGtgsf] k|ltlglwTj u®]sf 5g\ .
…;xofqLÚd} cfk\mgf] cledt lb“b} xl®uf]ljGb n'O“6]n klg eGb5g\ M æj}rfl®s k|j[lQs} s'®f
ug]{ xf] eg] …;Gt'lnt j}rfl®s wf®Ú -hf]8 d]®f]_ sf bfof“afof“sf æcltÆx¿ klg pNn]vgLo
¿kdf b]vfk®]sf 5g\Æ -k[= !$_ .
of] sfo{kq n]vs dfS;{jfbL kl08t xf]Og, To;sf®0f j}rfl®s ;Gt'ngsf] …snfTdsÚ
k|ultjfbL sljtf s:tf] x'G5 ® pTkLl8t hgtfn] rnfO®x]sf] ju{;ª\3if{ tyf qmflGtsd{
clg qmflGt:jKgsf] lgi7fk"0f{ snfTds lrq0f ul®Psf] sljtf s;®L …h8;"qjfbLÚ jf
æafof“ cltÚ x'G5 ljZn]if0f ug{ ;Ifd 5}g . o; n]vssf] ljZjf; s]df 5 eg] h:t}
qmflGtsf®L cGtj{:t' eP klg kmut gf®fafhL z}nLsf sljtf cGttM zlQmxLg ®
k|efjxLg g} x'G5g\ . To:tf sljtfnfO{ qmflGtsf®L sljtf eg]® k|z+;fsf] k'n af“Wg'sf] s'g}
t's kSs} klg x'“b}g . hxf“;Dd cGtj{:t'sf] k|s[ltsf] s'®f 5, k|fylds s'®f s] xf] eg]
k|ultjfbL sljtf -® ;flxTo_df Tof] juL{o k|sf®sf] x'G5 . To;kl5 To;sf ljljwtfsf
;Gbe{df ls6fgL u®]® Tof] cGtj{:t' o:t} x'G5 eg]® eGg ldNb}g . sljtfdf cfo'wsf s'®f
cfpg klg ;S5g\ ® u'nfkmsf k|tLs k|:t't x'g klg ;S5g\ . sljtfdf rGb|flu®L,
;u®dfyf jf P]08]h s'g} klg cfpg ;S5g\ . sljtfdf kf;fª nfd' cfpg ;lS5g\, ofª\hL
lbbLalxgL, a]ln;®f jf s'df®L a"9f cfpg ;lS5g\ . sljtfsf] ljifo k|jL0f u'?ª aGg
;S5 cyjf cg]sf]6, 7"nf b'n'{ª jf vf®f aGg ;S5 . k|d'v kIf t o'usf] oyfy{ g} xf] ®
To;kl5 oyfy{nfO{ x]g]{ b[li6sf]0f xf] . Pshgf k|lta4 k|ultjfbL sljn] cfk\mgf] o'usf]
oyfy{k|lt lgi7fjfg\ eP® To;df snfTds cleJo~hgfsf] k|of; ug}{k5{ . cfhsf
k|lta4 w]®}h;f] sljx¿n] oxL k|of; ul®®x]sf 5g\ . pTkLl8t hgtfn] :jl0f{d eljio
:yfkgfsf] p2]Zo af]s]® rnfO®x]sf] tLj|td ;ª\3if{ ® To; ;ª\3if{df p;n] b]vfPsf]
cbDo ;fx; ® ;f}o{sf] cyf{t\ ;du|df qmflGtsf] kIfkf]if0f ® To;k|ltsf] lgi7fefj g}
;fob k|ultjfbL sljtfsf] klxnf] klxrfg xf] ® oxL klxrfgnfO{ ha …h8;"qÚsf] ;+1f
lbOG5, Tolta]nf k|ultjfb jf ;dfhjfbL oyfy{jfbsf] dd{ slt ;'®lIft ®xG5 – ;f]Rg}
56
kg]{ x'G5 . h] xf];\, o:tf ;f]rx¿ klg xfd|f] ;dsfnLg k|ultjfbL ;flxlTos cfGbf]ngdf 7"nf] alnbfgkl5 kfOPsf] …cfwf df;fsf] k|hftGqÚ klg …sLgf{x¿åf®f rf]l®PÚkl5
ljsl;trflx“ ePs} 5g\ ® l;h{gfdf klg ltgnfO{ s]xL xb;Dd k|efj kfl®®x]s} 5g\ . l:ylt s:tf] xf]nf < ;xh} cg'dfg ug{ ;lsG5 – Tof] pTkL8s x'G5, lg®ª\s'z tyf
k|j[lQsf sf]0faf6 x]bf{ k|ultjfbL sljtfleq knfog klg 5, ljrng klg 5, :j]R5frf®L x'G5, Toxf“ q"m®tf x'G5 . o:t} q"m®tfsf] JoflKtnfO{ slj clgn >]i7 o;®L
qmflGtk|ltsf] lgi7fefjnfO{ …h8;"qÚ eGg] k|j[lQ klg 5 ® oyfl:yltåf®f t]:of{OPsf] cleJoQm u5{g\ M
gfgf lj£gafwf ® bdgsf afjh'b o'usf] pmWj{ufdL oyfy{nfO{ snfTds cleJolQm lb“b} e\mofnx¿ 5g\
oyfl:yltsf ljkIfdf ® cfd"n kl®jt{gsf kIfdf pEofpg] k|j[lQ klg 5 . d]®f ljrf®df ® aGb e\mofnx¿sf vfkfleq
oxL kl5Nnf] k|j[lQ g} vf; k|ultjfbL k|j[lQ xf] . o;f] eg]® o; k|j[lQsf ;+jfxs vf; cToGt s8f kx®fx¿aLr k|ltalGwt 5 xfjf
;d"xsf kmnfgf–kmnfgf slj dfq x'g\ eg]® eGg'rflx“ j:t'ut ® j}1flgs xf]Og . ;®foef]h:t} sf]7fx¿sf] Pp6f sfnf] e"uf]naf6
;fd"lxs k|lta4tf ®fVg] ;|i6f hf]sf]xLn] klg cfk"mnfO{ oyfl:yltsf ljkIfdf pEofp“b} e\mofnx¿sf] v'8\lsnf] c8lsPsf]
o'usf] pmWj{ufdL oyfy{nfO{ snfTds cleJo~hgf lbP® cfd"n kl®jt{gsf kIfdf Ps;®f] afbnnfO{ x]5'{
pEofp“5 eg] pm ;dsfnLg k|ultjfbL k|j[lQsf] ;+jfxs aGb5 ® of] l:ylt xfd|f] afbnsf kqx¿dfly c§xf; nufO®x]5 of] b]zsf] q"m®tf
sljtf– cfGbf]ngdf ;':ki6 b]Vg ;lsG5 . jf:tjdf knfog ® ljrng k|ultjfb xf]Og, -…cf“vLe\mofn =====,Ú d[To'kj{ xf]Og d]®f] b]z, @)%% k[= #!_
lrGtgdf ;dGjojfb ® oyfl:yltjfb tyf snfdf ¿kjfb klg k|ultjfb xf]Og . To;}n] clgn cfk\mgf sljtfdf …b]zdf rf®}lt® lx+;|s hËn pd|]sf]Ú ® P]+h]? ;do JofKt
o:tf] k|j[lQnfO{ k|ultjfbL lzlj®leq} ljsl;t To:tf k|j[lQn] k|ultjfbsf] k|ltlglwTj ®x]sf] laDa k|:t't u5{g\ . P]+h]? knfPs}n] ® b]z To;sf] lx+;|s h+undf kl®0ft ePs}n] t
ub}{gg\ ® ltgn] qmdzM k|ultjfbL wf®f;“usf] b"®L ® oyfl:yltjfb;“usf] lgs6tf a9fp“b} hgtfsf] hLjg c;'®lIft ePsf] 5 . of] c;'®Iffaf]wnfO{ slj cd® lu®L sljtfdf o;®L
nu]sf 5g\ . o; kl®k|]Iodf o; sfo{kqdf o; sfo{kq–n]vsn] k|ultjfbL klxrfg JoQm u5{g\ M
ePsf] 7fg]sf] sljtfsf] cWoogaf6} ltgdf kfOg] k|j[lQsf] rrf{ oxf“ ug{ nflu®x]sf] 5 . tkfO{+ h];'s} 7fGgf];\
;dsfnLg k|ultjfbL sljtfdf kfOg] To:tf k|d'v k|j[lQx¿ lgDgfg';f® 5g\ M ha uf]nL ;a}eGbf ;:tf] x'G5
® ;®sf®L aGb"ssf] gfnaf6
#=!= s'¿k tyf qf;b jt{dfgsf] cleJolQm Tof] bflug yfN5
jt{dfgnfO{ g]kfnL hgtfn] s;®L ef]lu®x]sf 5g\ < g]kfnL hgtfsf nflu jt{dfg Toxf“ d[To' ;a}eGbf ;:tf] x'G5
;'vb÷sfdb 5 jf qf;b < jt{dfg ;'Gb® 5 jf s'¿k < oL k|Zgx¿ k|To]s g]kfnLsf dfq d[To'
nflu cxd\ k|Zgx¿ x'g\ ® cfk\mgf] o'u÷cfk\mgf] o'usf] oyfy{ tyf b]z ® hgtf;“u tLj| c¿ ;a} lrhx¿ dxª\uf x'G5g\
;®f]sf® ®fVg] k|ultjfbL sljx¿sf nflu t emg} cxd\ x'g' lgtfGt :jfefljs 5 . -…uf]nL====,Ú 3fd 5]Sg] kxf8, @)%%, k[= &)_
jt{dfgsf k|ultjfbL sljtfx¿sf] k7gaf6 s] yfxf x'G5 eg] sljx¿n] cfk\mgf jt{dfgsf] of] cToGt s'¿k HjnGt oyfy{ xf] . cGo ;a}eGbf uf]nL ® d[To' ;:tf]
sljtfdf log} k|Zgx¿sf] pQ® lbg] sfd u®]sf 5g\ . jt{dfg÷jt{dfgsf] oyfl:ylt agfOPsf] jt{dfg ;'vb geO{ qf;b x'g' To;}n] :jfefljs 5 . slj lu®Ln] u®]sf] of]
k|ultjfbL sljx¿sf nflu klg 7Ls To;®L g} ;'Gb®–;'vb 5}g h;®L ax';ª\Vos c;'®Iffaf]w ®fHoåf®f l;lh{Psf] s'¿k oyfy{ xf] . pgsf] slj– gful®sn] km]l® klg o:tf]
pTkLl8t hgtfsf nflu . pgLx¿ jt{dfgnfO{ To;®L g} qf;b–lx+;|s cg'ej u5{g\ cg'ej u®]sf] 5 M
h;®L hgtfn] u®]sf 5g\ . slj k"0f{ lj®fdsf zAbdf …cfwf df;f hfltsf] k|hftGqÚ nfU5 sf]xL ;'®lIft 5}g cfh
klg …lsgf{x¿n] rf]®]sf]Ú la8Dagf oxf“ JofKt 5 M d hf] n]lv®x]5' sljtf
kfs]6df ®x]sf] cfwf df;f k|hftGq klg oxL sljtfs} gfddf
d"bf{sf z®L®af6 a;fO ;®]sf sLgf{x¿n] bfUg ;lsG5 ddfly uf]nL
v'Nndv'Nnf kfs]6 df®]® kfs]6df®f eO;s]sf 5g\ . ® d]®f] xTofnfO{ hfoh 7x¥ofpg
æ-s;f] xf]nf <Æ, hgcfJxfg @)%$ k'; $_ cftª\sjfbLsf] nfO;]G;

57 58
 ®fVg ;lsG5 d]®f] nf;dfly klg slj cd® lu®L qf;bLsf] sf®snfO{ …3fd 5]Sg] kxf8Úsf ¿kdf lrlqt u5{g\ . pgL
-…nfO;]G;,Ú 3fd 5]Sg] kxf8, k[= &&_ n]V5g\ M
clgz zfSob]lv lbnaxfb'® ®Dt]n;Dd ® ofª\UhLb]lv s'df®L a'9f;Ddsf afnsb]lv cfsfzlt® d'G6f] kmsf{P®
j[4 gful®sn] ha ®fHosf] uf]nL bufO{ vKg'k5{ ta To:tf] s'¿k ® lx+;|s oyfl:ylt uj{n] tgSs tGsfp“b} 5ftL
k|ultjfbL sljtfsf] k|d'v ;®f]sf®sf] ljifo aGg hfg' :jfefljs x'G5 . o;tf] lx+;|s 6]St} k}tfnfx¿n]
oyfl:ylt zx®b]lv ufp“;Dd JofKt 5 . cg]sf]6df hg;f+:s[lts ufosx¿sf] ;fd"lxs lgd{dtfk"j{s wtL{sf] 5ftLdf
xTof ePsf] 5, vf®fsf] l;ª\u} ufp“ cfuf] nufOPsf] 5, vf]nfdf, v]tdf, u®fdf d[t cem} d';'Ss d':s'®fP®
z®L®x¿ kmflnPsf 5g\ . slj dl0f yfkfåf®f laDag ul®Psf] of] qf;bLsf] lrq o:tf] 5 s;®L v8f 5
M 3fd 5]Sg] kxf8 ∕
o; k6s ufp“df -3fd 5]Sg] kxf8, k[= $@_
d"nkfgLsf d"naf6 d'xfgx¿ km'6]gg\ …3fd 5]Sg] kxf8Ú cyf{t\ @)$^ cl3b]lv g} lgd{dtfk"j{s g]kfnL wtL{df kfOnf 6]s]®
a? ®utsf e]nx¿ alu®x] plePsf] lg®ª\s'ztfsf] kxf8÷;fdGtjfbL pTkL8gsf] kxf8 cfkm\gf lg/Í'ztfsf
ux|f–ux|fdf wfgsf afnfx¿ klg em'n]gg\ h®fx¿÷xf“ufx¿ lk“mhfP® cem} klg -cyf{t\ @)$^ sf] kl®jt{gkl5 klg_ plePs} 5 . of]
a? wfgsf uf“hdf dfG5]sf rf]S6fx¿ ;l8®x] kxf8 9ln;Sof] eGg' e|d xf] . slj lu®L sljtfdf e|dnfO{ lrb}{ kxf8 eofjx ¿kd}
sf]bfsf afnfx¿ gfgLn] 6fpsf]df l;p®]gg\ plePsf] :ki6Ls®0f lbG5g\ ® To;}nfO{ qf;bLsf] sf®s atfp“5g\ . k"0f{ lj®fd
a? sf]bfsf afnfx¿df ®ut tktk r'x]sf] x]l®®x] lg®ª\s'ztfsf] o; lg®Gt®tfnfO{ o;®L lrlqt u5{g\ M
-…o;k6s ufp“dfÚ hgfb]z, @)%$ j}zfv !)_ lx6n®n] s]xL If0f cfk\mgf] :jefj w®f}6Ldf ®fv]sf] 5 .
jf:tjdf ®fHoåf®f l;lh{t cftª\sk"0f{ oyfl:yltn] gful®s hLjg c;'®lIft ® p;sf] w®f}6L lkmtf{ ug{
;ª\s6fkGg aGg uPsf] l:ylt jt{dfgsf] s'¿k oyfy{ xf] . of] oyfy{ lsdfy{ klg d'bf{s} donx¿af6 pTkGg ePsf h'd|fx¿
;'vb÷sfdb 5}g, b'Mvb÷qf;b 5 . lx+;|s oyfl:Yltsf] of] jt{dfg ;a} gful®sx¿sf] ePe®sf] an nufP® lx6n®sf] w®f}6Ldf ®x]sf]
;®f]sf®sf] ljifo xf] ® To;}n] of] k|ultjfbL sljx¿sf] klg ;®f]sf®sf] ljifo xf] . oxf“ :jefj lkmtf{ kfg{ eofgs Jofofd ul®®x]5g\
p4[t s]xL ;fIodf dfq xf]Og, jt{dfgsf l;h{gf®t clwsf+z sljx¿n] o; ;®f]sf®nfO{ -…pHofnf]sf] lgldQ ;dlk{t e"ldut 3®af6Ú, hgfb]z, @)%@, >fj0f @_
sljtfdf JoQm u®]sf 5g\ lsgeg] o; qf;b÷pTkL8s jt{dfgsf] sljtfTds csf]{ 7fp“df pgL eG5g\M
cleJolQm ;dsfnLg k|ultjfbL sljtfsf] ;j{k|d'v k|j[lQ xf] tyflk ;fIo–¿kdf k|:t't lxhf] klg cgf{ lgl:kmqmL;“u h+undf r®]s} lyof]
sljtf÷sljtf+zsf cltl®Qm OR5'ssf] …;]t' h};Lsf] 3®Ú -Oltxf;sf] o; 38Ldf, @)%^_ df®]s} lyof] cfnf]snfO{ ® cf“vf bf]NtL vf]nf ag]s} lyof]
nfO{ o; k|j[lQsf] ;Dk"0f{ ¿kn] k|ltlglwTj ug]{ ljlzi6 sljtfsf ¿kdf k|:t't ug{ s] To;n] cfnf]ssf] ®utnfO{
;lsG5 h;df h};L, aGw'x¿sf] lgd{d xTof u®L uf]nLåf®f a]hfg ® IftljIft agfOPsf] cfk\mgf] ljiffQm l;ªn] lxsf{pg 5f]8\of] ®
…;]t' h};Lsf] 3®Ún] xTof–qf;bLsf] tLj| ;+j]bgfo'Qm laDa k|:t't u®]sf] 5 . === === ===
s] To;nfO{ y'Gg eg]®
#=@= qf;bLsf] sf®s …3fd 5]Sg] kxf8Ú xf] st} lrl8ofvfgf lgdf{0f ePsf] 5 <
k|ultjfbL sljx¿n] jt{dfg qf;b÷s'¿k ®x]sf] oyfy{af]w cfk\mgf sljtfdf u®]sf === === ===
5g\ . dflysf ;fIox¿af6 of] s'®f :ki6 x'G5 . ;dsfnLg k|ultjfbL sljx¿sf] yk RofªsfO;]s efu]s] 5}g
pNn]vgLotf s]df 5 eg] pgLx¿n] qf;bL ® s'¿ktfsf] sf®snfO{ klg lrg]sf 5g\ ® d?e"lddf v®a'hf vfO®x]5
To; sf®snfO{ ljleGg laDa ® k|tLsx¿sf dfwodaf6 JoQm ug]{ sfd u®]sf 5g\ . -…d?e"lddf Psyf]kf kfgL k¥of], oqf] xNnf lsg <Ú

59 60
 uf]ljGbn] 7Ls eGof], @)%), k[= #^–#&_
lg®ª\s'ztfsf k|tLsx¿ x'g\– cgf{x¿, RofªsfO;]sx¿, lx6n®x¿ ® clxn] klg
kxf8em“} cljrn tL plePs} 5g\ . To;}n] :jfefljs ¿kdf xfd|f] hLjg c;'®lIft 5,
cfqmfGt 5 . o; lg®ª\s'ztfn] s]xL ;'Gb® clegox¿ eg] kSs} ul®®x]sf] 5 . slj
uf]ljGb jt{dfg lg®ª\s'z oyfl:yltsf] To; clegonfO{ o;®L cleJoQm u5{g\ M
lzz' gflu®sx¿;“u
lzz' k|hftGqsf] gfp“df
xft, v'§f ® lha|fx¿ n'6\g] bfpdf
cfh klg of] cjtf®df
pkl:yt 5 xfd|f] ;+;f®df
af:gf x®fPsf] au}“rfh:tf] b]zdf
®ª\uLrª\uL sfuhsf k"mnx¿ xNnfp“b}
k|hftGqsf] af:gf ;'“3fpg] kfv08df ;l®s 5 .
-…;o jif{sf] dflg;Ú ljk'n k"= @, @)%), k[= @(_
af:gf gePsf] k"mnem}“ of] …k|hftGqÚ klg k|hftGqsf] af:gfljxLg 5, t®
lg®ª\s'ztfsf] ;+jfxsn] k|hftGqsf] af:gf ;'“3fpg] kfv08 ul®®x]sf] 5 . slj
jt{dfgsf] of] af]w, of] cg'e"lt ofyfly{s 5 . o:t} oyfy{af]w csf{ slj ljdn lgefnfO{
klg ePsf] 5 . k|hftGq, Joj:yf, nf]stGq oL zAb s;®L olta]nf cy{xLg ePsf 5g\,
x]®f}+ M
Joj:yfnfO{ Joj:yf eGgf];\÷cyjf h+un
®IfsnfO{ ®Ifs eGgf];\÷cyjf ck®fwL
b]znfO{ b]z dfGgf];\÷cyjf jw:yn
s'g} km®s kg]{ 5}g .
-…zAbsf]zÚ, sljtf–;Gbe{, @)%^, k[=@_
sljx¿sf] ;femf lgisif{ s] xf] eg] @)$^ kl5 klg k"j{jtL{ lg®ª\s'ztfsf] j[If
oyfjt\ ®x\of], Tof] 9n]g . Tof] kl®jt{g oyfy{df cfd"n kl®jt{g lyPg . ;Qfsf] rl®q ®
k|s[lt pxL ®x\of] . cleJolQm–:jtGqtfn] lg®ª\s'ztfsf] l;:g' vKg' kg]{ cj:yf ljBdfg
®lx®x\of] . ®fhgLlt ® 7]s]bf®L÷b]z ® jw:yn÷;+;b\ ® ;'k®dfs]{6 kof{ojfrL aGg hfg]
lj8Dagf klg To;} eP® ljsl;t eof] . xfd|f] jt{dfgsf] Pp6f l;ª\u} s'¿k kf6f] xf] of]
® k|ultjfbL ;dsfnLg sljtfdf o; s'¿k oyfy{sf] ;'Gb® lrq0f kfOG5 .
#=#= ju{;ª\3if{sf] lrq0f–kIfkf]if0f;“u} cfd"n kl®jt{gsf®L r]tgfsf]
cleJolQm
ju{;ª\3if{ dfgj ;dfhsf] P]ltxfl;s ljsf;qmdsf] cfwf® xf] . ju{x¿sf] pbob]lv
cfh;Ddsf] Oltxf; ju{;ª\3if{s} Oltxf; dflgG5 . g]kfnL ;dfhsf] ljsf;df ;r]t–
61
c;r]t ju{;ª\3if{sf] e"ldsf ®lxcfPs} 5 . To;df klg ljz]iftM sDo'lg:6 cfGbf]ngsf]
cf®De ePkl5 ;r]t ju{;ª\3if{sf] k|lqmof cf®De ePsf] xf] ® cfh;Dd To;sf dGb,
dWod, tLj|–tLj|td ¿kx¿ ljsl;t x'“b} cfPsf 5g\ . cem @)%) sf] of] bzs
ju{;ª\3if{sf b[li6n] lgs} ljlzi6 ® pNn]Vo cjlwsf ¿kdf b]vf kl®®x]sf] 5 . pTkLl8t
g]kfnL hgtfn] ;lbof}“b]lvsf] pTkL8gaf6 d'lQmsf nflu cfo'w p7fP® hg;d®sf] yfngL
o;} bzsdf u®]sf 5g\ ® ju{;ª\3if{sf] pRrtd ¿k 3l6t eO®x]sf] 5 . vf; u®L
u|fdL0f kxf8L Onfsfx¿df rln®x]sf] ju{;ª\3if{sf] of] k|lqmof jt{dfg oyfl:yltsf
lj?4sf] Pp6f lgs} dxŒjk"0f{ 36gf;Gbe{ xf] . ;dsfnLg k|ultjfbL sljtfx¿nfO{ x]bf{
s] b]lvG5 eg] ltgn] o;} 36gf;Gbe{af6 dxŒjk"0f{ ;Dan k|fKt u®]sf 5g\ ® ltgdf
pmWj{ufdL oyfy{sf] tLj|td Pj+ k|v® k|:t'lt ePsf] 5 . ljho ;'Aafn] eg]e}m“ yf]®}df
xf]Og, w]®}df o; pmWj{ufdL oyfy{sf] cjaf]wg 5, To;k|ltsf] kIfkf]If0f 5 ® To;af6
gof“ d"Noaf]w u|x0f ub}{ cfd"n kl®jt{gsf®L r]tgfsf] cleJolQm 5 . gof“ d"Noaf]wsf o;
k|lqmofdf sljx¿n] ju{;ª\3if{nfO{ cfuf]sf] ofqfsf ¿kdf lnP® To;sf] laDafTds lrq0f
u®]sf] klg kfOG5 . slj 6Lsf pbf;L …cfuf]sf] ofqfÚ zLif{s sljtfdf n]V5g\ M
tgel®÷dgel®
af]s]® cfuf]sf] l;+u} ;d'Gb|
lx“l8®x]5g\ cg]sf}+ ofqLx¿ cfuf]sf] ofqdf
-v;fgL, !M!, @)%^, k[= $)_
…cfuf]sf] ofqfÚ– of] rnfodfg b[ZolaDa ;'s'd zdf{nfO{ klg dg k¥of] ® pgn]
…cf]uf]sf] ofqfÚ v08sfJo n]v] . ev{®} ahf®df slj kf]if®fh kf}8]nsf] …;lxbufyfÚ gfds
dxfsfJo k|sflzt ePsf] 5 . g]kfnL e"lddf bf;x¿n] u®]sf] ;ª\3if{b]lv jt{dfgsf]
ju{;ª\3if{;Ddsf] ;]®f]km]®f]nfO{ o;n] cf]u6]sf] 5 . cfuf]sf] o; ofqfdf l;ª\uf] k|s[lt tKt
eP® ®ftf] ePsf] cg'ej slj lbn ;fxgLsf] 5 . pgL n]V5g\ M
cfsfz ®ftf]–®ftf] b]V5'
vf]nfdf alu®x]sf] kfgL klg ®ftf]–®ftf] b]V5'
cfuf]sf] nKsf] x]5'{
Tof] klg ®ftf]–®ftf] b]V5'
8f“8fsf“8fx¿df÷kfvfkv]®fx¿df
u'®f“; t ;w}+ ®ftf]–®ftf] km'n]sf] b]Vy]+
clxn] t a'sL klg ®ft} km'Ng yfn]5 .
-…clxn] t a'sL klg ®ft} km'Ng yfn]5Ú, hgfb]z, @)%$, dª\l;/ @$_
cfuf]sf] ofqf cyf{t\ ju{;ª\3if{sf] jt{dfg tLj|td >[ª\vnfn] hGdfPsf] of] kl/j]z
o;/L laDasf cfj/0fdf ;dsfnLg sljtfdf k|:t't eO/x]sf] 5 . ufp“df ju{;ª\3if{sf]
62
o; tKt kl/j]zn] ljlzi6 kl/jt{g NofPsf] 5 . slj dl0f yfkf pQm kl/jt{gnfO{ -…of] df};dÚ, bfªsf ;';]nLx¿, @)%$, k[= $(
o;/L k|:t't u5{g\ M ;dli6df x]bf{ of] df};d÷of] jt{dfg cfuf]do 5 ® ju{;ª\3if{sf] cfuf]sf] jftfj®0f
o; k6s ufp“df tKt 5 . sljx¿nfO{ o; tftf]kgfsf]÷cfuf]sf] nKsfsf] cg'e"lt tLj|t® ¿kdf ePsf] 5
jf/]G6sf sfnf k'hL{x¿ ® cfuf]sf] sljtf n]Vg' pgLx¿sf] k|j[lQ ag]sf] cg'ej x'G5 .
ul/asf uf]7x¿df dfq 6f“l;Pgg\
a? jf/]G6sf /ftf k'hL{x¿ #=$= cfd"n kl®jt{gsf lglDt k|f0ff]T;u{ ug]{x¿k|lt pRrtd ;Ddfg ub}{
zf]ifssf 3/df klg 6f“l;P dfG5]sf] ljlzi6 zf}o{ ® pbfQ rl®qsf] pb\3f6g
-…o; k6s ufp“dfÚ, hgfb]z, @)%$ j}zfv !)_ cfd"n kl®jt{gsf lgldQ ;ª\ul7t ¿kn] ljb|f]x ug]{ ® cfk"mnfO{ pT;u{sf lgldQ
zf]ifsx¿nfO{ jf®]G6 hf®L ug{ ;Sg] cj:yfsf] ljsf; g]kfnL hgtfn] rnfPsf] tof® agfpg] >[ª\vnfdf ;DejtM !((& sf] …;lxb kj{Ú g]kfnL Oltxf;sf] klxnf]
ju{;ª\3if{sf] dxŒjk"0f{ k|flKt xf] . o;n] sljx¿sf] r]tgfdf dxŒjk"0f{ k|efj kf®]sf] 5 ® pNn]vgLo 36gf xf] . o; 36gfn] lgs} dfqfdf sljx¿nfO{ phf{ k|bfg u¥of],
pgLx¿nfO{ klg på]lnt agfPsf] 5 . To;}n] t slj k"0f{ lj®fd 3f]if0ff u5{g\ M pgLx¿nfO{ ljb|f]xL agfof] . !((& b]lv cf®De ePsf] of] k|lqmof g]kfnL sDo'lg:6
®fi6«3ftLx¿sf lj®4 ca d}n] km'lN6g af]s]® cfGbf]ngsf] ;ª\ul7t ljsf;qmdsf] k|lqmof;“u cem e\mofª\lub} cfPsf] 5, To;df klg
uj{ ul®®xg] a]nf uof] @)%) sf] o; bzsdf o; lsl;dsf] pT;u{sf®L r]tgf lbofnf]em}“ b]z}e® wKk an]sf]
km'lN6gsf] ;§fdf d}n] xftdf af]Sbf v'“8f cg'ej ul®“b} 5 . vf;u®L pTkLl8t hgtfsf] ;ª\3if{n] hg;d®sf ¿kdf ljsf; u®]kl5
d klg b]lvG5' of] ®fi6«sf] ®fli6«o k'?if cfd"n kl®jt{gsf lglDt cGofo ® cTofrf®sf] oyfl:yltaf6 d'lQmsf lglDt g]kfn
-…j®jw" b'j}n] ljb|f]x ug]{ a]nf eof]Ú, hgfb]z, @)%# kf}if !^_ cfdfsf ;jf{]Qd 5f]®f5f]®Lx¿n] cfk\mgf] k|f0f pT;u{ ug]{ ljlzi6 ;fx;, zf}o{ ® pbfQ
k"0f{ lj®fdsf] cfd"n kl®jt{gsf®L r]gtfn] cfkm};“u klg pT;u{ ® ljb|f]xsf] dfu rl®q k|bz{g ul®/x]sf 5g\ ® alnbfgsf] uf}®jdo Oltxf; lgdf{0f ul®x]sf 5g\ . alnbfg
u5{ . ®fi6«sf] cToGt ;+j]bgzLn kl®l:yltn] u®]sf] To:tf] dfu k"®f ug{ g;s]sf]df sxL“ ® pT;u{sf] of] ;Gbe{ ;dsfnLg k|ultjfbL sljx¿sf lglDt dxŒjk"0f{ sfJo–;Dan
pgL cfkm}k|lt klg cfqmf]z kf]Vg k'U5g\ M alg®x]sf] b]lvG5 . g]kfn cfdfsf To:tf ;jf]{Qd 5f]®f5f]®Lk|lt pRrtd ;Ddfg k|s6 ug'{
b'n{'ªdf sfnf xftx¿n] s:tf ;'Gb® d'ufx¿nfO{ r"0f{ kf®] ® To; qmddf dfG5]sf] cfuf]em}“ ee{®fp“bf] b[9 ® hf]bfxf rl®qsf] k|efjk"0f{ cleJo~hgf
b'n'{ªd} slt ®fd|f h'gsL®Lx¿nfO{ ug'{ clxn]sf sljtfsf] Pp6f k|d'v k|j[lQ aGg uPsf] b]lvG5 .
sfnf a'6x¿n] lsrLldrL kf®] q"m® oyfl:yltsf lj?4 uLt ufp“bf jf af“;'®L ahfp“bf klg st} Gofolk|o o'jfo'jtLn]
dgdf s] ;f]r]® t}+n] cN5L ul®;\ cfuf]sf] xf6 nufpg jLeT; d[To' a]xf]g'{ k®]sf] 5, st} af6f]3f6f] lx“8\bf jf 3®df al;®x“bf klg cfk"mn] ®fv]sf]
cfuf]sf] xf6 t}+n] lsg nufOg;\ y'OSs k"0f]{ . pHofnf]k|ltsf] cf:yfsf sf®0f pgLx¿n] dfl®g' k®]sf] 5 ® st} ;ª\3if{s} qmddf klg
-…y'OSs k"0f]{Ú, hgcfJxfg, @)%% cflZjg @_ pgLx¿n] ;xfbt a]xf]g{' kl®®x]sf] 5 . sljdg ju{aGw'sf], pHofnf] ?rfpg] g]kfnL gfos–
ju{aGw'sf] xTof …cfuf]sf] xf6Ú nufpg cN5L u®]sf]df cfkm}nfO{ 3[0ffn] y's]sf] o; gflosfsf] d[To'df÷;xfbtdf på]lnt x'g k'U5, ;+j]lbt x'g k'U5 ® slxn] cljrlnt–
sljtfTds ;Gbe{n] sljdf ju{af]wL ® ju{;ª\3if{sf®L r]tgf ;lqmo ®x]sf] ® To;n] ljrlnt dgf]bzfsf ;f“wdf pleG5 ® n]V5 M
cfk\mgf] ;dosf] ultdfg\ ju{;ª\3if{sf] k|lqmof;“u hf]l8g vf]h]sf] :ki6 x'G5 . slj s]= d p;sf] dxfg\ zxfbtdf
Pn= kLl8t eg] oyfl:yltsf] lr;f]sf lj?4 cfuf] km}ln®x]sf] cg'ej u5{g\ ® n]V5g\ M uf}®jn] zL/ 7f8f] kf®]®
lr;f] a9]sf] 5 al9®xf];\ zf]sn] cf“z' emfl®®x]5'
lj?4df ;8sx¿ tft]s} 5g\ d p;sf] dxfg\ jL®ultdf
a:tLx¿ lj:kmf]6 ePs} 5g\ v'zLn] 5ftL rf}8f kf®]®
x]® vf];|]® cfuf]sf] e'ª\u|f] ;+j]bgfn] eSsfgf] 5fl8®x]5'
leqleq} s;®L km}ln®x]5 cfuf] . g 3fd pbfpg yfn]sf] ;'Gb® laxfgh:tf]

63 64
 g 3fd c:tfpg yfn]sf] ;fGWo uugh:tf]
of] s'g k|sf®sf] s:tf] cg'e"lt xf], rGb|flu®L ∕
-OR5's, aGbL ® rGb|flu®L, @)%&, k[= $!_
jL® of]4fsf] dxfg\ zxfbtdf uf}®jn] zL® 7f8f] x'g] t® zf]sdf cf“;' klg r'lxg],
p;sf] dxfg\ jL®ultdf v';Ln] 5ftL rf}8f klg x'g] t® ;+j]bgfsf] eSsfgf] klg ;“u;“u}
5'6\g] of}6f k®:k® lj®f]wL (Paradoxical) cj:yfsf] ;'Gb® laDafTds cleJolQm
oxf“ ePsf] 5 . j:t'tM ljlzi6 ;+j]bgfhGo cg'e"ltsf] ljlzi6 sljtf xf] of] ® o;af6
;dsfnLg k|ultjfbL sljtfdf snf ® ;+j]bgfsf] ;'Gb® ;+Zn]if0fsf] ®fd|f] ;fIo k|fKt
x'G5 .
cfuf]sf] ofqfdf lx“8\bf slxn] cfuf] lkpg' kg]{÷cfuf] j®0f ug'{kg]{ afWosf®L cj:yf
klg cfOkbf]{ ®x]5 . t®, To:tf] a]nf klg dxfg\ gfos÷gflosfn] cfk\mgf] ljlzi6 zf}o{,
;fx; ® lgi7fsf] kl®ro lbP® uf}®jzfnL Oltxf; lgdf{0f u5{g\ ® o:tf] oyfy{
;f}Gbo{af]wsf] cfwf® aG5 eg] To;n] k|ltlalDag–k|lqmof k|fKt u®]kl5 o:tf] sljtf¿k
k|fKt u5{ M
pgsf cf“vfx¿ km'6fn]® klg
pgn] b]Vg 5f]l8gg\ cfk\mgf] ;kgf
pgsf] 3'“8fdf uf]nL xfg] s;fO{x¿n]
pgL kfOnf 6]St} lzv®lt®
nDsg klg 5f]l8gg\ ®utsf kbrfkx¿df
e'ª\u|f]df Ho"“b} xfn]® lkN;fO®x]
ObL cdLgsf ;Gtfgx¿n]
Hjfnfx¿em}“ d'vaf6 pgn]
zAbsf nKsfx¿ sf9\g klg 5f]l8gg\ .
-O{Zj®rGb| 1jfnL, …s'df®L a"9f ® lbndfofx¿Ú, hgfb]z, h]7 !, @)%$_
d[To'sf] eodfly jL®x¿n] dfgl;s ljho k|fKt ul®;s]kl5 ® cfk"mnfO{ k|ldy;df
¿kfGt® ul®;s]kl5 :ju{sf s'g} b}jL c:qx¿n] pgLx¿sf] cf:yf ® lgi7fnfO{ k®flht
ug{ ;Sb}gg\ eGg] dxfg\ ;To clxn] g]kfnL df6f]df g]kfnL k|ldy;x¿n]
pb\3fl6t÷:yflkt ul®®x]sf 5g\ ® cfhsf] k|ultjfbL sljtfdf To;} ;Tosf] snfTds
cleJo~hgf ePsf] 5 .
z®L® cyf{t\ ef}lts z®L®nfO{ dfg'{ t ;Dej x'G5 t® p;n] af]s]sf]
lgi7f÷cf:yfsf] xTof ;Dej x'Gg . cf:yf ch®÷cd® x'G5 . ;fob To;}n] elgG5–
;lxbx¿ slxNo} db}{gg\ . ;lxbx¿sf ;fj{sflns ® ch]o cf:yfdf ;lxbx¿ af“r]sf
x'G5g\ . To;}n] k|ultjfbL sljx¿ hgtfsf of]4fx¿sf] zf®Ll®s d[To' eP klg
65
pgLx¿sf] ;Dk"0f{ d[To' ePsf] c:jLsf® u5{g\ . slj k"0f{ lj®fdsf] ToxL c:jLs[lt o;®L
JoQm ePsf] 5 M
o'®f]kel®sf ;f®f as'Nnfx¿n]
cfk\mgf r'Rrfx¿ dfg;®f]j®df 8'afP®
dfg;®f]j®nfO{ ;'Vvf hdLgdf abNg ;s] eg]
d of] s'®f :jLsf® ug]{5'
d]®f] tLy{ uf}tdsf] d[To' ePsf] :jLsf® ug]{5' .
-…xTof®f t“ lsg xNnf u5{;\Ú, hgfb]z, @)%$, j}zfv @$_
o;®L cfd"n kl®jt{gsf lglDt k|f0ff]T;u{ ug]{x¿k|ltsf] of] pRr ;Ddfgefj
;dsfnLg sljtfdf cToGt ®fufTds ® efjk"0f{ 9ª\un] JoQm eO®x]sf] kfOG5 . sljx¿
:jod\ klg efj'stf ® cfj]usf clg zf]s ® ;Ddfgsf ;l®tf;f“wdf pleP® o; k|j[lQsf
;'Gb® sljtf n]lv®x]sf 5g\ .
#=%= ®fi6«jfbL r]tgfsf] cleJolQm
k|ToIf ¿kdf g]kfnn] pklgj]zsf] kL8f ef]Ug k®]g egL xfdL uj{ u5f{}+ t® ck|ToIf
pklgj]zsf] kL8f s:tf] b'MvbfoL x'G5 eGg] s'®f klg ;fob xfdL g} ®fd|®L JoQm ug{
;S5f}+ . ®f0ffzf;sx¿n] cfk\mgf] ;Qf:jfy{sf nflu cª\u|]h zf;sx¿;“u d}qL ;DaGw
uf“;]b]lv g} ck|ToIf pklgj]zsf] pkqmd yflnPsf] xf] ® cª\u|]hx¿n] ef®t 5f]8] klg
ef®tLo zf;sx¿n] lj/f;tsf ¿kdf cª\u|]hx¿sf] lj:tf®jfbL] cltqmd0fsf/L gLltnfO{
cfTd;ft\ ub}{ o; If]qdf cfk\mgf lj:tf®jfbL÷cltqmd0fjfbL gª\u|f lk“mhfp“b} cfPsf 5g\ .
cfly{s÷;f+:s[lts I]fqdf dfq xf]Og, ef}uf]lns If]qdf ;d]t xfdLn] ef®tLo zf;sx¿sf]
cltqmd0fsf] kL8f ef]Ub} cfpg'k®]sf] 5 . la8Dagf t s] 5 eg] b]zs} zf;sx¿sf]
®fi6«3ftL rl®qsf sf®0f ®fi6«n] ef®tLo cltqmd0f ® xfd|f k|fs[lts ;|f]tdfly n'6sf]
kL8f ef]Ug'k®]sf] 5 . @)$^ ;fnkl5sf oL jif{x¿df ;d]t of] l:ylt sfod} 5 ® ;+; f®n]
g} xfd|f] ®fli6«o ;fj{ef}ldstfdlfy k|Zg p7fpg] nHhfhgs cj:yf l;h{gf ePsf] 5 .
o:tf] ;+j]bgzLn cj:yf k|ultjfbL sljx¿sf nflu tLj| ;®f]sf®sf] ljifo x'g' lgtfGt
:jfefljs 5 . cltqmd0fåf®f ®fi6« 8fldPsf] o; kL8fnfO{ slj r]tsfGt rfkfufO{+n]
o;®L JoQm u®]sf 5g\ M
sf]zL k"j}{ ;u'g;l® Tof] lbNnLdf u} r9fP
d]rL ;fVv} ;s'gLsf xftdf g} ydfP
;':tf vfP d?;l® ag] u08sLsf lsgf®
cfdf ?lG5g\ 6gsk'®df t8\k“b} af®af®
-…cl:dtf u'Dg nfu]Ú, snd, k'= !*, @)%$, k[= @!_
66
 To;f] t xfd|f] Oltxf;df k"j{df l6:6f ® klZrddf sf“u8fsf] pNn]v klg kfOG5,
t® jt{dfgdf t d]rL gbLs} hª\u] lkn® pn]lvPsf] pNn]v ub} nLnf pbf;Ln] cfk\mgf]
…l5d]sLsf] ===== OdfgL d]l6b]pmÚ zLif{s sljtfdf …xfd|f] d"n9f]sf kmf]®]® 3®leqsf] d]rL
rf]l®Psf] ® eb|k'®sf] 9's'6L kmf]l®Psf]Ú pNn]v u®]sf 5g\ . ;Ldf cltqmd0fsf] of]
kL8fnfO{ slj jf;'b]j clwsf®L o;®L k|:t't u5{g\ M
d ;nfdL sdfpg] ;u®dfyf xf]Og
d ;'Gb®tf pdfg]{ df5fk'R5«] xf]Og
k|]d r'Na'nfpg] km]jf xf]Og
s]rgfsn x'“÷dx]zk'® x'“÷k[YjLgu® x'“
xf]rf], lgw{g ® c;'Gb® ∕
-…c:jLs[ltÚ, ljk'n, ^, @)^%, k[= @^_
xfd|f] e"uf]ndf ;d]t l;lh{Psf] oxL ju{lje]bsf sf®0f lgw{g ® c;'Gb® dx]zk'®,
s]rgfsn, k[YjLgu® cflbdflysf] ef®tLo cltqmd0fdf sf7df8f}+ df}g ®x]sf] atfP®
sljn] ;De|fGt zf;sx¿sf] ®fi6«3ftk|lt tLj| cfnf]rgf k|s6 u®]sf 5g\ . ef®tLo
zf;sx¿åf®f cltqmldt tL lgw{g a:tL÷e"ld–sf tkm{af6 slj o:tf] ljb|f]x af]N5g\ M
xfdL ;u®dfyfsf] ko®÷xfdL sf7df8f}+sf] cf}+nf
;'g ;u®dfyfsf] dflns
xfdL k®fO{l;tsf] sGofbfgsf] lj®f]w u5f}{+
xfdL lbNnLsL b'nxL aGg c:jLsf® u5f}{+ .
-pxL, k[= @&_
sljx¿n] cfk\mgf sljtfdf o:tf] ljb|f]x af]n] klg la8Dagf s] 5 eg] g]tfx¿af6
cltqmd0fsf] 3fpdf g'gr's bNg] sfd klg eO®x]sf] 5 . oxL la8Dagf b]v]® på]lnt
ag]sf slj g®gfy n'O“6]n g]tfx¿sf] To; k|j[lQk|lt o:tf] Joª\Uo u5{g\ M
d]rL jf dxfsfnLdf ef“hf xfNg] s'®f a]dgfl;a xf]
a? uf“hf vfcf}+ ® uf“hf n]vf}+
d'n'sdf hlt;'s} wf“hf kmf6f];\ sljhL
eb|k'® klg b]zL e}ofs} vfhf eg]® n]vf}+
s]sf] kfgL cfwf–cfwf < o:tf] ;femf sljtf n]vf}+ .
-…sljhL ∕ sljtf n]vf}Ú+, pT;fx, %@, @)%$, k[= #(_
aflx®af6 t cltqmd0f ePs} 5, t® cltqmd0fsf] lj®f]w u®]® ®fi6«jfbL ;~r]tgfsf]
cleJolQm ug{ vf]Hbf g]tfx¿af6 To;nfO{ uf“hf vfPsf] cf®f]k nufOG5 eg] To;nfO{
s] eGg] < sljx¿ o;nfO{ b]zleq n]08'k ;+:s[ltsf] ljsf; ePsf] cg'ej u5{g \ .
c0f'slj lbn ;fxgL n]Vg5g\ M
lxhf] hdfgf cs}{ lyof]
67
Oltxf; xfdLnfO{ elQm yfkf lbGYof]
cfh hdfgf cs}{ 5
Oltxf; xfdLnfO{ n]08'k bf]h]{ lbG5 .
-lkmlnª\uf, @)%&, k[= %$_
k|ultjfbL sljx¿nfO{ b]zleq n]08'k ;+:s[ltsf] pkl:ylt ;x\o 5}g, ®fi6«3ft ;x\o
5}g, ®fli6«o cl:dtfsf] a]rlarvg ;x\o 5}g . To;}n] st} Joª\Uosf ¿kdf ® st}
ljb|f]xsf efsfdf of] ®fi6«3ftlj®f]wL ® cltqmd0flj®f]wL r]tgfn] cleJolQm kfpg] u®]sf]
5 . ljb|f]xsf] Tof] k|v® ¿k k"0f{ lj®fdsf sljtfdf x]g{nfos 5 M
sfa]/Lsf] cf]+7nfO{ of] b]z r';fP®
cfk\mgf] cf]7n] :jflbnf cfO;lqmd r'l;®x]sf g®fwdx¿nfO{
xfdLx¿n] ca cfuf] g} r';fOlbP s;f] xf]nf <
-…s;f] xf]nfÚ<, hgcfJxfg, @)%$, k'; $_
®fi6«3ftLx¿nfO{ cfuf] r';fOlbg] of] r]tgf k|v® ®fi6«af]wsf] Bf]ts xf] . ;fob l;ª\u}
g]kfnL sljtf–;flxTodf k|ultjfbL sljx¿df g} o; lsl;dsf] k|v® ®fi6«af]w kfOG5 . of]
k|ultjfbL sljtfsf] ;fdfGo k|j[lQ dfq} xf]Og, dxQd k|flKt klg xf] .
#=^= blnt–c5"t hfltdflysf] hftLo pTkL8gsf] lj®f]w
blnt–cblnt jf 5"t–c5"tsf] of] hftLo ljefhg ljz]iftM k®Dk®fut lxGb" wd{df
cfwfl®t ;fdflhs–;f+:s[lts ;Gbe{ xf] . o; lsl;dsf] cGofok"0f{ ® cdfgjLo hftLo
ljefhgsf] kL8f blnt elgPsfx¿n] ;lbof}+b]lv ef]Ub} cfPsf 5g\ . csf]{ uf]nfw{sf]
®ª\ue]bsf ;dsIfsf] of] hflte]b ® To;n] l;h]{sf ljs[ltx¿ xfd|f] ;fDojfbL cfGbf]ngs}
klg Pp6f ;®f]sf®sf] ljifo x'g' c:jfefljs xf]Og . x'g t xfdLsxf“ ljz'4 hftLo
cfGbf]ngsf] ljsf; klg ePsf] kfOG5 t® dfS;{jfbLx¿ s] s'®fdf ljZjf; u5{g\ eg]
hftLo cfGbf]ngnfO{ juL{o cfGbf]ng;“u hf]8\g ;s]dfq ;f“rf] cy{df blnt -hftLo_
cfGbf]ngn] k"0f{tf kfpg] ® blntx¿sf] ;f“rf] d'lQm ;Dej x'g]5 . ;dsfnLg k|ultjfbL
sljx¿n] o;} b[li6sf]0fsf cfnf]sdf blnt–;Gbe{nfO{ sljtfdf k|:t't u®]sf] b]lvG5 .
s]xL ;docl3 nfxfgdf 36]sf] …l;gf] sf08Ú ® To; ;Gbe{df b]vfk®]sf] pTkL8g lj®f]wL
blnt r]tgfnfO{ slj lbn ;fxgL o;®L snfTds k'glg{df0f lbG5g\ M
w]®} kmfNof}+ l;gf] xfdLn]
ca t ltdLn] cfkm} kmfn] klg x'G5
=== ======
klxnf–klxnf xfdLn]
ltd|f] l;gf] kmfNg] ub{Yof}+
clxn] t xfdLn]
68
 xfd|f] l;gf] kmfNg] u®]sf 5f}+
-…l;gf]Ú, hgfb]z, @)%& h]7 @$_
l;gf] cyf{t\ k®Dk®fut l;gf] kmfNg blntx¿n] c:jLsf® u®]sf] oyfy{ oxf“ 5 ®
;fy} cfk\mgf] l;gf] kmfNg] s'®fsf] cfTd:jLs[lt 5 . Tof] cfk\mgf] l;gf] s] xf] t < sljn]
cfTdsygsf 9f“rfdf blntx¿sf cfk\mgf] nflu oxf“sf wd{u|Gyx¿, k'®fgf
®Lltl®jfhx¿, sfg'gsf 7]nLx¿ ® :jod\ of] ®fHo;Qf g} l;gf] ePsf] pb\3f]if u®]sf
5g\ . cGTodf blntx¿sf tkm{af6 slj pb\3f]if u5{g\ M
® l;h{gf ug]{5f}+
Pp6f l;gf]ljgfsf] ;Eo ;dfh
Pp6f l;gf]ljgfsf] ;'Gb® ;+;f® .
oxf“ s]jn hftLo ;Gbe{ dfq 5}g, juL{o ® ®fhgLlts ;Gbe{ klg 5 . …c5"tÚx¿n]
l;gf] kmfNg'kg]{ afWotf s]jn hftLo ;+:sf®;“u dfq ;DalGwt 5}g, Tof] ®fHo;Qf;“u
klg ;DalGwt 5 . of] oyfy{af]w gu®L blnt cfGbf]ng cufl8 a9\b}g ® oxL oyfy{af]w
o; sljtfdf JoQm ePsf] 5 . o:t} oyfy{af]wsf] cleJolQm OR5'ssf] …c:jLsf®Ú
zLif{ssf] sljtfdf kfOG5 . cfTdsygfTds 9f“rfdf n]lvPsf] o; sljtfdf klg
…c5"tÚx¿sf] l;gf] kmfNg] sfo{k|ltsf] c:jLsf®f]lQmnfO{ d"n sYo agfOPsf] 5 . k'vf}{+b]lv
® ;lbof}+b]lv dflns eOcfPsfx¿n] …p7\Ú eGbf p7\g] …a;\Ú eGbf a:g], 3f“6L–3f“6L
ckdfg lb+bf klg ;xg] rof{ ul®cfPsf …c5"tÚx¿ ca To;f] ug{ tof® 5}gg\, ca l;gf]
kmfNg tof® 5}gg\ . To;f] lsgeg] ca pgLx¿nfO{ r]tgf ePsf] 5 M
kmfNg' kg]{ t sfnf] k|yf ®x]5
ldNsfpg' kg]{ t b'i6 rfn ®x]5
ha a'em]“ d}n] a'e\mg} kg]{ s'®f
d]®f] dflns ∕
ltd|f] cf1fnfO{ lt®:sf® u®“] d}n]
ca l;gf] kmfNg c:jLsf® u®]+ d}n]
-…c:jLsf®Ú, hgfb]z, h]7 !) @)%&_
nfxfgsf rdf® hfltsf blnt ;d'bfon] rnfPsf] cfGbf]ngsf] kof{Kt ;fwf®0fLs[t
® kl®is[t snfTds cleJolQmsf b[i6fGt x'g\ oL sljtf . oyfy{eGbf cem a9L pbfQ
¿k oL sljtfdf b]Vg ;lsG5 . blntdflysf] pTkL8gnfO{ cem ;fwf®0fLs®0f ®
j}ZjLs®0f ul®Psf] cfx'ltsf] …ux'“uf]®f] clk|msfÚ sf] d'Vo ljifoj:t' klg oxL hftLo
e]befj xf] . ux'“uf]®f] clk|msf oxf“ ;+;f/sf blntx¿sf] k|tLs aGg k'u]sf] 5 ® o;
k|tLssf] cfTdsYoåf®f sljn] o:tf] pb\3f]if u®]sf 5g\ M
ltd|f] dlGb®sf] d"lt{df d]®f] cf®gsf] uGw cfp“5
cf]bfgLdflysf] s®fxLdf d]®f] kl;gfsf] uGw cfp“5
69
======= ==============
d ltd|f] dlGb®sf] b]jtf agfpg] sfdL x'“
d of] uf]n e"uf]nsf] Pp6f uf]®f] clk|msf x'“
================ ==================
ckdflgt Oltxf;sf] lx;fa rfxG5'
d s'g} klg d"Nodf d'lQm rfxG5' .
-d"Nofª\sg======================_
hflte]b ® ®ª\ue]b -j0f{e]b_ sf] o; ;Gbe{nfO{ jg:kltaf6 k|tLs rog u®]®
OR5'sn] …l;D7f®f] wfgÚ zLif{ssf] sljtfdf klg k|:t't u®]sf 5g\ . l;D7f®f] wfgnfO{
cZj]t÷c5"t hfltsf] k|tLs agfOPsf] of] sljtf klg hftLo pTkL8gnfO{ cleJoQm ug]{
o; k|j[lQsf] pNn]vgLo sljtf xf] . ljZj;flxTodf blnt ;flxTo cfGbf]ngsf] ¿kdf klg
b]vf kl®®x]sf kl®k|]Iodf xfd|f] l:ylt To:t} g®x] klg k|ultjfbL sljtf–cfGbf]ngsf] Pp6f
k|j[lQsf ¿kdf rflx“ o:tf] sljtf–n]vg b]vf kl®/x]sf] 5 . of] ;dsfnLg k|ultjfbL
sljtfsf] k|flKt–;Gbe{ klg xf] .
$= lgisif{
;dsfnLg k|ultjfbL g]kfnL sljtf -vf; u®L jt{dfg bzssf] sljtf_df jt{dfg
;dosf] oyfy{ ® To;åf®f lgld{t–k|efljt dfgjLo ;+j]bgfsf] cleJolQm d'Vo ¿kdf
ePsf] 5 . h;®L oyfl:yltd"ns jt{dfg gful®ssf nflu ;'vb÷sfdb geO{ pTkL8s–
qf;b 5 ® To;sf®0f Tof] s'¿k 5 . 7Ls To;} u®L sljx¿n] klg oyfl:ylthGo
jt{dfgsf pTkL8s qf;b ® s'¿k :j¿ksf] sljtfTds cleJo~hgfnfO{ k|d'v k|j[lQ
agfPsf] b]lvG5 . o; ;Gbe{df sljx¿ ®fHoåf®f l;lh{t lx+;f–xTofhGo qf;bL ® To;sf]
lg®ª\s'z rl®qk|lt kof{Kt cfnf]rs ®x]sf 5g\ ® ;fy} @)$^ cl3sf] lg®ª\s'z ;+oGqsf]
lg®Gt®tf ® To;sf] ¿kfGtl®t pkl:yltnfO{ g} o; k|sf®sf] qf;bLsf] sf®ssf ¿kdf
lrq0f klg ub{5g\ . ;dsfnLg k|ultjfbL g]kfnL sljtfsf] csf]{ k|d'v k|j[lQut j}lzi6\o
eg]sf] cfk\mgf] ;dosf] ju{;ª\3if{sf] k|lqmof;“usf] g}s6\o–:yfkgf klg xf] . ju{;ª\3if{sf
b[li6n] jt{dfg bzs cToGt cf“wLdo ®x]sf] cg'ej clxn] ;j{q e}®x]sf] 5 . vf; u®L
;lbof+}b]lv pTkL8gsf lj?4 cfd"n kl®jt{gsf] p2]Zo af]s]® g]kfnL hgtfn] o;} bzssf]
cf®Delt® hg;d®sf dfWodaf6 ju{;ª\3if{nfO{ h'g tLj|td ® pRrtd ¿k lbPsf 5g\,
To;n] Pp6f alnbfgdo tKt kl®j]zsf] l;h{gf u®]sf] 5 eg] To;af6 kof{Kt ;Dan
k|fKt u®]® ;dsfnLg k|ultjfbL g]kfnL sljtfn] To; ju{;ª\3if{hGo oyfy{sf] j:t'lgi7
cleJolQm dfq u®]sf 5}gg\, clkt' To; ;ª\3if{sf] k|lqmofaf6 lgld{t ® ljsl;t gjLg
d"Noaf]wsf] cleJolQm klg u®]sf 5g\ . o; ;Gbe{df cfd"n kl®jt{gsf lglDt k|f0ff]T;u{
ug]{ jL®–jL®fª\ugfk|ltsf] pRr ;Ddfgefjsf ;fy} jt{dfgdf b]vfkl®®x]sf] dfG5]sf]
pT;u{zLn h'emf? rl®qsf] pb\3f6g–j0f{g klg o; bzssf k|ultjfbL sljtfsf] k|j[lQ
70
aGg uPsf] 5 . ;dsfnLg k|ultjfbL sljtfdf ®fi6«3ft ® ljz]iftM -ef®tLo_
cltqmd0fsf lj?4 tLj| cfqmf]z, cfnf]rgf ® c;Gt'li6 5 clg ;“u;“u} k|v® ®fi6«jfbL
r]tgfsf] cleJolQm klg 5 . o; cjlwsf] k|ultjfbL g]kfnL sljtfsf] Pp6f csf]{
pNn]vgLo k|j[lQ blnt–c5"t ;d'bfo;“u ;Da4 oyfy{sf] cleJolQm klg xf] . o;
;Gbe{df d'VotM cGofok"0f{ 5"t–c5"tsf] hftLo ljefhgsf lj?4 pleP® Gofo ®
hftLo ;dfgtfsf lgldQ blntx¿n] rnfO®x]sf] ;ª\3if{sf] snfTds cleJolQm ug'{ ®
dfS;{jfbL sf]0faf6 To; ;d:ofsf] ;dfwfgtkm{ ;ª\s]t ug'{ klg k|ultjfbL sljtfsf]
pknlAw;"rs ag]® b]vf kl®®x]sf] 5 .
o;®L ;du|df ;dsfnLg k|ultjfbL g]kfnL sljtf o; cjlwsf] ;'Gb®–s'¿k
;dli6 oyfy{sf] snfTds cleJo~hgf ag]® b]vf kl®®x]sf] s'®f :ki6 x'G5 . o;
sfo{kqsf] p2]Zo sljtfsf] snfTds d"Nosf] cfsng xf]Og, d'VotM ltgsf] efjut
k|j[lQsf] cfsng xf] tyflk oxf“ ljZn]lift ® ;fIo ¿kdf k|:t't yf]®} sljtf dfqaf6
klg o'usf oyfy{sf] snfTds cleJolQm ug{ ;dsfnLg k|ultjfbL sljtf ;Ifd ®x]sf]
klg k|:6 x'G5 .

k|d'v ;Gbe{
clgn >]i7, d[To' kj{ xf]Og d]/f] b]z, sf7df8f}+ M ====, @)%% .
cd/ lu/L, 3fd 5]Sg] kxf8, sf7df8f}+ M
s]= Pn= kLl8t, …of] df};dÚ, bfËsf ;';]nLx¿, @)%$, k[= $( .
s[i0f ;]g OR5's, Oltxf;sf] o; 38Ldf, sf7df8f}+ M clvn g]kfn hg;f+:s[lts ;+3,
@)%^ .
======================, aGbL / rGb|flul/, sf7df8f}+ M k|ultzLn cWoog s]Gb|, @)%& .
uf]ljGb jt{dfg, …;o jif{sf] dflg;Ú, ljk'n, -k"0ff{Í @, @)%)_, k[= @( .
r]tsfGt rfkfufO{+, …cl:dtf u'Dg nfu]Ú, snd, -k"0ff{Í !*, @)%$_, k[= @! .
k"0f{ lj/fd, uf]ljGbn] 7Ls eGof], sf7df8f}+ M k|ltef k|jfx, @)%) .
dft[sf kf]v/]n, cledt, ;xofqL, -k|j]zfÍ, !M!_, @)%^ .
/fh]Gb| k/fh'nL-;Dkf=_, sljtf–;Gbe{, sf7df8f}+ M tGg]/L k|sfzg, @)%^ .
ljho ;'Aaf, cledt, ;xofqL, -k|j]zfÍ, !M!_, @)%^ ;dfgfGt/ sljtfsf] kLl7sf
k"0f{ lj/fd, cledt, ;xofqL, -k|j]zfÍ, !M!_, @)%^
xl/uf]ljGb n'O“6]n, cledt, ;xofqL, -k|j]zfÍ, !M!, @)%^_ .
hgfb]z, hgcfx\jfg, pT;fxsf ljleGg ;Da4 cÍx¿ . != cfd'v
;dsfnLg g]kfnL sljtfsf] s'/f ubf{ ;dsfnLg sljtfnfO{ s;/L x]g]{ eÌ] k|Zg
cfwf/e"t ¿kdf kf7s / ;dLIfs;d]tsf cufl8 cfp“5 . ;dsfnLg sljtfnfO{ ljleGg
9+un], ljleGg sf]0faf6 x]g{ ;lsG5 . tLdWo] wf/fut ¿kdf x]g{' Pp6f x]/fO xf] / o;

71 72
;Gbe{df ;dLIfsx¿n] ;dsfnLg sljtfnfO{ dfS;{jfbL / u}/ –dfS;{jfbL wf/f -h;nfO{
k|ultjfbL / u}/k|ultjfbL wf/f klg eGg ;lsG5_ sf ¿kdf klg lnPsf] kfOG5 .
ljZjljBfnosf] k7gkf7gdf l;ª\uf] ;dsfnLg sljtfnfO{ gjoyfy{jfbL jf
gjk|ultjfbL egL lrgfO;s]kl5 k'gM To; gjoyfy{jfbL – gjk|ultjfbL ;dsfnLg
sljtfnfO{ dfS;{jfbk|lta4 / dfS;{jfbck|lta4 u/L b'O{ pkwf/fsf ;dli6sf ¿kdf
k|:t't u/]sf] klg kfOG5 -lqkf7L M @)%# _ . ;a} pkwf/fsf] ;dli6 :j¿ksf]
;dsfnLg g]kfnL sljtfsf] ;dli6 klxrfg s] xf] / To;sf] Pp6} ;+1f s] x'g ;S5 <
eGg] k|Zgsf] pQ/ ;/n 5}g, t/ pko'{Qm ;Ddlt;d]tnfO{ cfwf/ agfp“bf o;nfO{
dfS;{jfbL / u}/dfS;{jfbL b'O{ pkwf/fdf juL{s[t ug]{ k|of;rflx“ j:t'ut g} 7xl/g]
b]lvG5 . o; n]vdf oxL l;ª\uf] ;dsfnLg g]kfnL sljtfleqsf] dfS;{jfbL wf/fsf
;dfgfGt/df /x]sf] ToxL csf]{ wf/f -h;nfO{ u/}dfS;{jfbL wf/f klg elgG5_ nfO{
;dfgfGt/ sljtfsf] ;+1f lbO{ To;af/] s]xL 5nkmn ug{ vf]lhPsf] 5 .
o; cfn]vsf] p2]Zo pko'{Qm ;dfgfGt/ sljtfsf] kLl7sfaf/] ;+lIfKt rrf{ ug{' xf] .
kLl7sf eGg' kfZj{ cfwf/ xf] / o;sf] cfofd lj:t[t 5 . sljtfsf j}rfl/s, ;f+:s[lts,
bfz{lgs, ;fdflhs, P]ltxfl;s, ;+/rgfut cg]s kLl7sf x'g ;Sb5g\ . tL ;a}sf]
;ª\uf]kfª\uf] ;Dos\ dLdf+;f o; ;fgf] cfn]vdf ;Dej 5}g . oxf“ ;dfgfGt/ sljtfsf]
d'VotM j}rfl/s–bfz{lgs kLl7sfsf] rrf{ ug]{ k|of; ul/Psf] 5 / To;} k|of;df n]v
;Ldfa4 /x]sf] 5 . o; ;Gbe{df ;dfgfGt/ sljtfsf If]qdf k|j]z ug{'cl3 l;ª\uf]
;d;fdlos jf ;dsfnLg sljtfaf/] ;dLIfsx¿ / ;h{sx¿ s:tf] wf/0ff /fVt5g\ <
To;sf] ;+lIfKt l;+xfjnf]sg ug{' pko'Qm b]lvG5 .
@= ;dsfnLg sljtf M ljljw cjwf/0ff
;dsfnLg sljtfaf/] rrf{ ub}{ ;dfnf]rs cle ;'j]bL-;'j]bL,@)$* M !*, !(_
eG5g\–ækf7s;“u ;f]em} ;DaGw /fVg] / lrGtfx¿ ;f]em} eGg] g]kfnL sljtfsf] gof“
k|j[lQ xf] ==========cfw'lgsf]Q/ -;d;dlos–n]=_ sljtfdf :yfgxLg efjgf x'g' Pp6f
cg'e"ltsf] k|tLs ePsf] 5 ======s'g} laDadfly sljtfTds ;Gbe{dnfO{ k|:t't ug{',
7'"nf7"nf laDa / ldysx¿sf] k|of]u gug'{ cfw'lgsf]Q/ g]kfnL sljtfsf] ljz]iftf xf] -
;'j]bL, @)$* M !*, !(_Æ.
o:t} s[i0f uf}td-@)%^ M @@$_ eG5g\ M æ;dsfnLg o'jf sljx¿ xfdL / xfd|f
;d:ofdf clws s]lGb|t ePsf 5g\ / g]kfnL /fli6«o r]tgfnfO{ d"t{tf lbO/x]sf 5g\Æ.
jt{dfg-;dsfnLg_ sljx¿n] hLjg;Totfsf] cg';Gwfg j}1flgsn] em}“ cg'ejfTds
k4ltdf ul//x]sf] atfp“b} uf}tdn] o; lk9Ln] cfkm\gf] sljtf hLjgsf] lgSv/f] kx/fdf
sk]sf] 5 eGg] wf/0ff JoQm ug'{sf ;fy} ;dsfnLg g]kfnL sljtfdf ljk7gjfbL k|j[lQ
k|s6 eO/x]sf] wf/0ff;d]t k|s6 u/]sf 5g\-uf}td, @)%^ M !@)_ .
73
df]xg/fh zdf{-@)%& M !^)_ eG5g\ M æcfw'lgs g]kfnL sljtfn] ca 9lNsg] lbzf
pQ/cfw'lgstf g} xf] =====sljtfn] ax':t/Lo cy{ JoQm ug'{ g]kfnL ;dsfnLg sljtfsf
nflu cfjZos 5 .
o;} u/L ;dsfnLg sljtfaf/] wf/0ff /fVg] qmddf tf/fgfy zdf{-@)%^ M r_eG5g\ M
æcfh t ;/ntf, uLltdotf, kf/blz{tf, ;fdflhs pTyfgsf] r]t, ljZjJofkstf g]kfnL
sljtfsf u'0f ePsf 5g\ === To;}n] cfhsf t?0f sljx¿ ljb|f]xfTds, ljKnjL /
cfqmf]zo'Qm efiffsf] k|of]u u5{g\Æ .
efpkGyL-@)%^ M (&_n] ;dsfnLg sljtfsf] k|ultjfbL wf/fsf sljtfdf jfd cfu|x
jf rfk Hofbf /x]sf] atfp“b} l;ª\uf] ;dsfnLg sljtfaf/] o:tf] eg]sf 5g\ M æcfhsf]
ljZjdf s'g} klg k|sf/n] zf]lift–pTkLl8t / bldt dfgj;d'bfosf] kIf lnP/ slj jf
n]vs :jtGq cleJolQm lbG5 . slj jf n]vs x'g' eg]sf] ;dsfnLg cj:yfdf dfG5]sf]
;/f]sf/sf] x/]s df]rf{df n8\g' xf]Æ .
;dsfnLg sljx¿dWo]sf klxrfgk|fKt slj /fhj-@)%^ M $#_sf] wf/0ff o:tf] 5 M
cfhsf jf:tljs ;dsfnLg sljx¿ hLjgsf] k|lta4tf;“u ljd'v x'g ;Sb}gg\
lsgeg] hLjgd"ns ;ª\3if{sf] bafj cToGt 3gTjk"0f{ 5 . cfkm\g" n]vgdf tL ;a}
bafjsf] rfkaf6 pDsg ;Sb}gg\ . hf] o; rfkaf6 kys\ n]Vg vf]H5, Tof] ;dsfnLg
r]tgfsf] slj x'gaf6 klg jl~rt x'G5Æ .
oxf“ p4[t w]/}h;f] ;dLIfsx¿ ;dfgfGt/ wf/f;“u ;Da4 /x]sf] k[i7e"ldnfO{ ljrf/
ubf{ g]kfnL ;dsfnLg sljtfaf/]sf pko'{Qm egfOx¿ k|ultjfbL wf/fsf sljtfsf
;Gbe{df ;d]t ;To eP klg ltgn] ;dfgfGt/ sljtfnfO{ g} ;Í]t u/]sf 5g\ / ltgnfO{
lrgfpg vf]h]sf 5g\ . o;af6 k|ultjfbL / ;dfgfGt/ b'j} wf/fsf-cyf{t\ l;ª\uf]]
;dsfnLg_ sljtfsf af/]df Pp6f ;femf lgisif{ s] lg:sG5 eg] ;dsfnLg g]kfnL
sljtfn] jt{dfg / jt{dfgsf dfG5]k|lt ;/f]sf/ /fv]sf 5g\ / ltgsf ef]ufOsf -/fli6«o /
ljZjJofkL b'j} :t/sf_ cg'e"ltsf] cleJolQm u/]sf 5g\ . of] lgisif{ df]6fdf]6L lgisif{ xf]
/ of] s'g} vf; wf/feGbf eGbf klg l;ª\uf] ;dsfnLg g]kfnL sljtfsf af/]df ;du|
¿kdf elgPsf] 5 . hxf“;Dd ;dfgfGt/ sljtfsf] k|Zg 5, ltgdf klg dfG5]sf] ;/f]sf/
gkfOg] xf]Og t/ dfG5] / p;sf ef]ufO, p;sf] jt{dfgtf cyf{t\ pm af“r]sf] kl/j]znfO{
x]g]{ bfz{lgs kLl7sfrflx“ s]xL dfqfdf oyfy{jfbL kfOP klg clwsf+zdf cfbz{jfbL–
clew"tjfbL /x]sf] 5 . z"Gojfb;d]t lglxt /xL lgld{t ePsf] cfbz{jfbL ljZjb[li6sf]0f
w]/}h;f] ;dfgfGt/ sljtfsf] j}rfl/s kLl7sf ag]sf] 5 / oxL sf/0f xf] –ltgn] cfkm\gf]
;dosf] hl6n Pj+ cGtlj{/f]wk"0f{ oyfy{nfO{ j:t'k/s lsl;dn] plwÌ ;s]sf 5}gg\ .
clxn] o;nfO{ Pp6f k|fSsNkgf dfgf}+ . cfn]vdf cufl8 ;fIox¿sf dfWodaf6
o;nfO{ ;Toflkt u/]/ pk:yflkt u/f}+nf . ;fIox¿n] ug]{ ;Tofkgf a9L cflwsfl/s
x'g]5 .
74

#= ;dfgfGt/ sljtfsf] kLl7sf M ;fIox¿sf cf“vLem\ofnaf6
;dsfnLg ;dfgfGt/ sljtfsf] rrf{ ubf{ lj= ;+= @)#) otfsf] ;donfO{
;dsfnLg jf ;d;fdlos dfGb} cfOPsf]-vf; u/L lqe'jg ljZjlBfnoLo kf7\oqmdn]
:jLsf/ ub}}{ cfPsf]_ ;Gbe{ ca cfkm}df k'/fgf] eO;s]sf] / To; dfGotfnfO{ g} ;fdlos
agfpg'kg]{ l:ylt /x]sf] kl/k|]IonfO{ ljrf/ u/L oxf“ @)$^ otfsf] ;dosf l;h{gfnfO{
vf; ;dsfnLg 7fg]/ ltg}af6 ;fIo lnO{ ;dfgfGt/ sljtfsf] kLl7sf;DaGwL
k|fSsNkgfsf] ;Tofkg ug]{ k|of; oxf“ ul/Psf] 5 .
lj= ;+= @)$^sf] kl/jt{g cyf{t\ ax'bnLo Joj:yfsf] k'g:yf{kgf;“u} sljx¿leqsf]
gful/s–dfg; klg lgs} k|efljt eof] . pQm kl/jt{g;“u} gful/s–dfg;df pAh]sf
;'vfsfª\Iffx¿, ;'lbgsf :jKgx¿n] t k|efj kf/] g} ;fy;fy} ljz]iftM ;dfgfGt/
wf/fsf sljx¿df ax'bnLo Joj:yfsf] k'g:yf{kg k"j{slNkt cfkm\g} nIosf] k|FlKt;Gbe{
klg aÌ uof] . kmntM ca sfJosf] cfnDa s] x'g] < lxhf]sf] cfnf]Ro k~rfot
9ln;s]sf] kl/k|]Iodf pQm k|Zgsf] pQ/ klg ;xh ePg . kl/jlt{t kl/j]zdf JofKt
cGof}ntfsf aLr ljifofefj cg'ej ul//x]sf tL ;|i6fx¿df j}olQms nfexflgsf] r]tn]
lgs} xb;Dd ;Qf–:t'ltsf] k|j[lQ klg ljsl;t u/fof] / To;n] gj:t'ltsf sljtf klg
hGdfof] . ljleÌ k':tfsf sljn] sljtfdf :t'ltsf] k/Dk/fnfO{ gjf/De lbP . of]
@)$^sf] kl/jt{gnuQ} ;dfgfGt/ sljtfdf b]vfk/]sf] klxnf] gsf/fTdstf lyof] h;sf]
j}rfl/s kLl7sf oyfy{jfbL lyPg, lj:yflkt k~rfotsf] lj/f;t:j¿k k|fKt ;f+:s[lts
r]tgf lyof] . To;}n] ;dfgfGt/ wf/fs} slj tyf ;dLIFs j+zL >]i7-@)$( M #_ n]
To;nfO{ …sljtf cf]/fnf] em/]sf]Ú egL cfnf]rgf u/] . To;} u/L ;dfgFGt/ wf/fs} csf{
;dLIfs jf;' l/dfn …ofqLÚ-@)%! M !)^_ n] o; k|j[lQk|lt s8f zAbdf cfnf]rgf ub}{
n]v] M æjt{dfg ;dosf sljx¿ /fhgLlts JolQmx¿sf] s7k'tnL aGb} hfg] /
gjef6x¿ hGdg] cfzÍf k}bf ePsf] 5 . ef6x¿ k~rfotdf hGd]sf x'g\ jf k|hftGqdf
ef6} x'g\ / b'j} plQs} lgGbgLo 5g\ Æ.
nf]ssNof0f / :jtGqtfsf] cfbz{ af]s]/ :yflkt ePsf] k|hftGqdf lxhf] Pp6f
tGqsf] :t'ltufos / ef6 aGg] k|j[lQnfO{ cfnf]rgf ug]{x¿n] cfh csf]{ zlQmsf]
:t'ltufog yfNg' l/dfnk|e[lQ s]xL cfbz{r]tfx¿nfO{ laemfpg] s'/f lyof] . To;}n] pgn]
o; k|j[lQsf] s7f]/ zAbd} cfnf]rgf u/] .
;dsfnLg ;dfgfGt/ sljtfn] kfPsf] o; cfnf]rgfn] s] b]vfp“5 eg] @)$^
kl5sf cf/lDes jif{x¿df To;sf] j}rfl/s kLl7sf k|b"lift aGg uof] / kl/jlt{t
kl/j]zdf ljsl;t / JofKt s'¿ktfsf] cfnf]rgfeGbf Toxf“ :t'ltr]tn] :yfg kfof] .
@)$^ otfsf] xfd|f] tfhf ljutnfO{ ef]Ug]x¿sf] tfhf / ;femf cg'ej s] xf] eg]
@)%)sf] ;do jf ax'bn–k|flKtsf] cw{bzs laTbf–glaTb} s'zf;gsf ljs[ltx¿ /fli6«o
75
hLjgdf 5/k:6} b]lvg yfn] . cfd gful/sx¿sf] ;'vfsfª\Iff g/fd|f];“u cfxt x'g] /
To;sf laANof“6f]df ;Qfdf k'u]sf s]xL JolQm 5f]6f] cjlwd} s'a]/ aGb} hfg] pkqmd
yflnof] . nf]ssNof0f / gful/s ;Dk|e'tf–:jtGqtf b''j}, v'nf ahf/, pkef]Qmfjfb,
gjlg/+s'ztf / s'zf;gsf rk]6fdf o;/L r]lkP/ d[tk|fo aÌ k'Uof] ls gful/sx¿ -
ljz]iftM cfbz{r]tf gful/sx¿_nfO{ To;n] ljIf'Aw agfof] . To:tf] clglR5t kl/j]zsf]
hGdkl5 ca dfly rrf{ ul/Psf gj:t'lttkm{ cf]/fnf] emg{ nfu]sf sljx¿sf] sljtf
d"NoxLg / c;fdlos g} aGg k'Uof] eg] cfd gful/s dfg;df To;n] Jofks c;Gtf]if /
cfqmf]z hGdfof] . cfd gful/ssf cfsfª\Iff s'l07t ePsf], pgLx¿ 7luPsf], pgLx¿sf]
;kgf cy{xLg x'g k'u]sf] / s'zf;gn] lg/Gt/tf kfO/x]sf] – Tof] kl/j]z / kl/b[Zo
:jfutof]Uo ePg s;}nfO{, lt/:sf/of]Uo / cfnf]Ro 7xl/of] ;a}sf nflu . o;
kl/l:yltdf ;dfgfGt/ sljx¿df klg cfkm\gf] ;dosf] s'¿ktfk|ltsf] ;/f]sf/n] 6fpsf]
p7fpg' kg]{ / s'¿k oyfl:yltk|lt cfnf]rs aÌ} kg]{ j:t'ut cj:yf tof/ eof] . o;
qmddf @)$^ nuQ} ljsl;t x'g vf]h]sf] gj:t'ltsf] k|j[lQ cf]em]ndf k¥of] / ;dfgfGt/
sljtfdf cfnf]rgfTds k|j[lQn] d'v/tf kfpg] cj:yf aGof] . ca ;dfgfGt/ sljtfdf
gful/ssf kL8f, ltgsf eUg :jKg, / cfxt dfgl;stfn] ;/f]sf/ kfpg' :jfefljs
eof] . o; k[i7e"lddf dfG5]k|ltsf] ;/f]sf/ b]vfp“b} jt{dfgsf ef]ufO / To;sf] cGj]if0f
;dfgfGt/ sljtfdf klg ug{ yflnPs} xf] / oxL k|j[lQ o; cjlwsf ;dfgFGt/ sljtfsf]
dxŒjk"0f{ Pj+ pNn]vgLo k|j[lQ klg xf] h;af6 ;dsfnLg ;dfgfGt/ sljtfsf] d"Noaf]w
ug{ ;lsg] cj:yf klg /x]sf] 5 . t/ bfz{lgs b[li6n] of] k|j[lQ j:t'ut cj:yfcg'¿k
h;/L rf]vf] oyfy{jfbL k|sf/sf] aGg' kb{Yof] To:tf] eg] x'g ;s]g . s'¿k oyfl:yltsf
d"ndf uP/ To;sf sf/snfO{ plwGg] pGgt oyfy{jfbL bfz{lgs kLl7sfsf] cefj km]l/
klg /x\of] / To;sf 7fp“df cfbz{jfbL clwe"tjfbL j}rfl/s kLl7sfsf cfnf]sd} dfG5] /
p;sf ef]ufO;Gbe{n] sljtfTds cleJolQm kfof] . kmntM sljtfdf JolQmjfbL lg/fzf /
ljt[if0ffaf]w tyf lgs} xb;Dd z"GojfbL cg'e"lt;d]tn] cleJolQm kfpg yfNof], h:t} M
slxn] ge]l6g] prfO pleg'
/ r'krfk cf]/fnf] emg'{
km]l/ klg
lxp“klx/f]df k'l/Psf
9'+uf clg kftx¿df
kl/ro vf]Hb} lx“8\g'
a;\ lx“l8/xg'
kl/ro :jo+sf] kl/ro
-df]ldnf, …kl/roÚ, sljtf;Gbe{, @)%^ M (!–(@_
cyjf
76
 :j]R5fsf aGwgx¿ l;h]{/ cGttM k"jL{o z"GojfbnfO{ cfkm\gf] bfz{lgs kLl7sf agfpg k'lU5g\ . dfly p4[t pgsf]
hLjgsf] e|d kfNg] u5{ dfG5] bf];|f] sljtfdf hLjgdf cufl8 a9\bf k|fKt gjLgtfn] z"Gosf] af]w ePsf] 5 sjloqLnfO{
==== ==== ==== . cem lj8Dagfsf] s'/f s] 5 eg] hLjgdf d[tt'No k'g/fj[lQsf] ef]usf] cfef;b]lv q:t
ck|s6 cf“;' h:tf] dg ePkl5 pgL cufl8 xf]Og, k5fl8–k5fl8 lx“8\g yfn]sf] atfp“l5g\ . t/ k5fl8 klg t
hLjg z"Go xf] pxL k'g/fj[lQ 5, 5}g / < k5fl8 eGg' t cfkm\g} / cfkm"h:t} cGosf ef]UffOsf] ef/L
d ef]lu/x]sL 5' . oyfl:ylt xf] . j:t'tM sjloqLnfO{ gjLgtf k|flKtk|lt ljZjf; 5}g / To;sf nflu r'gf}tL
=== === === :jLsf/ ug{] ;fx; klg 5}g . o;f] x'g'sf] sf/0f pgn] bfz{lgs kLl7sfsf ¿kdf …a|x \d
cIf/ Joy{ 5g\ ;To hut\ ldYofÚsf] k"jL{o z"GojfbnfO{ cfTd;ft\ ug'{ g} xf] h;sf] vf]n'jf pgn] cl3Nnf]
jf0fL Joy{ 5g\ sljtfdf u/]sL 5g\ .
3'dfp/f af6fx¿ Joy{ 5g\ oyfy{jfbaf6 sljtf–n]vgsf] cf/De ug]{ o'jf slj ljKnj l56} z"GojfbnfO{ ;'Gb/
=== === === 7fGg] kl/j]zdf cfOk'u]sf 5g\ . eljiok|lt cToGt gsf/fTds /x]sf ljKnj n]V5g\ M
;f]em} / k|ToIF÷z"Godf of] pHofnf] lrRofp“5, sf“K5
d a|≈dsf] cflb cGt b]lv/x]sL 5' / lxp“sf] P]gfdf 7f]lSsP/ d'R5f{ k5{
-zf/bf zdf{, …;Ldfa4Ú, sljtf, k"= %), k[= $*–$(_ === === === ===
/h:jnfsf /utx¿ ls:tLdf af]s]/
cyjf d':s'/fO/x]5 – xfd|f] zf:qLo b'Mvsf] dGbflsgL
-…sfnf] dWofGt/Ú, sljtf–;Gbe{, k[= **_
;Dk"0f{ pd]/sf] ;f/f+z ljKnjsf b[li6df clxn] ePsf] ztfAbLsf] dWofGt/ slt lj£g sfnf] 5 eg] oxf“
cGof}n dfq xft nfu]sf] 5 pHofnf] klg lrRofpg / sf“Kg ljjz 5 . To;}n] k|foM ;j{q zf]sw'g alh/x]sf] cg'ej
k|Zgdfly k|Zg} k|Zg ug{ k'U5g\ pgL t/ ;dsfnLg / ef]lnsf] cfut kl/j]zk|ltsf] ljKnjsf] of] wf/0ff /
låljwfu|:t 5' . cg'e"lt oyfy{sf ;du|tfdf cfwfl/t 5}g . jf:tjdf pgL oyfy{nfO{ ;du|tfdf /
=== === === ;fdflhs cGtlj{/f]wnfO{ P]ltxfl;s åGåfTdstfdf x]g{ rfx“b}gg\ . oxL sf/0f xf] – jt{dfg
gjLgtfn] z"Go ePsf] 5 hLjg dfq} geO{ eljio klg pgL dfËlns b]Vb}gg\ . xf]Og eg] xfd|F] ;dsfnLg kl/j]zdf
cfo'sf] o; k|x/df pHofnf]n] sf“Kg'kg]{ / lrRofpg' kg]{ xf]Og, c“Wof/f]n] sf“Kg' kg]{ / sxflng' kg]{ l:ylt
k'g/fj[Q ef]usf d[t cfef;b]lv q:t l;h{gf ePsf] b[Zo ;j{q JofKt /x]sf] 5 . jiff}{+b]lvsf] ;fdGtL / ;fd|fHojfbL pTkL8gsf
hLjgsf vf]hLdf d k5fl8 k5fl8 lx“8\b} 5' . lj?4 gful/sx¿sf] ljb|f]x sDtLdf g]kfnL Oltxf;df ;j{yf pTs[i6 / pGgt k|sf/sf]
-zf/bf zdf{, …k'g/fj[lQÚ, sljtf, k"= %@, k[= &^–&&_ /x]sf] 5 . ;fdGtjfb / ;fd|fHojfbsf h/f xNnfOlbg] / dfG5]sf r]tgfdf pynk'yn
…l;l;km;Úsf] c;kmntfhGo clezKt lgolt ag]sf] 5 jt{dfgdf dfG5]sf] kl/ro– NofOlbg] g]kfnL hgtfsf] of] P]ltxfl;s ljb|f]xsf] oyfy{ / o;n] ;Í]t ug]{ ;'gf}nf]
vf]h, df]ldnf o:tf] 7flG5g\ . t/ s] pgn] eg]h:t} pleg' / emg'{sf] slxNo} ;kmn x'g eljio–sf] cg'ej ug{ g;Sg' oyfy{jfbL ;|i6fsf] klxrfg xf]Og / ;dsfnLg r]tgfsf]
g;Sg] l;l;km;–lgolt g} xf] t xfd|F] jt{dfg < Pp6f vf; If0fdf To:tf] cg'e"lt eP slj x'g'sf] ;fy{stf klg xf]Og . oxL sf/0f xf] – sljtfdf ljKnjsf] zAbk|of]uaf6
klg To; l;l;km; lgoltsf lj?4 v} wfjf af]n]sf] df]ldnfn] < df]ldnfsf sljtfdf oL jzLe"t eO{ pgs} ;djo:s slj /fh]Gb| k/fh'nL-@)%^ M *(_ pgnfO{ æsljtfsf
k|Zgsf] ;sf/fTds pQ/ 5}g . sjloqL zf/bf;“u klg o;sf] ;sf/fTds pQ/ 5}g . l8Knf]Dof6Æ eGbfeGb} klg pgsf af/]df o:tf] n]Vg afWo x'G5g\ M æpgL-ljKnj_ kf7snfO{
pgsf sljtfsf] klxnf] p4[tf+zdf pgL hLjgnfO{ z"Godf ;Ldfa4 /x]sf] b]lV5g\ . 8/ b]vfp“5g\, ;Eo efiffdf wDsL lbG5g\ t/ pkfo sxL“ st} atfp“b}gg\ . zfob af6f]
hLjg s]jn e|d /x]sf] 7fGg] zf/bf z"Godf a|x\dsf] cflb / cGTo b]lv/x]sf] 3f]if0ff u/]/ pgn] klg b]v]sf 5|}gg\ Æ. ;Defjgf b'j} x'g ;S5g\ – of t af6f] b]v]/ klg To;df lx“8\g]

77 78
;fx; ljKnjn] ug{ ;s]gg\ of t k/fh'nLn] eg]em}“ pgn] ;f“Rr} af6f] b]v]sf 5}gg\ .
s'grflx“ ;To xf], To;sf] ls6fg ug'{ h?/L 5}g lsgeg] pgsf sljtfn] atfO/x]sf 5g\
– pgsf sljtfsf] kLl7sfdf z"GojfbL bz{g ;lqmo 5 / pgn] oyfy{jfb;“u ;fOgf]
tf]8]sf 5g\ . jt{dfg ;dosf b'Mvaf6 jLt/fuL aÌ' jf To;sf] clt/l~ht lj/f6\ ¿k
k|:t't u/]/ dfG5]nfO{, kf7snfO{ k/fh'nLn] eg]em}“ wDsfpg' g t oyfy{jfbL lrGtg xf]
g oyfy{jfbL ;|i6fsf] bfloTj xf] .
afldofg a'4 9flnPsf] s'¿ktf klg jt{dfgsf] oyfy{ xf] . ljZjljBfnosf ljefu
/ k':tsfnodf cfuf] nufpg'kg]{ lgolt klg sbflrt xfd|} jt{dfgsf] oyfy{d f
pbfOlbPsf 5g\ t/ s] z"Goaf]w u/]/ o:tf] pkqmd /f]lsg' ;Dej 5 . s] hn]sf]
k':tsfno / a'4 9flnPsf] df6f]af6 knfog u/]/ zflGtsf] k|flKt / ;Eotfsf] pGglt
;Dej 5 < ;Eotfsf] ljsf;nfO{ åGåjfbL cf“vfn] x]g]{ ;|i6f o;sf] pQ/df lgif]wsf]
6fpsf] xNnfp“5 t/ slj pk]Gb| >]i7 n]V5g\ M
adn] 89]sf] 5 d]/f] af}4do
Ift–ljIft ePsf] d]/f] jt{dfg
=== === === ===
ca of] lx;f / czflGtsf If0fx¿df
P d]/f] ldq ∕
s;n] ufpg] zflGtsf] uLt <
s;n] afNg] s?0ffsf] lr/fs <
-Ift–ljIft ePsf] 5 d]/f] jt{dfgÚ, ul/df, sflt{s @)%# M #$_
jt{dfg Ift–ljIft ePsf]df c¿nfO{ em}“ slj pk]Gb| / pgLleqsf] gful/s b'j}nfO{
kL8f 5 t/ pgsf] cfbz{ a'4 adn] 89fOPkl5 ca zflGtsf] uLt s;n] ufpg] xf] <
To;sf] hfgsf/L pgnfO{ 5}g . ljKnjn] em}“ pgnfO{ klg af6f] / af6f]sf] cleoGtfaf/]
yfxf 5}g . s] dfG5] / oxL dfG5]afx]s s'g} csf]{ hLjfjtf/ ;Dej 5 / < zflGtsf] uLt
oxL dfG5]n] gufO{ ;'v 5 / < t/ dfG5]n] To;f] unf{ eGg] s'/fdf pk]Gb|nfO{ ljZjf;
5}g . j:t'tM cfbz{jfbaf6 cf/De eP/ z"Gojfbdf pk]Gb|sf] sljtf ;Ldfa4 /x]sf] 5 /
;du|tM pgsf sljtfsf] bfz{lgs kLl7sf klg cfbz{jfb–z"Gojfb g} aGg k'u]sf] 5 .
jf:tjdf l;h{gf / ;|i6fdf Tolta]nf o:tf] l:ylt l;h{gf x'G5 hlta]nf pm / p;sf]
l;h{gf cfkm\gf] ;dosf] ;fdflhs ;ª\3if{af6 k[ys\ a:5-g\_ . dfG5]k|ltsf] ;/f]sf/ /fVg]
qmddf ;fdflhs ;ª\3if{ / To;leqsf] cu|ufdL kIfnfO{ lrGg] k|of; / rfxgf gu/]kl5
;|i6fn] htftt} c“Wof/f] b]Vg' / eljio klg c;'/lIft cg'ej ug'{ :jfefljs x'g k'U5 .
ljKnj, pk]Gb|, df]ldnf, zf/bfk|e[lQ ;dfgfGt/ ;dsfnLg sljx¿ / ltgsf sljtfdf
oxL l:ylt /x]sf] 5 . ;dfgfGt/ ;dsfnLg sljx¿sf] Pp6f lsQfdf o:t} slj–
sjloqLx¿sf] pkl:ylt /x]sf] 5 .
79
sltko ;dfgfGt/ sljx¿n] @)$^ otfsf] /fli6«o hLjgk|lt ;/f]sf/ /fVb}
;dsfnLg ef]ufOsf] sljtfTds cleJolQm ug]{ k|of; klg u/]sf 5g\ t/ Tof] cleJolQm
;dsfnLg ;dfhjfbL oyfy{jfbL sljtfdf JoQm hLjgef]ufOsf bf“hfdf slt oyfy{jfbL
5 / To;sf] bgz{lgs kLl7sf s:tf] 5 < of] d"NofÍgof]Uo ljifo xf] . o;sf nflu s]xL
k|ltlglw sljsf sljtf–;fIonfO{ x]/f}+ M
d]/f] af6f]–d]/f] uGtJo–d]/f] nIo
d :jo+ Pp6f e|d ∕
=== === ===
af6f]df d]/f dgx¿ ;k{ x'g yfn]
l3l;|g yfn], /fIf; x'g yfn], 8«]ug x'g yfn]
=== === ===
l3l;|+b} u/]sf] ofqfe|d
-O{Zj/ jNne, …8«]ugh:tf] b]xe|dÚ, ul/df, @)%^ c;f]h, k[== _
8«]ug g ;k{, g /fIf;, g e}/j, Pp6f bGTosyfsf] qm"/ hLjfjtf/ xf] 8«]ug hf]
e|dk"0f{ zf/Ll/s cl:tTj lnP/ af“r]sf] 5 . slj jNne oxL laDa cf/f]lkt u5{g \
jt{dfgdfly . @)$^kl5 g]kfnL hgtfn] k|hftGqsf] slt cg'e"lt ug{ ;s] < slt
;Dk|e'af]w ug{ ;s] cfkm"nfO{ / k|hftflGqs elgPsf] ;Qfn] To:tf] af]w slt u/fpg
;Sof] < hjfkm vf]Hg] qmddf slj O{Zj/ jNne e|ddf km“;]sf 5g\ . of] -d'VotM @)$^
otfsf]_ ofqf pgnfO{ e|d cg'ej ePsf] 5 . ;Qf;~rfns cyjf cu'jf g]t[Tj
8«]ugh:tf] x'“b} hfg' / nIo g} lbUe|ldt ePsf] b]lvg'af6 sljdf e|d l;h{gf x'g'
:jfefljsh:tf] b]lvG5 . t/ Pp6f k|Zg – cfkm\gf] ;dfh / ;dosf] oyfy{af]wdf s'g}
slj-;|i6f_ lsg e|ddf k5{ < lgZro klg e|dsf] l;h{gf Tolta]nf x'G5, hlta]nf b]lvg]
j:t'sf] ¿k / ;f/df Ps¿ktf x'“b}g . ¿kdf Pp6f b]lvP/ ;f/df cs}{ x'g'n] e|d l;h{gf
gug]{ xf]Og, t/ oyfy{jfbL / cem j:t' / ;dfhnfO{ x]g]{ åGåjfbL b[li6sf]0f c“ufn]/ x]g]{
xf] eg] To:tf] e|dnfO{ lrg{ ;lsG5 / oyfy{af]w ug{ ;lsG5 . slj jNnen] To;f] ug{
;s]sf 5}gg\ . lj= ;+= @)$^ kl5 :yflkt ;+/rgfsf] pkl/ ¿k k|hftflGqsh:tf] b]lvP
klg Tof] jf:tljs cy{df k|hftflGqs-nf]stflGqs egf}+_ lyPg, To;df ;fdGtjfbL ;Qfsf]
;f/ sfod} lyof] / To;sf/0f hgtf ;f“rf] cy{df ;Dk|e'tf;DkGg lyPgg\ . @)$^ kl5sf]
oyfy{tf oxL lyof] t/ jNnen] o; ;TonfO{ af]w ug{ ;s]gg\ . pgnfO{ Tof] ;+/rgf
;f“lRrs} k|hftflGqs nfu]sf] lyof] t/ ha cfkm\gf] ;fdGtjfbL lg/Í'ztfsf] ;f/nfO{
To;n] qmlds ¿kdf k|s6 ug{ yfNof] ta To;sf] jf:tljstf 7Dofpg jNnenfO{ ufx|f]
eof] . Tof] 8«]ugh:tf] b]lvof] pgnfO{ . o;n] s] b]vfp“5 eg] slj oyfy{jfbL eP/
jt{dfgnfO{ cg'ej ug{ ;ls/x]sf 5}gg\ . pgsf] j}rfl/s÷bfz{lgs kLl7sf lgs} dfqfdf
cfbz{jfbL 5, To;}n] pgL e|dnfO{ lr/]/ jt{dfgsf] s'¿ktfnfO{ To;sf oyfy{tfdf k|:t't
80
ug{ ;Qm}gg\ . oBlk a]nfotL sljtflrGts s8j]nsf cf“vfaf6 x]bf{ jNnesf] of]
cleJolQm lgs} dfqfdf k'“hLjfbL sljtfsf] :j¿k;“u ldNbf] 5 . JolQmut :jtGqtfsf]
pRrtd / k"0f{ k|flKt leÌLs[t k'“hLjfbL ;dfhdf dfq} ;Dej 5 eÌ] 7fg]/ JolQm
To;sf] k|flKtsf nflu hlt k'“hLjfbL pTkfbg–k|0ffnLnfO{ tLj|tf lbG5, Tolt pm
cfkm"nfO{ aGwgdf 3]l/Psf] kfp“5 / km]l/ pm To;sf] k|flKtsf nflu ToxL k|0ffnLnfO{
tLj|tf lbG5 t/ pm k"0f{ :jtGqtf k|fKt ug{ ;Qm}g . o;/L k"0f{ :jtGqqtfsf] p;sf]
sfdgf Pp6f lje|d 7xl/G5 / k'“hLjfbL sljtf To;} lje|dsf] cleJolQm aGb5 .
s8j]nsf] k||l;4 s[lt …ONo'hg PG8 l/oln6LÚsf] ;f/ oxL xf] . slj O{Zj/ aNnesf]
pko'{Qm sljtfsf] lje|d klg o:t} k|sf/sf] xf] . j:t'tM cfbz{sf] rfxgf ug]{ Psy/L
;dfgfGt/ sljx¿sf nflu jt{dfgn] Pp6f …sGkm\o'hgÚ v8f ul/lbPsf] 5 . cfkm\gf
sltko sljtfdf lgs} dfqfdf cfnf]rgfTds oyfy{jfbL klxrfg lnP/ b]vfkg]{ slj
lbg]z cwsf/L klg jt{dfgnfO{ af]w ug]{ qmddf lgs} …sGkm\o'H8Ú /x]sf b]lvG5g\ .
cfkm\gf] …afbnsf] t:jL/Ú zLif{s sljtfdf pgL n]V5g\ M
d}n] b]v]sf] t:jL/df
lxdfn lyof]
/, lxdfn;“u rxs lyof]
u'/f“; lyof]
/, u'/f“;el/ dxs lyof]
b]z lyof]
t/ clxn]h:tf]
lgn{Hhtfk"j{s k|of]u ul/Psf]
sf]k/fsf ¿kdf b'u{lGwt lyPg
=== === ===
v} s] eof] <
;kgfhlt klg l6Sg ;s]g d]/f] ljZjf;
=== === ===
sxL“ xfdLn] b]v]sf] t:jL/ afbnsf] t lyPg <
-cltl/Qm clen]v, k[= !!)_
lj= ;+= @)%) sf] k"jf{4{lt/ n]lvPsf] o; sljtfdf slj O{Zj/ jNnenfO{
h:t} slj lbg]znfO{ klg cfkm\g} k"j{ ljZjf;k|lt e|d ePsf] 5 . pgn] b]v]sf]
:jtGqtfsf] ;'Gb/ t:jL/ s]xL jif{d} afbnsf] t:jL/df kl/0ft x'g k'u]sf]
cg'e"ltn] s] ;Í]t u5{ < jf:tljstf s] xf] eg] pgsf] t:jL/ sf]/fO / x]/fO
oyfy{sf åGåfTds w/ftn;“u ;Da4 lyPg . Tof] lgs} dfqfdf cfbz{jfbL
k|sf/sf] lyof] . To;}n] pgn] cfbz{ ljk/Ltsf] s7f]/ oyfy{sf] ;fdgf ug'{kbf{
81
cfkm"nfO{ e|ldt ePsf] kfP . pgdf cfkm\gf] jt{dfgk|ltsf] rf;f] / lrGtf kof{Kt
5 . slj /fhjn] eg]em}“ hLjgd"ns ;ª\3if{sf] bafjsf] rfkaf6 slj lbg]z klg
d'Qm 5}gg\ t/ To; ;/f]sf/nfO{ sljtfdf cleJolQm lbg] qmddf pgsf] j}rfl/s
kLl7sf oyfy{jfbL geO{ cfbz{{jfbL aGg uPsf] 5 . oxL sf/0f xf] – lje|d /
oyfy{sf aLr sljtfdf :ki6 /]vfÍg pknAw 5}g . sljåf/f b]lvPsf] t:jL/
kl5 dfq afbndf ¿kfGtl/t ePsf] xf] jf Tof] t:jL/ :jo+d} -cfkm\gf] k|fs[lts
¿kd}_ :ki6 lyPg . o;sf] hjfkm sljtfdf 5}g . jf:tjdf @)$^ kl5sf]
;+/rgf / To;sf] rl/q ;f/tM pTkL8s lyof] t/ slj lbg]zsf] cfbz{jfbL
b[li6n] To;sf] ofyfly{s t:jL/ agfpg ;s]g, kmntM oyfy{sf] s'¿ktf tLj| /
Jofks aGb} hf“bf pgnfO{ cfkm"n] b]v]sf] t:jL/ afbndf kl/0ft ePsf] cg'ej
eof] .
cl3 dfG5]sf] ;/f]sf/sf] s'/f cfPsf] lyof] . ;dfgfGt/ sljtfdf dfG5]sf]
;/f]sf/ kfOg'sf ;fy} p;nfO{ d'Vo cfnDag agfOPsf] klg kfOG5 t/
;dfgfGt/ sljtfsf] dfG5] ;d"xaf6 k[ys\ JolQmjfbL jf JolQmlgi7 5 / p;k|lt
sljsf] b[li6 klg juL{o geO{ JolQmjfbL 5 . To;}n] dfG5];DaGwL sljsf] wf/0ff
/ cg'e"lt ;fdflhs / oyfy{jfbL 9Ën] k|s6 x'g ;s]]sf] 5}g . jt{dfgdf
dfG5]sf rl/qdf cfPsf] x|f; / b]vf k/]sf] ktgnfO{ s;/L x]g]{ < ;Qf, ;on /
;d[l4sf :jfdLx¿df b]vf k/]sf] rfl/lqs x|f; / ktg s] v]t, sf/vfgfdf sfd
ug]{ dhb'/ / b'O{ 5fs 6fg{sf lglDt ef/L af]Sg ljjz el/ofdf klg p;} u/L
b]vf k/]sf] eÌ ldN5 < sljtfaf6} ;fIo lnP/ egf}+ g – lbg]z clwsf/Lsf]
xs{axfb'/ cyjf cz]if dNnsf] …gfd ;f]4f yfxf 5}g eG5]Ú sljtfsL lk7\o'“df
3f“;sf] kxf8 af]Sg] ev{/ afx| gf3]sL lszf]/Ldf To:t} rfl/lqs ktg cfPsf]
eGg ldN5 h'g ;Qf / ;DklQsf :jfdLx¿df cfPsf] 5 . ;DejtM o;sf]
hjfkm gsf/fTds g} x'G5 . t/ sljx¿sf] cfbz{jfbL r]tn] To;sf] 5\ofgljrf/
gu/L dfG5]nfO{ Pp6} 3fgdf xfn]/ o:tf] sf]/f{ lxsf{Psf] 5 M
s's'/ eg]sf] cflv/ s's'/ g} xf]
pd]/ k'u]kl5
cfkm\g} cfdf;“u ;Def]u u5{ ∕
=== === ===
;x/df cfhsfn
s's'/sf] ;SsnL :jefj
dfG5]n] lgjf{x ug{ yfn]sf] 5 ∕
-lbg]z clwsf/L, …s's'/Ú, cltl/Qm clen]v, k[= #(_
To:t} csf]{ ;fIo M
82
s's'/ ef]sef]s} dg{ tof/ xf]nf
t/ af“r'Gh]n cfkm\gf] :jefjdf Odfgbf/ 5
dfG5] s's'/ h:tf] klg 5}g .
-lji0f' lje' l3ld/], …dflg;x¿;“uÚ, sljtf–;Gbe{, k[= #!_
klxnf]df dfG5] s's'/sf] :t/df eml/;s]sf] / bf];|f]df t dfg5] s's'/h':tf] klg
g/x]sf] ljrf/ JoQm ul/Psf] 5 . lgZro klg dfG5]sf :jefj, rl/q /
Jojxf/df cfPsf] x|f; / ktgnfO{ oL sljtfn] s7f]/tfk"j{s cfnf]rgf tyf
Joª\Uo u/]sf 5g\ t/ klg dfG5]nfO{ oxf“ juL{o ¿kdf x]g{ g;Sbf sljtfsf]
sYo / To;sf] cfnf]rgf hf]k|lt d"ntM nlIft x'g' kYof]{, Tof] kIf Tolt 7f]; /
d"t{ x'g ;s]g / hf] Pp6f cfbz{sf vflt/ cem} klg lqmofzLn 5g\, h;n]
>dsf] e§Ldf vfl/P/ rl/qsf] rds k|fKt u/]sf 5g\, tL dfG5]nfO{ sljtfn]
Gofo ug{ ;s]sf 5}gg\ .
;dfgfGt/ sljtfdf gf/L–;Gbe{sf] cleJolQm klg 5 . sltko To:tf
sljtfdf lkt[;QfTds pTkL8gsf ;Gbe{x¿, k'?ifn}lËs pTkL8gsf ;Gbe{x¿
klg cfPsf 5g\ . lgs} xb;Dd To:tf sljtfdf gf/Lljb|f]xsf] :j/ klg k|s 6
ePsf] kfOG5 t/ ha ltgsf] j}rfl/s kLl7sfsf] ;Gbe{ cfp“5, clwsf+zdf s]
b]lvG5 eg] cfbz{jfbnfO{ s]Gb| agfP/} ltgn] gf/L;Gbe{sf] k|:t'lt u/]sf 5g\ .
r]nLa]6L a]rlavgsf] ;d:of;“u ;DalGwt /x]sf] ;dsfnLg k|ltlglw sjloqL
jflg/f lu/Lsf] sljtf …d]nDrL Pp6f gbLsf] gfd xf]Ú o; ;Gbe{df pNn]Vo
5 . h;/L d]nDrL / To;sf] kfgL ljb]l;g] qmd hf/L 5, To;/L g} d]nDrL–
gf/Lx¿ a]lrg] / ljb]l;g] qmd klg hf/L 5 . of] qmd g/f]lsg] xf] eg] d]nDrL–
gf/L cfkm\gf km'k"–lbbLx¿em}“ a]kQf x'G5] / dxf;fu/-ef/tLo e"uf]n /
hg;ª\Vofsf]_df ljnLg ePkl5 p;sf] klxrfg ;dfKt x'G5 eGg] s'/fdf
sjloqLnfO{ lrGtf 5 t/ vf; gf/Ls]Gb|L ;|i6fn] o; lrGtflgjf/0fsf nflu
h;/L cu| efudf gf/LnfO{ g} k|:t't u5{ jf ug'{k5{, jflg/fn] To;f] ul/gg\ .
pgL PSsfO:ff}+ ztfAbLsf cf/Dedf x'g nfu]sf] dxfkf}?if k/LIffdf ;+nUg
k'?ifnfO{ g} d]nDrL–d'lQmsf nflu cfx\jfg ub{l5g\ M
aL;f}+ ztfAbLsf] k'5f/ / PsfO;f}+ ztfAbLsf] 6fpsfdf
cfof]hgf x'gnfu]sf]
of] clGtd dxfkf}?if k/LIff xf]
;du| kf}?ifnfO{
…:k]S6«d;/x Ps ljGb'df s]lGb|t u/]/
=== ===
d]nDrLnfO{ j/0f ug'{ k¥of] .
83
-ul/df, @)%%, kmfu'g, k[= !)_
d]nDrL–ljqmo / To;sf] dxf;fu/–ljnonfO{ ;dfKt kfg{ / cfkm\gf] :jTj jf
cl:dtfsf] /Iff ug{ :jo+ d]nDrL–gf/Lsf] e"ldsf s] x'g] < jflg/f cfkm\gf]
sljtfdf To;af/] df}g al:5g\ . d]nDrL aGg ljjz gf/Lx¿n] sljtfaf6 s'g}
ljlzi6 pmhf{ k|fKt ub}{gg\ . oxL sljtfsf] ;Ldf xf] / o;sf] j}rfl/s kLl7sf
cfbz{jfbL x'g'sf sf/0fn] of] ;Ldf l;lh{t ePsf] xf] .
$= ;dfgfGt/ sljtfsf] ;Ldf / k|flKt–;Gbe{
;dfgfGt/ sljtfsf] kLl7sfsf ;Gbe{df ul/Psf] pko'{Qm rrf{af6 s] s'/f :ki6 x'G5
eg] ;dfgfGt/ sljtfdf ;an oyfy{jfbL bfz{lgs kLl7sfsf] cefj 5 . @)$^ otfsf]
kl/j]zdf ljsl;t / JofKt ePsf lj;Ëlt, gful/sn] ef]Ug'k/]sf kL8f / ;d:of,
s'zf;gn] hGdfPsf ljs[lt, g}ltstfn] a]xf]g'{ k/]sf] k/fho h:tf cg]sg ;fdlos
;Gbe{x¿ ;d;fdlos ;dfgfGt/ sljtfsf ;/f]sf/leq} b]vfk5{g\ t/ slj ltgsf
sf/snfO{ plwGg c;dy{ 5 lsgeg] p;;“u oyfy{jfbL b[li6sf] cefj 5 . oxL sf/0f xf]
jt{dfgsf] s'¿ktfnfO{ To;sf jf:tljstfdf lrGg] / lrgfpg] ;Gbe{ cfp“bf slj e|dsf
rk]6fdf kb{5, lje|dsf] l;sf/ x'gk'U5 . ;dfgfGt/ slj lgs} xb;Dd JolQmjfbL klg 5
. To;}n] p;sf] cfbz{ oyfl:yltsf s7f]/ w/ftn;“u 7f]lSsPkl5 pm lg/fzfjfb x'“b}
z"Gojfbsf kl/;/df cf>o lng k'U5 . j:t'tM o;/L g} ;dfgfGt/ sljtfsf] kLl7sfsf]
lgdf{0f ePsf] 5 / oxL ;dfgfGt/ sljtfsf] ;Ldf klg xf] .
pko'{Qm ;Ldfsf kl/k|]Iodf ;dfgfGt/ sljtfsf] k|flKt;Gbe{ s] xf] t < cGTodf o;
k|Zgsf] pQ/ vf]Hb} o; cfn]vsf] pk;+xf/ ug'{ pko'Qm x'g] b]lvG5 .
;dfgfGt/ sljtfsf] s'/f ubf{ ;a} ;dfgfGt/ sljsf] l:ylt Ps} k|sf/sf] b]lv+b}g .
;dfgfGt/ slj j}olQms 5, To;}n] k|To]ssf sYosf] rog / To;sf] sljtfTds
cleJo~hgfdf klg j}olQmstfsf] k|efj kof{Kt 5 . oxL sf/0f xf]–sltko sljsf
sljtfdf jt{dfg ljs[lt / lj8Dagfsf] cleJolQm tLvf] klg aGg k'u]sf] 5 . To; qmddf
j}rfl/s kLl7sf k"0f{tM oyfy{jfbL geP klg oyfy{jfbsf lgs6–lgs6 k''u]/ cyjf
cfbz{jfb / oyfy{jfbsf ;f“wdf pleP/ sltko sljn] jt{dfgsf s'¿ktfnfO{ pb\3fl6t
ug]{ k|of; klg u/]sf 5g\ / To:tf] k|of;nfO{ ;dfgfGt/ sljtfsf] k|flKt–;"rssf ¿kdf
lng ;lsG5 . ;fIosf ¿kdf slj x]dGt >]i7sf] of] sljtf x]/f}+ M
ef]h lg/Gt/÷bz}+h:t}
df/ xflgPsf] 5 b]znfO{
et]/ 5 oqtq÷lax]h:t}
l;sf/ agfOPsf] 5 b]znfO{
84
 ef]sfx¿sf] sf]nfh 5 ====÷b]z -…ef] gcfpm otf÷;+j]bgf d/]sf] 5Ú, sljtf;Gbe{, k[= &$_
-…b]z ef]sfx¿sf] /f]6L xf]OgÚ, sljtf–;Gbe{, k[=&)_ ljut bzsdf /fli6«otf lgs} dfqfdf 3fOt] ePsf] cg'ej klg ug'{ k/]sf] xf] .
lj= ;+= @)$^ otf cfd gful/sn] cg'ej u/]sf] /fli6«o oyfy{ xf] of] sljtf . ;Ldfdf y'k|} 3fpx¿ aNem]sf 5g\ . oL 3fpx¿ ;dsfnLg k|ultjfbL sljtfsf k|dv
b]znfO{ gfosTj lbg]x¿n] g} b]znfO{ /f]6L agfPsf] kL8faf]w slj x]dGtnfO{ ePsf] 5 / ;/f]sf/ ag]sf] b]Vg kfOG5 . ;dfgfGt/ sljtfdf Tof] ;/f]sf/ ToxL tLj|tf / ToxL
k|Zg ug{ nufPsf] 5 M cf]h;fy gkfOP klg sltko sljn] o; k|;ËnfO{ dxŒjsf ;fy p7fPsf] s'/fnfO{
slt vfg] ;dfgfGt/ sljtfsf] k|flKt;"rs dfGg' kb{5 . dflysf] sljtfdf /fh]Gb| k/fh'nLn] o;}
s] b]z vfgs} nflu xf] < ;/f]sf/nfO{ p7fPsf 5g\ . ;dfgfGt/ wf/fsf tLj| uLltr]tsf slj If]qk|tfk clwsf/Lsf
b]z xf“Sg]x¿n] Psflt/ b]znfO{ …ef]sfx¿sf] /f]6LÚ agfPsf] kL8f t 5“b}5, 8n/ sljtfdf o; cjlwdf ddf{xt /fli6«otfsf] ;Gbe{ ck]Iffs[t cem ;an ¿kn] JoQm
sdfP/ lhGbuL ;DkGg agfpg o'jf–gful/sx¿sf] cd]l/sf–knfog ug]{ a9\bf] k|rngn] ePsf] kfOG5 . …hfg]b]lv ;w}+ :6\ofG8afO a:g'kg]{Ú xf] t/ To;f] ug{ g;Sbf g} tnlt/
/fi6«s} kl/ronfO{ w'ln;ft\ ul//x]sf] kL8f klg csf{lt/ TolQs} tLj| 5 . slj z}n]Gb| x/fO/x]sf] cj:yf l;h{gf ePsf] xf]–sljsf] cg'ej o:tf] 5 . To;}n] pgL sljtfdf b]z
;fsf/ o; kL8fsf] cleJolQm o;/L u5{g\ M vf]Hg] pkqmd ul//x]sf 5g\ M
b]z vr{sf j}wflgs j]Zofj[lQdf 5 dfG5]n] e'Ng gx'g] s'/f e'n]sf] 5
s0f{wf/x¿ cf= ;= r= k'= af6 To} e'n]sf] nfn'kft] vf]lh/x]5' d
ljb]zdf pkrf/ u/fpg tlNng 5g\ . To} e'n]sf] nfn'kft]df b]z vf]lh/x]5' d
-…k|To]s kN6 sf]nDa;x¿ cd]l/sfdfÚ, sljtf;Gbe{, k[= ^_ -…xfd|f] b]z vf]lh/x]5' dÚ, ul/df, @)%$ ;fpg, k[= #&_
b]zdf cfly{s clgoldttfsf] b'lg{olt Psflt/ 5 eg] csf{lt/ hf“ul/nf] k':tf b]z x/fpg'sf], b]z a]lrg'sf] / b]z lal;{g'sf] kL8faf]w ;dfgfGt/ sljx¿dWo] slj
cfkm\g} /fi6«;d]t lal;{g] cfhsf] gof“ abgfd …sf]nDa;Ú aGg o;/L kª\lQma4 5 M If]qk|tfk clwsf/LnfO{ ck]Iffs[t Hofbf /x]sf] kfp“5' d . pgsf o; cjlwsf sljtf /
k|To]skN6 uLt;d]tsf] Pp6f k|d'v :j/ ag]sf] 5–ddf{xt /fli6«otfsf] kL8faf]w . /fi6« lsGg
sf]nDa;x¿ cd]l/sf uO/x]5g\ . vf]Hg]nfO{ pgsf] :ki6 hjfkm 5 M
cfkm"nfO{ af/Daf/ / x/]skN6 ltdLn] d]/f] kl;gf lsGg vf]Hof}, a]r]“
vf]Hg÷8n/sf] :kz{;'v÷cd]l/sfdf d]/f] /ut lsGg vf]Hof}
-k"jf]{Qm, k[= $_ Tof] klg a]r]“
b]zleq b]znfO{ …ef]sfÚx¿sf] /f]6L agfpg] k|j[lQ / To;sf] lj/f]w u/]/ b]znfO{ ca 9'Ëf], df6f] / kfgL lsG5' eG5f}
lbzflgb]{z ug{ ;Sg] o'jfzlQmsf] a9\bf] cd]l/sf-ljb]z_knfogsf] of] bf]xf]/f] pkqmdn] Tof] t g]kfnLsf] ;femf ;DklQ xf]
ca b]zsf] klxrfg s] x'g] xf] < sljnfO{ lrGtf 5 / To;}n] pgsf] cfqmf]zk"0f{ k|Zg 5 M d a]Rg ;lQmg
æs] u'Gb|'s, l;GsL / em';] ltn dfq xf] g]kfn <Æ cyjf æw'jf“n] gb]lvg] eO;s]sf] xl/of] lhGbuL t lbP“
:6Ls/ xf] g]kfn <Æ t/ u08sL lbg ;lQmg .
b]zleq df}nfO/x]sf] o; k|j[lQn] ;+j]bgf;d]t x/fO/x]sf] cg'e"lt u5{g\ slj /fh]Gb| -k"jf]{Qm, k[= #(_
k/fh'nL . ;+j]bgfxLg aGg k'u]sf] of] /fli6«o kl/j]z ;'Gb/ / ;'vb 5}g sljsf nflu, d}n] cl3 g} eg]+– ;dfgfGt/ sljtf lgs} dfqfdf j}olQms 5 / Tof] j}olQms
To;}n] slj k|]o;LnfO{ otf gcfpgsf nflu cg'/f]w u5{g\ M cg'e"ltsf] cleJolQm Hofbf aGg uPsf] 5 . To;}n] Tof] ax'ntfo'Qm klg 5 . ;fd"lxs
gof“ ztfAbLsf] ;'?jft\ gx'“b} cfj]usf] g};lu{s :jefj To;df sd ePsfn] cg'e"ltsf] sf“6 oyfy{jfbL sljtfdf h:tf]
kfgL a]r]/ ltvf{ lkpg]x¿sf] oxf“ 5}g . cem To;sf] j}rfl/s kLl7sf cfbz{jfbL / z"GojfbL;d]t /x]sfn] ;du|df To;sf]
kbf{aflx/ xf]8 rn]]sf] 5 jt{dfgtfaf]w / To;sf] sljtfTds cleJolQm-snfTds /x] klg_ 7f]; / oyfl:yltnfO{
ef], g cfpm otf÷;+j]bgf d/]sf] 5 e]bgof]Uo 5}g . oxL g} ;dfgfGt/ sljtfsf] ;Ldf xf] . hxf“;Dd To;sf k|flKt–;Gbe{sf]

85 86
s'/f 5, dfly ;fIox¿n] ;Í]t ul//x]em}“ sltko sljsf sljtfdf oyfy{jfbsf] lgs6–
lgs6sf] cyjf cfbz{jfb / oyfy{jfbsf ;f“wsf] j}rfl/s kLl7sfn] lgs} xb;Dd
jt{dfgsf] s'¿ktfnfO{ pb\3fl6t ug{ ;3fPsf] 5 / To; ;Gbe{df ltgdf jt{dfgsf]
;/f]sf/ JoQm 5 . h'g xb;Dd ltgn] jt{dfgsf s'¿ktfnfO{ pb\3fl6t u/]sf 5g\,
oyfy{jfbL kl/k|]Iodf To;sf ;Ldf /x] klg ToxL ;dsfnLg ;dfgfGt/ sljtfsf]
k|flKt;"rs xf] .
k|d'v ;Gbe{ ;fdu|L
clwsf/L, lbg]z-@)%^_, cltl/Qm clen]v, nlntk'/ M ;femf k|sfzg .
uf}td, s[i0f-@)%^_, l;h{gfsf] ;'jf;, nlntk'/ M ;femf k|sfzg .
lqkf7L, jf;'b]j / c¿x¿, ;Dkf=,-@)%#_, g]kfnL sljtf efu $, bf];|f] ;+:s=, nlntk'/ M
;femf k|sfzg .
k/fh'nL, /fh]Gb|, ;Dkf=-@)%^_, sljtf;Gbe{, sf7df8f}+ M tGg]/L k|sfzg .
efpkGyL-@)%^_, …ztfAbLsf] cf/Dedf g]kfnL sljtfÚ, sljtf–;Gbe{, sf7df8f}+ M tGg]/L
k|sfzg .
/fhj-@)%^_, …lbg]z clwsf/Lsf sljtfaf/]Ú, sljtf;Gbe{, sf7df8f}+ M tGg]/L k|sfzg .
zdf{, tf/fgfy-@)%^_, …tGg]/L sljtfÚ sljtf–;Gbe{, sf7df8f}+ M tGg]/L k|sfzg .
zdf{, df]xg/fh-@)%&_, …cfw'lgs g]kfnL sljtfsf] k|j[lQ / lbzfaf]wÚ, sljtf, k"0ff{Í
&@ .
;'j]bL, cle-@)$*_, …g]kfnL efiffsf ;dsfnLg sljtfsf ;Gbe{dfÚ, g]kfnL ;d;fdlos
sljtfx¿, ;Dkf= s[i0f k|;fO{+, l;nu9L M eQm /fO{ :d[lt d08k .
-d"Nofª\sg, @)%(, sflt{s, ;f+:s[lts cÍ ljz]ifdf klxnf] k6s_
87
åGå/t jt{dfg / jt{dfgsf] sljtf–n]vg
!= p7fg
o; n]vsf] p2]Zo jt{dfgsf] sljtf–n]vgaf/] 5nkmn ug'{ xf] / vf; ;Gbe{df
To;sf] ko{j]If0f ub}{ pknAw tYonfO{ pb\3fl6t ug'{;d]t xf] . …åGå/t jt{dfgÚ kbfjnLn]
g]kfnL ;dfhsf] jt{dfg sfnv08df c“Wof/f] l:yltsf lj?4 / pHofnf] eljiosf lglDt
pTkLl8t g]kfnL hflt÷ju{n] rnfO/x]sf] ;r]t ju{;ª\3if{sf] o'uLg oyfy{nfO{ ;Í]t ug{
vf]h]sf] 5 . To;f] t ju{;ª\3if{ ;dfhljsf;–k|lqmofsf] Pp6f cfwf/ xf] eÌ] s'/f :ki6} 5
tfklg k|:t't rrf{sf ;Gbe{df ljut g]kfnL ;dfhdf 3l6t eO;s]sf] k|;ËnfO{ 5f8L
hg;d/sf ¿kdf 3l6t eO/x]sf] ju{;ª\3if{sf] jt{dfg ;Gbe{nfO{ k|f;lËs agfpg
vf]lhPsf] 5 / To; vf; ;Gbe{df jt{dfgsf] sljtfn]vgnfO{ ku]{Ng vf]lhPsf] 5 .
-z}nLj}1flgsx¿n] eg]em}“_ afx\o -;fdflhs_;“u c;Da4 x'“b}g /
;dfh;“u 3lgi7 ¿kn] guf“l;O{ ;'Gb/ / pkof]uL s[ltsf] /rgf ;Dej klg x'“b}g .
;dfhaf6 lnP/ ;dfhnfO{ lbg] k|lqmofs} ;Gbe{df ;flxlTos /rgf÷s[ltsf] ;fy{stf /
d"No 68\sfl/g k'U5 . o;/L ;fdflhs oyfy{af6} k[i7e"ld÷cfnDag÷cGtj{:t' u|x0f u/]/
;flxlTos ljwfn] lgdf{0f k|fKt ug]{ s'/f :ki6 x'g cfp“5 / sljtf ljwfsf xsdf klg oxL
s'/f nfu" x'G5 . To;}n] jt{dfgsf] sljtf–n]vgnfO{ åGå/t jt{dfgn] l;h]{sf] gjoyfy{sf
;Gbe{df ku]{Ng' vf]Hg' / To; qmddf oyfy{ / sljtfsf aLrsf] ;DaGw / To;sf]
k|flKt÷kl/0ffdsf] cfsng ug{ vf]Hg' cfjZos / cf}lrTok"0f{ klg 5 .
@= k|fSsNkgf
pko'{Qm cjwf/0ffsf k[i7e"lddf s] k|fSsNkgf ug{ ;lsG5 eg] jt{dfgsf] g]kfnL
sljtfn] jt{dfg g]kfnL ;dfhs} ;lqmo oyfy{sf ¿kdf 3l6t eO/x]sf] ju{;‹if{sf]
k|lqmofaf6 kof{Kt k[i7e"ld÷k|efj / cGtj{:t' k|fKt ub}{ lgdf{0f kfPsf 5g\ / o'usf]
oyfy{;“u sljtfsf] 3lgi7 ;DaGw /x]sf] 5 / ;fy}, of] kIf jt{dfg sljtfn]vgsf] Pp6f
dxŒjk"0f{ ljz]iftfsf ¿kdf b]vf kl//x]sf] 5 . o; n]vdf o;} k|fSsNkgfsf] ;Tofkg ug{
vf]lhPsf] 5 .
88
#= k|fSsNkgfsf] k/LIf0f åGå/t jt{dfg cyjf jt{dfgsf] ju{;ª\3if{sf] k|lqmof;“u ;Da4 y'k|} dxŒjk"0f{
k|fSsNkgfsf] k/LIf0f lgisif{df k'Ugsf lglDt cfjZos 5 t/ To;cl3 oxf“ ;Gbe{x¿ 5g\ h;n] jt{dfgsf] sljtfn]vgnfO{ efje"ld k|bfg ul//x]s f 5g\ . dfG5]n]
;ª\If]kdf jt{dfg oyfy{sf s]xL vf; rfl/lqs j}lzi6\osf] ;Í]t ug{' klg cfjZos ztflAbof}“b]lv vKb} cfPsf] pTkL8g ca klg vKg c:jLsf/ ul//x]sf 5g\ / cfkm\gf]
b]lvG5 . d'lQmvflt/ cfkm} cfkm\gf] gfos alg/x]sf 5g\ . To;sf k|ltlqmofdf oyfl:yltjfbL
#=! gj oyfy{ M o'uoyfy{sf kl/k|]Iodf /fhsLo ;+/rgf emg\ pTkL8s ag]/ b]vf kb}{5 / cfkm\g} ;+j}wflgs Pj+ dfgjLo
g]kfnL Oltxf;sf] jt{dfg sfnv08df g]kfnL hgtfsf] hg;d/n] oyfy{sf] gof“ ;Ldf;d]tnfO{ eTsfp“b} s7f]/ bdg / oftgfdf cf]ln{Psf] 5 . kl/0ffdtM gful/sx¿n]
lIflth pb\3fl6t u/]sf] 5, -g]kfnL kl/k|]Iodf_ h'g oyfy{ lx+hf] 3l6t eO;s]sf] lyPg, jLeT; d[To' ef]lu/x]sf 36gf–>[ª\vnfx¿ ;fdfGo aGb} uPsf 5g\ . olt x'“bfx'“b} klg
eljiosf] ljifo alg/x]sf] lyof], Tof] jt{dfg eO{ b]vf kl//x]sf] 5 . hg;d/ cyf{t \ ljlzi6 Pj+ pbfQ alnbfgL r]tgf To;sf ;dfgfGt/df ljsl;t x'“bf] 5 / dfG5]x¿
hgo'4 :jo+ / To;sf dfWodaf6 ;dsfnLg oyfy{df cfPsf] kl/jt{gn] ;‹if{sf] gof“ cfkm"nfO{ qmflGtj]bLdf cfx't ug{ tTk/ x'“b} ;fx; / ;fdYo{sf] gof“ / ;'Gb/ k|:tfjgf
k4lt / lbzf dfq}nfO{ pb\3fl6t u/]sf] 5}g, clkt' gof“ hLjgd"No, gof“ hLjgk4lt / n]lv/x]sf 5g\ . cfhsf sljtfsf] Pp6f d'Vo efje"ld klg oxL aGg k'u]sf] 5 . lgDg
gof“ ;+:s[ltsf] ljsf; / :yfkgf klg tLj|tfk" j{s ul//x]sf] 5 . ju{;‹if{s} k/Dk/fut ;fIox¿n] o;} b[i6fGtsf] k|:t'lt ub{5g\ .
¿ksf ;fy} k/Dk/fut ;du| hLjgd"No / ;+:s[ltdf cfPsf] o; k|sf/sf] kl/jt{gn]
lgdf{0f ul//x]sf] gjLg oyfy{sf ljleÌ ;Gbe{x¿ g} xfd|f] ;dsfnLgtfsf ¿kdf ;fIo !=
jt{dfg sljtfn]vgsf k[i7e"ld ag]/ b]vf kl//x]sf 5g\ . xfg ltdL aa{/tfsf uf]nLx¿
lgZro klg ju{;‹if{ cfkm}df lgtfGt gof“ s'/f xf]Og / g} hgo'4h:tf To;sf tfsL tfsL xfg
pRrtd ¿kx¿ ljZjkl/k|]Iodf lgtfGt gf}nf x'g\ t/ xfd|f] ;Gbe{ g]kfnL ;dfh xf], slnnf dgx¿df xfg cf“vfsf gfgLx¿df xfg
g]kfnL ;dfhsf] P]ltxfl;s ljsf;qmd xf] / o; ;Gbe{df jt{dfg hg;d/n] lglZrt} === === ===
¿kdf g]kfnL ju{;‹if{sf] k/Dk/fnfO{ u'0ffTds ¿kn] kl/jlt{t–ljsl;t ub}{ To;nfO{ ltdLnfO{ hxf“ dg nfU5, ToxL“ xfg
gof“ ¿k / gof“ p“rfO k|bfg u/]sf] 5 . g]kfnL /fhgLltsf s]Gb|df dfq o;n] dxŒjk"0f{ ltdLnfO{ xfGg] k"0f{ :jtGqtf 5, xfg
k|efj / kl/jt{g k}bf u/]sf] xf]Og, clkt' kl/wLo ¿kdf pTkLl8t g]kfnL hgdfg;sf === === ===
?lr, dfgl;stf, cfsfª\Iff, :jefj, ;fx; / ;+:sf/df klg dxŒjk"0f{ k|efj kf/]sf] 5 . o;sf nflu ;+ljwfgdf n]Vg h?/L 5}g
;du|df eGbf d'lQmsf lglDt ;fx; / alnbfgsf] pbfQ hLjgd"Nosf] lgdf{0f / ljsf; cflv/ ;+ljwfg lnlvt / clnlvt b'j} x'g] u5{
eO/x]sf] 5 . ;fdGtL lrGtg / ;+:sf/sf] lj/f;tnfO{ cfuf] nufP/ lgdf{0f eO/x]sf] of] ltdLn] lnlvt ;+ljwfg k|of]u ubf{ klg x'G5
pbfQ hLjgd"No / o;sf hudf abln+b} uO/x]sf] g]kfnL ;dfhsf] ;+/rgf / hLjgrof{ clnlvtnfO{ k|of]u ubf{ klg x'G5
xfd|f] ;fdflhs Oltxf;sf ;Gbe{df ;f“lRrs} gf}nf] xf] / o;nfO{ gjLg oyfy{sf] ;+1f ltdL cfkm\gf] v';L u/
lbg' lsdfy{ klg cgf}lrTok"0f{ jf cj:t'jfbL x'g] b]lv+b}g . t/ ef]ln oL ;asf] lx;fa–lstfa
cfhsf ;lqmo ;flxTosdL{x¿sf] 7"nf] lx:;f o; gof“ oyfy{k|lt ;+j]bgzLn 5, a'emfpg' k5{ ls kb}{g <
lrGtgzLn 5 / g]kfnL ;dfhljsf;qmdsf] Pp6f ljlzi6 ;Gbe{sf ¿kdf o;nfO{ ofb u/
u|x0f ul//x]sf] b]lv+b} 5 . gof“ hLjgd"No, gof“ hLjgz}nL / gof“ ;+:s[ltaLr ljsl;t -dl0f yfkf, …ofb u/Ú, snd, k"= !!_
eO/x]sf] hLjgsf] gof“ oyfy{df ;To, lzj / ;'Gb/sf] pkl:ylt b]Vg] tL ;h{sx¿ dl0f yfkfsf] o; sljtfn] d'VotM ;fwf/0f hgtfdfly lnË / pd]/sf] 5\ofgljrf/
cfkm\gf /rgfdf cfh oxL oyfy{sf] pbfQ / ;'Gb/ cleJo~hgfdf ;lqmotfk"j{s gu/L /fHo:t/af6 eO/x]sf] tLj| bdgsf] ;hLj lrq ptfg]{ k|of; u/]sf] 5 eg] k'“hLjfbL
nflu/x]sf b]lvG5g\ . jt{dfgsf sljtfdf oyfy{sf] o;} ;Gbe{nfO{ x]g{ vf]lhPsf] 5 . ;dfhdf k|rlnt ;+ljwfgsf] s'¿k / juL{o :j¿knfO{ tLj| Joª\UofTds cleJo~hgf
lbP/ sljtfsf] ;fdYo{ / ;f}Gbo{nfO{ klg k|:t't u/]sf] 5 . ljZjsf sltko d'n'sdf
;+ljwfgsf] lnlvt / clnlvt b'j} ¿ksf] k|of]u eO/x]sf] ;Gbe{ sljtfsf] ;fdfGo clewf
#=@ sljtfsf ;fIo M k|fSsNkgfsf] k/LIf0fsf kl/k|]Iodf

89 90
cy{sf ¿kdf b]lvG5 t/ Jo~hgfsf txdf slj yfkfn] b]vfpg vf]h]sf] dxŒjk"0f{ cy{
s] xf] eg] k'“hLjfbL zf;gdf lnlvt cyjf cf}krfl/s ;+ljwfgn] /fHolx+;f jf
/fHoxTofnfO{ sfg'gL dfGotf glbP klg ljleGg lgx'“ / gfp“df /fHoåf/f gful/ssf]
xTof / lx+;f ul/G5 / To;af/] ;+ljwfgn] af]Nb}g cyjf egf}“ Psk|sf/n] df}g :jLs[lt
hgfp“5 clg cfkm"n] u/]sf] xToflx+;fnfO{ /fHon] j}wflgs bfjL u5{ . k'“hLjfbL
zf;gk4ltsf] oxL gSsnL tyf pTkL8s rl/qnfO{ pb\3fl6t ub}{ To;k|lt sljn] oxf“
tLj| Joª\Uo;d]t u/]sf 5g\ .
cfnf]Ro sljtfsf] csf]{ pNn]Vo kIf o;n] ;Í]t u/]sf] /fHosf] pTkL8gsf/L
rl/qn] lgDTofpg] b"/ufdL kl/0ffdsf] ;Í]t klg xf] . …hgbdg / pTkL8gsf]
lx;falstfa ef]ln a'emfpg' k5{ ls kb}{g <Ú eGg] k|Zgfy{s jfSon] ef]ln x'g] tLj|
lj:kmf]6sf] ;Í]t u/]sf] 5 / ToxL ;Í]t;“u} ;dfhjfbL eljiosf] lrq klg ;Í]ltt 5 .
cfj]usf k|jfxdf zAbx¿ plgPsf 5g\ / cfj]u, zAb / nosf] lqj]0fLn] sljtfnfO{
lgs} ;zQm agfPsf] 5 .
gf6\osd{df ;+nUg / kl/lrt dl0f yfkf s]xL otf ;'Gb/ sljtfsf] lgdf{0fdf ;lqmo
b]lvPsf 5g\ / zAb / sd{sf] Pstf pgsf l;h{gfsf] sf/s eO/x]sf] cg'ej x'“b}5 .
ju{af]wsf] k|v/tf pgsf sljtfdf ;xh} cg'ej ug{ ;lsG5 . åGå/t jt{dfgsf
ljleGg ;Gbe{x¿nfO{ sljtfsf] efje"ld agfp“b} pgn] sljtfnfO{ jt{dfg / eljiosf]
;ËdljGb'df pEofPsf 5g\ hxf“af6 jt{dfgsf s'¿k–;'Gb/ kIf / pHofnf] eljiosf]
emNsf] b]Vg ;lsG5 .
;fIo @=
ltdL;“u klg dfG5]sf] dg 5 eg]
dgleq cfuf] / hng 5 eg]
cfpm, Psrf]l6 dfly d]nu}/Ldf cfpm
cfpm, Psrf]l6 ltgs} alnj]bLdf cfpm
/ d]/f] 5ftLdfly
aa{/x¿sf] jLeT; gfËf] gfr x]/
x x x
oxf“af6 6f9f–6f9f
/utsf 6f6fx¿ gb]lvP klg
/Qmd'5]n Kjfª / x'sfdx¿ b]lvG5g\
uf]nLn] Ift–ljIft sf“qmL / r'gjfªx¿ b]lvG5g\
x x x /, l3;fb}{ cf“wLvf]nfsf] au/lt/ nfGy]
cfp“bf–hf“bf af6fel/ ltdLnfO{
rsf]{ cftÍ / ;+qf;sf aLr klg
em/Lsf] 3fdh:t} s~rg
:ofk'{ / sdnbxsf l:gUw d':sfgx¿ b]lvG5g\
-s[i0f ;]g …OR5'sÚ, …;]t' h};Lsf] 3/Ú, snd, k"= !!_
jt{dfgsf] sljtfn]vgdf OR5'ssf sljtf hg;d/l;lh{t gjoyfy{sf]
cleJo~hgfdf lgs} ;lqmo 5g\ . åGå/t jt{dfgsf] oyfy{ pgsf sljtfdf k|efjsf/L
9Ën] cleJoQm ePsf] 5 . / ;fIo @ df p4[t pgsf] …;]t' h};Lsf] 3/Ú sljtfn] oxL
s'/fsf] k'li6 ub{5 . jt{dfgsf] sfnv08df zf]if0f / pTkL8gsf] ef/L af]ls/xg c:jLsf/
ug]{ ;dfhsf c;n dfG5]dfly /fHoåf/f yf]kl/Psf] oftgf / d[To'sf] qf;bLnfO{ ;hLj /
efjk/s cleJolQm lbg of] sljtf kof{Kt ;Ifd /x]sf] 5 . g]kfnL klZrdf]Q/ kxf8L
lhNnfx¿df dfl/Psf gful/sx¿sf] ;Gbe{nfO{ k|:t't ug{ sljn] k|s[ltsf] kof{Kt ;xof]u
lnPsf 5g\ jf o;f] egf}“ k|s[ltsf] dfgjLs[t laDasf dfWodaf6 oyfy{sf] pQm
;+j]bgzLn ;Gbe{nfO{ lgs} efjdo agfPsf 5g\ .
p4[t sljtf+zdf /]vflÍt zAbx¿ ;DalGwt If]qsf :yfgLo 7fp“sf gfp“x¿ x'g\ hxf“
ljleÌ ;dodf ljleÌ gful/sx¿nfO{ /fHoåf/f xTof ul/Psf] lyof] . /Qmd'5]n tL 7fp“ /
tL;“u ;Da4 k|s[ltsf] dfgjlaDafTds k|:t'ltn] oftgfsf] qm"/tf / zxfbtsf]
;+j]bgzLntfnfO{ ;+lZni6 cleJolQm lbPsf] 5 . sljtfsf] csf]{ ;'Gb/ kIf o;n] oftgf /
;Gqf;aLr klg hLjgsf] pHofnf] kIfnfO{ pb\3fl6t ug'{ xf] . sljn] k|s[ltsf ;fxro{df
k|lts"n kl/l:yltaLr :jl0f{d eljiosf] sfdgf ug]{ dflg;x¿÷hLjgx¿ d':sfO/x]s}
cg'ej u/]sf 5g\ / Tof] dfgjLo d':sfg :ofk'{ bx / sdnbx-k|s[lt_sf] ¿ksaf6
cleJol~ht eO/x]sf] 5 / o;/L k|s[ltsf ;fxro{af6 sljtfsf] sYo Hofbf efjdo /
;+j]bgfo'Qm aÌ k'u]sf] 5 . of] slj …OR5'sÚsf] cfkm\gf] lghTj klg xf] .
oyfl:yltaf6 d'lQm rfxg]n], oyfl:yltnfO{ c:jLsf/ ug]{n] cyjf d'lQmnfO{ k|]d ug]{n]
pTkL8gsf] qf;bL ef]Ug'kg]{, cf:yf, :jfledfg / :jtGqtfsf] db{g ;xg'kg]{ l:ylt
jt{dfgsf] s'¿k oyfy{ xf] eg] …;]t' h};Lsf] 3/Ú k|e[lQ ;dsfnLg sljtfn] oxL oyfy{sf]
cleJolQm u/]sf 5g\ . ;fIo # sf] sljtfn] klg o;sf] yk k'li6 ub{5 .
;fIo #=
cf“wL vf]nfsf] sfnf] au/af6 ;w}“em}“ Ps x'n abL{wf/L
dfG5]x¿ a'6 ahfb}{ 8f“8fufp“lt/ psfnf] nfUy]
clg 3/sf 9f]sfx¿ kmf]8\b} lg/Lx dfG5]x¿nfO{
hah{:tL 3/af6 aflx/ lgsfNy]

91 92
 zx/sf cvaf/x¿df
k'gM csf]{ ;fdfrf/ 5flkGYof]
æ== == d'7e]8df % cftÍsf/Lsf] d[To'Æ .
-/fhs'df/ s]= ;L=, …cf“wLvf]nfsf] ;f“em / sfnf] au/dfÚ, hgPstf, j}zfv #),
@)%$_ .
cfVofgfTds k'6 lbP/ lgdf{0f ul/Psf] o; sljtfn] tyfslyt d'7e]8sf gfddf
lgwf{ dfG5]nfO{ df/]/ …cftÍsf/Lsf] d[To'Úsf] 3f]if0ff ug]{ s'¿k jt{dfgsf] hLjGt lrq
k|:t't u/]sf] 5 . …cf“wLvf]nfÚ / …sfnf] au/Ú oxf“ k|tLssf ¿kdf cfPsf 5g\ / au/sf]
ljz]iftf hfx]/ ug]{ sfnf] ljz]if0f zAbn] To:tf] l:yltsf] af]w u/fp“5 hxf“ cfkm\g}
sfg'gnfO{ ldr]/ /fHo :jo+n] xTof—ck/fw u5{ / klg pm sfg'gsf] s73/fdf pleg'
kb}{g . xfd|f] jt{dfg cf“wLvf]nfsf] ToxL sfnf] au/df kl/0ft ePsf] cg'ej slj
/fhs'df/ s]= ;L=n] u/]sf 5g\ / pko'{Qm sljtf To;s} cfj]ufTds cleJolQm aGg
k'u]sf] 5 . slj s]= ;L= oxL cg'e"lt …/Dt]n ;fO“nfÚ-sljtf %^_ df klg JoQm ub{5g\ .
!! jifL{o lg/k/fw afns lbnaxfb'/ /Dt]nnfO{ /fHoåf/f g} xTof ul/Pkl5 ;+j]lbt aGg
k'u]sf] slj–dfgl;stf …/Dt]n ;fO“nfÚdf JoQm ePsf] 5 . sljtfsf] lgdf{0f–k|lqmofdf
sljn] /Dt]nsf] xTof / d[To'nfO{ Pp6f 7fp“sf] s'g} 36gfljz]if geO{ jt{dfgdf To;
lsl;dsf] sfo{nfO{ ;fdfGo ¿k lbOPsf] / /Dt]nx¿ d[To'df cg'lbt x'g] qmd hf/L
/x]sf] ;Gbe{nfO{ kof{Kt ;fwf/0fLs[t ¿k lbPsf 5g\ .
qm"/ d[To'sf] b08 s;/L lbg] ul/Psf] 5 jt{dfgdf / s;/L d[To'÷xTofnfO{ qm"/ z}nLåf/f
kfzljs agfpg] sfd ul/+b} 5 eGg] s'/fnfO{ cem tLI0ftfk"j{s slj O{Zj/rGb|
1jfnLn] k|:t't u/]sf 5g\ . lgDg ;fIodf x]/f}“ M
;fIo $=
pgsf cf“vfx¿ km'6fn]/ klg
pgn] b]Vg 5f]l8gg\ cfkm\gf] ;kgf
pgsf 3'“8fdf uf]nL xfg] s;fO{x¿n]
pgL kfOnf 6]Sb} lzv/lt/
nDsg klg 5f]l8gg\ /utsf kbrfkx¿df
pgnfO{ kf]Ng nfu]sf] v;Lem}“
e'ª\u|f]df Ho'“b} xfn]/ lkN;fO/x]
ObL cldgsf ;Gtfgx¿n]
Hjfnfx¿em}“ d'vaf6 pgn]
zAbsf nKsfx¿ sf9\g klg 5f]l8gg\
-…s'df/L a"9f / lbndfofx¿Ú, hgfb]z, h]7 #!, @)%$_
93
bdgsf] pQ]hs qm"/tfsf] laDan] o; sljtfdf Psflt/ jt{dfgsf] gsf/fTds
oyfy{nfO{ pb\3fl6t ul//x]sf] 5 eg] hLjg / d[To'sf] cy{af]w ul/;s]sf s'df/L a"9f /
lbndfofx¿sf] cf:yfnfO{ qm"/td xltof/n] 9fNg g;Sg] jt{dfgsf] gof“ / pbfQ
oyfy{nfO{ klg sljtfdf ;'Gb/ laDafTds cleJo~hgf lbOPsf] 5 . …uf]nL nfu]/ klg
kfOnf lzv/lt/ nlDs/x]sf]Ú laDa / …cf“vf km'6fn]/ klg cf“vfn] :jl0f{d eljiosf] ;kgf
b]lv/x]sf]Ú ljkof{;L laDan] g]kfnL gf/Lx¿sf] pRr ;fx; / jL/TjefjnfO{ 3gLe"t 9Ën]
k|s6 u/]sf 5g\ . o;} u/L …cfuf]sf] e'ª\u|f]df v;L kf]n]em}“ kf]Nbf klg cf:yfsf zAbx¿
nKsf ag]/ cfuf]sf d'vaf6 lgl:s/x]sf]Ú ljkof{;L / cgf}7f] laDan] Psflt/ z}nLo
rdTsf/ / tHhGo snfTds ;f}Gbo{nfO{ k|:t't ul//x]sf] 5 eg] sYosf :t/df
qmflGtsf/L dlxnfsf] pRr:t/Lo ;fx;efj / ;dk{0f÷lgi7f–efjnfO{ pb\3fl6t ul//x]sf]
5 . lrlgof syfdf jl0f{t gf/Lsf ;fx;k"0f{ ufyfx¿ olta]nf g]kfnL oyfy{ ag]/ b]vf
kl//x]sf 5g\ . s'df/L a"9f tyf lbndfofx¿df k|s6 eO/x]sf] Tof] pbfQ rl/q kmut
sNkgfzLntfsf] kl/0ffd xf]Og, g]kfnL hgo'4sf e"lddf hlGdPsf] s7f]/ t/ pbfQ oyfy{
xf] . g]kfnL hLjgsf >]i7td kfqx¿ / ;'Gb/ ;+;f/sf] lgdf{0fsf lglDt cfkm\gf] cfx'lt
lbg] g]kfnL jL/fËgfx¿sf hLjGt k|ltlglw x'g\ – s'df/L a"9f / lbndfofx¿ . o;/L
pko'{Qm sljtfn] Psflt/ jt{dfg /fhsLo ;+/rgfåf/f lbg] ul/Psf] qm"/td oftgfsf]
s'¿ktfnfO{ k|:t't u/]sf] 5 eg] csf{lt/ oftgfaLr klg cf:yfnfO{ ;u/dfyfem}“
cljrn agfO/xg] pbfQ sfo{sf k/:k/ cGtlj{/f]wL åGåo'Qm jt{dfgsf] cem tLI0f–;'Gb/
lrq slj 1jfnLn] o; sljtfdf ptf/]sf 5g\ . lgDg ;fIon] o;nfO{ cem /fd|/L k'li6
u5{ M
;fIo %=
hLjgsf] ;kmntf xft nfPem}“ hNnfbx¿n]
xhf/ sjrleq 9flsPsf] pgsf] cl:dtfnfO{
gª\UofPsf] 7fg]/ km'n]n eP
km]l/ klg pgL l;“ufl/PsL b'nxLem}“
:jfledfgsf] l;:g]nfO{ p“rf p7fP/
lgeL{stfdf ple/lxg\÷nlHht eOgg\ .
-pxL_
hgd'lQmsf] sfdgf u/]jfkt / d'lQmsfdL ljrf/nfO{ c“ufn]jfkt qm"/ oftgf lbg]
qmddf s'df/L a"9fnfO{ ;jf{Ë gUg agfP/ cfuf]df hnfOPsf] 36gf lg/Í'ztfsf] g]kfnL
Oltxf;df kl5Nnf] ;jf{lws qm"/ s8L lyof] / ToxL 36gf o; sljtfsf] s]Gb|Lo efje"ld
ag]/ cfPsf] 5 . Pshgf cfOdfO{ dfG5]sf lgldQ p;nfO{ ;jf{Ë gUg agfOg' eoÍs/
oftgfsf], Unflgsf] / zLne~hgsf] If0f x'G5 h'g cf3ftsf cufl8 p;sf] s:t} j}rfl/s
94
cf:yf klg kUn]/, 89]/ eidLe"t x'g k'U5 eGg] oyfl:yltjfbL oftgfbftfx¿sf cufl8
s'df/L a"9fsf] l:ylt s:tf] eof] t < To; If0fsf] cg'e"ltnfO{ h:tf] cfj]uk"0f{ lrq0f
sljn] u/]sf 5g\, Tof] ;'Gb/ oyfy{sf] ;'Gb/ sljtf aGg uPsf] 5 . z/L/nfO{ gª\UofOP
klg dxfg\ cf:yf p;sf] cl:dtfsjr alg/x]sf] ljZjf; ePs} sf/0f ef}lts÷zf/Ll/s
¿kdf gª\UofOP klg s'df/L a"9fn] cfkm"nfO{ gflËPsf] cg'ej ul/gg\, nlHht eOgg\,
a? …l;“ufl/PsL b'nxLem}“Ú lgeL{stf;fy ple/lxg\ . zf/Ll/s ¿kdf gf/LnfO{ gª\UofOg'sf]
kL8f / tHhGo dfgl;s oftgfaLr klg lgeL{stfk"j{s pleg]-/ nlHht gx'g]_ k/:k/
ljkof{;o'Qm cToGt sl7g-t/ ;Dej_ kl/b[Zosf] h:tf] ;'Gb/ laDafTds lrq sljn]
k|:t't u/]sf 5g\, To;n] sljtfnfO{ dfq} ;'Gb/ agfPsf] 5}g, clkt' jt{dfgdf ljsl;t
eO/x]sf] pbfQ hLjgk4ltsf] ;d]t ;'Gb/ cleJolQm u/]sf] 5 . oyfy{sf] of] kf6f] g t
/f]df~r g} xf] / g} o;nfO{ ;'Gb/ laDafTds cleJo~hgf lbg] sljtf / sljtfTds
z}nL g} /f]dflG6s xf] . jt{dfgdf 3l6t eO/x]sf] oyfy{nfO{ k|ltlaDag ug]{ ;dfhjfbL
oyfy{jfbL /rgfk4ltsf] of] ;'Gb/ gd'gf xf] eGg] s'/fdf zÍf ul//xg' plrt 5}g .
lbnfdfofx¿, cyf{t\ g]kfnsf] k'?ifk|wfg ;dfh / cw{;fdGtL cw{cf}klgj]lzs
/fhg}lts ;+/rgfaf6 pTkLl8t agfOPsf lgDg ju{sf g]kfnL dlxnfx¿ ;w}“ uf]a/ /
df6f]d}, r'nf] / rf}sf]d} ;Lldt /xG5g\, cfkm\gf] / cfkm\gf] ju{sf] d'lQmsf lgldQ cfkm"
;lqmo aGg ;Qm}gg\ eGg] k'/ftg ;f]rfOnfO{ cfhsf g]kfnL dlxnfx¿n] r'gf}tL
lbO/x]sf / cfkm" tyf cfkm\gf] ju{sf] d'lQmsf lgldQ :jo+ cfkm" d'lQmbftf alg/x]sf]
tYonfO{ ju{;r]t sljx¿n] cfkm\gf] sljtfsf] j0o{ ljifo agfO/x]sf 5g\ . slj
1jfnLsf] pQm sljtf o;s} pbf/x0f xf] eg] slj k"0f{ lj/fdn] klg o; ;Gbe{nfO{
cfkm\gf sljtfsf] s]Gb|Lo sYo agfPsf 5g\ . tnsf] ;fIo To; qmddf pNn]vgLo 5 .
;fIo ^=
of] b]zel/sf dlxnfsf xftx¿ sf]dn 5g\
ltgLx¿n] uf]a/ / df6f]n] 3/b}nf] dfq kf]Tg ;S5g\
b'Zdgsf /utx¿n]
b]z kf]Tg dlxnfx¿n] ;Qm}gg\
o:tf] tkfO{+x¿n] eg]sf] s'/f
of] b]zdf 7\ofDd} ldn]g .
-…tkfO{+x¿n] ug'{ ePsf] s'/f of] b]zdf 7\ofDd} ldn]gÚ, gof“ kj{t, @)%$ j}zfv
_ ;fdYo{jfg\ jL/–jL/fËgfdf ;f“rf] ;'Gb/tf cg'ej ul//x]sf] ;Í]t pgsf pko'{Qm sljtf–
jt{dfgdf 3l6t eO/x]sf] hg;d/df b]vfkl//x]sf] g]kfnL dlxnfx¿sf] ;+nUgtf /
To; qmddf pgLx¿åf/f k|blz{t pRr alnbfgL rl/qsf] rl/qfª\sg o; sljtfn] d'Vo
¿kdf u/]sf] 5 . r'nf]rf}sf] jf lnkkf]tsf k/Dk/fut sfo{ / sfo{ut kl/efiffnfO{
95
tf]8]/ dlxnfx¿ juL{o n8fOdf jL/tfk"j{s ;l/s eO/x]sf] / cfkm\gf] cfx'lt;d]t lbPsf]
tYo cf}Nofp“b} /fi6«sf lgldQ cfjZos kbf{ pgLx¿ df6f] uf]a/sf ;§f z:q
rnfpg;d]t ;Ifd /x]sf] ;TonfO{ cfnf]Ro sljtfn] pb\3fl6t u/]sf] 5 . slj k"0f{ lj/fd
jf:tjdf oyfl:ylt / To;sf] s'¿ktfk|lt tLj| c;xdlt hfx]/ u5{g\ . pgdf tLj|
ju{af]wL r]tgf ;lqmo 5, To;}n] pgL ;zQm ¿kn] kl/jt{gsf kIfdf cfkm"nfO{
pEofp“5g\ / qmflGtsf] cfjZostf / ckl/xfo{tfaf]wnfO{ JoQm ub{5g\ . oxL sf/0f xf]
pgL jt{dfgsf] hg;d/k|lt cfzfjfbL b]lvPsf 5g\ / To;sf ljleGg ;sf/fTds
kIfx¿nfO{ sljtfTds cleJo~hgf lbg ;lqmo /x]sf 5g\ . …j/jw" b'j}n] ljb|f]x ug]{ a]nf
eof]Ú, …sndsf] askqÚ, …sbf{u|xÚ, …xfdLx¿ lx+8]sf 5f}“ hf8f] dfg{Ú, …w]/}n] a'em\b}gg\
Hjfnfd'vL s] xf]Ú, …d d]/f] ljhok|lt 9'Ss 5'Ú, …tTsfn d;“u ;"o{ gdfu ;fljqLÚ, …P, d]/f]
cfb/0fLo n]sfnL km"nÚ h:tf sljtfx¿ k"0f{ lj/fdsf o; cjlwsf o; k|j[lQsf
pNn]vgLo sljtf x'g\ .
slj k"0f{ lj/fdsf] ;f}Gbo{r]tgf / ;f}Gbo{kl/efiff k/Dk/fleGg 5, To;}n]
o'jfo'jtLsf] ;f}Gbo{nfO{ pgL leGg} 9+un] k|:t't u5{g\ . ;fIosf nflu sljtfsf
lgDglnlvt c+z x]/f}“ M
;fIo &=
h] hlt ltdL;“u cnÍf/x¿ 5g\
tL ;a} Psd':6 laqmL ug'{kg]{ a]nf eof]
ltdL cnÍf/dfkm{t ;'Gb/L b]lvg] a]nf klg uof]
cTofw'lgs xftxltof/n] ltdL ;';lHht x'“bf
ltdL o; /fi6«sL /fli6«o ;'Gb/L b]lvg] a]nf eof] .
x x x
/fi6«3ftLx¿sf] lj?4df ca d}n} km'lN6g af]s]/
uj{ ul//xg] a]nf uof]
km'lN6gsf] ;§fdf d}n] xftdf af]Sbf v'“8f
d klg b]lvG5' of] /fi6«sf] /fli6«o ;'Gb/ k'?if
-…j/jw" b'j}n] ljb|f]x ug'{kg]{ a]nf eof]Ú, hgfb]z, @)%#, kf}if !^_
cfe"if0f / cg'xf/, k|;fwg / k};fn] ;'Gb/ jf ;'Gb/L 7flgg] a'h'{jf dfGotfnfO{ lrb}{
sljn] ;fdflhs d'lQmsf lglDt tyf /fli6«otfsf] ;+/If0fsf lglDt cfo'w prfNg ;Sg]
kª\lQmx¿n] ul//x]sf 5g\ . pgsf ljrf/df /fi6«3ftnfO{ k|ltlqmofxLg ;lx/xg] / pTkL8g
vlk/xg] pmhf{xLg / ;fdYo{xLg g/–gf/L ;'Gb/ xf]Ogg\ . cu|ufdL r]tgfnfO{ k5\ofpg
g;Sg] dfG5] cGttM c“Wof/f]s} cg'ufdL aGb5 / To;}n] pm ;'Gb/ x'g ;Qm}g .
96
 k"0f{ lj/fd ;ª\VofTds b[li6n] klg clxn] ;jf{lws sljtf n]Vg] sljsf ¿kdf
lrlgG5g\ . o; qmddf pgL ljutsf] b'?xtf jf hl6ntfaf6 kof{Kt ;/ntflt/
cf]ln{Psf klg 5g\ / sYo jf efjsf] d"t{tf / 3gLe"ttf pgsf sljtfdf ;xh
cg'ejof]Uo /x]sf] 5 clg /rgf–k|lqmofdf cfj]usf] rfk klg tLj| ¿kdf /x]sf] b]vf
kb{5 . sygsf] ljlzi6 hfb"doL k4kltsf] cfkm\gf] lghTjnfO{ klg pgn] sfod} /fv]sf
5g\ / cfkm\gf ;du| sljtf–lzNkaf6 qmflGtsf] x'6x'6L, qmflGt / qmflGtsf/L
zlQm÷ju{k|ltsf] tLj| cf:yf / ljZjf;nfO{ k|s6 ug]{ sfd d'Vo ¿kn] u/]sf 5g\ . olt
x'“bfx'“b} klg ;ª\VofTds bl[i6n] -pgn] :jo+ :jLsf/ u/]em}“_ k]Gu'Og r/fn] km'n kf/]h:t}
sljtf lgdf{0f ug{ nfUbf sltko sljtfdf snfTds ;fdYo{ sdhf]/ x'g uPsf
l:yltx¿ klg 5g\ eg] oyfy{sf] ax'cfofldstf eGbf cf:yf / ljrf/s} sfJoLs/0f
Hofbf x'g uPsf l:yltx¿ klg 5g\ h;af/] pgsf] ;r]ttf cfjZos b]lvG5 .
;fgf–7"nf ;‹if{sf y'k|} 36gf–>[ª\vnfx¿n] åGå/t jt{dfgsf] kl/ro lbO/x]sf
;Gbe{df ;dsfnLg sljx¿n] tL 36gfx¿nfO{ sljtfsf] efje"ld agfp“b} To;sf
k[i7e"lddf ef]lnsf] ;'Gb/ ;+;f/sf] lrq sf]g]{ sfd klg cfkm\gf sljtfdf u/]sf 5g\= .
O{Zj/rGb| 1jfnLsf] …hf] kfgL 5\ofk]/ lrl;GgÚ-/ftf] y'Ëf, % M #_ / …d}n] ufP klg gufP
klgÚ-hgfb]z, @)%$ j}zfv, !&_ h:tf sljtf / gj ufp“n]sf] …a]yfg ahfO/x]5 gu/f
/0fe"ldx¿dfÚ- hgfb]z, @)%$ j}zfv #_, k"0f{ OGkmfbfsf] …ef]ln dfG5]x¿Ú-snd, k"=
!#÷!$_ h:tf sljtf o; ;Gbe{df pNn]vgLo 5g\ tfklg ljz]if ;fIosf lglDt dl0f
yfkfsf] …o; k6s ufp“dfÚ sljtfnfO{ cufl8 ;fg{' cem pko'Qm x'g] b]lvG5 .
;fIo *=
o; k6s ufp“df
d"nkfgLsf] d"naf6 d'xfgx¿ km'6]gg\
a? /utsf e]nx¿ alu/x]
u/f–u/fdf wfgsf afnfx¿ klg em'n]gg\
a? wfgsf uf“hx¿df dfG5]sf rf]S6fx¿ ;l8/x]
x x x zf]ifssf 3/df klg 6f“l;P
o; k6s ufp“df
s;}n] ltxf/df dfbn ahfPgg\
a? bf]xf]/f] aGb's k8\s]sf] cfjfh cfO/x\of]
r]nLx¿ ltxf/df efO e]6\g dfOtL uPgg\
a? hËndf efOx¿sf kblr≈gx¿ vf]lh/x] .
-…o; k6s ufp“dfÚ, hgfb]z, @)%$ j}zfv !)_
97
sljtfn] ;Í]t u/]sf] oyfy{ s] xf] eg] o; k6ssf] ufp“, o; k6ssf] k|s[lt / o;
k6ssf] hghLjg klxnf h:tf] lyPg, 5}g– Pp6f leÌtf sljnfO{ cg'ej eO/x\of] .
ljutem}“ wfgsf nxnx afnf em'Ng kfPgg\ / …lap s'lxof]Ú eGg] r/f klg s/fpg kfPg
. dfnr/Lsf ayfgx¿ klg pQ/af6 blIf0ftkm{ emg{ kfPgg\ / gbLdf df5f dfg{ klg
sf]xL em/]gg\ . d"nkfgLsf] d"naf6 kfgLsf] d'xfg km'6\g'sf] ;§f ltgdf /utsf e]n au] .
u/fdf wfgsf uf“h ;lk|g';§f dfG5]sf rf]S6f ;l8/x] . ltxf/df dfbn aHg kfPg, a?
aGb's k8\s]sf] cfjfh cfO/x\of] / r]nLx¿ hËn–hËndf efOsf] kbrfk vf]Hg /
;gfvt ug{ lx+l8/x] . oL laDa / logsf dfWodaf6 sljn] Pp6f leÌ kl/l:ylthGo
hghLjg / k|s[ltsf] lrq kf7ssf ;fd' k|:t't u/]sf 5g\ . hghLjgdf cg'ej ePsf]
of] leÌtf s'g} :j}/sNkgfsf] ljifo jf /f]dflG6s sNkgfsf] ljifo geO{ hg;d/sf ¿kdf
ljsl;t ju{åGåsf] pRr–g"tg kl/l:ylt lyof] h;n] g]kfnL k|s[lt / hghLjg;d]tdf
leÌtf Nofof] / cfh Tof] leÌtf gof“ oyfy{ ag]/ 3l6t eO/x]sf] 5 . xfd|f] ;Gbe{
sljtf–n]vgsf] xf] / To; kl/k|]Iodf eÌ' kbf{ dl0f yfkfsf] o; sljtfn] cfkm\gf] o'usf]
jt{dfgnfO{ ;'Gb/ laDasf dfWodåf/f hLjGt cleJo~hgf lbPsf] 5 / sljtf /
oyfy{aLrsf] cGt//]vf ;dfKtk|fo ePsf] 5 . cfnf]Ro sljtfsf] csf]{ pNn]vgLo kIf
åGå/t jt{dfgsf] ;an kIfsf] pb\3f6g klg xf] . sljn] sljtfdf k|s[lt / hghLjgdf
cfPsf] leÌtfsf] s'/f ul//x]sf 5g\ t/ leÌtfsf] cg'ej Toltd} ;Lldt x'“b}g . ;‹if{sf
ljutsf ¿kx¿ / ltgsf kl/0ffdx¿df klg leÌtf cfPsf] cg'ej sljnfO{ ePsf] 5 /
To;sf] ;'Gb/ k|:t'lt klg sljtfdf 5 . ;fIosf lgldQ To:tf s]xL kª\lQmx¿ oxf“ p4[t
ug'{ cfjZos 5 .
;fIo (=
o; k6s ufp“df
jf/]G6sf sfnf k'hL{x¿
u/Lasf uf]7x¿df dfq 6f“l;Pgg\
a? jf/]G6sf /ftf k'hL{x¿
aGb's / uf]nLu6\7f
k'ln;x¿n] dfq af]s]/ ufp“df cfPgg\
a? /ftf] tf/f nufPsf gof“ dfG5]x¿ klg
aGb's af]s]/ ufp“df cfP
;w}“ ;w}“ c“Wof/fdf lx“8\g] pHofnf dfG5]x¿
o; k6s laxfgL 3fd ag]/
cf“ugdf em'lNs/x]
98
 -pxL_
pko'{Qm kª\lQmx¿df gof“ oyfy{sf] ;'Gb/ cleJo~hgf ePsf] cg'ej ug{ ;lsG5 .
lxhf] / cfhsf] ju{;‹if{df s] leGGtf 5 < / s;/L cfh pbLodfg oyfy{ ag]/
hg;d/sf] gjafGsL g]kfnL df6f]df b]vf kb}{ 5 eGg] tYonfO{ sljtfn] cToGt
snfTds cleJolQm lbPsf] 5 . k/:k/ b'O{ leÌ l:yltx¿÷r]tgfx¿ g]kfnL df6f]df
lqmofzLn 5g\ / k|lts"n÷s'¿k oyfl:yltnfO{ qmdzM lj:yflkt u/]/ s;/L gof“ /
;'Gb/ rLh oxf“ hlGdPsf] 5 eÌ] s'/fsf] pb\3f6g sljtfdf 5 / To;sf] cleJo~hgf
kof{Kt ;fËLlts afGsL / laDafTds z}nLdf ePsf] 5 . h] xf];\, o;/L sljtfn]
jt{dfgsf ue{af6 eljiolt/ lrofPsf] 5 / oyfy{sf] zøofaf6 cfutsf] :jKg b]v]sf]
5.
k|fSsNkgfsf] ;Tofkg÷k/LIf0fsf ;Gbe{df dfly k|:t't ul/Psf ;fIox¿ cToGt
;Lldt / k|fltlglws 5g\ / klg ltgsf] k|fltlglwstf k"0f{ 5 eGg] 7f]s'jf ug{ ;ls“b}g .
o;} u/L ;fIodf k|:t't sljtfsf slj dfq} jt{dfgsf ;lqmo slj x'g\ eÌ] lgisif{
lgsfNg' klg unt x'G5 . jt{dfgdf ;lqmo sljx¿sf] ;ª\Vof 7"nf] aGb} uPsf] 5 /
gof“ ;h{sx¿ 7"nf] ;ª\Vofdf b]vf kb}{ 5g\ t/ To;sf t'ngfdf gof“ cGtj{:t'cg'¿k
gof“ / ;'Gb/ ¿ksf] PsTj ck]lIft dfqfdf cem} ljsl;t eO;s]sf] 5}g . csf]{ k|sf/n]
eGbf gof“ cGtj{:t' / sdhf]/ ¿ksf aLrsf] cGtlj{/f]w vf; u/L kl5Nnf k':tfsf
;h{sx¿df b]vf kl//x]sf] 5 . o; ;Ldfsf afjh'b ;du|df x]bf{ ;fIo;Gbe{df pNn]v
ul/Pem}“ jt{dfgsf] sljtf–n]vgdf o'uoyfy{nfO{ k|:t't ug]{ snfTds ;fdYo{ ePsf
;'Gb/ sljtfx¿sf] lgdf{0f klg ;Gtf]ifhgs 9Ën] eO/x]sf] dfGg ;lsG5 .
sljtfdf 5 / To;f] u/]/ jt{dfgsf] ue{af6 eljionfO{ lrofpg] / eljiosf] ;'Gb/ :jKg
b]Vg] sfd oL sljtfn] u/]sf 5g\ . ;du|df ;f}Gbo{sf] gof“ kl/efiff cfhsf sljtfdf
b]Vg kfOG5 . eL? / nf5L x'g' c“Wof/f]nfO{ k5\ofpg' xf] eÌ] dfGotfnfO{ jt{dfgsf
sljtfn] cfTd;ft\ u/]sf 5g\ / ;fx;L Pj+ Gofok|]dLx¿df ;'Gb/sf] cg'e"lt u/]sf 5g\ .
o;} ;Gbe{df qmflGtk|lt lgi7fjfg\ ;fx;L dlxnfx¿sf] rl/qfÍg klg jt{dfgsf sljtfdf
d'Vo ¿kn] ul/Psf] kfOG5 . hg;d/sf] ljsf; / gof“ ;+:s[lt tyf hLjgk4ltsf]
:yfkgfdf g]kfnL gf/Lx¿n] b]vfO/x]]sf] pRrtd ;fx; / ;lqmotfsf] cleJo~hgf
jt{dfgsf sljtfdf tLj|tfk"j{s ul/Psf] 5 . cleJolQm jf sygsf] ljlzi6 z}nL /
laDasf] ;f}Gbo{ jt{dfgsf sljtfdf k|wfg ¿kn] kfOG5g\ / uBsljtfTds ;+/rgf eP/
klg ltgdf ;fËLlts tŒjsf] lgjf{x /fd}| ePsf] 5 . hxf“;Dd ;f}Gbof{g'e"ltsf] k|Zg 5, oL
sljtfdf ju{af]wL r]tgf k|v/ 5 / logn] pTkLl8t ju{sf] ;‹if{, :jKg / sl7g
lhGbufgLsf] lrq0fnfO{ cfkm\gf] nIo agfPsf 5g\ . To;}n] kf7ssf] ;f}Gbo{af]wL r]tgfdf
;juL{o÷;hftLo ;DaGw :yflkt gx'Gh]n jt{dfgsf sljtf cf:jfB gx'g' jf ltgdf
s;}nfO{ ;f}Gbo{sf] cg'e"lt gx'g' c:jfefljs x'g]5}g .
-snd, k"0ff{Í !%, @)%$ c;f/_

$= lgisif{
;fIox¿sf] ljZn]if0f / k|fSsNkgfsf] ;Tofkg÷k/LIf0faf6 k|fKt x'g] df]6f] lgisif{
s] xf] eg] jt{dfgsf sljtfn] cfkm\gf] o'usf] oyfy{;“u tLj| ;/f]sf/ /fv]sf 5g\ /
To; sf/0f ltgsf] cf:jfbg / d"Noaf]w klg o'usf] hLjg;Gbe{s} cfnf]sdf ug{
;lsG5 . ldlxg 9Ën] x]bf{ jt{dfgsf] sljtfn] oyfl:yltjfbL /fhsLo ;+/rgfaf6
gful/sx¿dfly eO/x]sf] aa{/ bdg, oftgf / pTkL8gsf] ;hLj÷;+j]bgfTds lrq0f
u/]sf 5g\ eg] ;“u;“u} ztflAbof}“b]lv ;x“b}÷ef]Ub} cfPsf] pTkL8g capk|fGt klg ef]Ug
c:jLsf/ u/]/ pTkL8gsf] lj/f]wdf pq]sf ;fx;L dflg;x¿sf] lrq0f klg u/]sf 5g\ .
hg;d/sf ¿kdf cleJoQm eO/x]sf] ju{åGå / To;sf s]Gb|Lo÷kl/wLo k|efjx¿
cfhsf sljtfsf] s]Gb|Lo efje"ld alg/x]sf 5g\ / sljtfn] To; efje"ldaf6 g]kfnL
;dfhdf ljsl;t x'“b} uO/x]sf] gof“ hLjgd"No÷gof“ ;+:s[lt÷gof“ k4ltsf] cleJo~hgf
ul//x]sf 5g\ . ;f‹lif{s z}nLs} oyfl:yltdf klg hg;d/åf/f h'g ¿kfGt/0f b]vf
kl//x]sf] 5 / gjafGsLdf ju{åGå h;/L ljsl;t x'“bf] 5, To;sf] pb\3f6g;d]t cfhsf

99 100

;f}Gbo{laDasf cfwf/ / ;dsfnLg sljtfdf
To;sf] cª\sg
!=sljtf / ;f}Gbo{laDa
k|ultjfbL b[li6df ;flxTo hLjgsf] snfTds k|ltlaDag xf] . ;flxToleq
k|ltlalDat hLjg oyfy{eGbf a9L dxŒjk"0f{ / a9L pbfQ x'G5 . clg Tof] oyfy{eGbf
a9L ;'Gb/ / a9L snfTds klg x'G5 / To;}n] Hofbf k|efjsf/L klg . hLjgsf] o;
k|sf/sf] k|ltlaDag sljtfdf hLjgsf lj:t[t cfofdhlQs} lj:tf/df ;Dej t x'Gg -
zfob Tof] ;Defjgf pkGof;d} Hofbf x'G5_, t/ dnfO{ nfU5 ;lxTosf cGo ljwfeGbf
sljtfdf h'g / hlt cfofddf eP klg Tof] k|ltlaDag ;aeGbf ltVv/ / /fufTds
clg cf]lhnf] / cfNxfbs x'G5 . ;fdflhs oyfy{ cfkm"df h:t} s7f]/ eP klg sljtfdf
To;sf] k|ltlaDag ltVv/–/fufTds / cf]hk"0f{ cfx\nfbs 9Ën] x'“bf g} Tof] k|efjsf/L
x'G5 / sljtf zlQmzfnL aG5 .
k|ltlaDag eg]sf] hLjgsf] lrqfTds k'gM l;h{g xf] . csf]{ k|sf/n] eGbf laDa
¿kdf hLjgsf] k'gM l;h{g xf] / laDasf] oxL snf g} sljtf–/rgfsf] cfwf/ xf] .
sljtfdf hLjgsf] laDafTds k'gMl;h{g geO{ ;kf6 j0f{g dfq 5 eg] zfob Tof]
sljtf ;'Gb/ / zlQmzfnL x'“b}g . d}n] dfly zLif{sdf ;f}Gbo{laDa zAbsf] k|of]u u/]sf]
5' . laDa sf ;§f ;f}Gbo{laDasf] k|of]u d}n] lsg u/]+ eg] sljtfsf] laDa ;'Gb/ x'G5 /
;'Gb/ x'g}k5{ . x'g t o;f] eg]/ ;a} laDax¿ ;'Gb/ g} x'G5g\ eg]/ eGg ;lsGg .
laDa–lgdf{0f t Pp6f snf xf], sflnu9L xf] . sljsf sNkgfzlQmsf t“5f8–d5f8 /
s'“bfOn] laDax¿n] s'zn snfsf/sf] ;'Gb/ d"lt{dfem“} ;f}Gbo{ k|fKt u5{g \ . cs'zn
snfsf/sf d"lt{df ;'Gb/ lgdf{0fsf b[li6n] s}og\ sdhf]/L /x]em}“ cs'zn sljsf laDa–
lgdf{0fdf klg s}og\ sdhf]/L /xg ;St5g\ / To:tf] sljtfsf] laDa x'g'kg]{ hlt ;'Gb/–
cfx\nfbs gx'g ;St5 . olt x'“bfx'“b} klg Pp6f :t/Lo / k|efjk"0f{ sljtfsf] laDa
;'Gb/ x'G5 / x'g}k5{, ePg eg] To:tf] sljtsf] :t/ / To;sf] k|efjsfl/tfdf 7"n} /f;
cfp“5 .
@=laDa s;/L ;'Gb/–cfNxfbs x'G5
101
laDa hLjgsf] k'gMl;lh{t ¿k÷lrq xf] h;n] zAbdf cfsf/ u|x0f u5{ . hLjgsf]
o:tf] k'gMl;h{g ubf{ To;n] ;'Gb/ laDa ¿k s;/L k|fKt u5{ t < o;sf pQ/df eGg
;lsG5– ;'Gb/ laDa–/rgfsf] klxnf] cfwf/ hLjgaf]w÷oyfy{af]w xf] . s'g} sljn]
hLjgnfO{÷oyfy{nfO{ s;/L af]w u/]sf] 5 < hLjgsf hl6ntfx¿, hLjgsf åGå /
cGtlj{/f]wx¿, hLjgsf ;'Gb/–s'¿k kIfx¿ Tyf åGåzLn hLjg÷ ;dfhdf lgld{t–
ljsl;t x'“b} uPsf gjLg hLjgd"Nox¿ cflbsf] åGåfTds Pjd\ ef}ltsjfbL cjaf]wgsf]
k|lqmof pQm ;Gbe{df klxnf] cfwf/e"t kIf x'G5 .
hLjgnfO{ x]g]{, a'em\g] cg]s sf]0f / cfwf/x¿ 5g\, t/ åGåfTds Pjd\ ef}ltsjfbL
sf]0f / cfwf/ g} oyfy{af]wsf] ;j{yf j}1flgs cfwf/ xf] / To;/L af]w ul/Psf]
hLjgoyfy{sf] snfTds kl/0flt ;jf{lws ;'Gb/ / zlQmzfnL x'G5 .
hLjg–oyfy{sf] o; lsl;dsf] cjaf]wg u}/sljx¿n] klg ub{5g\ / zfob To;}n]
qmf]r]n] k|To]s dflg;leq k|yd snf / k|yd snfsf/ x'g] s'/f atfPsf x'g \ . t/ xfd|f]
tfTko{ zAbåf/f cleJoQm ljlzi6 sljtfsnfsf] xf] / To;sf ;Gbe{df eGg' kbf{
sljtfsnfsf s]xL cfkm\g} ljlzi6 u'0fx¿÷tŒjx¿ x'G5g\ / hLjgsf] åGåfTds
ef}ltsjfbL cjaf]wg ug]{ h'g ;+j]bgzLn JolQm;“u o:tf] snf;fdYo{ x'G5 pm slj
sxnfp“5 / hLjgsf] åGåfTds ef}ltsjfbL cjaf]wg ug]{ ;+j]bgzLn JolQm x'“bfx'“b} klg
pQm snf;fdYo{ gx'g] JolQm slj;h{ssf sf]l6df k'Ub}g . sljtfsnf lgs} dfqfdf
k|flte x'g;Sg] s'/fnfO{ c:jLsf/ ug{ ;lsGg t/ ef}lts kl/j]zn] dfG5]sf] r]tgf, j[lQ /
;fdYo{df kl/jt{g Nofpg] s'/f lj1fg;Ddt ePsfn] sljtfsnf cflh{t g} x'G5 /
cWoog tyf cEof;->d_af6 sljtfsnfsf] ;fdYo{ cfh{g ug{ ;lsG5 . h]–h;/L eP
klg cjaf]lwt oyfy{sf] ;'Gb/ k|ltlaDagsf nflu ;a} sljx¿n] cfP l5ªn] eg]em“}
laDadf v]Ng}k5{–;f]Rg}k5{ . sljtf hLjgsf] ljlzi6 cleJo~hgf xf] / dfofsf]A:sLn]
eg]em}“ laDan] sljtfnfO{ cleJo~hgfsf k/d ;Ldf;Dd k'¥ofp“5 . cleJo~hgfsf] oxL
k/d ;Ldfsf] k|flKtd} ;'Gb/÷zlQmzfnL sljtfsf] lgdf{0f x'G5 .
pko{'Qm rrf{af6 s] :ki6 5 eg] laDa/rgf ;'Gb/ / zlQmzfnL sljtfsf] k|ylds
cfwf/ xf] . x'g t laDa geO{ sljtfsf] /rg} x'“b}g eg]/ 7f]s'jf ug{ ldNb}g, j}slNks
cGo pks/0fsf] k|of]uåf/f klg sljtf /rgf ul/Psf] kfOG5, t/ klxnf] s'/f t Tof]
l;4x:t / s'zn zAbsfnLu9åf/f dfq ;Dej 5 / bf];|f] s'/f ;w}+ To;/L zlQmzfnL
sljtfsf] lgdf{0f ;Dej x'Gg . laDasf ;Gbe{df of] sljtfsnfsf] cfwf/e"t tŒj xf] o;
s'/fdf ;Gb]x 5}g . sljtfnfO{ hLjgsf] ljlzi6 / pbfQ k'gMl;h{gsf] ¿k lbg laDadf
lrGtg ug'{ clgjfo{ x'G5 . To;sf nflu rflxG5–kof{Kt w}o{ / kof{Kt cEof; . sljtf
cfj]usf If0fdf n]lvG5, t/ To;sf] n]vgdf slj laDasf k|of]uzfnfdf /xg' cfjZos
x'G5 . slj cfx'ltn] eg]em}“ sljtfdf cfjZos x'G5–æclnstf kfunkg, laDad} ;kgf
102
b]Vg] kfunkg .Æ kfunkgsf] cy{ oxf“ r]tgfxLgtf xf]Og, ceLi6 oyfy{sf] snfTds
cleJolQmsf nflu laDa–5gf]6 / lgdf{0fsf ljsNkx¿df 8'Ag', 3f]lTng' xf] .
laDalrGtgsf pko'{Qm k|lqmofdf s]jn cleJo~hgf ul/g] oyfy{;“u ;fwDo{ /fVg]
j}slNks lrqx¿ -laDax¿_sf] 5gf]6dfqn] laDa zlQmzfnL tyf k|efjsf/L x'“b}g .
hLjgsf] åGåzLn oyfy{nfO{ ;'Gb/ / zlQmzfnL laDadf k'gMl;h{g ug{sf nflu
cfjZos x'G5 To;nfO{ kof{Kt /fufTds agfpg', To;df ;+j]bgfsf] k|r'/tf yKg' .
oxf“lg/ d slj OR5'sn] sljtfaf/] eg]sf oL kª\lt ;DemG5' . pgL eG5g\– æl;:gfn]
em}“ kf]Ng] / emDemdfpg] cg'e"ltsf] tLj|tf / ;+j]bgfsf] k|r'/tf xf]; \ sljtfdfÆ . j:t'tM
cg'e"ltsf] tLj|tf / ;+j]bgfsf] k|r'/tf k|fKt gu/L laDa k|efjsf/L aGb}g . cem
sljtfdf laDasf] lgdf{0f ubf{ oL b'O{ s'/fsf] ;fxro{ t ckl/xfo{h:t} x'G5 . ljrf/
cnUu} yf]kg'{ sljwd{ xf]Og . ljrf/ t ToxL snfTds ljDasf ;dli6af6 lg;[t
x'g'k5{ . sljtfn] dgnfO{ cfNxflbt ubf{ub}{ yfx} gkfO{ dl:tissf ljrf/ue{df k|j]z
ul/;Sg'k5{ . dl:tissf ljrf/ue{;Dd k'Ug g;Sg] sljtf ;fy{s x'“b}g / dgnfO{
;+j]lbt t'Nofpg g;Sg] sljtf klg zlQmzfnL x'“b}g . o:tf] cj:yfsf] k|flKt æclnstf
laDadf 3f]lTng] kfunkgÆaf6} ;Dej x'G5 / Toltdfq xf]Og laDanfO{ cg'e"ltsf]
tLj|tf, ;+j]bgfsf] k|r'/tf / /fufTds ;flGgWotf k|bfg u/]kl5 dfq sljtfdf hLjgsf]
laDafTds k'gMl;h{g zlQmzfnL / k|efjsf/L x'G5 .
#= sljtfdf laDalgdf{0fsf]] j:t'ut cfwf/
sljtfn] ;w}+ cu|ufdL r]tgfnfO{ k5\ofp“5 cyjf egf}+ ;'Gb/ / oyfy{jfbL sljtfn]
hLjgsf] pHofnf] kIfnfO{ k5\ofp“5 . To;}n] laDalgdf{0fsf] s'/f cfp“bf To;sf] cfwf/
hLjg / ;dfhdf x'G5 . x'g t ¿kjfbLx¿ sljtfleqsf] hLjg / afx\o ;fdflhs
hLjgsf aLr cljefHo ;DaGw /xg] s'/fnfO{ c:jLsf/ u5{g\, t/ jf:tjdf ;'Gb/ /
zlQmzfnL sljtf ToxL xf] h;n] dfly eg]em}“ kf7ssf] dgdl:tisnfO{ ;+j]lbt÷k|efljt
t'Nofp“5 / p;nfO{-kf7snfO{_ snfTds cfgGbdfq xf]Og, j}rfl/s / ;+1fgfTds bLIff
klg k|bfg ub{5 . o; k|sf/sf] Jofks / dxQd e"ldsf lgjf{xsf nflu sljtf
;fdflhs hLjg;“u hf]l8g' cfjZos x'G5 / To;sf/0f sljtfsf laDax¿sf] /rgfsf
lglDt klg ToxL ;fdflhs hLjg g} cfwf/e"ld aGb5 . en} k'“hLjfbL o'udf sljtfnfO{
j}olQms s'07fsf] lgtfGt j}olQms snf;fdu|L agfpg] ul/Psf] xf]; \, t/ sljtfsf] Tof]
cfB :jefj xf]Og . cfkm\gf] cfB :jefjcg';f/ sljtf ;fdflhs x'G5 / s8j]nn]
eg]em}“ Tof] ;fd"lxs cfj]usf] cleJolQm x'G5 . oyfy{jfbL sljtf / To;df klg
;dfhjfbL oyfy{jfbL sljtfn] sljtfsf] oxL cfB :jefjcg';f/ ;fdflhs hLjg /
;fd"lxs cfj]unfO{ cfkm\gf] laDa/rgfsf] cfwf/ agfpg] sfd u5{ . oxL s/0f xf]
103
oyfy{jfbL sljtfleqsf] hLjg afx\o ;fdflhs hLjgs} pbfQ / cem k"0f{ cleJolQm
x'G5 .
xfd|f] hLjg, xfd|f] ;dfh lg/Gt/ ultzLn 5 / To;sf] cfwf/ k/:k/ ljk/Lt
tŒjx¿aLrsf] åGå xf] . åGåzLn oxL l:yltn] hLjg / ;dfhnfO{ ultzLn agfPsf] 5 .
åGål;lh{t ultsf To; k|lqmofdf ;w}“ cwf]ufdL kIfsf] ktg / pWj{ufdL÷cu|ufdL kIfsf]
pTyfgsf] k|lqmof 3l6t eO/x]sf] x'G5 . oBlk of] k|lqmof lsdfy{ klg ;xh x'“b}g .
JolQmhLjgdf cGt;{+3if{sf ¿kdf / ;fdflhs hLjgdf ju{;ª\3if{sf ¿kdf 3l6t x'g] of]
k|lqmof lgs} hl6n / cfuf]do klg x'G5 . vf;u/L ju{;ª\3if{sf] k|lqmofn] pRrtd ¿k
k|fKt ub}{ hfg] ;Gbe{df Tof] lgs} cfuf]do÷pynk'ynsf/L klg x'G5 / To;s} ue{af6
gjLg d"Nox¿;“u gj;Defjgfsf] pbo klg x'“b} hfG5 . sljtfdf laDalgdf{0fsf] j:t'ut
cfwf/ oxL åGådo ultzLn ;fdflhs kl/j]z xf] / To;af6 k[ys\ /x]/ oyfy{jfbL
sljtfdf laDalgdf{0f ;Dej x'Gg, eof] eg] Tof] sljtf oyfy{jfbL /xGg .
pko'{Qm kl/k|]Iodf xfd|f] clxn]sf] g]kfnL ;dfh / /fli6«o hLjgnfO{ x]bf{ To:t}
cfuf]do tyf pynk'ynsf/L kl/j]zaf6 u'lh|/x]sf] b]lvG5 . lj= ;+= @)$%÷)$^ kl5M
cyjf ljz]ifu/L @)$) sf] bzssf] pQ/f4{lt/ g]kfnL ;fDojfbL cfGbf]ngsf] Pp6f
lsQfdf cfPsf] ljrng, lj;h{g / knfogsf] k|j[lQn] Jofks k|efj kfl//x]sf] l:ylt
Psflt/ / hgcfGbf]ngkl5 klg cw{;fdGtL–cw{cf}klgj]lzs pTkL8g / lg/Í'ztfsf]
lg/Gt/tfsf] l:ylt sfod /lx/x]sf] csf]{lt/sf] ;dli6 s'¿ktfnfO{ lrb}{ ljsl;t ePsf]
ju{åGån] hg;d/sf ¿kdf pRrtd ¿k k|fKt ug{ ;'? u/]kl5 Pp6f cfuf]do tyf
pynk'ynsf/L kl/j]zsf] ;[li6 ePsf] 5 . o; ;d/do kl/j]zdf k'/fgf] tyf gof“
hLjgd"Nox¿sf aLr eLif0f ;ª\3if{ rln/x]sf] 5 . c“Wof/f] ?rfpg] oyfl:yltjfbL zlQmn]
pHofnf] vf]lh/x]sf / d'lQm rflx/x]sf hgtf / Toltdfq geO{ cfd pTkLl8t hgtfdfly
xTof, lx+;f / pTkL8gsf] qf;bL yf]kl//x]sf] 5 eg] To;sf ;dfgfGt/df pHofnf]sf] k|flKt
vf]lh/x]sf cfd"n kl/jt{gsf/L zlQmx¿n] kmnfd] cf:yf, pRr dgf]an / dxfg\
pT;u{sf/L r]tgf;“u} hLjgd"NonfO{ gof“ 9+un] kl/eflift / :yflkt ul//x]sf 5g\ . dxfg\
pT;u{sf/L o; r]tgfn] oyfl:yltsf ;du| kIfdfly k|xf/ ul//x]sf] 5 / pbfQ
hLjgd"No;“u} b]vfkl//x]sf] gjkl/j]z gjoyfy{sf ¿kdf ljsl;t x'“bf] 5 . g]kfnL
;dfhsf cu|efudf cfh 3l6t eO/x]sf] oyfy{ oxL xf] / o;sf kl/wLo ¿kdf hLjgsf
ljljw kIfx¿df ;d]t qmdzM k'/fgf]sf lj?4 gj;Defjgfsf] k|s6Ls/0f / d"tL{s/0f klg
x'“b}5 .
/fi6«3ftsf >[ª\vnfx¿ / lj:tf/jfbL cltqmd0fsf lg/Gt/tfx¿n] /fli6«o
;fj{ef}ldstf IftljIft ePsf] 5 / xfd|f] :jfledfgdfly t];|f] e"v08n] ;d]t cf}+nf]
78\ofpg] s'¿k l:ylt k}bf ePsf] 5 . hftLo, eflifs / n}lËs pTkL8gsf >[ª\vnfx¿sf]
104
lg/Gt/tf klg sfod} 5 eg] hghLljsfsf If]qdf emg\ sxfnLnfUbf ;d:ofx¿ a9\b}
uO/x]sf 5g\ / b}glGbgsf] gful/s hLjg si6do aGb} uPsf] 5 . oL / o:tf ofjt\
;Gbe{x¿ clxn]sf k|d'v ;/f]sf/sf ;Gbe{x¿ x'g\ . oyfy{jfbL r]tgfsf] slj oL
;Gbe{x¿af6 c;Dk[Qm eP/ ;'Gb/ / ;fy{s sljtf n]Vg ;Sb}g . cem pm k|ultjfbL
slj xf] eg] ;dfhjfbL oyfy{jfbL b[li6sf]0fsf cfnf]sdf pm jt{dfgsf] pko'{Qm k|sf/sf]
åGåzLn oyfy{nfO{ ku]{N5 / c“Wof/f]sf ljkIfdf pleP/ pHofnf]sf] k|ltlaDag cfkm\gf
sljtfdf u5{ .
o;/L ;dsfnLg g]kfnL sljtfsf kl/k|]Iodf eGg'kbf{ oxL ljlzi6 åGåzLn g]kfnL
;fdflhs kl/j]z g} ljDa–/rgfsf] j:t'ut cfwf/sf ¿kdf /x]sf] 5 . laDax¿n]
åGåzLn oyfy{sf] hlt k"0f{, /fufTds / cfx\nfbs cleJolQm u5{g\, sljtf Tolt g}
k|efjsf/L / zlQmzfnL x'G5 . ca x]/f}+ ;dsfnLg sljtfdf laDalgdf{0fsf] l:ylt s:tf]
5.
$=;dsfnLg sljtfdf ;f}Gbo{laDasf] cª\sg
;dsfnLg sljtfsf] tfTko{ oxf“ oyfy{jfbL / To;df klg ;dfhjfbL–oyfy{jfbL
sljtf xf] . To;}n] o; cfn]vdf g]kfnL ;dfhjfbL oyfy{jfbL wf/fsf sljtfdf
;f}Gbo{laDasf] cª\sgsf] l:yltnfO{ ;+If]kdf ku]{Ng] k|of; ul/Psf] 5 . To; ;Gbe{df
gd'gf:j¿k s]xL ;fIox¿ lnP/ ljj]Ro ;Gbe{sf] k'li6 ug]{ sfd ul/G5 .
;fIo–!
g 3fd pbfpg yfn]sf] ;'Gb/ laxfgh:tf]
g 3fd c:tfpg yfn]sf] ;fGWo uugh:tf]
of] s'g k|x/sf] s:tf] cg'e"lt xf], rGb|flul/ ∕
— — —
d ?“bf?“b} lsg xf“l;/x]5'
d xf“:bfxf“:b} lsg /f]O/x]5' .
-s[i0f ;]g …OR5'sÚ, aGbL / rGb|flul/, k[=$!_
OR5'ssf] gjLgtd sfJo aGbL / rGb|flul/ -@)%&_ af6 p4[t sljtf+z xf] of] .
cfkm\gf] lk|o ;vf÷ju{;vfsf] zxfbtsf] va/kl5 slj OR5'sleq lgld{t
ljlzi6÷c;fdfGo dgl:yltsf] ;'Gb/ laDafTds k'gMl;h{g o;df ePsf] 5 . hg;d/sf]
jt{dfg >[ª\vnfdf cf:yfsf ufosx¿sf] xTof ul/Pkl5 slj efjljx\jn x'g' lgtfGt
:jfefljs 5 . cfkmGtsf] xTofn] sljnfO{ ?jfPsf] 5, t/ ;vfsf] zxfbt cfkm\gf] b]z
/ hgtfsf] :jl0f{d eljiosf nflu xf] / To;}n] Tof] d[To' kxf8eGbf ux|f}“ 5 eGg] uj{af]w
105
klg pgnfO{ 5 ;fy} To; d[To';“u} :jl0f{d eljio em'lNsg nfu]sf] cfef;d]t sljnfO{
ePsf] 5 . oxL sf/0f xf] slj ?“bf?“b} xf“;]sf klg 5g\ / km]l/ d[To'sf] kL8faf]wdf
xf“:bfxf“:b} /f]Psf klg 5g\ . pko'{Qm sljtf+zdf oxL lj/f]wfef;L jf j}k/LTod"ns
(Paradoxical) dgl:yltsf] laDafTds k'gM l;h{g 5 / laDasf] k|s[lt
h}ljs÷dfgjLo tyf P]lGb|s b[li6n] b[Zo÷rfIf'if\ k|sf/sf] x'g uPsf] 5 . o;} u/L sljsf]
o; k|sf/sf] j}k/Ltod"ns ljlzi6 cg'e"ltsf] laDafTds k'gMl;h{g p4[t sljtf+zsf
dflyNnf tLg kª\lQmdf cem snfTds b]lvG5 . ju{;vfsf] zxfbtn] sljdgdf hlGdPsf]
cg'e"lt …g t 3fd pbfpg yfn]sf] ;'Gb/ laxfg h:tf] 5Ú g …3fd c:tfpg yfn]sf]
;fGWo uugh:tf]Ú 5 . o;f] eGg'sf] tfTko{ zxfbtsf] Tof] cj:yf ;"of]{bo a]nfsf]
;f}Gbo{h:t} klg 5 / 5}g klg clg cg'e"ltsf] ToxL cj:yf ;"of{:t a]nfsf] dlng÷pbf;
cfsfzh:t} 5 / 5}g klg . oxL lj/f]wfef;L l:yltaf6 sljsf] cfg'e"lts tLj|tf /
To;sf] ulx/fO k|s6 ePsf] 5 . o; k|sf/sf] ;+lZni6 cleJolQm sljsf] ;+Zn]if0fsf/L
;fdYo{af6} ;Dej ePsf] xf] / To;sf] d"lt{s/0fdf …3fd pbfpg nfu]sf] ;'Gb/ laxfgÚ /
…3fd c:tfpg nfu]sf] ;fGWo uugÚ h:tf k|fs[lts Pjd\ b[Zo÷rfIf'if\ laDan] dxŒjk"0f{
e"ldsf lgjf{x u/]sf 5g\ . ;dli6df eg] pko'{Qm sljtf+zdf ju{;vfsf] zxfbtkl5
sljleq pb\e"t ljlzi6 lj/f]wfef;L dgf]bzfsf] cg'e"ltk/s laDa g} k|wfg /x]sf] 5 /
tLj| cfg'e"ltstf, ;zQm ;+j]bgf Pjd\ k|r'/ /fufTdstfsf] ;fxro{ k|fKt /x]sfn] Tof]
dfgl;s laDa cToGt k|efjsf/L Pjd\ zlQmzfnL aGg uPsf] 5 .
k|:t't cfn]v aGbL / rGb|flul/-@)%&_ sf ljj]rgfdf s]lGb|t t 5}g, t/ ;dsfnLg
;dfhjfbL–oyfy{jfbL sljtfdf ;f}Gbo{laDasf] rrf{ ubf{ :jfefljs ¿kn] of] sfJo oxf“
ljz]if p4/0fLo aGg uPsf] 5 . To;f] lsg ePsf] 5 eg] dfly rrf{ ul/Pem}“ of] sfJo
ljlzi6 hLjgfg'e"ltsf] ljlzi6 laDafTds k'gMl;h{gsf ¿kdf b]vfk/]sf] 5 . csf]{ k|sf/n]
eGbf of] sfJo l;Ë} laDadfnfsf ¿kdf /x]sf] 5 / o;leq laDax¿sf] 56f cfR5flbt
5 . ljj]Ro ;Gbe{nfO{ k|:6 kfg{ ca d o; sfJoaf6 csf]{ Pp6f dfq ;fIo lnP/ cGo
sljsf sljtflt/ nfUg]5' .
;fIo @M
7Ls o;} a]nf
s'g} cb\e"t kl/sNkgfh:tf]
cyjf ljl:dt nfUg] ljlrq ;kgfh:tf]
jf d]/f ;bfaxf/ cfzfx¿ km'n]/
d':s'/fO/x]sf] ;'Gb/ ;hLj ljkgf h:tf]
slt ;'Gb/ b]lv/x]5' rGb|flul/ d cfh ltdLnfO{
ltdL :jod\ g} hg5fkfdf/ ag]/
106
 d]/f] cl3 v'zLn] ple/x]h:tf] . d of}6f uLt u'gu'gfO/x]sf] 5'
-aGbL / rGb|flul/, k[ %#_ ev{/sL gj;'Ts]/L cfdfsf
o; sljtf+zdf k|o'Qm Joli6 laDax¿ lgDgk|sf/ 5g\M ;Gt'i6 cf“vfx¿
/ gjhft lzz'sf] xf“;f]
laDa ;ª\VofM laDa ljj/0f laDasf] k|s[lt -ljifout tyf P]lGb|s_ slt dL7f] nfU5 of] 3fddf
laDa !M -sljåf/f ul/Psf]_ cb\e"t kl/sNkgf dfgl;s÷cg'e"ltk/s -clgn >]i7, …e'OF s'lx/f] / ;d/uLtx¿Ú, d[To'kj{ xf]Og d]/f] b]z, @)%%, k[=%#–
%$_
laDa @M -ljl:dt nfUg] _ ljlrq ;kgf M Æ Æ
slj clgn ;dfhjfbL oyfy{jfbL r]tgfsf slj x'g\ / pgsf sljtfn] klg
laDa #M -sljsf cfzfx¿ km'n]/ d':s'/fO/x]sf]_ ;'Gb/ ;hLj ljkgf M cd"t{sf] ;dsfnLg ;d/do jt{dfgaf6} ;Dan k|Kt u/]/ lgdf{0f kfPsf 5g\ . To;}n] ;d/ddo
d"tL{s/0faf6 lgld{t jt{dfgn] hGdfO/x]sf] gjLg oyfy{sf] laDafTds k'gM l;h{g g} pgsf] k|d'v /rgfTds
cg'e"ltk/s j}lzi6\o ag]/ b]vfkb{5 . p4[t sljtf+zdf klg oxL j}lzi6\o 5 . o;df k|o'Qm
laDa $M ;'Gb/ rGb|flul/ M k||fs[lts÷ b[Zo–rfIf'if\ ;f}Gbo{laDax¿ o:tf 5g\M
laDa %M hg5fkf/ agL plePsf] rGb|lu/L M dfgjLs[t÷b[Zo–rfIf'if\ laDa !M ;d/do jt{dfgnfO{ Jol~ht ug]{ ;d/ Ct' M k|fs[lts÷cg'e"ltk/s laDa
oL kf“r lsl;dsf km'6s/ laDax¿sf] k|of]u oxf“ ePsf] 5 h;dWo] dflyNnf laDa @M åGådo kl/j]zaLr ljsl;t eO/x]sf] pbfQ ;+:s[lt / gj;DefjgfnfO{ Bf]ltt
tLgj6f k|foM dfgl;s÷cg'e"ltk/s laDa x'g\ eg] tNnf @ j6frflx“ b[Zo jf rfIf'if\ ug]{ 3fdsf gof“ ls/0fx¿M k|fs[lts÷b[Zo laDa
laDa x'g\ h;df dfgjLs/0fsf] k|lqmof 3l6t ePsf] 5 . ;dli6df eg] oL ;a}n] Pp6} laDa #M ;d/do kl/j]zaLr hlGd/x]sf] ;'Gb/–d'Qm ;dfhsf] e|'0fnfO{ ;ª\s]t ug]{ ;'Gb/
;'Gb/ tyf eJo laDasf] ;[li6 u/]sf 5g\ / Tof] xf] – kxf8 rGb|flul/sf] hg5fkfdf/ laxfg af]s]/ pbfO/x]sf] 3fd M k|fs[lts÷b[Zo laDa
¿ksf] dfgjLs[t laDa . of] laDa sljsf cg'e"ltdf pgn] -sljn]_ u/]sf] cb\e"t
kl/sNkgf h:tf], sljn] b]v]sf] ljl:dt–ljlrq ;kgfh:tf] / ;bfaxf/ cfzfsf km"nx¿ laDa $M qmflGtnfO{ hGd lbO/x]sL g]kfn cfdfnfO{ ;ª\s]t ug]{ gj;'Ts]/L cfdf / pgsf
km'n]/ d':s'/fO/x]sf] ;'Gb/ ljkgfh:tf] 5 . o;/L hg5fkfdf/ rGb|flul/sf] d"n laDanfO{ ;Gt'i6 cf“vfx¿ M dfgjLs[t÷b[Zo laDa
g} cem ;'Gb/–eJo agfpgsf nflu oxf“ k|o'Qm pkdf cnª\sf/sf ;dsIfL cb\e"t laDa %M qmflGt / ;fDojfbnfO{ Jol~ht ug]{ laxfgsf] slnnf] 3fddf xf“l;/x]sf] gjhft
kl/sNkgf, ljlrq ;kgf / ;'Gb/ ;hLj ;kgfsf cg'e"ltk/s laDax¿n] pQm d"n lzz'M dfgjLs[t÷b[Zo laDa
laDanfO{ ;f“lRrs} ;'Gb/–eJo tyf /fufTds–cfxnfbs agfPsf 5g\ . aGbL /
rGb|flul/sf laDax¿sf] ljz]iftf s]df 5 eg] ltgn] ;dsfnLg tLj|td ju{;ª\3if{sf] cnu–cnu ¿kd} klg oL laDax¿ ;'Gb/ 5g\ / ltgn] ;d/do jt{dfgsf] /fufTds
tKt kl/j]zaf6 ;Dan k|fKt u/]/ lgdf{0f kfPsf 5g\ / ltgaf6 åGå/t jt{dfgsf] ;'Gb/ cleJo~hgf ul//x]sf 5g\ . ;dli6df x]bf{rflx“ oxf“ jt{dfgsf] ;d/do kl/j]znfO{
/fufTds cleJo~hgf ePsf] 5 . of] s]jn OR5'ssf] k|:t't sfJo dfqs} xf]Og clkt' ;d/>[t'sf] ;'Gb/ k|fs[lts laDa k|bfg ul/Psf] 5 / dxfg\ qmflGtnfO{ hGd lbP/
l;Ë} ;dsfnLg k|ultjfbL sljtfsf] k|flKt xf] . gj;'Ts]/L ag]sL g]kfn cfdf ;d/ >[t'sf] Gofgf] 3fddf a;]/ Gofgf] tflk/x]sL / pgsf
sfvdf qmflGt jf ;fDojfbsf] Tof] gjhft lzz' dL7f]–;'vb xf“;f] xf“l;/x]sf] cToGt
;fIo # /fufTds laDasf] ;[li6 ul/Psf] 5 . o; k|sf/sf] laDa ljwfgdf cg'e"ltsf] tLj|tf /
of] ;d/ Ct'df ;+j]bgfsf] ;flGgWo klg TolQs} /x]sf] 5 .
dnfO{ clt lk|o nfU5 3fdsf gof“ ls/0fx¿ ;fIo $M
d kIfkftL x'“ 3fdsf]
of] ;'Gb/ laxfg af]s]/ pbfO/x]sf] 3fdsf] cf“ugdf la:s'gsf] a]xfn 5

107 108
 cu]gf]df l9“8f] Jofs'ntf ef]u]/ 56\ls/x]5
ls;fg 3]l/P/ a;]sf 5g\
ef“lrPsf] s'nf] oyfjt\ 5
v]tdf hf]Tg nfu]sf] xnf] h:tfsf] t:t} 5
gf/]sf uf]? v]tsf] v]td} 5g\
xf6 e/]/ 3/ kms]{nfg\ eGg] a]nf
k'nd'lg nfzx¿ t}l//x]sf 5g\ .
-o1axfb'/ 8f“uL, …5ftLÚ, hgfb]z, @)%$, k'; @%_
x]bf{ ;fdfGo j0f{gfTds nfu] klg o1axfb'/ 8f“uLsf] o; sljtf+zdf ;+j]bgzLn
oyfy{sf] laDafTds k'gMl;h{g /fd}|;“u ePsf] 5 . tL laDax¿ lgDgcg';f/ 5g\M
laDa ! M cf“ugdf a]xfn;“u kf]lvPsf] la:s'g M jfg:klts÷rfIf'if\ laDa
laDa @ M dfG5] gePsf] c“u]gfdf l9+8f] 58\ls/x]sf] M Æ Æ -;fDojfbL_ cf:yfsf] lj36g–ktgsf] v'Nnf pb\3f]if ug{ yfn] ta cfx'ltleqsf] k|lta4
laDa # M s'nf] ef“lrPsf] / ls;fgx¿ cfkm" 3]l/Psfn] s'nf] ;f]em\ofpg hfg g;s]sf]
M dfgjLo÷h}ljs Pj+ rfIf'if\
laDa $ M v]tdf hf]tfxf 5}g, gf/]sf xnuf]? h:tfsf t:t} 5g\ -lsgeg] pm ckxl/t
5_ M dfgjLo÷h}ljs Pj+ rfIf'if\ laDa
laDa % M xf6 eg]{ x6f?x¿ kmls{g] a]nf eO;Sbf klg gkmls{Psf] a? k'nd'lg nf;x¿
t}l//x]sf] M dfgjLo÷rfIf'if laDa
oL kf“rj6f laDax¿sf] ;dli6af6 ag]sf] pQm sljtf+zn] ;dli6df h'g laDasf]
lgdf{0f u/]sf] 5 To;af6 jt{dfgdf qm"/ bdg tyf xTof–lx+;fsf] qf;bL JofKt /x]sf]
cj:yf cleJol~ht ePsf] 5 . v]t hf]lt/x]sf ls;fg, xf6 eg{ uPsf x6f?x¿ efG5f
agfpg Jo:t efG5]x¿–ufp“3/df sf]xL klg ;'/lIft g/x]sf] / sf]xL ckxl/t ePsf]
clg s;}sf] xTof eO/x]sf] qf;b oyfy{sf] Pp6f ;+j]bgzLn ;dli6 laDa o;
sljtf+zdf k|:t't 5 . s'¿k oyfy{nfO{ sljtfsf ;+lIfKt cfofddf o;/L ;+j]bgzLn
9+un] laDafTds cleJo~hgf lbg ;Sg'd} o; sljtfsf] zlQm lglxt klg /x]sf] 5 .
;fIo %M
Pp6f emem{/fp“bf] a}+;fn' u'/f“;–of]4f cfhfb
n]sel/sf /ftf u'/f“;x¿–jL/ cfhfbx¿
l;+uf] r}tsf] /ftf] a}+;–k|z:t cfhfbx¿
nfU5 olt a]nf ePsf] 5' d s'g} a}+;sL ljw'jf o'jtL
109
/, ck{0f ub}{ cfkm\gf] kljq l;p“bf]
o;f] eGb}5' ls
of] cf:yfnfO{ lnnfd ul/Psf] ;do
of] 3fOt] s5'jf h:tf] ;+s6sf] ;do
lk|o cfhfb ∕
jiff{ u/ d]/f] l;p“bf]el/ u'/f“;sf /ftf y'“ufx¿
;x;| 5/ d]/f] Xboel/ ;fx;sf jL/ aLpx¿
-cfx'lt, cfhfbx¿, ljk'n –$, @)%!, k[= &)_
cfx'ltsf] of] sljtf ljz]iftM @)$) sf] bzssf pQ/fw{ -@)$^ sf] kl/jt{g_ ;“u}
g]kfnL ;fDojfbL cfGbf]ngsf] Pp6f lsQfdf ljsl;t x'g yfn]sf] ljrng–lj;h{gsf]
k|j[lQ / To;n] ;|i6fx¿ ;d]tdf kf/]sf] k|efjsf k[i7e"lddf n]lvPsf] 5 . cem :ki6
¿kdf eGg'kbf{ d~h'nk|e[lt sljx¿n] …l;l4r/0fx¿Ú sljtf–>[ª\vnf n]v]/ ha cfkm\gf]
sljn] To;sf ;dfgfGt/df cfhfbx¿ n]v]/ dxfg\ cf:yfs} sf/0f qm'/tfk"j{s xTof
ul/Psf hgtfsf lk|o g]tf Clif b]jsf]6f cfhfbnfO{ w/f]x/ / gfos;d]t dfg]/ cf:yfsf]
jiff{ ug{ cfx\jfg ul/Psf]] of] sljtf j}rfl/s b[li6n] hlt ;'Gb/ 5, laDafTds ;+/rgfsf
b[li6n] klg plQs} ;'Gb/ 5 . o;df k|o'Qm laDax¿ o; k|sf/ 5g\ M
laDa !M -cfhfbsf nflu k|o'Qm_ Pp6f ee{/fp“bf] a}+;fn' u'/f“; M k|fs[lts÷b[Zo laDa
laDa @M -Psflws cfhfbx¿sf nflu k|o'Qm_ n]sel/sf /ftf u'/f“;x¿M Æ Æ
laDa # -k|z:t cfhfbx¿sf nflu k|o'Qm_ l;Ëf] r}tsf] /ftf] a+};M
k|fs[lts÷cg'e"ltk/s laDa
laDa $ M -cfGbf]ngdf ljsl;t knfog / lj;h{gn] k|efljt t/ ;fDojfbL cf:yfzLn
sfo{stf{ jf ;r]t gful/ssf nflu k|o'Qm_ a}+;sL ljwjf o'jtL M
dfgjLo÷b[Zo–rfIf'if\ laDa
laDa %M -ljrng / knfogn] JoflKt kfO/x]sf] ;dosf nflu k|o'Qm_ cf:yf lnnfd ePsf]
;do
laDa ^M -laDa % s} ;Gbe{df k'gM k|:t't _ 3fOt] s5'jfh:tf] ;+s6sf] ;do
laDa &M cf:yf l/lQPsf] l;p“bf] tyf Xbo M h}ljs÷zf/Ll/s laDa
laDa*M cf:yfsf] Bf]ts /ftf u'/f“; tyf ;fx;sf] Bf]ts jL/ aLpx¿M jfg:klts÷b[Zo
laDa
110
 pko'{Qm tflnsfn] b]vfPcg';f/ o;df cf:yfsf] w/f]x/ tyf gfos cfhfbsf nflu
Pp6f emem{/fp“bf] a}+;fn' u'/f“;sf] laDa k|of]u ul/;s]kl5 klg cfhfbnfO{ ax'jrg
¿kdf k|:t't u/]/ cf:yfsf w/f]x/x¿sf] kof{Kt pkl:yltnfO{ ;ª\s]t ug{ n]sel/sf
/ftf u'/f“; / To;eGbf klg cl3 a9]/ l;+uf] r}tsf] /ftf] a}+;sf] h'g ;'Gb/ k|fs[lts
laDasf] k|of]u ul/Psf] 5 Tof] hlt dgf]xf/L 5 TolQs} /fufTds klg 5 . bf];|f] r/0fdf
knfog / ljrngsf/L -k"jf]{Qm_ kl/j]zn] ;|i6fsf dfgl;stfdf kf/]sf] k|fylds
k|efjnfO{ JoQm ug{ k|o'Qm l;p“bf]df /x]sf] /ftf] /+u x/fP/ a}+;d} ljwjf ag]sL o'jtL /
cf:yfsf nflu k|o'Qm u'/f“;sf /ftf y'“ufx¿sf] laDa klg TolQs} ;'Gb/, ;l6s /
cfx\nfbs 5 . cfx'lt laDalrGtgsf ;r]t slj x'g\ / Tof] ;r]ttf pgsf] o;
sljtfdf klg lgs} pNn]vgLo / dggLo 5 . dg–dl:tisnfO{ ;“u} 5'g ;Sg] ;fdYo{
o:t} sljtfdf x'G5 .
;fIo ^
u0fgf g} ug]{ dg;'jf /fVg] xf] eg]
l;h{gfn] cfkm\gf] skfndf Ps bh{g
RofKgL sf“6f 3';f/]sL x'lG5g\
/ skfnsf /f}+x¿nfO{ Pslqt u/]/
emG8} Ps s]=hL=sf] h'/f]
cfkm\gf] skfndf hGdfPsL x'lG5g\
slxn] lxdfno 6flshsf] 5]pdf
slxn] hnhnf l;g]dfcufl8 l;h{gf h'/f] af]s]/ g}
ddkmnL / rgfr6k6] vfO/x]sL x'lG5g\
l;h{gfsf] h'/f]leq zlQmzfnL lu|g]8x¿
x/]s If0f cltly eP/ a;]sf x'G5g\ .
-k"0f{ lj/fd, …l;h{gfsf] h'/f]Ú, snd k[=@%–@^, @)%&, k[= *_
ck|rlnt, gf}nf / ;'Gb/ laDasf] lghfTdstf slj k"0f{ lj/fdsf sljtf–/rgfsf]
j}lzi6\o xf] . pgsf sljtfn] ;dsfnLg ;d/do kl/j]zaf6} ;Dan k|fKt u/]/ lgdf{0f
kfpg] u/]sf 5g\ / o; kl/j]zn] hGdfO/x]sf] gjLg hLjgd"Noaf6} k"0f{ lj/fdsf]
;f}Gbo{r]tgf dxQd ¿kn] k|efljt ePsf] 5 . To;}n] :jefjtM ;d/do kl/j]zaLr
hlGd/x]sf] gjoyfy{ g} pgsf ;f}Gbo{laDasf] cfwf/e"ld /x]sf] 5 / ToxL oyfy{sf]
laDafTds k'gMl;h{g pgsf sljtfdf kfOG5 . pko'{Qm sljtf+z o;} k|j[lQsf] ;fIo
ag]sf] 5 . To;df k|o'Qm laDax¿ lgDgfg';f/ 5g\M
111
laDa !M l;h{gfn] Ps bh{g RofKgL sf“6f-lSnk_ skfndf 3';f/]/ em08} Ps s]=hL=sf] h'/f]
agfO/x]sf] M dfgjLo÷b[Zo laDa
laDa @M slxn] lxdfno / slxn] hnhnf l;g]df xncufl8 a;]/ h'/f];lxtsL l;h{gfn]
d'dkmnL / r6k6] vfO/x]sf]M dfgjLo÷b[Zo laDa
laDa#M cltlyh:t} u/L a;]sf zlQmzfnL lu|g]8x¿;lxtsf] l;h{gfsf h'/f]M dfgjLo÷
eofgs b[Zo laDa
pko'{Qm laDafjnLdf Ps s]=hL=sf] h'/f] af]s]sL l;h{gfsf] dfgjLo tyf zf/Ll/s
laDa ;dli6 laDasf ¿kdf k|:t't 5 / To;sf] pNn]vgLotfdf s]Údf 5 eg] sljn] To;
h'/f]leq zlQmzfnL lu|g]8 /x]sf] sNkgf u/]sf 5g\ / Tof] lu|g]8 af]s]sf] h'/f]nfO{ l;h{gfn]
7fp“7fp“df pTkL8s tyf r';fxfx¿sf cufl8 km':sfP/ ltgLx¿sf] ;ftf] lng] u/]sf] tyf
slt 7fp“df To;n] Wj+z g} klg ug]{u/]sf] oyfy{sf] laDafTds k'gMl;h{g u/]sf 5g\ .
o;/L zlQmzfnL h'/f];lxtsL l;h{gf o; sljtfsf] ;dli6 laDa xf] / o;n] lalDat ug]{
sYo afx\o oyfy{eGbf lgs} pbfQ, lgs} k"0f{ / lgs} snfTds 5 . jf:tljs qmflGtsf/L
dlxnf kfqsf] cem k"0f{ / cem pbfQ ¿k o; sljtfdf 5 / of] sljsf] ;f}Gbo{laDa–
/rgfsf] ;fdYo{af6} ;Dej ePsf] xf] .
;fIo &
Oltxf;df clxn] gof“ j;Gt nfu]sf] 5
af]6x¿df cfuf] km'Ng yfn]sf 5g\
:jfutdf rL;f u'“8x¿af6 Ao'“em]/
r/Lsf sn/j v'Ng nfu]sf 5g\
-O{Zj/rGb| 1jfnL, gof“ j;Gtsf] :jutdf, snd, k[=!!, @)%#, k[= #$_
slj 1jfnL clxn] b]zdf gof“ j;Gtsf] cf/De ePsf] cg'ej u5{g\ . j:t'tM 1jfnL
klg ;d/do jt{dfg kl/j]zn] hGdfPsf] gjLg hLjgd"nos} cleJo`hgfsf/ x'g\ . gj
j;Gtsf] cg'e"lt To;}sf] kl/0flt xf] . ;d/do kl/j]zsf] JoflKtnfO{ ;ª\s]t ug]{
gjj;Gtsf] :jfutdf n]lvPsf] o; sljtfdf lgDgk|sf/sf laDax¿sf] k|of]u ePsf] 5M
laDa !M -;d/do kl/j]znfO{ ;ª\s]t ug]{_ gof“ j;Gtsf] cfudgM k|fs[lts÷cg'e"ltk/s
laDa
laDa @M -ju{;3+if{nfO{ ;ª\s]t ug]{ _ cfuf]sf km"nx¿ -af]6x¿df_ km'Ng yfn]sf] M
k|fs[lts÷b[Zo Pj+ cg'e"ltk/s laDa
112
laDa #M gof“ j;Gtsf] :jfutdf rL;f u'“8x¿af6 Ao'“em]/ r/fx¿n] sn/j ug{ yfn]sf]
M k|fs[lts–h}ljs÷b[Zo Pjd\ >Jo laDa
oL Joli6 laDax¿n] ;dli6df Pp6f lgtfGt gof“ / cf]hk"0f{ kl/j]zsf] lrq k|:t't
u/]sf 5g\ . ;d/do To; cf]hk"0f{ kl/j]znfO{ lbOPsf] gof“ j;Gtsf] Tof] laDa cfkm}df
k|fs[lts laDa xf] t/ ceLi6 sYo;“u To;sf] /fd|f] /fufTds tfbfDo /x]s f] 5 . o;}u/L
af]6x¿df km"nsf ;§f cfuf] km'Ng yfn]sf] laDan] hxf“ lj/f]wfef; (Paradox) af6
lgdf{0f kfPsf] 5, Toxf“ ToxL lj/f]wfef; cfuf]do jt{dfgsf] uxg ;Gbe{nfO{ Jol~ht
ug{ kof{Kt ;Ifd /x]sf] 5 / Tof] sljtf;f}Gbo{sf] sf/s klg aGg k'u]sf] 5 .
;fIo * M
dfnr/Lsf ayfgem}“
sfjf vf“b} pl8/x]sf]
x'/L;“u nl8/x]sf]
r/fx¿sf] gfd xf]–;fªkfª
Pp6f gof“ b'nxLn] n]v]sf] o'4sf]
sljtfsf] gfd xf]– ;fªkfª .
-dl0f yfkf, …;fªkfª ∕ cf] ;fªkfª ∕Ú snd, k[= !@, @)%#, k[=
^$–^%_
åGå/t jt{dfgsf ;'Gb/–s'¿k kIfx¿sf] laDafTds k'gMl;h{g dl0f yfkfsf
sljtfdf klg kfOG5 . qmflGtk|ltsf] lgi7f / cf:yfsf k[i7e"lddf pgsf sljtfn]
lgdf{0f kfp“5g\ . k|:t't …;fªkfª===Ú sljtf klg To;/L g} lgld{t 5 . o;df k|o'Qm
laDax¿ o:tf 5g\M
laDa !M sfjf vf“b} pl8/x]sf] dfnr/Lsf] ayfg M h}ljs÷b[Zo laDa
laDa @M x'/L;“u nl8/x]sf r/fx¿ MÆ Æ åGåzLn ;Gbe{nfO{ oxf“ lgDg k|sf/sf laDafjnLåf/f JoQm ul/Psf] 5M
laDa #M gof“ b'nxLn] n]v]sf] o'4sf] sljtf MÆ Æ laDa !M lg/ª\s'ztfsf] Bf]ts ;Qfsf] rdsbf/ rSs' M b|Jojfrs b[Zo laDa
laDa$M laDa !,@,/ # n] ;ª\s]t u/]h:t} dfly–dfly p8fg eg]{ r/f / gof“ b'nxLn]
n]v]sf] o'4sf] sljtfh:tf] ljlzi6 b[Zo / cg'e"ltk/s ;fª\kfª\ -a:tL_sf]
laDa .
o; sljtfsf] ;dli6 laDarflx“ ;fª\kfª g} xf] . ;fª\kfª\ k"jL{ g]kfnsf] Tof] a:tL xf]
hf] ;Qfsf] bdg vKg afWo 5 . bdg vKg' k/] klg To;sf] k|lt/f]w ul//x]sf] ;fx;L
l;Ëf] ;fª\kfª a:tLsf] oyfy{nfO{ oxf“ ;'Gb/ laDasf dfWodaf6 cem pbfQ, cem k"0f{ /
cem snfTds 9+un] k'gMl;lh{t ul/Psf] 5 . p4[t sljtf+z dfq}df cª\lst sfjf vf“b}
p8\g] dfnr/fsf ayfg, x'/L;“u n8\g] r/fx¿ tyf gof“ b'nxLn] n]v]sf] o'4sf]
sljtfh:tf laDax¿n] jf:tljs ;fª\kfªnfO{ ;f“lRrs} clws k"0f{tf / pbfQtf k|bfg
u/]sf 5g\ . slt;Dd eg] o'4sf] sljtfsf] laDadfq sljnfO{ kof{Kt cg'ej gePkl5
To;nfO{ gof“ b'nxLn] n]v]sf] sljtfsf ¿kdf ljsl;t u/]/ laDanfO{ k"0f{ /fufTds tyf
;+j]bgfo'Qm agfpg] sfd u/]sf 5g\ / o;}df sljtfsf] snfTds ;fdYo{ klg lglxt 5 .
;fIo (M
;Qfsf] rdsbf/ rSs'n]
Tffl5“b} uPsf] 5 :jtGqtfsf] z/L/
kL8fsf] sf/fuf/af6 km'Ts]/
xfdL ;8sdf cfPsf 5f}+
j]Zofsf lt3|fx¿ ltdLnfO{ lk|o 5g\
t/ sljtf lk|o 5}g
sljtfsf v;|f xftx¿n] ltdLnfO{ vf]:ofp“5g\
sljtfsf tLvf gªx¿n] ltdLnfO{ sf]k5{g\ .
-uf]ljGb jt{dfg, …ljj]sofqfÚ, j]bgf, k[= %(, @)%$, k[= !@_
slj uf]ljGb jt{dfg oyfy{sf] åGåfTds ef}ltsjfbL cfjaf]wg / cfsngdf
slxn]sfxL“ cGof}nu|:t b]lvP klg cfkm"n] af]w u/]sf] oyfy{nfO{ laDafTds k'gMl;h{g lbg]
s'/fdf rflx“ lgs} ;r]t b]lvG5g\ . oxf“ p4[t sljtfdf eg] s'¿k oyfy{sf] tLj| e]bg 5
/ oyfl:yltsf s'¿ktfnfO{ sljsf v;|f xft / tLvf gªn] sf]kg]{ dxQd k|of; 5 .
lg/ª\s'z oyfl:ylt / To;sf] k|ltlglw ;QfnfO{ ltdLåf/f ;Daf]wg ub}{ p;sf bdg tyf
pTkL8gsf/L Jojxf/ Pjd\ ;r]t gful/sx¿åf/f ug{ yflnPsf] To;sf] k|ltsf/sf]
laDa @M To; rSs'åf/f 3fOt] t'NofOPsf] :jtGqtfsf] dfgjLs[t z/L/M cd"t{sf]
dfgjLs[t b[Zo laDa
laDa #M kL8fsf] sf/fuf/ M cd"t{sf] d"tL{s[t b[Zo laDa
laDa $M j]Zofsf lt3|fx¿ M dfgjLo÷b[Zo laDa
laDa%M -dfgjLs[t ul/Psf_ sljtfsf v;|f xft tyf tLvf gªx¿
M dfgj]t/ cd"t{sf] dfgjLs[t d"t{ b[Zo laDa

113 114
 pko'{Qm laDafjnLsf] ljz]iftf s]Údf 5 eg] Toxf“ cd"t{ / dfgj]t/nfO{ d"t{ / ef}ltsjfbL sf]0faf6 cjaf]wg ug]{ k|lqmofdf /xg uPsf sdhf]/Lsf sf/0f sljtfdf
dfgjLs[t ul/Psf] 5 / To;/L lgdf{0f kfPsf] laDafjnLn] oyfy{nfO{ lgs} cfx\nfbs k|efjz}lyNo pTkGg ePsf] s'/f b]vfpg' xf] . k|ydtM o;sf] laDaljwfg x]/f}+ .
Pjd\ k|efjsf/L cleJo~hgf u/]sf 5g\ . :jtGqtf efjjfrs cd"t{ ;Gbe{nfO{ o;df k|o'Qm s]Gb|Lo laDa xf] M lj:tf/} cf]Onfp“b} uO/x]sf] lzv/df km'n]sf] km"n .
zf/Ll/s÷dfgjLo laDa lbg' / To;nfO{ ;Qfsf] rdsbf/ rSs'åf/f tfl5Psf] -3fOt]_ l;Ëf] sljtf oxL s]Gb|Lo laDasf jl/kl/ j[QfTds 9+un] 3'd]sf] 5 . of] lzv/sf] km"n
¿kdf k'gM laDaLs[t ug'{ o;} s'/fsf] pbfx/0f xf] . j]Zofsf lt3|f dg k/fpg] ;QfnfO{ ;DejtM xfd|f] /fi6«af]w xf], ;fj{ef}ldstf xf], /fli6«o cl:tTj xf] / of] cf]Onfp“b} uPsf]
oyfy{jfbL sljtfsf] v;|f] cleJolQm dg gkg'{ hlt :jfefljs 5 Tolt g} / Tof]eGbf s'/faf6 jt{dfgdf xfd|f] /fi6«af]wn] cltqmd0fsf], /fi6«3ftsf] h'g k|xf/ vk]/ dlngf] aGg
sxL“ Hofbf k"0f{ tyf k|efjsf/L To;sf] laDafTds k'gMl;h{g sljtfdf 5 . ;Qfn] k'u]sf] 5, To;sf] cleJolQm ug{ vf]lhPsf] 5 . o:tf] l:ylt l;h{gf x'g'sf k5fl8sf]
lgdf{0f u/]sf] kL8fsf] sf/fuf/ tf]8]/ slj -cyf{t\ ;r]t gful/sx¿_ ;8sdf cfPsf] Pp6f k|d'v sf/0f t cd/l;+x / aneb|sf gfp“df cfpg] k|To]s ;Qfwf/Lx¿n] n]08'ksf]
laDafTds ;Gbe{n] oyfl:yltsf lj?4 n]vs–sljx¿;d]t cfGbf]ngdf plqPsf] xft lnP/ cfpg' / To; ljiffn' xftn] -/fli6«o cl:tTjaf]ws_ lzv/sf] km"nnfO{
oyfy{nfO{ lgs} pbfQ / snfTds k'gMl;h{g u/]sf] 5 . o;/L ;dli6df slj jt{dfgsf] ;'D;'Dofpg' xf] . sljtfdf k|o'Qm cd/l;+x / aneb|sf gfddf cfpg]-k|To]s_ n]08'ksf
pko'{Qm sljtfsf] laDadfnfn] jt{dfgsf] s'¿k Pjd\ ;'Gb/ oyfy{sf b'j} kf6fsf] ljiffn' xftx¿n] k|]dsf] clego ub}{ lzv/sf] km"nnfO{ ;'D;'DofO/x]sf] laDan] o;} s'/fsf]
k|efjsf/L Pjd\ pbfQ cleJo~hgf u/]/ k|ultjfbL sljtfsf] ;fdYo{nfO{ pb\3fl6t Bf]tg u/]sf] 5 . oxf“;Ddsf] laDaljwfg ofyfly{s / k|efjk"0f{ 5 . t/ aLrdf sljn] h'g
u/]sf] 5 . lsl;dsf] lg:k[xtf / lg/fzfaf]ws laDasf] k|of]u u/]sf 5g\, To;n] sljtfsf] k|efj /
;fIo !)M To;sf] j}rfl/s tyf ;+1fgfTds k|flKtnfO{ lgs} C0fTds agfPsf] 5 . slj lu/Ln] cfkm"
lj:tf/} cf]Onfp“b}5 hn]/ cf“vfaf6 klUn/x]sf] clg cfkm" b'v]/ cf]7x¿af6 alu/x]sf] -;df;f]lQm cnª\sf/sf
lzv/df km'n]sf] km"n . ;dsIfL / cy{tflTjs ljrng(Sementical deviation) o'Qm rfIf'if\ Pjd\ >Jo
d hln/x]5' leqleq tyf lgs} dfqfdf cg'e"ltk/s laDasf] k|of]u u/]/ sljtfsf] ;+/rgfTds kIfnfO{ lgs}
/ cf“vfx¿af6 klUn/x]5' ;an / ;zQm agfPsf t 5g\ t/ tn uP/ cfkm" kUng' / b'Vg'sf], cfkm" aUg' / 8'Ag'sf]
d b'Mlv/x]5' leqleq s'g} cy{ g/x]sf] atfP/ l;+u} sljtfel/ lzv/sf] km"n cf]Onfpg'sf] ljsNk g/x]sf], ToxL
/ cf]7x¿af6 alh/x]5' xfd|f] lgolt ePsf] / To; b'Mvb lgoltnfO{ cfkm" -h:tf] ;r]t slj gful/s_ n] klg
t/ d klUng'÷/ aUg'sf] ljjz eO{ x]g{ dfq ;Sg] s'/f atfP/ sljtfsf] ;dfhjfbL–oyfy{jfbL r]t / dd{nfO{
d 8'Ag'÷ / b'Vg'sf] cfkm}+n] Ifltu|:t dfq} xf]Og Wj:t t'NofPsf 5g\ . of] lj8Dagf xf] k|ultjfbL ;|i6fsf
s] cy{ 5 sljtf–/rgf–k|lqmofsf] . of] sljtf kl9;s]kl5 sljdf /fi6«af]wsf] Hjfnf wKk an]sf]
cd/l;+x / aneb|sf gfddf af]w x'“b}g . n]08'kx¿k|lt sljn] ljb|f]x af]n]sf] cg'ej x'“b}g . pgLx¿sf ;fd' sljn] cfkm"
dfq cfp“5g\÷ n]08'ksf xftx¿ cToGt lg/Lx, csd{0o / zlQmxLg cg'ej u/]sf] af]w x'G5 . o;n] /fi6«3ft /
d]/f cf“vfcufl8 cltqmd0fsf lj?4 rln/x]sf] cfGbf]ngsf] oyfy{nfO{ dfq pk]Iff ub}{g, clkt' ;du|
/ cfkmk\gf ljiffn' xftx¿n] ;fDojfbL cfGbf]ngs} k|flKt / efjL ;DefjgfnfO{ ;d]t pk]Iff ub{5 . sljdf /fi6«af]w
k|]dsf] clego ub}{ 5}g, To;f] xf]Og . /fli6«o cl:tTj cfxt ePsf] / Tof] qmd hf/L /x]sf]df sljnfO{ kL8f
;'D;'Dofp“5g\ lzv/df km'n]sf] km'nnfO{ 5, t/ dfq kL8f, lgliqmo cg'e"lt kL8fsf] . To;f] lsgeof] t < of] s]jn cd/ lu/Lsf
-cd/ lu/L, …lzv/df km'n]sf] km"nÚ, 3fd 5]Sg] kxf8, @)%%, k[= %*–%(_ sljtfdf eof]–Tof] xf]Og . cd/ lu/L, clgn kf}8]n k|e[lQ Psy/L k|ultjfbL klxrfg
ePsf sljx¿n] /fhgLlts If]qdf ax'bnLo hgjfbsf] u}/dfS;{jfbL lrGtgnfO{ cfbz{
of] nfdf] sljtf+z p4[t ug'{sf b'O{j6f sf/0fx¿ 5g\– Pp6f t o;sf] dflg;s]kl5 To; lrGtgn] hgtGq / /fli6«otfs} ;jfndf klg sljx¿sf] k"j{jtL{
laDaljwfgsf] snfnfO{ km'sfpg' / csf]{ ;'Gb/ laDaljwfg eP/ klg oyfy{nfO{ åGåfTds dfS;{jfbL cfbz{ / cf:yfsf] ;Dkf]if0f ug{ g;s]kl5sf] kl/j]zn] pgLx¿nfO{ o; l:yltdf
k'¥ofPsf] xf] . lu/L / kf}8]n k|e[lQ Psy/L sljx¿sf] cfkm\g} cf:yfsf] :vlnt l:yltn]

115 116
clxn] pgLx¿sf /rgfdf o; lsl;dsf] k|efj kfl/x]sf] 5, / To;}sf] kl/0ffd:j¿k xf], To;}n] laDadf 3f]lTng' / ;+j]bgfdf 8'Ag'sf cltl/Qm cfjZos 5–dfS;{jfbsf]
pgLx¿sf /rgfdf ;dfhjfbL–oyfy{jfbL :ki6tf, cf]h / p“rfOsf] cg'ej x'g 5f]8]sf] ;dfhj}1flgs b[li6sf]0fk|lt :ki6 klg x'g' / To;sf cfnf]sdf g]kfnL ;dfh -tyf
5 . ;dsfnLg ;dfhjfbL oyfy{jfbL ;flxTokmF“6sf] of] Pp6f gsf/fTds kIf xf] . ljZj_s} åGå/t kl/j]znfO{ ku]{Ng', c“Wof/f] / pHofnf] kIfnfO{ l5rf]Ng' clg
pHofnf]÷cu|ufdL r]tgfsf] ;Dkf]if0f x'g] u/L oyfy{sf] rog ug'{ . ;fDojfbL cfGbf]ngdf
% lgisif{ JofKt ljefhg clg ljrng–knfogsf] kl/j]zn] l;h{gf;d]tdf -s]xL dfqfdf_ kfl//x]sf]
;'Gb/ / s'¿k clg oyfl:yltjfbL tyf cu|ufdL r]tgf / zlQmsf aLr b'ik|efj / gsf/fTdstfsf afjh'b klg ;dli6 ;dsfnLg k|ultjfbL sljtfsf] ofqf dfly
rln/x]sf] pRrtd ;ª\3if{n] h'g ;d/do kl/j]z l;h{gf u/]sf] 5, clwsf+z k|ultjfbL ck]Iff ul/Pem}“ pWj{ufdL jf cu|ufdL g} 5 – cWoogsf cGtdf o;f] eGg ;lsG5 .
sljx¿n] To; kl/j]zsf] åGåfTds ef}ltsjfbL cjaf]wg u/]/ pHofnf]sf] kIfkf]if0fdf
;'Gb/ / k|efjsf/L laDa/rgf ul//x]sf 5g\ . csf]{ k|sf/n] eGbf ;dsfnLg sljtfsf]
;f}Gbo{laDasf] j:t'ut cfwf/e"ld oxL ;d/do kl/j]z ag]sf] 5 / o; kl/j]zsf
s]Gb|Lotfdf kl/wLo eO{ b]vfkg]{ ;du| -cGo_ /fli6«o Pjd\ ;fdflhs ;Gbe{x¿sf] ;'Gb/
Pjd\ cfNxfbs laDafTds k'gM l;h{g ;dsfnLg k|ultjfbL sljtfdf eO/x]sf] 5 .
k|:t't cWoogaf6 kfOg] df]7 lgisif{ oxL xf] . cfn]vdf k|:t't Pjd\ ljZn]lift
;fIox¿nfO{ x]bf{ ju{;ª\3if{sf] ;Gbe{, knfog / ljrngsf lj?4 b[9 cf:yf / cf:yfsf]
jiff{sf] ;Gbe{, lk|ohg÷ju{;vf;“usf] ljof]u / To; ljof]ul;lh{t ljlzi6 dgf]bzfsf]
;Gbe{, /fi6«af]wsf] ;Gbe{ clg ;fDojfbL ;"o{sf k|fylds ls/0fsf em'Nsfx¿sf] ;Gbe{
h:tf ljlzi6 / ljljw efj;Gbe{sf] cfNxfbs–dgf]x/L laDasf dfWodaf6 cToGt
/fufTds Pjd\ tLj| ;+j]bgfo'Qm cleJolQm ;dsfnLg sljtfdf eO/x]sf] :ki6 ePsf]
5 . cfn]vdf p4[t ;fIox¿df k|o'Qm To:tf laDax¿dWo] OR5'sn] k|of]u u/]sf]
hg5fkfdf/ rGb|flul/sf] laDa,slj clgn >]i7n] k|of]u u/]sf] ;d/Ct', ;'Gb/ laxfg
af]s]/ pbfO/x]sf] 3fd, ev{/sL gj ;'Ts]/L cfdfsf ;Gt'i6 cf“vf / gjhft lzz'sf]
xf“;f] cfx'ltn] k|of]u u/]sf] emem{/fp“bf] /ftf] u'/f“;, l;Ëf] r}tsf] /ftf] a}+; / a}+;sL
ljwjf o'jtL, k"0f{ lj/fdåf/f k|o'Qm cltlysf ¿kdf lu|g]8nfO{ leq /fvL agfOPsf] ;d;fdlos k|ultzLn sljtfdf blnt r]tgf
l;h{gfsf] Ps s]=hL=sf] h'/f], dl0f yfkfsf] r/ft'No /fª\kfª / uf]ljGb jt{dfgsf] ;Qfsf]
rdsbf/ rSs' tyf sljtfsf v;|f xft åGådo ;fdflhs kl/j]zaf6 lgdf{0f kfPsf
;'Gb/ tyf cfx\nfbs laDax¿ x'g\ h;nfO{ ;+j]bgfsf] k|r'/tf Pjd\ cg'e"ltsf] tLj|tfsf]
;fxro{ klg k|fKt /x]sf] 5 . != ljifok|j]z
o;/L laDadf lrGtg ug]{ / laDad} ;kgf b]Vg] k|j[lQ k|ultjfbL sljx¿df k|ultzLn g]kfnL sljtf cfkm\gf] cf/Deb]lv g} b]zleq / ljZjJofkL ¿kdf ;d]t
lgs} dfqfdf b]lvg yfn]sf] cg'e"lt pko'{Qm ;fIox¿af6 x'G5 . oBlk oxf“ p4[t JofKt /x]sf ;a}vfn] e]befj, bdg–pTkL8g tyf dfgjå]ifL ljrf/ / Jojxf/sf lj?4
;fIox¿n] laDasf] l:ylt ;'b[9 /x]sf] ;Í]t lgZro klg ub{5g\, t/ oL lgs} 5flgPsf ljrf/ / snfsf :t/df ;lqmo /lxcfPsf] 5 . e]befj/lxt ;dtfd"ns Gofok"0f{ ;dfh
;fIo x'g\ / laDasf b[li6n] sdhf]/ /rgf-h;sf] ;ª\Vof kof{Kt g} 5 _ sf] k|ltlglwTj k|ultjfbL slj / sljtfsf] sfDo / :jKg b'j} xf] . To;}n] k|ultzLn sljtfdf blnt–
logaf6 ePsf] 5}g . ;dli6df eg] ;fIox¿n] b]vfPsf] ;'Gb/ / ;an ;Defjgflt/}
;dsnLg k|ultjfbL sljtf pGd'v 5, o;f]rflx“ lgM;ª\sf]r eGg ;lsG5 . snfsf] sfo{ ljifo;Gbe{n] :yfg jf cleJolQm kfPsf] x'G5 / x'g'k5{ eÌ] k|fSsNkgf ug{ ;lsG5 .
snfTds cfgGb -t'li6_ lbg' dfq xf]Og, j}rfl/s tyf ;+1fgfTds bLIff lbg' klg …blntÚ / o;;“u uf“l;Psf cGo ;f“:s[lts–Jofjxfl/s ;Gbe{x¿n] j0f{jfbL lxGb" wfld{s–

117 118
;fdflhs Joj:yfnfO{ cufl8 ;fb{5g\ h'g Joj:yfn] j0f{ / hfltsf cfwf/df xhf/f}+
jif{b]lv dflg;aLr e]befj, pTkL8g / pk]Iffsf] ;+:s[ltnfO{ x'sf{p“b} cfPsf] 5 . ctM
lgZro klg Gofo / ;dfgtfsf kIfdf b[9tfk"j{s pleg] k|ultzLn -Pj+ k|ultjfbL_
slj;|i6fx¿sf nflu of] ljifo d'Vo ;/f]sf/s} ljifo x'g'kb{5 . k|ultzLn n]vs ;+3,
g]kfnn] oxL wf/0ffnfO{ cfTd;ft\ u/]/ ;d;fdlos k|ultzLn sljtfdf o;
ljifo;Gbe{n] s]–s:tf] cleJolQm kfO/x]sf] 5 eÌ] lh1f;fsf] pQ/ vf]Hg] / o;af/]
;Da4 slj;|i6f, lrGts–cfnf]rs tyf cfGbf]ngdf ;lqmo Pj+ To;k|lt ;/f]sf/ /fVGf]
JolQmx¿aLr 5nkmn rnfpg] p2]Zon] o; ljrf/uf]i7Lsf] cfof]hgf u/]sf] xf] / To;}
p2]Zok|flKtnfO{ cf“lzs ¿kn] ;3fpg] p2]Zon] of] sfo{kq n]lvPsf] xf] .
k|:t't sfo{kqsf] klxnf] ;Ldf s] xf] eg] o;df clxn]sf] ;Dk"0f{ -l;Ëf]_g]kfnL
sljtfdf blnt;Gbe{nfO{ x]g{ ;lsPsf] 5}g, s]jn k|ultzLn wf/fsf sljtfdf dfq}
s]lGb|t /lxPsf] 5 . To;afx]s k|ultzLn wf/fsf] g]kfnL sljtfsf ;Gbe{d} klg blnt
r]tgfsf sljtf n]Vg] b]zel/ 5l/Psf slj;|i6fsf sljtfnfO{ klg ;DejtM o;df
;Dos\ ¿kn] ;d]6\g ;lsPsf] 5}g . sfo{kqn]vssf kx'“rdf k|fKt jf pknAw sljtfsf]
cWoogaf6} ;d:ofsf] ;dfwfg vf]Hg] k|f/lDes k|of; ul/Psf] 5 tyflk o;df k/]sf /
ljj]Ro sljtfx¿n] blntr]tgfsf k|ultzLn g]kfnL sljtfsf] k|ltlglwTj ub{5g\ /
jt{dfgsf] k|ultzLn–k|ultjfbL g]kfnL sljtfdf blnt r]tgfsf] cleJolQm s]–s:tf] 5
eÌ] lh1f;fsf] ;dfwfgsf nflu of] sfo{kq s]xL xb;Dd pkof]uL x'g]5 eÌ] ljZjf;
sfo{kq n]vssf] /x]sf] 5 . o;nfO{ k|:yfg / k|f/lDes k|of; dfg]/ o;dfly cfPsf
yk ;"rgf / tYox¿nfO{ ;dfj]z ub}{ o;nfO{ cem k"0f{tf / lj:tf/ lbg] k|lta4tf klg
of] n]vs k|:t't ub{5 .
;Da4 lh1f;fsf] ;dfwfgsf qmddf eg] Ps}k6s jt{dfgsf] sljtfd} k|j]z
gu/L To;sf ljut jf k"j{k[i7e"ldhGo k|of;sf] klg ;ª\lIfKt cjnf]sg oxf“ ul/Psf]
5.
@= …blntÚsf] sf]zLo cy{ / ck]lIft ;fdflhs tfTko{
sf]zsf cfwf/df blnt zAbsf] zflAbs jf sf]zLo cy{ bdg ul/Psf], lylrPsf],
s'lNrPsf] jf gi6 ul/Psf] eÌ] x'G5 eg] blnt ju{sf] cy{ ;dfhdf xs, OHht /
k|lti7f ;dfg ¿kn] kfpg g;s]sf] hflt jf ;d"x, ;fdflhs Joj:yfsf] c;dfgtfn]
;f]l;Psf] jf kl5 k/]sf] hg;d'bfo eÌ] x'G5 -a[xt\ zAbsf]z, k[= ^#*_ . a[xt\ g]kfnL
119
zAbsf]zn] u/]sf] pQm cy{n] klg blntsf] k|rlnt ;fdflhs cy{ jf tfTko{nfO{ ;d]t
lgs} xb;Dd ;ª\s]t ul//x]sf] cg'ej ug{ ;lsG5 tyflk ljleÌ ljåfg\x¿n] blntsf]
;fdflhs tfTko{af/] k|s6 u/]sf ljrf/nfO{ klg x]g'{ pkoQm x'G5 . kb\dnfn ljZjsdf{-
@)%@ M !_n] blntnfO{ a'emfpgsf nflu pTkLl8t zAbsf] k|of]u ub}{ To:tf] pTkLl8t
hfltdf cfo{x¿sf] ;j0f{ ;dfhdf z"b|sf ¿kdf ;'?df k/]sf o'4k/flht jf aGbLx¿,
/fHoljKnj ug]{ jf /fhf1f gdfÌ]x¿, z"b| dlxnf;“u of}g;Dks{ ug]{x¿ / ltgsf ;Gtfg,
vf;vf; cf/f]kdf z"b|df emg'{kg]{ ;hfo+ kfPsfx¿ clg log} lgodsf cfwf/df z"b| aGg
k'u]sf c;j0f{-;j0f]{t/_ ;dfhsf dËf]n, b|lj8 d"nsf JolQmx¿nfO{ lnPsf 5g\ . z"b|
eGgfn] lxGb" j0f{Joj:yf cg';f/ rf}yf] j0f{df kg]{ c5"t dflgPsf] hflt eg]/ sf]zn]
cYof{Psf] 5 . o;af6 blnt-cyjf pTkLl8t_ elgPsf dflg; -jf ltgsf] hflt_
lxGb"j0f{Joj:yfs} pkh x'g\ h;nfO{ z"b|sf] rf}yf] j0f{sf ¿kdf lrlgG5 / ltgnfO{ pQm
lxGb"j0f{Joj:yfn] c:k[Zo jf c5"t dfg]sf] 5 . clg o;leq klxnf cfo{d"nsf ;j0fL{x¿
k/] klg kl5 cfo]{t/ dËf]n cflb cGo d"nsf pTkLl8tx¿ klg k/]sf] jf kfl/Psf] s'/f
:ki6 x'G5 .
#= g]kfndf j0f{Joj:yfsf] ljsf;
g]kfndf ls/f“tsfn-O{= k"= !%%% b]lv O{= !))_ df hftLo e]befj eO;s]sf]
lyPg, ;dtfd"ns ;dfh lyof]-lu/L, @)%$ M &@_ . j}lbs sfndf klg cfo{ / cgfo{ b'O{
j0f{ dfq lyP / >dljefhgsf qmddf j}lbs sfnsf pQ/fw{df cfo{x¿n] a|fx\d0f, IfqLo
/ j}Zo u/L tLg j0f{sf] Joj:yf u/] . a|fx\d0f / IfqLox¿sf] cfk;L dte]b / snxsf
sf/0f rf}yf] j0f{sf ¿kdf z"b|sf] lgdf{0f eof] / To;nfO{ hg}, lzIff / ;DklQaf6 jl~rt
ul/of]-ljZjsdf{, @)%$ M @)_ . o;/L cfo{;dfhdf O{= k"= !%)) b]lv O{= k"= !)))
;Dddf rf/ j0f{sf] Joj:yf :yflkt / ljsl;t eof] eÌ] dflgG5 . cem dxfef/tsfn-O{=
k"= !))) b]lv &));Dd_df cfOk'Ubf of] rt'j{0f{sf] Joj:yf v'a} km:6fof]-ljZjsdf{,
@)%$ M @)_ . g]kfnsf ;Gbe{df ef/taf6 ljleÌ ;dodf nv]l6P/ g]kfn k;]sf ljb]x ,
zfSo, lnR5jL / dNn j+zx¿;“u} j0f{ Joj:yf klg g]kfn k;]sf] dflgG5 . ef/tdf hGdL
x'ls{Psf] of] j0f{Joj:yf jf hftLo 5"jf5"t k|yf g]kfndf dWosfndf-O{= *&( – !&^*_
lgs} km:6fof] -ljZjsdf{, @)%$ M @$_ . /fhf hol:ylt dNn-O{= !#^)–(%_n] rf/ j0f{
#^ hft tyf &@% pkhftx¿ sfod u/fP / a|fx\d0f, u'?, k'/f]lxtsf O;f/fdf hftkft
120
Pj+ 5'jf5"t k|yfnfO{ sfg'gL ¿kdf nfb\g] sfd u/] / To;n] slt;Dd ulx/f] h/f
uf8\of] eg] 5'jf5"td'Qm af}4dfuL{ g]jf/ ;d'bfodf klg j0f{Joj:yf;“u ldnbf]h'Nbf]
hftLo l:ylt sfod x'gk'Uof]-ljZjsdf{, @)%$ M @$_ . To;kl5 uf]/vfsf /fd zfx-O{=
!^)% b]lv !^#^_ n] klg ToxL $ j0f{ #^ hfltsf] ljefhgnfO{ g} alnof] agfP eg]
k[YjLgf/fo0f zfxsf] PsLs/0f / s]Gb|Lo ;fdGtL /fHo;Qfsf] lgdf{0f / ljsf;;“u} pQm
j0f{Joj:yf emg} emflËof] / alnof] x'“b} uof] . hËafxfb'/n] lj= ;+= !(!)df nfu" u/]sf]
d'n'sL P]gn] klg hftLo 5'jf5"t k|yfnfO{ sfod} /fVof] / sfg'gL dfGotf k|bfg u¥of] .
/f0ffzf;gsf] ktgkl5 @))& df nfu" ul/Psf] cGtl/d zf;gljwfgn] wd{ / hfltsf
cfwf/df e]befj gx'g], sfg'gsf cl3 ;a} ;dfg x'g] eÌ]h:tf df}lns xssf] Joj:yf
u/] klg tbg'¿ksf] sfg'g agfpg] / Jojxf/df nfu" ug]{ sfd eg] ePg -ljZjsdf{,
@)%$ M @%_ . To;kl5sf qmdzM @)!% / @)!( ax'bnLo / k~rfotL ;+ljwfgx¿
tyf gof“ d'n'sL P]g @)@) n] hfltkflt / 5'jf5"tsf] e]befjnfO{ x6fO{ hftLo
;dfgtfsf] Joj:yf t u/] t/ d'n'sL P]gsf] cbfntL aGbf]a:t g+ !) n] 5'jf5"t
dfÌ]nfO{ sfg'gL ;+/If0f ldNg] 7fp“ oyfjt} /xgfn] cem} klg 5'jf5"tn] sfg'gL ;+/If0f
kfO/xg] l:ylt sfod} /x\of] . oBlk g]kfn clw/fHosf] ;+ljwfg @)$&n] 5'jf5"tnfO{
b08gLo 7x¥ofPsf] 5 tyflk g]kfn lxGb" /fi6« 3f]lift eO/xg' / d'n' sL P]gsf] pQm
bkmf sfod /lx/xg'n] sfg'gL :t/df klg cem} j0f{Joj:yfnfO{ 6]jf k'Ug] cj:yf
ljBdfg /x]sf] 5 eg] ;fdflhs / ;f+:s[lts :t/df cem} k'/fg} e]befjsf/L l:ylt
sfod} 5 .
g]kfndf a;f]af; ug]{ dflg;x¿dWo] pQm z"b| jf …blntÚleq kg]{ hflt–
pkhfltx¿sf] ljj/0f lbg] qmddf kb\dnfn ljZjsdf{-@)%$ M @^–@&_ n] qmdzM
sfdL, ;'gf/, 6d6f, s8f/f, r'gf/f, cf]8, kfsL{, sf]nL, ;fsL{, e'n, s';'n], skfnL, bdfO{+,
9f]nL, x'8\s], ufOg], jfbL, gflkt, kf]8], Rofd], 8'd, d]xt/, wf]aL, s'dfn, s;fO{, xf/x'/],
s'n' cflb / t/fO{sf ljleÌ k];f ug]{ c3f]/L, s/f]/L, lsRrs, lszfg, sf]r], vTj],
uGwj{, rdf/, lrl8df/, u'l8xf/f, w'lgof, 8'd, tTdf, tf“tL, t/L, b';fw, e'O“of,
ld/;Lsf/, d'G8f, d';x/, /rjf/, z/eË, zfO{, ;tf/, ;Gtfn, xnvf]/ cflbnfO{
blntleq /fv]sf 5g\ .
$= g]kfndf blnt cfGbF]ng cfyf{t\ hftLo ;dfgtfsf] cfGbf]ng
121
blnt cfGbf]ng;“u ;Da4 lj1x¿n] eg]em}“ g]kfndf j0f{Jo:yfsf] cf/De ePb]lv g}
o;sf lj?4sf] ;ª\3if{ klg s'g} g s'g} ¿kdf rNb} cfPsf] xf] eÌ] s'/f dfÌ t ;lsG5
t/ To:tf] cfGbf]ngsf] Jojl:yt Oltxf; w]/} k'/fgf] 5}g . kb\dnfn ljZjsdf{-@)%$_n]
eg]em}“ 5'jf5"tsf lj?4 / dfgjtfsf kIfdf p7]sf To:tf cg]sf}+ cfGbf]ng / ;ª\3if{sf]
s'g} Oltxf; n]lvPg n]lvof] t s]jn zf;sx¿sf] :t'ltufg . o; kl/k|]Iodf ljqmdsf]
pGGffO{;f}+ ztfAbLsf pQ/fw{ / aL;f}+ ztfAbLsf k"jf{4{df -k[YjLgf/fo0f zfxsf] ;do /
pgsf ;dokl5 vf;u/L ;'uf}nL ;lGwkl5_ g]kfnL ;dfhdf rn]sf] hf];dgL ;Dk|bfosf]
lgu'{0f elQmcfGbf]ng elQm / df]Ifs]Gb|L eP klg ?l9jfbL lxGb" j0f{ / wd{Joj:yfsf
lj?4sf] ;fdflhs cfGbf]ngsf ;Gbe{df klg lgs} dxŒjk"0f{ / pNn]vgLo /x]sf] 5 .
g]kfndf xhf/f}+ jif{b]lv rlncfPsf] / h/f uf8]sf] lxGb" j0f{Joj:yf / 5"jf5"t tyf
hftLo e]befjsf] k|rngsf lj?4 o; hf];dgL ;Dk|bfosf ;Gtx¿sf] cleofgn]
Tolta]nfsf] dg'jfbL a|fx\d0fjfbdfly s8f k|xf/ u¥of] . o; ;Gbe{df ;dfnf]rs
s]zjk|;fb pkfWofo-@)$( M *&_ eG5g\ M
g]kfnL elQmsfJo -s[i0f elQmsfJo_ sf] pb\ejsfn !**)
;Dddf g]kfnL ;dfhdf olb s'g} gof“ / qmflGtsf/L
ljrf/wf/f cfPsf] lyof] eg] Tof] xf] – …hf];dgL dtÚ . o;
dtsf cfrfo{ zlzw/n] ;j{k|yd lxGb" j0ff{>d Joj:yf jf
a|fx\d0fjfbdfly s7f]/ k|xf/ u/L hftLo e]befjhGo
;ª\sL0f{tf, wfld{s kfv08 / sd{sf08jfbsf] lgGbf u/] .
pgn] s7f]/ j0f{Joj:yfdf cfl>t ?l9jfbL ;gftg wd{sf]
:yfgdf ;a} hft / j0f{nfO{ :k[Zof:k[Zosf] e]b x6fP/
;dfg ¿kdf O{Zj/f/fwg ug]{ cj;/ k|bfg ug]{ gof“ wd{
rnfP . of] wfld{s cfGbf]ngdfq geP/ ;fdflhs qmflGt
Nofpg] k|of; klg lyof] . zzLw/n] ;j{k|yd cdfgjLo
;tLk|yfsf] lj/f]w u/] .
hf];dgL ;Dk|bfosf ;a} ;Gtx¿n] hftLo e]befj / 5"jf5"tsf] lj/f]w u/L dg'jfbL lxGb"
s§/tf / a|fx\d0fjfbsf] lj/f]w / hftLo ;dfgtfsf] dtnfO{ k|;fl/t ug]{ / To;nfO{
rnfpg] sfd u/] / To;f] u/]jfkt /f0ffzf;sx¿af6 h]n klg ef]Ug'k¥of] . hftLo
e]befj / 5'jf5"tlj/f]wL hf];dgL ;Dk|bfosf] pQm k|of;nfO{ pQm ;Dk|bfo wfld{s ePs}
sf/0fn] pk]Iff ug{ ldNb}g . g]kfnsf] ;fdflhs hfu/0fsf] cfGbf]ngsf Oltxf;df
hf];dgL ;Dk|bfosf] pQm k|of;nfO{ Pp6f sf];]9'Ëf g} dfGg'kb{5 . t/, blnt
122
d'lQmcfGbf]ngdf nfu]sf ;+:yf / JolQmx¿n] xfd|f] Oltxf;sf] o; kIfnfO{ dxŒj lbPsf]
/ pNn]v u/]sf] eg] b]lv+b}g . lgZro klg of] v6\lsg] s'/f xf] .
g]kfndf blnt d'lQm jf hftLo ;dfgtfsf] cfGbf]ngsf] Oltxf;sf] pNn]v ug]{
qmddf cfx'lt-@)^) M *_ eG5g\ M ælj= ;+ @))# ;fndf afun'Ë lhNNffdf u7g ePsf]
…ljZj ;j{hg ;+3ÚnfO{ cfw'lgs g]kfnL blnt d'lQm cfGbf]ngsf] ;+ul7t k|:yfgljGb'
dfGbf o; cfGbf]ngn] s/La 5 bzs cyf{t\ %& j6f lxp“b–j;Gt-olta]nf %*– n]=_
nfO{ 5f]O;s]sf] 5 Æ. o;}u/L kb\dnffn ljZjsdf{ -@)%$ M #)_ eG5g\ M lj= ;+= @))$
;fnkl5 eut ;j{hLt ljZjsdf{af6 ;+ul7t ¿kdf ;ª\3if{sf] p7fg eof] t/ ;kmn
ePg . o;n] blnt r]tgfsf ljsf;df P]ltxfl;s k|:yfgljGb'sf] sfd eg] u/]sf] 5 Æ.
;dosf ;Gbe{df cfx'ltn] @))# / kb\dnfn ljZjsdf{n] @))$ eg] klg afUn'Ësf
eut ;j{hLt ljZjsdf{af6} ;+ul7t ¿kdf blnt d'lQmcfGbf]ngsf] p7fg jf cf/De
ePsf] s'/f ;j{dfGo g} b]lvG5 . o;kl5 qmdzM @)!! ;fnsf] kz'klt dlGb/k|j]zsf]
k|of; / ;kmntf, @)!& ;fndf 8f]6Ldf tLv] gurL{ / 6Lsf/fd kfsL{sf g]t[Tjdf
z}n]Zj/L dlGb/ k|j]zsf] ;ª\3if{ / @)@! df ef]hk'/df nfns'df/L ljZjsdf{ / kbd
;'Gbf;sf] g]t[Tjdf d'n'sL P]gsf] gf8L 5fDg l;4sfnL dlGb/ k|j]zsf] ;ª\3if{ rNof] t/
;kmntf k|fKt x'g ;s]g-ljZjsdf{, @)%$ M #)_ . o;} qmddf @)!* ;fndf ;xif{gfy
skfnLsf cu'jfOdf …/fli6«o c5"t d'lQm kl/ifb\Ú gfds ;+:yfsf] u7g / tTsfnLg /fhf
dx]Gb|nfO{ dfu;lxtsf] :d[ltkq k|:t'lt clg @)@$;fndf /fli6«o :t/df …g]kfn /fli6«o
blnt hg ljsf; kl/ifb\Úsf] :yfkgf / @)@(df sf7df8f}+df o;sf] /fli6«o ;Dd]ng
;DkÌ ePsf 36gfqmdx¿ klg pNn]vgLo /x]sf 5g\-ljZjsdf{, @)%$ M #)_ . lj=;++=
@)#) kl5 eg] blntx¿ k'gM cg]sf}+ ;+u7gdf ljeflht x'g k'u] / /fhgLlts
kf6L{x¿sf lgs6tfsf cfwf/df ;+u7gx¿ v'Ng] qmd rNof] eg] @)$)sf] bzssf]
pQ/fw{ / ljz]iftM @)%)sf bzsdf o; If]qdf cGt/f{li6«o u}/;/sf/L ;+:yfx¿sf]
rf;f] / k|ToIf cfly{s ;xof]u klg a9\b} hfgyfn]kl5 blnt cfGbf]ngsf gfp“df cg]sf}+
:yfgLo, If]qLo / /fli6«o :t/sf ;+:yfx¿ v'Nb} uP / clxn] To:tf cg]sg ;+:yfx¿
o; If]qdf ;lqmo /x]sf 5g\ . o;sf cltl/Qm ljz]iftM sDo'lg:6 kf6L{x¿lgs6sf
/fhgLlts ;r]ttf ePsf blnt ;+u7gx¿ klg cfkm\g} lsl;dn] ;lqmo /x]sf 5g\ .
%= g]kfnL sljtfdf blntr]tgf
123
g]kfnL sljtfdf slxn]b]lv blntr]tgfsf] cleJolQm x'gyfNof] eÌ] k|Zgsf] pQ/n]
:jefjtM g]kfnL ;dfhdf blnt d'lQmr]tgf tyf cfGbf]ngsf] p7fg / ljsf;sf]
kLl7sfsf] ck]Iff ub{5 . ;flxTosnfsf] ljsf;sf] ult ;dfhljsf;sf] ult;“u} cl3 a9\g]
s'/fnfO{ cfwf/ agfP/ x]bf{ dfly pNn]v ul/Pem}“ @))#–))$ lt/af6} ;+ul7t ¿kdf
blnthfu/0f tyf d'lQm cfGbf]ngsf] cf/De ePsf kl/k|]Iodf g]kfnL sljtfdf klg ToxL
;dosf jl/kl/af6 blnt r]tgfsf] cleJolQm ePsf] dfg]/ lx+8 \g ;lsg] l:ylt /x]s} 5 .
o;f] eP klg, dfly pNn]v ul/Pem}“, g]kfnL sljtfsf ;fIox¿n] s] b]vfPsf 5g\ eg]
g]kfnL sljtfsf] k|fylds sfn cyjf elQmsfnsf] lgu'{0f elQmwf/fsf hf];dgL
;Dk|bfosf ;Gtsljx¿n] Tolta]n} 5"jf5"tdf cfwfl/t lxGb" j0f{Joj:yf, hftLo e]befj
tyf a|fx\d0fjfbdf cfwfl/t ?l9k"0f{ sd{sf08sf] lj/f]w sljtfs} dfWodaf6 klg ;zQm
¿kn] u/]sf 5g\ -rfkfufO{+, @)%@ M !@@, !@# tyf e08f/L, @)%% M $)_ . zzLw/ /
1fglbnbf; nufotsf ;Gtsljx¿sf sljtfdf To:tf] r]tgfsf] cleJolQm 5 .
;Gt;flxTokl5sf] g]kfnL sljtfdf eg] nfdf] ;do;Dd blntr]tgf jf hftLo
e]befjlj/f]wL r]tgfsf] cleJolQm x'g ;s]sf] b]lv+b}g . lj= ;+= !(!)sf] d'n'sL P]gn]
j0f{Joj:yfnfO{ sfg'gL x}l;ot lbPkl5sf l:yltdf / ;fdflhs :t/df hftLo
d'lQmcfGbf]ngsf] ljsf; x'g g;s]sf kl/l:yltdf To:tf] x'g' c:jfefljs lyPg . ca
Ps}rf]l6 dfgjtfjfbL slj nIdLk|;fb b]jsf]6fsf] …d'gfdbgÚ-!((@_ df cfOk'u]kl5
ædflg; 7"nf] lbnn] x'G5 hftn] x'“b}gÆsf] hftLo e]befj / p“rgLrlj/f]wL r]tgfsf] ;an
cleJolQm ePsf] b]lvG5 . b]jsf]6f cfkm" a|fx\d0f kl/jf/sf eP klg dg'jfbL 5'jf5"tdf
cfwfl/t j0f{Joj:yf jf hfltk|yfk|lt pgsf] ljZjf; g/x]sf] a? pgL To;sf cfnf]rs
/x]sf] b]lvG5 . pgn] ;'?b]lv g} cfkm\gf sljtfdf blnt, ul/a jf kfvf nufOPsf-cfhsf]
ljsf;] zAbdf Marginaliged) dflg;nfO{ sljtfdf :yfg lbPsf 5g\ / tLk|lt
cfkm\gf] ;xfg'e"lt JoQm u/]sf 5g\ . …d'gfdbgÚs} d'Vo / sljsf] d'vkfq ;d]t /x]sf] ef]6]
u}/cfo{ kfq xf] / p;sf cufl8 If]qLsf] 5f]/fnfO{ cg'u[xLt jf p;k|lt s[t1 -/ csf]{
zAbdf u'?_ agfP/ b]jsf]6f …d'gfdbgÚb]lv g} a|fx\d0fjfbaf6 dfly hftLo ;dfgtfsf
p“rfOdf pl7;s]sf lyP . b]jsf]6fnfO{ al;vfg] 7fn'eGbf >dhLjL xftx¿ w]/} Kof/f /
k"Ho /x]sf] s'/f pgn] cfkm\gf] …ofqLÚ-!((%_ k|e[lt sljtfaf6 k|:6 kf/]sf 5g\ / of] k|j[lQ
pgsf kl5Nnf sljtfx¿df vfl/+b} uPsf] 5 . vf; blntr]tgfs} sf]0faf6 x]bf{ pgsf]
…Ps ;'Gb/L RofldgLk|ltÚ-@)!#_ lgs} pNn]Vo sljtf /x]sf] 5 . RofldgLsf] ;f}Gbo{
124
b]jsf]6fsf ljrf/df 5'jf5"tsf] j0f{jfbL ;+:sf/sf lj?4sf] tLj| / s7f]/ JoËo xf]-
kf08]o, @)%* M %^–%&_ . oBlk o;df b]jsf]6f k|]d / ;f}Gbo{sf] cfkm\g} /f]dfl06s
kl/efiff k|:t't u5{g\ tyflk pgsf ljrf/df ;'Gb/tf / k|]d j0f{jfbL hftLo 5"tc5"tsf]
;ÍL0f{ ;+:sf/ / ;f]reGbf w]/} dfly / dxfg\ x'G5 . To;}n] pgL eG5g\ M
Sof luHofof} wd{, dlGb/
c+w af/
o:tf] lbJo JoËo kfP“
cfh d}n] Ps af/ .
o;/L 5"jf5"tnfO{ af]Sg] wd{, dlGb/ / ;du|tM lxGb" a|fx\d0fjfbk|lt b]jsf]6fn] tLvf]
JoËo u/]sf 5g\ h;nfO{ g]kfnL sljtfdf blntr]tgfsf] cleJolQmsf ;Gbe{df
pNn]vgLo dfÌ'kb{5 . o;kl5 afns[i0f ;dsf] lr;f]r'Nxf] / df]bgfy k|l>tsf] dfgj
cflb dxfsfJox¿df klg blntr]tgfsf] cleJolQm kfpg ;lsG5 . lr;f]r'Nxf]df ;dsf
cfkm\gf clehftLo ;Ldf 5g\ tfklg g]kfnL dxfsfJo–k/Dk/fdf of] klxnf]] To:tf]
dxfsfJo xf] h;df blnt -;Gt] bdfO{+_ kfqnfO{ gfos agfp“b} If]qLsL 5f]/L-uf}/L_–;“u
p;sf] k|0fo ;DaGw :yflkt ePsf] b]vfOPsf] 5 . blntr]tgfsf b[li6n] ;dsf] pQm
l;h{gf sltko ;Ldfsf afjh'b klg dxŒjk"0f{ /x]sf] dfÌ} k5{ .
o;/L k|ultjfbL wf/fafx]ss} g]kfnL sljtfdf klg w]/yf]/ blnt ;Gbe{ / hftLo
e]befjlj/f]wL r]tgfsf] cleJolQm ePsf] kfpg ;lsG5 t/ Toxf“ of] Pp6f d"n k|j[lQs}
¿kdf eg] sd} ljsl;t ePsf] 5 . ljz]iftM k|ultjfbL wf/fsf sljtfdf blnt jf
hftLo e]befjlj/f]wL r]tgf / ;“u;“u} hftLo d'lQmcfGbf]ngsf] r]tgfsf] cleJolQm
68\sf/f] /x]sf] 5 . To; wf/fdf klg k"jf{4{sf t'ngfdf pQ/fw{ / To;df klg
;d;fdlos sfnv08sf sljtfdf pQm r]tgf a9L k|v/ aGb} uPsf] 5 . ctM oxf“
k|ydtM k|ultjfbL sljtfsf] ;d;fdlos cjlwptfsf ;dosf] sljtfdf blnt
r]tgfsf] r~r' cjnf]sg ul/;s]kl5 jt{dfg ;dosf k|ultzLn sljtfdf
blntr]tgfsf] ko{j]If0f ug'{ pko'Qm x'g]5 .
^= k"j{jtL{ k|ultzLn g]kfnL sljtfdf blntr]tgf
k|ultzLn-k|ultjfbsf tfTko{df_ g]kfnL sljtfsf] Oltxf; lj= ;+= @))&–
))*lt/af6 ;'? ePsf] xf] . Toxf“b]lv @)!^ ;DDf cyf{t\ k~rfotsf] k|fb'ef{jk"j{sf]
;do o;sf] klxnf] r/0f xf] . blnt r]tgf s]xL dfqfdf o;} r/0fsf k|d'v k|ultzLn
125
sljx¿sf sljtfdf klg JoQm ePsf] kfOG5 . o; r/0fsf Ps k|d'v slj s[i0frGbl;+x
k|wfgn] …rf/ lbzfflt/ 5g\Ú zLif{ssf] sljtfdf hfltkflt, j0f{Joj:yf, 5"tc5"th:tf]
e]befj l;h{gf u/L r]tgfnfO{ s'l07t ug]{ zf;s ju{sf] lgs[i6tfnfO{ wfld{s cGwjfb /
?l9jfb egL To;sf lj?4 tLj| cfqmf]z JoQm u/]sf 5g\ -e08f/L, @)%% M !$@_ . 6L=
cf/= ljZjsdf{ blnt ;d'bfos} k|ltlglwTj ug]{ o;} ;dosf csf{ k|d'v k|ultjfbL slj
x'g\ . t/ pgn] o; r/0fsf cfkm\gf sljtfdf blntsf] k[ys\ ;Gbe{ gp7fO{ l;Ëf]
kbblnt ul/a tyf pTkLl8t hgtfnfO{ cfnDag agfP/ ltgsf b'MvkL8f, ltgn] ef]Ug'
k/]sf zf]if0f / pTkL8gsf ef/Lx¿sf] ;+j]bgfk"0f{ lrq0f ub}{ To; cj:yfaf6 d'lQmsf
nflu ;fdGtL kl/kf6L lj?4 ;ª\3if{ ug'{ kg]{ cfjZostfnfO{ sljtfTds :j/ lbPsf 5g\
-e08f/L, @)%% M !!^–!!&_ . jf:tjdf o; k|yd r/0fsf] k|ultjfbL sljtfdf blnt
r]tgfsf] k[ys\ cleJolQm eGbf klg ;dfhdf JofKt zf]if0f / pTkL8gsf] s'¿k oyfy{nfO{
juL{otfsf Jofks kmnsdf k|:t't ug]{ k|of; g} Hofbf ePsf] 5 . hftLo zf]if0f jf
e]befj juL{o e]befj;“u} hf]l8Psf] / To;sf] cGTo juL{o e]befjsf] cGTo;“u} x'g] wf/0ff
k|ultjfbL sljx¿n] /fv]sf] kfOG5 / of] k|j[lQ kl5NNff r/0fsf sljtfdf klg b]Vg
;lsG5 .
k|ultjfbL sljtfsf] bf];|f] r/0f lj= ;+= @)!& b]lv @)#% ;Ddsf] r/0f xf] -kf08]o, @)%%
M !^#_ . ;d;fdlos cjlw ;'? x'g'cl3sf] o; r/0fsf] k|ultjfbL sljtfdf klg dfly
eg]em}“ hftLo e]befjsf] ;Gbe{nfO{ juL{o pTkL8gs} ;Gbe{;“u uf“;]/ x]l/Psf] 5 tfklg
s]xL dfqfdf o; r/0fsf sljtfdf klg blnt r]tgfsf] k|:t'lt ePsf] kfOG5 . s]jnk'/]
ls;fgn] cfkm\gf] …nfx'/] ;fsL{Ú -…k|lt1fÚ, !M!, @)@(_ zLif{ssf] sljtfdf ufp“sf] ul/a
Pshgf ;fsL{ / p;sf] kl/jf/dfly ufp“s} ;fdGt–hldGbf/af6 ePsf] hfn;fhLk"0f{
Jojxf/ / cfly{s zf]if0fsf] v/f] cfnf]rgf ub}{ n]v]sf 5g\ M
P]g aGof] s] vf}l/of] km'km{l/g' lsg <
Ho"“ sf To"“ 5 5f]Ol56f] dg'{ eof] l3g
lxhf] dnfO{ uf]Wg cfof] a}7s a:g] df]/f]
p;sf] 3/df k;]5 /] d]/f] dfOnf] 5f]/f]
o; kBdf d'n'sL P]gn] 5'jf5"tsf] lgif]w u/] klg Jojxf/df pQm k|yf h:tfsf] t:t}
/x]sf] / k~r;fdGtx¿sf 3/df sf]xL blnt cghfgd} kl;xfn] klg b08 ef]Ug' kg]{
cj:yf /x]sf] s'¿k oyfy{nfO{ v/f] efiffdf k|:t't u/]sf] 5 . o;} sljtfdf slj
126
ls;fgn] tTsfnLg kl/j]zdf ul/a lgd'vfx¿dfly pTkL8g ug]{ k~rx¿n] blnt
ul/ax¿nfO{ emg} ;tfPsf] / zf]if0f u/]sf] s'/fnfO{ To:t} v/f] efiffdf k|:t't ub}{
k~rfotL r'gfjsf] if8oGqdf hgtf gkg]{ / cfkm\gf] d'lQmsf vflt/ ca ljb|f]x ug]{
r]tfjgLk"0f{ pb\3f]if klg o;} sljtfdf u/]sf 5g\ M
ufp“n]n] yfxf kfO;s] afx'nf ;fb}{ cfO;s]
r'Ì] x}g lu+8\g] xf] h+unlt/ lx+8\g] xf]
5fÌ] eGbf xfÌ] xf], xfÌ] dGq hfÌ] xf] .
o;/L slj ls;fgn] s]]jn ljz'4 hftLo d'lQmsf] s'/f gu/L 5" jf5"thGo hftLo
pTkL8gnfO{ juL{o ;Gbe{df x]/]sf 5g\ / d'n'ssf] l;Ëf] /fhgLlts ;+/rgfdf
hgtflGqs /fhgLlts kl/jt{gkl5dfq hftLo Pj+ juL{o d'lQm x'g] ljZjf; /fVb}
To;sf nflu ;z:q ljb|f]xsf] dfu{ /f]Hg'kg]{ cfjZostfsf] cleJolQm;d]t u/]sf 5g\ .
lj= ;+= @)@* lt/ g]kfnL ;dfhdf ljsl;t pQm k|sf/sf] ljb|f]xsf] k|efj klg o;
sljtfdf b]Vg ;lsG5 .
o;}u/L k|ultjfbL sljtfwf/fsf] k|yd r/0fd} :yflkt eO;s]sf csf{ -blnts}
k|ltlglwTj ug]{_ slj 6L= cf/= ljZjsdf{n] @)!& kl5sf ;dodf klg sljtf n]v]sf
5g\ / o; r/0fdf klg pgn] cl3Nnf] r/0fdf h:t} blnt ;Gbe{nfO{ ljlzi6 / k[ys\
¿kn] gp7fO{ To;nfO{ Jofks juL{o kmnsdf x]/]sf 5g\ . pgsf] @)!( ;fndf
n]lvPsf]-/ kl5 …;~hLjgLÚ, !# M $, @)$&df k|sflzt ePsf]_ …eSs'nfO{ /f“uf]Ú
zLif{ssf] sljtfdf lxGb"jfbL ?l9k"0f{ ;dfhdf dflg;dfly dflg;af6} eO/x]s f] dfgjå]ifL
jf cdfgjLo lqmofsnfksf] JoËok"0f{ cfnf]rgf ul/Psf] kfOG5 . o; sljtfdf
dNnsfnb]lv cf/De ePsf] sf7df8f}+sf] xg'dfg 9f]sf kl/;/df cfsfze}/jnfO{ v'zL
kfg{ k|To]s !@ jif{df eSs'-alnof] dflg;_ nfO{ /f“uf];“u n8\g nufP/ e}/jnfO{ b'j}sf]
/ut r9fpg] cGw / s'–k/Dk/fnfO{ d'Vo ljifo agfOPsf] 5 . slj cfsfze}/jnfO{
z"b|hftsf PsnJo atfp“5g\ / xfd|f] ;dfhdf ;hLj z"b|x¿nfO{ …c5"tÚ agfP/ pk]Iff
/ lt/:sf/ ug]{ k|j[lQnfO{ lhp“b} /fVg] t/ c5"t–z"b| cfsfz e}/jnfO{ eg] …clgi6 ug{
;Sg]Ú cfzÍfdf /f“uf] / dfG5]sf] /ut-lsgeg] pQm dNno'4df le8\g] eSs' dfG5]sf] d[To'
klg x'g ;Sg] ;Defjgf /xG5 eg] gd/] klg /utkR5] t x'G5 g}_ r9fP/ z"b|k"hf ug]{
cGwk|j[lQnfO{ dfÌ] rngk|lt tLvf] JoËo u5{g\ . o; sljtfdf sljn] ;f]em}
blntpTkL8gsf] s'/f t p7fPsf 5}gg\ t/ /ut r9fP/ ul/g] cfsfze}/jsf]
k"hf;Gbe{af6 ;dfhsf lhp“bf blntdfly ePsf] pk]Iffk|lt nfIfl0fs :t/df ;Í]trflx“
u5{g\ / Tof] ;Í]t JoËosf ¿kdf k|s6 x'G5 .
127
k|ultjfbL sljtfsf] o; bf];|f] r/0fs} Ps k|d'v slj /ljnfn clwsf/Ln] cfkm\gf]
…a'sLkm"nÚ zLif{ssf] sljtf -a'sLkm"n, @)@(_ df ;dfhsf blnt-/ …c5"tÚ blntsf
cltl/Qm ul/a kbblnt ;a}_sf] k|tLssf ¿kdf a'sLkm"nnfO{ ln+b} a'sLkm"nsf]
cfTdsYosf dfWodaf6 g]kfnL ;dfhdf blnt-kbblnt ;a}_dfly pkNnf] ju{af6
eO/x]sf] pTkL8g, pk]Iff / lt/:sf/sf] s'¿k oyfy{sf] lgs} dfld{s cleJolQm u/]sf 5g\-
kf08]o, @)%% M @%@_ . a'sLkm"n jf;gfo'Qm eP/ klg lgs[i6 tNnf] sf]l6sf] km"ndf
ulgG5 / dlGb/, k"hfcfhfdf To;nfO{ r9fO“b}g . jg:klt hut\leq}sf] Pp6f jf;gfbf/
km"n dlGb/df r9fOg] / kljq dflgg] / Pp6frflx“ lgDgsf]l6sf] 7xl/O{ pQm cj;/af6
jl~rt x'g] lj8Dagfn] xfd|f] ;dfhdf slyt blntdfly jif}{+fb]lv ul/Psf] lt/:sf/ /
e]befjnfO{ lgs} ;hLj 9+un] k|:t't ub{5 . sljn] oxf“ blnt–;Gbe{sf] ;f]em} pNn]v
u/]sf 5}gg\ t/ k|tLs / Jo~hgfsf :t/df ;dfhdf JofKt 5"jf5"tsf] 3fts hfltjfbL
s';+:sf/k|lt dd{e]bL JoËo u/]s} 5g\ .
o;} r/0fsf csf{ k|d'v slj /fhLjn] …;+;f/ kmnfdsf] xf]Ú -sldgL cfdf, @)#(_
zLif{ssf] sljtfdf cfTdsygsf ¿kdf cfkm\gL >LdtL sldgLn] wgLx¿n] em}“ ;'grf“bLsf
uxgf gnufPsf] / lbg/ft cf/g÷kmnfd;“u v]ln/x]sf] x'gfn] x'g]vfg] ju{sf dflg;n]
p;nfO{ x]nf“ u/]sf] :d[lt k|:t't u/]sf 5g\ . sljtfdf o; kl/l:yltdfqsf] j0f{g 5}g
clkt' To:tf] cdfgjLo l:ylt / Jojxf/k|lt sljsf] tLj| 3[0ff klg k|s6 ePsf] 5 /
;“u;“u} dflg;nfO{ x]nf“ ug]{ To; ju{ / To;sf dflg;k|lt cfqmf]z klg JoQm ePsf] 5 .
sljn] oxf“ cfkm" / cfkm\gL >LdtLn] wlgs ju{af6 v]Kg' k/]sf] x]nf“k|lt s]jn u'gf;f] dfq
k|s6 gu/L To; Jojxf/nfO{ k"0f{tM åGåfTds ef}ltsjfbL r]tgfsf sf]0faf6 x]b}{ cfkm\gf]
juL{o cfTd;Ddfgaf]wsf] cleJolQm klg u/]sf 5g\ M
d]/L kTgLnfO{ x]Kg]x¿÷;'l4 g a'l4sf d"v{ x'g\
lsgls p;“u÷kmnfd] cf}hf/ / kf}/vL kfv'/f 5g\ ÷hf] pgLx¿ b]Vb}gg\
o;} u/L cufl8 pgL eG5g\ M
;'g, rf“bL / xL/feGbf÷;of}+ u'gfn] kmnfd c;n xf] ÷
lslnkeGbf kmfnL c;n xf] -k[= $^_ ÷======
kmnfd 5 / t ;+;f/ 5 ÷xfdL 5f}+ / t ;+;f/ 5-k[= $(_
o;/L lgisif{df sljn] >dnfO{ g} ;'Gb/ b]v]sf 5g\ / kmnfd cyf{t\ sfdL, sldgL pgsf
ljrf/df >dhLjL ju{ xf] hf] ToxL >ds} sf/0f ;'Gb/ 5, :jfledfgL 5 . oxf“ kmnfd,
>d / >dhLjL dfG5]sf aLr ;'Gb/ ;dLs/0f 5 . sljtfsf sfdL, sldgL ToxL
;dLs/0fsf ;fIo x'g\ / wlgs ju{n] ltgnfO{ c;'Gb/ / pk]Iffof]Uo 7fg] klg ltgsf]
;+;f/nfO{ ;'vb agfpg] xft >dhLjL sfdL, sldgLs} x'g\ . lgtfGt hfltjfbL r]tgfsf]
128
;f“3'/f] j[Qaf6 lgs} dfly p7]/ sljn] o; sljtfdf blnt jf hftLo e]befjsf] s'¿k
oyfy{nfO{ juL{o :kz{ lb+b} dfld{s Pj+ k|efjsf/L k|:'tlt lbPsf 5g\ .
k|ultjfbL sljtfsf k"jf{]Qm pQm b'O{ r/0fdf blntr]tgfsf] k|:t'lt ljz'4 blnt
hftLo d'lQms} sf]0faf6 eGbf klg blntdflysf] pTkL8gnfO{ Hofbf juL{o ;Gbe{d}
x]l/Psf] eP klg blntdfly x'“b} cfPsf] ;lbof}+ k'/fgf] pTkL8g / e]befjk"0f{ Jojxf/nfO{
s]xL sljtfdf snfTds, k|efjsf/L Pj+ dfld{s lsl;dn] /fVg] sfdrflx+ ul/Psf] 5 .
dflysf ;fIoaf6 o:tf] lgisif{ lgsfNg cK7\of/f] x'“b}g .
&= ;d;fdlos k|ultzLn sljtfdf blntr]tgf
lj= ;+= @)#% otf-j:t'tM )#%–)#^ sf] hg;ª\3if{ / hgdt ;+u|xotf_sf] ;do
l;Ë} g]kfnL sljtfdf klg ;d;fdlos sfnv08 xf] . o; ;dosf] g]kfnL sljtfnfO{
;d;fdlos sljtfsf] gfds/0f ul/Psf] 5 . oBlk ljZjljBfnoLo kf7\oqmdn] @)#)
otfsf] ;donfO{ ;d;fdlos dfg]sf] 5-lqkf7L / c?x¿, @)%# M @@_ tfklg s]xL gof“
;f]r /fVg] ;dLIfsx¿n] eg] @)#%–)#^ otfsf] ;donfO{ ;d;fdlos dfÌ'kg]{ s'/f
cl3 ;fl//x]sf 5g\ eg] sltkon] @)$^ otfsf] ;donfO{ g} ca vf; ;d;fdlos
dfÌ'kg]{ / To;cl3sf] ;dosf] sljtfnfO{ k|j[lQsf cfwf/df a]Un} o'u / wf/fdf /fVg'kg]{
ts{ klg cufl8 ;fl//x]sf 5g\ -kf08]o, @)%^ M %%_ . k|:t't sfo{kqdf ;fdfGotM
ToxL @)#%–)#^ otfs} sljtfnfO{ ;d;fdlos dfg]/ ljj]Ro ;Gbe{nfO{ x]g]{ sfd
ul/Psf] 5 tfklg ;d;flostfsf b[li6n] @)%)sf] bzs / To;otfsf] ;do g} vf; /
tfhf ;d;fdlos 7xl/g] ePsfn] a9L dfqfdf jf d'Vo ¿kdf oxL kl5Nnf] cjlwsf
sljtfnfO{ g} ljj]Ro ;Gbe{sf] vf]hLsf] cfwf/ agfOPsf] 5 .
dfly ;doa4 ul/Pem}“ ;d;fdlos cjlwsf] g]kfnL k|ultzLn sljtfsf] e08f/
7"n} 5 / ltgdf cfkm\gf] ;dosf] o'uoyfy{sf c“Wof/f–pHofnf ljleÌ kIf / kf6fsf]
;"Id–:y"n ;+j]bgfdo / cfj]ufTds k|:t'lt klg ePs} 51 . hxf“;Dd ltgdf
blntr]tgfsf] k|:t'ltsf] ;Gbe{ 5 ;Da4 ;fdu|Lx¿sf] cWoogn] s] atfp“5 eg]
blntr]tgfsf] ljlzi6 Pj+ k[ys\ k|:t'lt ;d;fdlos cjlwd} klg vf;df @)$^ otfsf
1
o; ;Gbe{df yk / cfjZos hfgsf/Lsf nflu x]g'{xf];\ tf/fsfGt
kf)*]osf] k|ultjfbL g]kfnL sljtfdflysf] ljBfjfl/lw zf]wu|Gy-2055_, lqe"jg
ljZjljBfno .
129
cjlwdf a9L ePsf] 5 . lj= ;+= @)$^ ;fnsf] /fhgLlts kl/jt{gkl5 g]kfnL ;dfh
ck]Iffs[t dfqfdf v'Nnf x'“b} hf“bf / /fHo:t/df gLltut pbf/tf / v'nfkg klg s]xL
dfqfdf a9\b} hf“bf blnt If]qdf sfd ug]{ u}/;/sf/L ;+:yfx¿sf] ljsf; Jofks dfqfdf
x'“b} uPsf] b]lvG5 / To;s} ;fk]Iftfdf ;flxTodf klg blnt r]tgfsf] k|:t'lt a9\b} uPsf]
kfOG5 . o:tf] x'“bfx'“b} klg Pp6f s'/f s] ;To xf] eg] ef/tdf h:tf] g]kfndf
blntd'lQmsf] hftLo cfGbf]ngs} k[ys\ ljsf; Jofks ¿kdf eO;s]sf] 5}g / To;}cg'¿k
a]Un} blnt ;flxTo / To;sf] a]Un} ;f}Gbo{zf:qsf] ljsf; klg ePsf] 5}g . o; ;Gbe{df
pNn]vgLo s'/f s] 5 eg] @)$( ;fn cfiff9 @! ut] hjfx/ /f]sfsf] ;+of]hsTjdf
w/fgdf ePsf] ;flxTosf/–;+uLtsf/x¿sf] e]nfn] blnt ;flxTo csfbdLsf] :yfkgf u/]sf]
/ To;kl5 @)%# df sf7df8f}+df g]kfn blnt ;flxTo ;Dd]ngsf] cfof]hgf ePsf] kbd
;'Gbf;sf cWoIftfdf gfd kl/jt{g u/L g]kfn blnt ;flxTo tyf ;f+:s[lts k|lti7fgsf]
u7g ePsf] ;"rgf kl/>dL -@ M @, @)%$_df k|sflzt pQm ;+:yfsf] b:tfj]haf6
kfOG5 . t/ o; ;+:yfsf kl5Nnf ultljlw / o;sf] ;lqmotf–lgliqmotfsf af/]df
cfjZos hfgsf/L eg] k|fKt ug{ ;lsPsf] 5}g .
hxf“;Dd blnt cfGbf]ngsf] ;Gbe{ 5, of] d'VotM g]kfnsf] l;Ëuf] ;fDojfbL
cfGbf]ngs} jf egf}+ l;Ëf] juL{o cfGbf]ngs} Pp6f dxŒjk"K0f{ cË algcfPsf] jf /x“b}
cfPsf] 5 eg] @)$^ kl5 Tof] u}/;/sf/L ;+:yfsf] …ld;gÚ, …lehgÚ / …uf]nÚsf ¿kdf klg
k|o'Qm x'“b} cfPsf] 5 . g]kfnsf] ;fDojfbL cfGbf]ngn] blntdflysf] pTkL8gnfO{ hftLo
pTkL8gsf ¿kdf x]bf{x]b}{ klg To;nfO{ ;du| juL{o pTkL8gs} Pp6f kf6f]sf ¿kdf x]b}{
blnt jf hftLo d'lQmnufot n}lËs cflb ;a} pTkL8gsf] cGTo juL{o–/fhgLlts
d'lQm;“u} x'g] lgisif{nfO{ ;fdfGoLs[t ub{5 . To;}n] k|ultjfbL sljtfdf klg blntr]tgf
juL{o pTkL8g / juL{o d'lQmsf] k|Zg;“u} uf“l;P/ JoQm ePsf] kfOG5 . hxf“;Dd
u};;x¿n] clxn] r]tgf / cfGbf]ngsf txdf Jofks ¿kdf p7fO/x]sf] blnt;/f]sf/sf]
s'/f 5, Tof] ;f“lRrs} slt rf]vf] 5 / slt ju{;ª\3if{sf] wf/-;fDojfbL cfGbf]ng_nfO{ e'Q]
agfpg] cGt/f{li6«o k'“hLjfbL -vf;u/L pQ/÷j[4 k'“hLjfbL_ k|of;sf] ;xfos ag]sf] 5
eÌ] s'/f eg] cWoog / ;dLIffs} ljifo aÌ k'u]sf] 5 . lgZro klg o:t} u};;sf
k|efjdf k/]/ k|ultjfbL lzlj/leq}af6 n]lvPsf h"gsL/Lsf] ;+uLt h:tf /rgfx¿n]
ju{;ª\3if{ / blntd'lQmsf] dfS;{jfbL af6f]dfly e|d l;h{gf ug]{ k|of; u/]sf
pbfx/0fx¿af6 eml:sg] l:yltrflx“ /x]s} 5 eÌ] s'/f klg ;lDemg} k5{ .
130
 h] xf];\, @)$^ otfsf ljz]ifu/L @)%)sf] bzs-/ otf_sf ;dodf /fhgLlts
kf6L{x¿;“u ghf]l8P/} klg ljleÌ blntd'lQmsf kIfw/ ;+:yfx¿sf] ;lqmotf Jofks
¿kdf a9]sf] 5 / ;flxTodf klg To;sf] k|efj lgs} dfqfdf k/]sf] 5 . h] –h;/L eP
klg ;lbof}+ k'/fgf] ;fdGtjfbsf cfwf/e"lddf l6s]sf] lxGb"jfbL j0f{Joj:yf /
a|fx\d0fjfbsf lj?4 hftLo d'lQm / ;dtfsf] gf/f;lxt lj/f]w / ljb|f]xsf] :j/sf]
cleJolQm x'g' xfd|f] ljlzi6 cw{;fdGtjfbL ;dfhdf k|ultzLntfs} Bf]ts x'G5 eÌ]
s'/f dfÌ ;lsG5 . To;}n] To:tf ;+:yfx¿sf k|sfzgdf tL ;+:yf;“u lgs6tf–;Da4tf
/fVg] y'k|} JolQmx¿-dfS;{jfbk|lt k|lta4 jf ck|lta4 b'j}_ n] /rgf u/]sf blntljifos
sljtf k|ultzLn sljtfs} sf]l6df kb{5g\ / ltgsf] ;ª\Vof lgs} w]/} klg 5 . o;afx]s
ljz'4 k|ultjfbL klxrfg ePsf sljtfdf k|ultjfbL sljx¿n] klg cfkm\g} wf/fsf
k"j{jtL{ sljtfdf h:t} Jofks juL{o ;]/f]km]/f]df blnt ;Gbe{nfO{ k|:t't u/]s} 5g\ .
lgZro klg ;f}Gbo{zf:qLo b[li6n] k[ys\ blnt ;flxTo eÌ ;lsg] l:ylt cem} klg
ljsl;t eO;s]sf] 5}g tyflk ljz'4 k|ultjfbL / k|ultzLn sljtfdf JoQm ePsf]
blnt r]tgfsf] cfofd / cfotgnfO{ Ps} 7fp“df /fVbf eg] o:tf] sljtf;flxTosf]
Pp6f a]Un} lsQf agfpg ;lsg] ;Defjgf klg /x]sf] 5 .
;d;fdlos cjlwsf] g]kfnL sljtfdf blntpTkL8g / j0f{jfb cyjf hftLo
e]befjsf lj/f]wdf Pj+ hftLo d'lQm / ;dfgtfsf kIfdf sljtf n]Vg] sljx¿ slt 5g\
eÌ] s'/fsf] olsg ug{ ;lsg] cj:yfdf of] n]vs 5}g / k|:t't sfo{kqsf] p2]Zo klg
Tof] xf]Og . o; If]qdf kof{Kt sfd gePsf l:yltdf To;dfly s'g–s'g sljx¿ d'VotM
hftLo pTkL8gsf] lj/f]w / d'lQmsf] cfsfª\Iff lnP/ sljtf n]Vg] k|ultzLn slj x'g\ /
s'g–s'g slj dfS;{jfbL bz{gnfO{ cfTd;ft\ u/]/ To; sf]0faf6 blntljifonfO{ k|:t't
ug]{ :ki6 k|ultjfbL slj x'g\ eÌ] s'/f klg sljx¿sf] 7"nf] x'nsf aLraf6 5'6\ofP/
b]vfpg ufx|f] 5“b}5 . ctM oxf“ ;d:ofsf] uf“7f] km'sfpg cyjf To;sf] k|f/lDes
;dfwfg vf]Hg aLrsf] af6f] /f]Hg' cfjZos /x]sf] 5 / To; kl/k|]Iodf k|ultjfbL
sljtfsf] ljut / jt{dfgsf] d"n k|jfxdf k|ultjfbL slj eg]/ kl/ro :yflkt /x]sf
sljx¿sf sljtfsf ;fy} blntd'lQmk|ltsf] ;/f]sf/ b]vfp“b} n]lvPsf sljtf;d]tnfO{
cfwf/ agfP/ l;Ëf] k|ultzLn ;d;fdlos sljtfdf blnt;Gbe{sf] cleJolQm s] –s;/L
ePsf] 5 eÌ] s'/fsf] ko{j]If0f oxf“ ul/Psf] 5 . pQm ko{j]If0faf6 ;Da4 sljtfdf
blnt;Gbe{nfO{ lgDg lsl;dn] k|:t't ul/Psf] kfOG5 .
131
&=! j0f{jfbsf] cfnf]rgf / hftLo d'lQmr]tgfsf] ceJolQm
k|:t't sfo{kqsf] n]vgsf qmddf sfo{kqsf] lh1f;fsf] ;dfwfg k|fKt ug{ k|ydtM
blnt cfGbf]ng;“u ;Da4 ;d;fdlos / lgoldt ;flxlTos tyf u}/;flxlTos
kqklqsfsf] cjnf]sg ug]{ sfd ul/of] . cjnf]sgsf qmddf k|fKt tYox¿nfO{ x]bf{
ld7fOb]jL ljZjsdf{sf ;FkfbsTj÷k|sfzsTjdf @)#%÷)#^ b]lv k|sflzt x'gyfn]sf]
blntr]tgfsf] h]7f] ;flxlTos klqsf …;~hLjgLÚsf] e"ldsf blntr]tgfsf] ;+jfxssf
¿kdf lgs} pNn]vgLo /x]sf] kfOPsf] 5 eg] To;kl5 qmdzM …hgpTyfgÚ, …lhhLljiffÚ,
…>dhLjLÚ, …kl/>dLÚ, xfd|f] va/Ú, …;dfgtfÚ, …;dfgtf cleofgÚ, …d'lQmrqmÚ, …g]kfnL
d~rÚ, …blntva/Ú, …pTkLl8t cfjfhÚ, …k|ltaf]wÚ, …gj;dfgtfÚ, …d'lQmsf] cfjfhÚ,
…p2LkgÚ, …;dtf;Gb]zÚ, …d'lQmcfGbf]ngÚ, …;dtfÚ cflb kqklqsfn] klg blntljifos
sljtf / cGo ljwfsf ;flxTosf] pTyfgdf dxŒjk"0f{ e"ldsf lgjf{x u/]sf] b]lvG5 .
dfly ;"rLs[t ljleÌ kqklqsfdf blntr]tgf;“u ;DalGwt /x]sf sljtfx¿sf]
k|sfzg 7"n} ;ª\Vofdf ePsf] b]lvG5 . …blntÚ ;d'bfos} k|ltlglwTj ug]{ y'k|} sljx¿n]
g]kfnL ;dfhdf vKg'kl//x]sf] j0f{jfbdf cfwfl/t hftLo e]befj / pTkL8gsf] kL8fnfO{
ljifo agfP/ sljtf /rgf u/]sf] s'/f pQm kqklqsfsf] cWoogaf6 :ki6 x'G5 . km'6s/
sljtfsf If]qdf ;lqmo To:tf sljx¿df qmdzM b]j]Gb| ;Qm]g, zfGtf g]kfnL, jL/l;+x
ljZjsdf{, bLk]Gb| /;fOnL, u0f]z ljZjsdf{, nIdL /;fOnL, k"0f{k|sfz ljZjsdf{,
nf]saxfb'/ a;]n, /lag kl/of/, dfgs'df/L g]kfnL, a]naxfb'/ bhL{, of]udfof bhL{, u+uf
g]kfnL, ;"o{ slj, kL= s]= /f;L, eutl;+x lj= s=, /]zafa' la= s]=, uf]s'n kl/of/, ab|L
kflnv], 5qaxfb'/ g]kfnL, 3f]O/f] sfdL, wgaxfb'/ g]kfnL, 8L= aL= g]kfnL, /fh]Gb||
pk/sf]6L, l8NnL/fd ljZjsdf{, ;D;]/ uxt/fh, /fdKof/L lj= s=, la= cf/= Kof;L, emns
;'g'jf/, k~rs'df/L kl/of/, af;' ljZjsdf{, Pd= Pn= g]kfnL, ;+uLtf g]kfnL, wgs'df/L
;'gf/, ljdn g]kfnL, k"0f{ g]kfnL …c+s'/Ú, /fd a;', k|]d lj= s]=, /]d lj= s= ;+ud, s[i0f
a/fnL, cd[t kl/of/, O{Zj/L, k|]dsf}zn lj= s=, /fhs'df/ au/, nf]sbz{g ljZjsdf{,
k|1f ;Gtf]ifL, df]d ljZjsdf{, ljKnj ljZjsdf{, rGb|ljGb' ch{'gwf/f, s[i0f kl/of/,
g/axfb'/ ;'gf/, h]= /f]sf, g/l;+x ljZjsdf{, kbd ;'Gbf;, lj= s]= ;]js, sdn d'8e/L,
8an axfb'/ lj= s=, ?b| axfb'/ uf}td, afa'/fd lj= s=, ljqmd g]kfnL, /ljdfg nDh]n
nufotsf bh{gf}+ ;|i6fx¿sf blntd'lQmr]tgf;“u ;Da4 km'6s/ sljtfx¿ dfly ;"rLs[t
ljleÌ kqklqsdf 5l/P/ /x]sf 5g\ . lgZro klg tL ;a} sljtfsf] :t/ Ps}gf; 5}g /
132
tLdWo] clwsf+z sljtfdf hftLo pTkL8gsf lj?4sf], ;fdGtjfb Pj+ a|fx\d0fjfbsf
lj?4sf] lj/f]w / cfqmf]zsf] :j/ clg hftLo ;dfgtf tyf d'lQmsf] cfsfª\Iffsf]
;f]emf]–v/f] cleJolQm g} ePsf] 5 tyflk ltgsf] dxŒjk"0f{ kIf eg]sf] g]kfnL ;dfhdf
slyt blnt / c5"t agfOPsf ;d"xaf6} p7]sf / snfr]t ePsf ;|i6fx¿n] pQm
hftLo pTkL8gsf lj?4 sljtf/rgf ug{yfn]sf] ;fIo cufl8 cfpg'sf ;fy} To;af6
g]kfnL sljtfsf] :j/ut cfofdn] km/flsnf] aÌ] cj;/ klg k|fKt u/]sf] 5 .
blnt ;d'bfos} k|ltlglwTj ug]{ sltko ;|i6fx¿sf sljtf;+u|x klg o;
cjlwdf k|sflzt /x]sf 5g\ . To:tf ;+u|xx¿df 6L= cf/= ljZjsdf{sf] d'6' / df6f] -
@)$(<_, ls;fg k]|dL-vftL ljZjsdf{_sf] ufp“a:tL /f]O/x]sf] 5 , ;L= Pd= ljZjsdf{sf]
blnt a:tLsf ;';]nLx¿, ls;fg k|]dLsf] …ufp“a:tLsf ;';]nLx¿Ú, 8Da/ kxf8Lsf]
…k|x/…, hgfb{g ljof]uLsf nfdf sljtfx¿ k|Zgf]Q/ / ============= / v]d g]kfnLsf]
…cf:yfsf] v]tLÚ cflb k|d'v /x]sf 5g\ .
k|j[lQsf sf]0faf6 x]bf{ 5"t–c5"tdf cfwfl/t hftLo e]befjk|lts} lj/f]w,
cfnf]rgf / To;k|ltsf] c:jLsf/f]lQm clg hftLo d'lQmsf] rfxgf g} tL sljtfdf d'Vo
¿kdf JoQm ePsf] 5 . To; kl/k|]Iodf ;lbof}+b]lvsf] cdfgjLo hftLo pTkL8gsf]
cfnf]rgf ubf{ eg] y'k|} ;|i6fx¿sf sljtfdf cfqmf]zsf] cleJolQm klg ePsf] 5 /
;“u;“u} j0f{Joj:yfdf cfwfl/t ;dfh / To; ;dfhsf d'lvof, 7]s]bf/ ju{k|lt cf}+nf]
78\ofpg] sfd klg Tolts} dfqfdf ePsf] 5, h:t} M
5"jf5"tsf] k|yf /fVof] a\fx\d0fjfbn] lsg .
a|fx\d0fjfbsf] cGTo ug{ ;a} ;fyL lxg .
slt lbg ;x\g] xfdLn] a|fx\d0fjfbsf] v6g .
blnt ;a} ldnLsg kf/f}+ o;nfO{ ktg .
==== ===== =====
c5"t egL ;w}+ lsg xfdLnfO{ x]nf u5{ .
xfdL ca 5f]8\g] 5}gf}+ xfd|f] km]nf k5{ .
-rGb|fjtL ljZjsdf{, @)%% M !@_
5"tc5"tsf] ;+:sf/ x'sf{pg] sfd a|fx\d0fjfbn] g} u/]sf] ;Tosf] af]w sljtfdf /fd|};“u
JoQm ePsf] 5 eg] To; a|fx\d0fjfbnfO{ casf ;r]t blntx¿n] To;} g5f8\g] pb\3f]if
klg 5 . o;}u/L k"0f{ g]kfnL …c+s'/Ú -@)%% M @%_ n]V5g\ M
133
wd{sf ;fx"x¿n] ÷df6f 9'+ufsf] eujfg\ a]r]
ltdL xfdL leqsf] gZj/ O{Zj/ ÷ pgsf nflu c5"t eof]
===== ===== ======= ======
sqf] uha ∕ ÷ kfgLsf] kvf{n nfUof]
;a}sf] kfk af]Sg] u+uf ÷ xfdLn] 5'+bf …hftÚ nfUof]
===== ===== =====
d}n] ltd|f] cf“vfx¿df cfuf] b]v]sf] 5' ÷ ;f;df x'/L b]v]sf] 5'
clg dgdf 7"nf] kxf8 b]v]sf] 5' ÷d oL lzIffsf] xltof/ lbG5'
ltdL dfgjLo o'4sf] z+v3f]if u/ .
oxf“ wd{sf 7]s]bf/x¿n] kfgLsf] kvf{n v8f u/]sf] / slyt c5"t agfOsfn] ;a}
5"tx¿sf] kfk kvfNg] u+ufsf] kljqtfnfO{ eg] slyt c5"tn] 5'“bf hft nfUg] a|fx\d0fjfbL
cdfgjLo ;+:sf/k|lt dfld{s JoËo ul/Psf] 5 . cfkm\gf] gof“ k':tfnfO{ ;Daf]wg ub}{
n]lvPsf] o; sljtfdf sljnfO{ gof“ k':tfsf cf“vfdf hftLo c;fdfgtflj?4 ljb|f]x ug]{
cfuf] ljBdfg /x]sf] ljZjf; 5 / To; k':tfn] hLtsf v'6\lsnf r9\b} uP/ 5"jf5"tdf
cfwfl/t dfG5]sf] sfnf] Oltxf;nfO{ pHofnf] agfpg ;Sof] eg] pgL ;lDemg] 5g\ M æ d
7fGg]5' – d]/f] syf ;lsof]÷ ;lbof}+ b]lvsf] c“Wof/f] vf8n k'l/of] Æ.
;'?df dfS;{jfbnfO{ hLjgbz{gsf ¿kdf :jLsf/ u/]/ pTkLl8t >dhLjL hgtfsf
kIfdf sljtf l;h{gf ug]{ slj 6L= cf/= ljZjsdf{sf] pQ/fw{ hLjgdf k"j{jtL{ dfS;{jfbL
j}rfl/s k|v/tfsf] cIf'00ftf Tolt ge]l6P klg blnt;d:of jf hftLo e]befj tyf
pTkL8gaf6 d'lQm kfpgsf nflu s]jn l/; jf cfqmf]z dfq kof{Kt gx'g] ;Gt'lnt tyf
kl/kSj ljrf/ eg] pgsf kl5Nnf] r/0fsf sljtfdf klg kfOG5 . …l/l;g' t cjZo kb{5Ú
zLif{ssf] sljtfdf pgL-@)$! M @%_ eG5g\ M æl/l;g' t cjZo} k5{ ÷gl/l;O{ t oxf“
sfd} x'“b}gÆ. t/ pgL vns} gfz ug]{ k/z'/fdsf] l/; 7Ls gx'g] atfp“5g\ . pgsf
ljrf/df l/; To;;“u ;fWg'kb{5 kb{5 h;n] blntx¿nfO{ k9\g, n]Vg, af]Ng / hldgsf]
xsbf/ x'gaf6 jl~rt u/fof] . To;}n] slj cufl8 eG5g\M æl/; hfu/0f xf]], laDemg' xf]
÷dgdf o;nfO{ /fVg] dfq xf]Og÷zq';“u l/; lgb{otfsf ;fy ;fWg'kb{5÷ldqnfO{ lrÌ' /
ldq;“u l/; ug'{x'Ì ÷====P l/;fxf xf] xfdL ;“ul7t agf}+ ÷ l/;fpg] cleofg g} 5]8f}+ Æ.
o;/L slj 6L=cf/= blntd'lQmsf nflu ;+odk"0f{ l/; jf cfqmf]z Psflt/ cfjZos b]V5g\
134
eg] csf{lt/ ;++ul7t x'g' / ;+ul7t k|of; ug'{ klg cfjZos b]V5g\ . slj cem l/; /
k|]dsf] :ki6 juL{o cfwf/;d]t k|:t't u/]/ j}rfl/s kl/kSjtfsf] kl/ro;d]t lbG5g\ .
lj= ;+= @)$^ ;fndf k'g:yf{lkt ePsf] elgPsf] k|hftGqn] klg blntd'lQmnfO{
Jojxf/df ptfg{ g;s]sf] / 5"jf5"tlj/f]wL sfg'g ag] klg ltgsf] k|of]u x'g g;s]sf]
jt{dfgsf] s'¿ktfnfO{ klg …blntÚ ;|i6fx¿n] /fd|};“u af]w u/]sf 5g\ / To;k|lt
cfnf]rgf klg JoQm u/]sf 5g\ . ;'dg >flktsf] …aGb 9f]sf v'n] klgÚ-g]kfnL d~r, ! M
&, k[= #&_ zLif{ssf] sljtfdf sfg'gn] 5"jf5"tsf] aGb 9f]sf vf]n] klg Jojxf/df
e]befj oyfjt} /x]sf] tLtf] ;Tosf] cfj]uk"0f{ cleJolQm 5 eg] ;L= Pd= ljZjsdf{ -
@)%^ M !_n] b]zdf k|hftGqsf] k'g:yf{kgf x'“bf / ;+ljwfgn] ;a} g]kfnLnfO{
;fj{ef}d;Qf;DkÌ agfPsf] 3f]if0ff ubf{ klg blnt a:tLsf] gful/s xsclwsf/nfO{
/fli6«o wd{, ;+:s[lt / k/Dk/fn] s}bL agfPsf] clg blntx¿sf] dlGb/k|j]z / b"w a]Rg
kfpg] clwsf/ g]kfnL k|hftGqdf x/fPsf] s'¿k oyfy{nfO{ cfkm\gf sljtfdf cleJolQm
lbPsf 5g\ . slj ljZjsdf{ ax'bnLo k|hftGqdf klg blntsf] cj:yf p:t} /x]sf] b]v]/
cGttM o:tf] cg'e"lt k|s6 u5{g\ M æk|hftGq cfO;Sbf klg ÷P xh'/ ∕ of] b]z÷
l;:g'3f/L ef] -k[= %_Æ.
o;/L k|foM ;a}h;f] blntr]tgfsf …blntÚ ;|i6fx¿n] jt{dfgdf dg'jfbL
j0f{;+:sf/ lhp“b} /x]sf] / k|hftGq klg blntsf nflu …l;:g'3f/LÚ;/x g} ePsf]
cg'e"ltnfO{ sljtfTds cleJolQm lb+b} To;af6 d'lQmsf nflu j0f{Joj:yfsf] pQm
l;:g'3f/L kmf“8\g} kg]{ cfjZostfaf]wnfO{ sljtfdf :j/ lbPsf] kfOG5 .
o;} ;Gbe{df slj b]j]Gb| ;Qm]g-@)%( M ##_n] …eg, d]/f] /utsf] /+u s:tf] 5 <Ú
zLif{ssf]] sljtfdf cfkm\g} ;j0fL{, ;xofqL dfgjaGw'n] ;Eotfsf] ljsf;sf Pp6f
r/0fdf c:k[Zo agfP/ lbPsf] kL8f / rf]6sf] af]wnfO{ /fufTds lsl;dn] JoQm u/]sf
5g\ . o; sljtfdf pgL ;Eotfsf ljsf;df s'g} j0f{ / /+usf] e]befjlagf g} dflg;sf]
pTklQ ePsf] dfgjljsf;sf] P]ltxfl;s ;Gbe{ k|:t't ub}{ dflg;hfts} cfkm\g}
6f7faf7f ;j0fL{n] s;/L hfnem]n u/]/ Psy/LnfO{ c:k[Zo cyf{t\ c5"t agfP eÌ]
s'/fsf] lgs} dfld{s Pj+ /fufTds k|:t'lt u5{g\ M
o;/L xfd|f] ;femf lxt / ;/f]sf/sf] dlGb/dfly÷wfjf af]Nof}
ltdLn]÷Tolt dfq} lsg÷ca ltdLn] dnfO{ k/k/} n3fg{ yfNof}÷d]/f]
;+ut t s] s'/f÷d]/f] 5fof“ ;d]t cz'4 aGof] ltd|f] nflu÷d]/f]
135
cfTdLotfsf] t s] s'/f, d]/f] emns;d]t ckzs'g aGof] ltd|f] nflu
=========o;/L ltdLn] /utsf] ;fj{ef}d ;d'Gb|dfly÷w;f{ sf]/]/ ;f“w
pEofpg vf]Hof]÷/ hftLo cx+sf/jfbsf] jsfnt u¥of} -k[= #%_ .
o;/L cfkm\g} ;j0fL{åf/f c5"t agfOPsf] s'¿k Oltxf;sf] /fufTds :d[lt u/]/
dfq sljtf ;dfKt x'“b}g, slj cGttM cfkm"nfO{ c5"t agfpg] To; ;j0fL{ ;xofqLnfO{
uDeL/ k|Zg;d]t t]:of{p“5g\ M
cfkm\g} d'6'nfO{ 5fd]/ eg÷d]/f] sf“w / lz/ pSn]/÷s'grflx+ pbfQ
l;+xf;g xfl;n ug{ ;Sof} ltdLn] <÷cfkm\g} ljj]snfO{ Ao'“emfP/ eg÷
dnfO{ c:k[Zotfsf] c“Wof/f]df hfs]/÷s'grflx“ pHofnf] ;+;f/sf]
cfljisf/ ug{ ;Sof} ltdLn]-k[= #$_ .
cfkm"nfO{ c5"t agfpg] cfkm\g} ;j0fL{ dflg;k|lt oL uDeL/ k|Zg t]:of{p“+b} slj
dflg;sf] /utnfO{ ;f}xfb|{tf / ;b\efjgfsf] /+u atfp“5g\ / To;} /utsf] k|jfxzLn
pT;fxdf y'k|} c1ft g]kfnL cDa]8s/x¿, e'jgl;+x g]kfnLx¿, la;] gurL{ / sfn]
bdfO{+x¿ hlGd/x]sf], pl7/x]sf] 3f]if0ff u5{g\ .
dfgj;Eotfsf Oltxf;df cfkm\g} ;j0fL{ dflg;hftn] cfkm"x?nfO{ c:k[Zo÷c5"t
agfPsf] k|;ËnfO{ ;lDe“mb} ;Eotfsf cf/lDes r/0flt/ ;a} dflg;sf] Pp6} -dflg;_
hft ePsf] Pp6} eL/–e“ufnfdf ;“u} x's]{–a9]sf] :d[lt;Gbe{sf] /fufTds k|:t'lt ub}{ slj
h]= /f]]sf-@)$* M @)_n] klg ;j0fL{ aGw'n] dflg;hftnfO{ j0f{df ljeQm u/]sfn] cfh of]
b'b{zf sfod ePsf] wf/0ff …s:tf eO;SYof}+ xfdLÚ sljtfdf JoQm u/]sf 5g\ . pgsf
ljrf/df cfkm\gf] ;j0fL{ dflg;n] To;f] gu/]sf] eP cfh blnt agfOPsfx¿ klg d[u /
do'/sf] pGd'Qm gfr gfRy] / ljsf; tyf k|ultsf kydf cfh pgLx¿-pRr hfltsfx¿_
k'u]s} 7fp“df k'u]sf x'g] lyP . o;f] eGb} slj /f]sf cGtdf a|fxd0fjfbsf gfosx¿nfO{
cfkm\gf] kfv08k"0f{ pQm gLlt / Jojxf/ cGTo ug{ r'gf}tL lb+b} eG5g\ M
ca uj{ gu/ dfnL ef6sf] Oltxf; e6\6\ofP/÷unf g;'sfpm kl08t
cwf]d'vL zf:qdf nIo lrGtg u/]/÷Tof] Oltxf; / lrGtg t /fteGbf
nfdf] ;kgf eof]÷========To;}n] kvfn ltd|f vKk/ gof“ o'usf]
s;f}6Ldf÷clkt'-ls …gqÚ <_ /fVg'knf{ yf]q] emf]nL chfoasf] 3/f}6Ldf .
a|fx\d0fjfb s]jn lxGb";dfhdf dfq 5}g . Tof] t 7fn"jfb xf] / ;+;f/el/ g} Tof]
k|j[lQ / ;+:sf/sf ¿kdf /x]sf] kfOG5 . xfdLsxf“ Tof] j0f{jfb / j0f{e]bsf ¿kdf 5 eg]
136
blIf0fL / klZrdL uf]nfw{df Tof] sfnf] / uf]/f]sf] /+ue]bsf ¿kdf 5 . clk|msf To;}
cdfgjLo e]befjsf] lhp“bf] ;fIfL xf] . To;}n] slj cfx'lt oxf“sf …c5"tÚ / clk|msL
sfnf dflg;aLr ;dLs/0f ub}{ …ux'“uf]/f] clk|msfÚ-d"NofÍg, @)%% _ sljtf n]V5g\ /
…c5"tÚ / …sfnf]Ú egL pTkL8g ug]{ slyt 5"t, wdf{tL dfG5]nfO{ aL;f}+ ztfAbLsf]
cfjfh ;'Ì / a'em\g r'gf}tL lbG5g\ . dfS;{jfbL bz{gsf kmnsdf n]lvPsf] cfx'ltsf]
pQm sljtf blntr]tgfsf k|ultjfbL sljtfdWo]sf] dfgs sljtf xf] hxf“ pgn] cToGt
/fufTds lsl;dn] hflte]bsf ;+/Ifsx¿nfO{ ltgsf wd{zf:qnfO{ RofTg r'gf}tL lbPsf
5g\ . …5"tÚsf lz/b]lv kfp;Dd …c5"tÚsf] pkl:ylt /x]sf] pNn]v ub}{ slj eG5g\ M
æd ltd|f] dlGb/sf] b]ptf agfpg] sfdL x'“÷d of] uf]n e"uf]nsf] Pp6f
ux'“uf]/f] clk|msf x'“÷=== ltd|f] kfOtfnfsf] h'Qfb]lv zL/sf]
6f]kL;Dd÷ltd|f] b[li6sf] b"/ lIflthb]lv d'6'sf] :kGbg;Dd÷d sxf“
5}g < d ;j{q 5' ÷dnfO{ ltdL s;/L …c5"tÚ agfpg ;S5f} …5"tÚ
dfG5] <Æ
To;}n] slj slyt 5"tnfO{ o'usf] cfjfh a'em\g cfx\jfg u5{g\ / eG5g\ M æd
aL;f}+ ztfAbLsf] …c5"tÚ x'“÷of] uf]n e"uf]nsf] Pp6f ux'“uf]/f] clk|msf x'“ ÷d Gofo
rfxG5'÷d d'lQm rfxG5' Æ.
cfhsf o'udf g j0f{jfbL hflte]bsf] pkl:ylt ;Dej 5 g /+ue]bL pk]Iff . cfh
ljZjsf] s'g} klg e"efusf] …clk|msfÚ d'lQm rfxG5, :jfwLgtf rfxG5 / dgfjf]lrt,
;dtfd"ns Pj+ Gofok"0f{ Jojxf/ rfxG5 . o;} :jfGq\or]tsf] ;'Gb/ cfj]uk"0f{ cleJolQm
xf] …ux'“uf]/f] clk|msfÚ h;df blnt;Gbe{nfO{ Jofks j}lZjs cfofd lbP/ :jtGqtf /
d'lQmsf] b'Gb'le ahfOPsf] 5 .
o; k|j[lQsf sljtfdf sljx¿n] dfS;{jfbnfO{ sljtf/rgfsf] bfz{lgs cfwf/
agfPsf] :ki6 eP klg geP klg 5"jf5"tsf] j0f{jfbL Joj:yfsf] cf/De a|fx0fjfbL
lrGtgn] u/]sf] / ToxL a|fx\d0fjfb g} o; cdfgjLo ;+:sf/ / o;sf s'¿k kl/0fltsf]
sf/s / lhDd]jf/ /x]sf] s'/fnfO{ eg] ltgn] :ki6tfsf ;fy k|:t't ub}{ To;
dfgjtflj/f]wL ;+:sf/sf] cGTosf] sfdgf / s]jn sfdgfdfq geO{ To;sf nflu
;+ul7t ;lqmotf / ljb|f]xs} cfjZostf;d]tnfO{ sljtfTds :j/ lbPsf 5g . of]
;sf/fTds kIf xf] t/ ;a} sljx¿df o;af/] Ps}:t/df :ki6tf eg] /x]sf] b]lv+b}g .
sltko ;|i6fx¿ cem} klg efUojfbd} clNemPsf b]lvG5g\, h:t} ;L= Pd= ljZjsdf{s}
137
sljtfdf n]lvPsf] 5 M æof] nf]sdf geP klg csf]{ nf]sdf e]6\g cfp“nf÷lhp“bf] nfz
geP klg k'tnLsf] e]ifdf cfp“nfÆ-k[= *_ . oxL k/nf]sjfb / efUojfbnfO{ cufl8
t]:of{P/ ;dfhsf 6f7faf7fn] j0f{Joj:yf rnfPsf] s'/f lal;{g] xf] eg] blnt d'lQm ;Dej
xf]nf / < slj rqmdfg-;L= Pd=_ sf sljtfsf] o;} sdhf]/Lk|lt nlIft u/]/ ;ª\u|f}nf-
@)%^ M <_n] eg]sf 5g\ M æblnt ;d'bfosf gfos / cu|b"tx¿ ;dfh / hLjg;DaGwL
j}1flgs b[li6sf]0f / k|hftflGqs d"Nosf wfl/nf xltof/af6 ;'; lHht ePgg\ eg] ltgn]
cfkm\gf] ;d'bfonfO{ kl/jt{g / k|ult, d'lQm / ;d'Ìltsf] lbzflt/ nDsg ;3fp k'¥ofpg
;Qm}gg\Æ . j:t'tM o; ;Tok|ltsf] ;r]ttfsf] cefj blnt cfGbf]ng;“u ;Da4 sltko
;|i6fx¿df eg] cem} klg s]xL dfqfdf sfod} /x]sf] kfOG5 . o;}u/L sltko ;|i6fx¿df
lvÌtf / lg/fzfsf] efj klg af“sL /x]sf] kfOG5 . pbfx/0fsf nflu dgf]h dg' -@)%* M
#%_ n]V5g\ M
æefUo o:t} /x]5Æ÷k'k'{/f]df xft t]:of{pg'afx]s÷uGtJosf] cfsng sxf“
5 / <÷df}gtfsf] af]w uDg'afx]s .
o;}u/L hLjgsf krf; j;Gtx¿ kf/ ul/;Sbf klg slj kbd ;'Gbf;-@)%)_n]
cfkm\g} l;h{gfdf blnt x'g'sf]] ulx/f] dfgjLo kL8fsf] ;+j]bgfnfO{ cfkm"n] sljtfdf
k|efjsf/L / cy{k"0f{ jf0fL lbg g;s]sf]df / cem} klg blntdf bl/Psf dfG5]sf] d[tk|fo
l:yltdf kl/jt{g cfpg g;s]sf]df kZrftfk / lvÌtfaf]w k|:t't u/]sf 5g\, h:t} M
d]/f] sljtf÷dfG5]n] dfG5]nfO{ k5f/]sf] xif{a9fO“df÷afhf ahfPsf]
Hofnf dfUg hf“bf÷s'6fO vfP/ n8L dg'{ k/]sf]÷l;+xjL/sf] dfG5] x'g'sf]
kL8faf]w;Dd k'u]sf] 5}g-k[= !%_ .
d]/f] sljtf÷l5M s] sf] d]/f] sljtf <÷dfG5] eP/ dfG5] x'g ;Sg'af6
knfog eO/x]sf]÷d]/f] of] krf; k'Ug} nfu]sf] d[t dfG5]kgdf÷clnslt
klg d'lQm af“Rg'sf] cy{af]w u/fpg ;s]g -k[= !%_ .
oxf“ ;ª\3if{sf], ljb|f]xsf] efjeGbf klg lvÌtfsf] efj g} Hofbf k|v/ /x]sf] 5 .
cfkm} blntd'lQm cfGbf]ngdf nfu]sf] nfdf] ;do eO;Sbf klg nIok|flKt x'g g;s]sf]df
slj lvÌtfaf]w ug]{ l:yltdf k'u]sf 5g\ . o;f] eP klg k|:t't sljtfdf sljsf] cfkm} /
cfkm\gf] sljtf–k|ltsf] JoËon] Wjlgsf :t/df l;+uf] blnt cfGbf]ng alnof] x'g g;s]sf]
af]w u/fpg'sf ;fy} ;dfhsf g]t[TjbfoL kª\lQmdf a:g] ju{k|lt klg JoËo u/]sf] af]w
138
eg] x'G5 . olta]nf slj a9L efj's / uDeL/ ePsf] cg'ej ug{ ;lsG5 . sljtfdf
7f8f] cfqmf]z jf gf/f eGbf klg JoËofTds z}nLdf cg'e"ltsf] /fufTds k|:t'lt ePsf]
5.
o;/L sltko ;Ldfsf afjh'b klg dfgj;Eotfsf Oltxf;df ljsl;t j0f{e]bsf]
s'¿k k/Dk/fk|lt k|Zg p7fp“b} To;k|ltsf] c;xdlt, cfnf]rgf / lj/f]wsf ;fy} To;
s'¿ktfsf] cGTosf nflu sfdgf, cfx\jfg / på]usf] cleJolQm Psy/L sljtfdf ePsf]
5 / o:tf sljtfsf] ;ª\Vof lgs} w]/} /x]sf] 5 . lgZro klg sltko sljtfdf
lg/fzfaf]w 5 tfklg w]/}h;f] sljtfdf ;+ul7t eP/ blntd'lQmsf nflu p7\g' kg]{
r]tgfs} cfj]uk"0f{ cleJolQm ePsf] 5 .
&=@ j0f{jfb jf blnt;d:ofnfO{ juL{o cfGbf]ng;“u uf“;]/ x]g]{ k|ultjfbL
k|j[lQ
;d;fdlos k|ultzLn sljtfwf/fsf Psy/L sljtf h;df dfS;{jfbL ljrf/ /
b[li6sf] :ki6tf 5, ltgdf j0f{jfbsf] a|fx\d0fjfbL ;+:sf/, o;sf s'¿k kl/0ffdx¿ /
o;af6 d'lQmsf] ;Gbe{nfO{ juL{o kl/k|]Iodf x]l/Psf] kfOG5 . k|ultjfbL sljx¿ blnt
;d:of hftLo ;d:of eP klg To;n] cfhsf] ju{;dfhdf alnof] juL{o cfwf/ /
;+/If0f kfPsf] dfGb5g\ / ju{ljeQm ;dfhdf juL{o pTkL8gsf] cGTo geO{ hftLo
pTkL8gsf] k"0f{ cGTo gx'g] wf/0ff /fVb5g\ . To;}n] k|ultjfbL sljx¿n] hftLo
pTkL8gnfO{ juL{o pTkL8gs} c+u dfg]/ hftLo ;d:ofnfO{ Jofks juL{o ;d:ofsf
kmnsdf k|:t't u/]sf] kfOG5 .
pko'{Qm ;Gbe{df kfl/hftsf b'O{ sljtfx¿ qmdzM …h'7L bldgLsf] cleJolQmÚ /
…Pp6L :jf:gLdfG5]sf] cGtjf{tf{Ú l;Ë} g]kfnL sljtfs} ;Gbe{Dff lgs} dxŒjk"0f{ 5g\ . oL
b'j} gf/Ls]Gb|L sljtf x'g\ t/ oL s]jn gf/LjfbL sljtf xf]Ogg\ -kf08]o, @)^) M *)_ .
logdf qmdzM bdfO{+ / sfdL hfltsf b'O{ dlxnfnfO{ d'Vo cfnDagsf ¿kdf lnOPsf] 5
/ pgLx¿sf dfWodaf6 g]kfnL ;dfhdf JofKt hftLo pTkL8gnfO{ juL{o kl/k]|Iodf
x]g]{ snfTds k|of; ul/Psf] 5 . dfS;{jfb;“u ldl;P/ pgsf] blnt -;f+:s[lts_ r]t -/
gf/LjfbL r]t;d]t_ ;+lZni6 eO{ b]vfk/]sf] 5 . …Pp6L :jf:gL dfG5]sf] cGtjf{tf{Údf
sfdL hfltsL Ps blnt dlxnfsf cg'e"ltx¿nfO{ cGtjf{tf{z} nLdf k|:t't ub}{ sljtfsL
sldgLh:tf >d;fWo s7f]/ b}lgsL latfpg] -blnt_ dlxnfx¿n] cfkm\gf s7f]/
b}lgsLaLr aLr of}jgsf] :jfefljs cg'e"lt ug}{ gkfpg] oyfy{nfO{ lgs} dfld{s Pj+
139
snfTds lsl;dn] k|:t't ul/Psf] 5 . of}jg / To;sf :jfefljs sfps'tLk|lt tL
dlxnfsf] ;r]ttf kmls{g} Eofp“b}g / To:tf] cg'e"lt ug{ gEofp“b} pgLx¿sf] 9f8 s'k|L
kl/;S5 . ;w}+ d'lvgL / lali6gLsf h8\of}/L nufP/ nfh 9fSg' kg]{ lgolt af“lr/x]sf
o:tf blnt dlxnfx¿ cfkm\g} kl/jf/ / ;d'bfoleq klg lkt[;QfTds ;+:sf/sf] l;sf/
ePsf] cg'e"lt sljtfjfrs gf/LnfO{ ePsf] b]vfOPsf] 5 . pm eG5] M
9f“6]sL eP xh'/sf] df;' vfg] ÷d]/L af:;} ∕ ÷nf]Ug]nfO{ t d}n] hUu]df dfq b]v]sL
÷
==== o;sf] uf]8f kvfn]sf] kfgL vfg' ;f“emlaxfg÷of] t]/f] b]jtf xf] egL
a"9L aHo}n] eGbf÷3'D6f]leq d /f]PsL÷v}, s;/L b]vfpm“
ufnfdf cf“;'sf] 8f]a a:b}g xh'/ ÷ kx/fdf vx/]sf] 8f]a a;]h:t} .
-a}+;fn' jt{dfg, k[= #&_
cfkm\gf] nf]Ug] x'gnfu]sf] cyf{t\ hLjg;fyL aGg nfu]sf] k'?ifnfO{ ljjfxk"j{ e]6\g',
p;sf ljrf/ / b[li6sf]0f a'em\g' / To; cg'¿k ljjfxaf/] cfkm\gf] wf/0ff agfpg kfpg'
h:tf g};lu{s clwsf/af6 t pm jl~rt u/fOPs} 5] ;“u;“u} nf]Ug]nfO{ b]jtf dfg]/
;f“emlaxfg p;sf] v'§fsf] kfgL vfg'kg]{ afWotf klg p;n] leg'{ k/]sf] kL8fn] ljjfxsf]
3'D6f]leq p;sf] dg /f]Psf] / p;sf ufnfdf cf“;'sf] 8f]a ag]sf] oyfy{nfO{ kfl/hftn]
oxf“ ;'Gb/ ;hLj laDasf efiffdf k|:t't u/]sL 5g\ . of] cf“;'n] blnt ;d'bfosf
dlxnfsf ufnfdf Tolta]nf cem 7"nf] 8f]a agfp“5 hlta]nf p;sf] nf]Ug]n] ;f}tf xfN5 /
pmh:t} Pp6L dlxnf ;f}tf ag]/ p;sf] hLjgdf cfp“5] cyjf pm cfkm} ;f}tf ag]/
csf{sf] hLjgdf hfg'kg]{ afWofTds cj:yf cfOk5{ .
…h'7L bldgLsf] cleJolQmÚ zLif{ssf] sljtf klg o:t} blnt gf/Lsf lj8Dagfk"0f{
oyfy{sf] csf]{ sljtf xf] . cGtjf{tf{s} z}nLdf /lrPsf] o; sljtfdf klg afx| jif{sL
6'x'/L bdfO{+ hfltsL Ps blnt lszf]/LnfO{ p;sL dfOHo"n] cfkm\gf] efOsf] ;f}tfsf ¿kdf
lax] u/fOlbPsf] afWofTds kl/l:yltsf] cleJolQm ul/Psf] 5 . pm h'7] bdfO{+;“u kf]On
cfPsLn] p;sf] gfp“ d'v]gLn] h'7L bldgL /flvlbPsL xf] eGg] s'/faf6 ljjfxkZrft\
p;sf] gfds/0fdf klg lkt[;QfTds ;+:sf/ sfod /x]sf] :ki6 x'G5 . o;/L h'7L bldgL
st} lgDgjuL{o lgw{g kl/jf/sL ePsLn] hLjgdf clwsf/af6 jl~rt 5] t st}
lkt[;QfTds ;fdflhs ;+:sf/sf sf/0f pm pTkLl8t 5] . p;sf] ljkGg cfly{s cj:yfsf
sf/0f pm cyf{t\ h'7L h:tf y'k|} u|fdL0f dlxnfx¿ lai6x¿sf 3/ / v]taf/Ldf ;:tf] >d
140
a]Rg / zf/Ll/s ?U0ftf vKg afWo ePsf] cj:yf klg p;sf] cg'e"ltsf] Pp6f
dxŒjk"0f{ kf6f] ag]/} b]vfk/]sf] 5 . sljtfsL h'7L bldgLn] cfkm\gf] kl/>dsf] kmn
lhDd'jfnsf] af/Ldf ux'“sf ;'gf}nf afnfdf kmn]sf], h;sf] pkef]udf p;sf] s'g}
clwsf/ gePsf] s'/f u/]/ p;dfly ufp“sf] ;fdGtåf/f ePsf] >dzf]if0fk|lt cf}+nf];d]t
78\ofPsL 5 . o;/L sljtfsf h'7L bldgL cyjf sldgLh:tf blnt ;d'bfosf
gf/Lkfqdfly ePsf pTkL8g s]jn hftLo dfq 5}gg\, tL juL{o klg TolQs} 5g\ /
cfkm\g} kl/jf/leq lkt[;QfTds k'?ifn}lËs pTkL8g klg ltgn] TolQs} vKg' k/]sf] 5 /
tL ;a}vfn] pTkL8gaf6 d'lQm juL{o d'lQmlagf ;Dej 5}g eÌ] ;Toaf]w pQm
sljtfx¿df 5 . oxL k|ultjfbL sljtfsf] cfkm\gf] j}lzi6\o klg xf] .
o:t} k|j[lQnfO{ k|s6 ug]{ cGo sljtfx¿df OR5'ssf] …cflbjf;L jif{ /
levf/Lbf; ;fbfÚ-snd, @)%^–)%&, kmfu'g–>fj0f_ tyf …l;D7f/f] wfgÚ -Oltxf;sf] o;
38Ldf, @)%^_ zLif{ssf sljtfnfO{ lng ;lsG5 . t/fO{sf] d';x/ hfltsf] blnt
levf/Lbf; ;fbfsf si6s/–s?0f lhGbufgLsf] lrq0f u/L n]lvPsf] klxnf] sljtfdf
cGt/f{li6«o cflbjf;L lbj;n] klg levf/Lbf;h:tf blnt cflbjf;Lsf hLjgdf s'g}
kl/jt{g Nofpg g;s]sf] / ufp“sf 7fn"–lhDbf/sf d]nfdf uP/ klg hLjg wfÌ ;Sg]
cj:yf gePsfn] kxf8sf ul/ah:t} levf/Lbf;x¿ klg sfnfkf/-d'Unfg_ hfg' kg]{
l:ylt /x]sf] oyfy{nfO{ dfld{s cleJolQm lbOPsf] 5 . slj levf/Lbf;sf] s?0f–si6s/
cj:yfsf k5fl8 ljz'4 hftLo dfq geO{ juL{o pTkL8g klg sf/s ag]sf] ;+s]t ub}{
sljn] p;nfO{ t/fO{sf] z:oZofdn e"ldsf] xsbf/ agfpg ju{o'4 cfjZos /x]sf]
atfPsf 5g\ .
t/fO{s} hghLjgaf6 blnt dlxnf kfqnfO{ l6k]/ juL{o r]tgfsf] :kz{ lbO{
n]lvPsf] csf]{ pNn]vgLo sljtf O:dfnLsf] …t]t/LsL cfdfÚ-j]bgf, k"= @&–@*, @)$)_
klg xf] . o;df -5f]/L_ t]t/LsL cfdf eg]/ lrgfOPsL d';x/ hfltsL dlxnfnfO{ d'Vo
cfnDagsf ¿kdf k|:t't ul/Psf] 5 . cfkm\gf] hLjgdf p;n] ufp“sf] d'lvof–lhDbf/sf
d]nfkft nufotsf sfddf zf]if0f / bf]xg vKb} cfPsf], tNnf] hfltsL x'g'sf] kL8f klg
vKb} cfPsf] / Toltdfq geO{ gf/L ePsLn] cfkm\g} 3/df >Ldfg\åf/f s'6kL6nufotsf
k'?ifn}lËs pTkL8g klg vKb} cfPsf] h:tf cg]s si6 / kL8fx¿ ef]u]sf] atfp“b}
p;nfO{ / pm h:t} ul/a ufp“n]x¿nfO{ ju{af]w / d'lQmsf] j}1flgs r]tgfsf] :kz{ k|fKt
141
ePkl5 eg] pgLx¿ ;+ul7t x'g yfn]sf] / ufp“sf 7fn"x¿ em:s]sf] ;Gbe{ k|:t't ul/Psf]
5.
8Da/ kxf8Ln] klg cfkm\gf sljtfdf blnt;Gbe{nfO{ k|d'v :yfg lbPsf 5g\ t/
ju{af]wL r]tgf klg ;“u;“u} JoQm ePsf] 5 . pgn] blnt jf c5"tsf kL8fnfO{ cfd
pTkLl8t dflg;sf] kL8f;“u Psfsf/ u/fp“b} juL{o d'lQmdf g} hf]8 lbPsf] b]lvG5 .
pgsf] k|x/ ;+u|xleq ;+u[xLt …d"bf{jfb ∕ lhGbfjfb ∕∕Ú, …pTkL8tÚ, …hbf} xh'/ eGb}Ú h:tf
sljtf cyjf kqklqsfdf k|sflzt cGo km'6s/ sljtfdf blnt d'lQmsf] ;Gbe{nfO{ cfd
pTkLl8t hgtfsf] d'lQmk|;Ë;Dd lj:tfl/t ul/Psf] kfOG5 .
blntdflysf] pTkL8g / blntd'lQmnfO{ g} d"n sYo agfP/ z/b kf}8]nåf/f
n]lvPsf] r]tgfd"ns uLtx¿sf] ;“ufnf] bLklzvf-@)%*_ sf uLtx¿ klg o; ;Gbe{df
pNn]vgLo 5g\ . oBlk o;sf sltko /rgfdf ;fdfGo ;'wf/jfbL u};; r]tgfs} d'v/tf
klg b]lvG5 t/ sltko /rgfdf lgg' rfkfUffO{+n] e"ldsfdf eg]em}“ ;dfgtf / Gofok"0f{
;dfhJoj:yfsf] lgdf{0fsf] lrGtg / ljrf/k|ltsf] lgi7f, ;'Gb/ eljiok|lt c6n ljZjf;,
hgtf / ltgsf] >d / ;Lkk|lt >4fefj, ;ª\3if{ r]tgf, juL{o kIfw/tf / dflg;nfO{
gof“ ¿kaf6 kl/eflift ug]{ k|oTg cflbsf] /fufTds cleJolQm klg ePsf] 5 h;n] ubf{
blntljifos uLt eP/ klg ltgn] lj:t[t juL{o cfofd k|fKt u/]sf 5g\ , h:t} Pp6f
pbfx/0f M
6'6 km'6 5 hgtfdf xfdLn] h'6\g l;sfp“5f}+÷ul/a xfdL lsg
5f}+ sf/0f vf]Hg ;3fp“5f}+÷n'Sbf] r]t dfG5]sf] xfdLn]
ems\emSofp“5f}+ ÷dfG5] aÌ p7f}+ nf} cfx\jfg of]
ub{5f}+÷cf:yfsf] of] af6f]df======
o;/L vf;u/L k|ultjfbL sljx¿n] blnt ;d:of jf hftLo e]befjsf] ;d:ofnfO{
s]jn hftLo d'lQmsf ;Gbe{df dfq glnP/ To;nfO{ juL{o pTkL8g;“u uf“:b} ju{ ;ª\3if{s}
Pp6f c+u / c+zsf ¿kdf lnPsf] / juL{o pTkL8gsf] cGTo;“u g} hftLonufot cGo
pTkL8gsf] cGTosf] ;DEFfjgfnfO{ JoQm u/]sf 5g\ .
&=# blntd'lQmsf] qmflGtsf/L af6f] M /fHo;+/rgfdf kl/jt{gsf]
cfjZostfaf]w
142
 dflysf] rrf{;Gbe{af6 s] :ki6 eO;s]sf] 5 eg] Psy/L -vf;u/L dfS;{jfbL
ljrf/k|lt k|lta4_ ;|i6fx¿n] blntd'lQmnfO{ jt{dfgs} /fHo;+/rgfleq ljz'4 hftLo
d'lQmsf ¿kdf lnPsf 5}gg\ . pgLx¿sf ljrf/df /fHosf] ;+/rgf g} pTkL8gsf/L
rl/qsf] /x'~h]n / Tof] pTkL8gsf hudf pleo'Gh]n hftLo pTkL8gaf6 klg k"0f{ d'lQm
;Dej 5}g . k|ultjfbL ;|i6fx¿ 5"jf5"tdf cfwfl/t hftLo pTkL8gsf] ;d"n cGTo
rfxG5g\, e]befj/lxt ;'Gb/ tyf Gofok"0f{ ;dfh rfxG5g\ . To;}n] pgLx¿
blntd'lQmsf] qmflGtsf/L af6f] b]vfp“b} pTkL8s rl/qsf] /fHo;+/rgfdf kl/jt{gsf]
cfjZostfaf]w u5{g\ . oxL cfjZostfaf]w …l;gf]Ú zLif{ssf] sljtfdf lbn ;fxgLn]
u/]sf 5g\ . @)%& ;fndf nfxfgdf ePsf] blntx¿sf] l;gf]–cfGbf]ngsf cfGbf]ngnfO{
d"n ljifo agfP/ n]lvPsf] pQm sljtfdf slj ;fxgLn] s]jn kz'sf] l;gf] kmfNg
c:jLsf/ ug'{ dfq hftLo d'lQmsf nflu kof{Kt gePsf], l;gf]t'No l;Ëf] /fhsLo Pj+
;fdflhs ;+/rgf kmfNg cfjZos /x]sf] qmflGtsf/L ljrf/ k|s6 u/]sf 5g\ . l;gf]
kmfNg alxisf/ ug]{ blnt sljsf b[li6df qmflGtr]tf 5g\, To;}n] pgLx¿ eG5g\ M
w]/} kmfNof}+ l;gf] xfdLn]÷ca t ltdLn] kmfn] klg x'G5=== ====÷klxnf–
klxnf xfdLn]÷ltd|f] l;gf] kmfNg] ub{Yof}+÷clxn] t xfdLn] ÷xfd|f] l;gf]
kmfNg] u/]sf 5f}+-hgfb]z, @)%&, h]7 @$_ .
oxf“ blntx¿n] k/Dk/fut l;gf] kmfNg c:jLsf/ u/]sf] / ca cfkm\g} l;gf]
kmfNg] s'/fsf] pb\3f]if 5 . Tof] …cfkm\gf] l;gf]Ú sljtfn] eg]em}“ k'/fgf dg'jfbL wd{zf:q,
e]befjsf/L sfg'gsf 7]nLx¿ / :jo+ pTkL8s /fHo;+/rgf;d]t xf] . sljtfsf cGTodf
sljtfjfrs blntx¿ 3f]if0ff u5{g\ M æ/ l;h{gf ug]{5f}+÷Pp6f l;gf] lagfsf] ;Eo
;dfh÷Pp6f l;gf]lagfsf] ;'Gb/ ;dfh Æ. o;/L oxf“ s]jn hftLo ;Gbe{dfq 5}g,
qmflGtåf/f cfd"n kl/jt{g u/L Pp6f ;'Gb/ / Gofok"0f{ ;dfhsf] lgdf{0fsf] k|lta4tf /
pb\3f]ifsf] /fufTds cleJolQm klg 5 .
o;}u/L slj OR5'sn] klg ToxL nfxfg 36gfnfO{ d"n ;Gbe{ agfP/ n]v]sf]
…c:jLsf/Ú-hgfb]z, h]7 !), @)%&_ sljtfdf blntd'lQmsf nflu cfd"n kl/jt{gs}
cfjZostf cf}+NofPsf 5g\ . k'vf}{+b]lv / ;lbof}+b]lv dflns eOcfPsfx¿n] p7\eGbf
p7\g] / a;\eGbf a:g] clg 3f“6L–3f“6L ckdfg lb+bf klg ;xg] ul/cfPsf …c5"tÚx¿ ca
To;f] ug{ tof/ 5}gg\ t/ ef}lts l;gf] kmfNg c:jLsf/ ug'{ dfq kof{Kt 5}g eÌ] s'/f
143
pgLx¿n] a'lem;s]sf] tyf jf:tljs / k"0f{ d'lQmsf nflu cfd"n kl/jt{g cfjZos /x]sf]
;Toaf]w pgLx¿nfO{ eO;s]sf] slj atfp“5g\ .
slj 8Da/ kxf8L klg d'lQmsf nflu qmflGt cfjZos /x]sf] / To;sf nflu cfkm" cfkm\gf]
k|f0fsf] cfx'lt lbg tof/ /x]sf] efj JoQm ub}{ eG5g\ -@)^) M %*_ M
d'lQms} vflt/ hGd]sL x'“ d÷d'lQms} vflt/ ;bf 86f}+nf÷clGtd ljho
lglZrt 5 xfd|f]÷clGtd};Dd 86L n8f}+nf .
hbf} eÌ] xftx¿ ca d'lQmsf nflu p7\g'kg]{ efj JoQm ug]{ kxf8L cfkm\gf sljtfdf
cfd"n kl/jt{gs} kIfkftL /x]sf 5g .
csf{ k|ultjfbL slj k"0f{ lj/fd …uGwj{sf lglDt Ps sljtfdfÚ-;flxTo;GWof, k"= ^,
@)%*_ df lai6af6 h8\of}/L kfPsf] sf]6n] s}og\ hf8f] sf6]sf] uGwj{-ufOg]_ k|lt nlIft
ub}{ s] eG5g\ eg] jiff}{+jif{ sf“wdf ;f/ËL nsf{P/ b'Mvsf /fux¿ cnfk] klg …alx/fn] /fh
u/]sf]Ú b]zdf ef]sn] d/]sf p;sf 5f]/L, alxgL, kTgL ;'GtnLx¿ / skf;sf cefjdf
lgdf]lgofn] d/]sf p;sf aRrfsf uLtx¿ s;}n] ;'g]g, ;'Gb}g . hf8f]df bf“t s6s6L
ah]sf] ;'g]/ g t s'g} …jhL/Ún] d§Lt]nsf] …OGthfdÚ ul/lbof] g t k|r08 udL{df nfu]sf]
cf}nf]af6 arfpg s;}n] p;nfO{ …s'gfOgÚ gfdsf] rSsL g} af“8 \of] . sljsf zAbdf
…alx/f]Ú b]zdf-;+s]ltt 5 e]befjsf/L pTkL8s /fHok|0ffnL_ To:tf] x'g' ;Dej 5}g .
To;}n] pgL uGwj{nfO{ ;f/ËL Tofu]/ pTkft gfds w'g ahfpg cfx\jfg u5{g\ h;af6
alx/fn] ;'Ì ;s"g\ . o;/L slj k"0f{ lj/fd klg oxf“ uGwj{sf hLjgdf JofKt b'lg{oltaf6
d'lQmsf nflu cfd"n kl/jt{g / /fHo;+/rgfdf kl/jt{gsf] cfjZostfnfO{ cfj]uk"0f{
efiffdf k|:t't u5{g\ .
o;}u/L slj k"0f{ g]kfnL-@)%^ M @$_n] cfkm\gf] …sndleq af?b el/Psf] 5Ú
sljtfdf blntx¿sf cf“vfaf6 ca cf“;' xf]Og /ut aUg] u/]sf] atfp“b} sfnfGt/df w]/}
pTkL8g vKb} uPkl5 afn'jf¿kL blntx¿ r§fg ag]sf] / To; r§fg;“usf] o'4df
oyfyl:yltjfbsf] xf/ x'g] pb\3f]if u/]sf 5g\ . pgL eG5g\ M æd Pp6f cltl/Qm zlQmsf]
k|tLIffdf 5'÷h;n] sl:;Psf afn'jfnfO{ r§fg agfp“5÷sf]lrPsf] xfjfnfO{ x'/L
agfp“5÷Pslqt yf]kfnfO{ ;fu/ agfp“5÷clg÷lemNsfnfO{ 89]nf] agfp“5 .Æ o;/L slj
g]kfnLn] ca Pp6f lj:kmf]6 ;“3f/d} /x]sf] / cfkm"n] To;sf] k|tLIff / cfdGq0f b'j}
ul//x]sf] ;+s]t u/]sf 5g\ .
144
 hftLo pTkL8gaf6 k"0f{ d'lQm / To;sf nflu cfd"n kl/jt{gsf] r]tsf] s'/f ubf{
:jo+ slyt blnt ;d'bfoaf6 p7]sf ;lqmo slj cfx'ltsf] dfly pNn]lvt …ux'“uf]/f]
clk|msfÚ o; lsQfsf] lgs} pNn]vgLo / pTs[i6 sljtfsf ¿kdf /x]sf] dfÌ} k5{ .
g]kfn jf lxGb" ;dfhdf dfq geO{ j0f{ / /+usf cfwf/df lje]b / pTkL8gsf] ;+:s[lt
;+;f/sf cgo efudf klg /x]sf] ;+s]t ub}{ pgn] o; ;d:ofnfO{ j}ZjLs/0f u/]sf
5g\ . ux'“uf]/f] clk|msf eÌ' xfd|f] e"v08sf] blnt xf] / blIf0fL e"v08sf] sfnf hfltsf]
clk|msf xf] . ;+;f/el/s} ;De|fGt dflg;, ;De|fGt b]z / ;De|fGt hfltsf ;De|flGtdf
blnt jf sfnf hflts} >dhLjL dflg;sf] kl;gf au]sf] 5 h;sf] lgif]w u/]/
pgLx¿sf] ;De|fGttf l6Sg ;Qm}g . t/ blntx¿n] To;sf] kfl/tf]lifsdf ;w}+ pk]Iff,
3[0ff kfPsf 5g\ . cfx'lt cfkm\gf] sljtfdf s]jn o; oyfl:yltsf] j0f{g dfq ub}{gg\,
pgL cfhsf] …c5"tÚ aL;f}+ ztfAbL -of] aL;f}+ ztfAbLsf pQ/fw{sf cGTolt/sf] sljtf xf]
_sf] …c5"tÚ cyf{t\ …ux'“uf]/f] clk|msfÚ ePsf] / ca pm s'g} klg d"Nodf Gofo / d'lQm
rfxG5 eÌ] efj JoQm u5{g\ M æd aL;f}+ ztfAbLsf] …c5"tÚ x'“÷of] uf]n e"uf]nsf] Pp6f
ux'“uf]/f] clk|msf x'“ ÷d Gofo rfxG5'÷d d'lQm rfxG5' Æ. pgL cufl8 eG5g\ M æd
ckdflgt Oltxf;sf] lx;fa rfG5'÷d ca s'g} klg d"Nodf d'lQm rfxG5' Æ. cfx'ltn]
oxf“ blntpTkL8gnfO{ ;fdfGoLs/0f u/]sf 5g\ / ;+;f/el/s} ;Gbe{df j0f{ / /+usf
cfwf/df x'g] pTkL8gsf] cGTosf nflu pb\3f]if u/]sf 5g\ . cfx'ltsf] hftLo d'lQmofqf
s]jn …c5"tÚaf6 …5"tÚ;Ddsf] xf]Og . pgL t ;+;f/d} s;}n] e]befjsf] …clk|msfÚ aGg'
gk/f];\ eg]/ ;a} lsl;dsf e]befj / pTkL8gaf6 k"0f{ d'lQmsf] rfxgf u/]sf 5g\ .
pgsf] o; sljtfdf ;f]em} /fHo;+/rgfdf kl/jt{gsf] s'/f pNn]lvt 5}g t/ æs'g} klg
d"Nodf d'lQmsf] vf]hLn] cfd"n kl/jt{gs} ;+s]t u/]sf] 5 .
&=$ blntnfO{ qmflGtgfos÷pmhf{zLn JolQmsf ¿kdf lrq0f
k|ultjfbL sljx¿n] blnt;Gbe{nfO{ sljtfsf] ljifo agfp“bf blntx¿nfO{
qmflGtgfossf ¿kdf jf qmflGtsf/L pmhf{o'Qm JolQmTjsf ¿kdf klg lrq0f u/]sf 5g\
h;af6 sljtfdf blnt elgPsfx¿sf] gof“ klxrfg k|:t't ePsf] 5 . cfx'ltsf] k"jf]{Qm
…ux'“uf]/f] clk|msfÚ sljtfdf pm-cyf{t\ slyt c5"t_ j0f{jfbsf] slyt wdf{tL, k'hf/LnfO{
cf}+Nff] 78\ofP/ dflg;nfO{ ckdfg ug]{ wd{zf:qsf kfgf RofTg / c3fPsf] slyt
5"tnfO{ cfkm";“u cf“vf h'wfP/ k|:6Ls/0f lbg r'g}ftL lbO/x]sf] b]lvG5 eg] O:dfnLsf]
sljtf-…t]t/LsL cfdfÚ_df t/fO{sL d';x/ -blnt_ dlxnf ufp“sf wld/fx¿nfO{ cf}+nf]
145
78\ofpg] ljb|f]lx0fL ag]sL 5 . slj OR5'ssf] …k'v]{ ;'gf/sL cfdfÚdf klg k'v]{ ;'gf/sL
cfdf lav'{ ;'gfgL{ cGofok"j{s dfl/Psf] cfkm\gf] 5f]/fsf] xTofsf k|ltzf]wdf 3fOt] ag]sL
5 t/ p;sf] k|ltzf]w / ljb|f]x JolQmut geO{ qmflGtsd{s} ;xsf/L ag]sf] 5 . pm
cfkm\gf] kl/ro lb+b} eG5] M æd t pj{/f dfbLrf}/] 5ftLdf÷aa{/x¿n] bfx|]/ /utfDd]
kf/]sf]÷d'lQm;ª\3if{sf] Pp6f v'nf kfgf x'“÷==== cfwf zf]sn] cfwf cfqmf]zn]÷8f“8fsf]
atf;h:t} lbg/ft 56k6fO/x]sL÷d lav'{ ;'gfgL{÷czfGt dxfef/tsL cfqmfGt
pR5jf;÷d]/f] yk kl/ro eÌ' s]xL 5}g ∕ -Oltxf;sf] o; 38Ldf, k[= %(_Æ. olt
elg;s]kl5 lav'{ ;'gfgL{sf] yk kl/ro sljtfsf] kf7ssf nflu af“sL klg /x“b}g .
…czfGt dxfef/tsL cfqmfGt pR5jf;Ú–lgs} cfj]uk"0f{ cg'e"ltdo laDa h;n] lav'{
;'gfgL{sf] k/Dk/fut kl/ronfO{ cf]em]ndf kf/]/ ;f“Rr} Pp6f gof“ / ljlzi6 kl/ro
kf7ssf cufl8 pkl:yt u/fp“5 .
o;}u/L r'g' u'?Ë-@)%& M @%_ sf] …ltd|f] s] nfU5Ú zLif{ssf] sljtfdf klg s6\jfn]
sfdL cfkm\gf] k"j{ klxrfgnfO{ 5f8]/ gof“ kl/rodf k|:t't ePsf] 5 . r'g' n]lV5g\ M æjiff}{+
eof]÷cfhef]ln s6jfn] sfdL÷d'lvofsf] lxtdf af]Ng 5f]8]sf]÷hdfgf pN6f] xf]Og ;'N6f]
eof]÷cfhef]ln s6\jfn] sfdL cfkm} ÷3fdsf] em'Nsf] eof] Æ. o; sljtfdf s6\jfn]
sfdLdf qmdzM ePsf] j}rfl/s ljsf; / kl/jt{gsf] pNn]v ub}{ cfkm\g} …dflnsx¿Úaf6
p;n] / p;sf] kl/jf/n] kfPsf] c;'Iff / ckdfgsf k[i7e"lddf pm qmflGtsd{df ;+nUg
ePsf] lrq0f ul/Psf] 5 . o:t} 8Da/ kxf8Lsf sljtfdf klg blntsf ;f}o{ /
;Defjgfsf] k|:t'lt ul/Psf] 5 . pgL …r'gf}tL 5 ltdLnfO{Ú zLif{ssf] sljtf-k|x/, @)^)_
df jh|nfO{ km]l/ Ps k6s wSsf lb+b} cfpg r'gf}tL lb+b} ca blntx¿df jh|sf wSsf
;xg] ;fx; ljsl;t ePsf] atfp“5g\-k[= !@_ eg] …pTkLl8tÚ zLif{ssf] csf]{ sljtfdf
pgL blntnfO{ o;/L lrgfp“5g\ M ætfgfzfxx¿sf] 5ftLdf÷Hjfnfd'vL ag]/÷nKsL lbg
;S5 pTkLl8t÷blnt=====;fdGtL s'/Llt / ;+:sf/lj?4÷;fdflhs kl/jt{gsf vflt/
r6\ofË ag]/ r8\sL lbg ;S5 blnt===== hbf} ug]{ xhf/f}+ xftx¿ p7fO{÷d'lQm;ª\3if{sf]
lau'n km'lslbg ;S5 pTkLl8t–blntÆ .
o;/L Psy/L sljtfdf slyt blnt jf c5"tx?nfO{ sljx/n] k/Dk/fleÌ gof“
kl/ro lbPsf 5g\ . o; kl/ron] pgLx¿nfO{ o'ugfos, o'ukl/jt{s / d'lQm jf
kl/jt{gsf ;+jfxssf ¿kdf k|:t't u/]sf] 5 .
*= pk;+xf/
146
 g]kfnL ;dfhdf j0f{jfb jf 5'jf5"tlj?4sf] cfGbf]ng cf}krfl/s ?kdf
@))$lt/af6 cf/De ePsf] kfOP klg s]Gb|Ls[t g]kfnsf] :yfkgfsfntfsf ljsl;t
hf];dlg ;Dk|bfoaf6} sd{sf08 / j0f{jfbsf] cfnf]rgf ePsf] xf] / hf];dlg ;flxTo-
sljtf_df klg s]xL dfqfdf pQm r]tgf k|s6 ePsf] xf] . o;f] eP klg :jo+ blnt
cfGbf]ngs} cf}krfl/s cf/De gx'~h]n sljtfdf To; r]tgfn] ljlzi6 :yfg k|fKt ug{
g;s]sf] dfÌ} k5{ . oBlk !((! b]lv g} b]jsf]6fn] hftLo >]i7tf / lgDgtfsf]
dfGotflj?4 sljtf n]Vg yfln;s]sf b]lvG5g\ t/ To;sf] ljsf; ljlzi6 k|j[lQ /
cfGbf]ngsf ¿kdf x'g ;s]sf] b]lv+b}g . blnt cfGbf]ng-@))$_sf] cf/De / vf;u/L
g]kfndf dfS;{jfbL jf ;fDojfbL ljrf/sf] k|j]zkl5 g} sljtf-/ ;flxTosf cGo
ljwf_df blnt;Gbe{n] :yfg kfpg yfn]sf] kfOG5 . o; ;Gbe{df k|ultjfbL sljtfsf]
klxnf] r/0f-@))&–@)!^_ tyf bf];|f] r/0f-@)!&–@)#%_df sljx¿n] j0f{jfbsf]
cfnf]rgf / blntd'lQmsf] ;Gbe{k|lt ;/f]sf/ /fv]/ sljtf /rgf u/]sf 5g\ eg] To:tf
sljtfdf ljz'4 hftLo d'lQmsf] r]tgfeGbf klg hftLo pTkL8gnfO{ juL{o pTkL8g;“u
uf“;]/ x]g]{ / ;du| jf cfd"n kl/jt{gsf] cfjZostfaf]w u/fpg] sfd ePsf] 5 .
;d;dflos cjlwsf] sljtf-@)#^otf_df eg] qmdzM o; ljifok|ltsf] rf;f] / ;/f]sf/
a9\b} uPsf] s'/f cWoogn] b]vfPsf] 5 . o; r/0fdf /fhg}lts / u}//fhg}lts-u};;_
:t/df blnt cfGbf]ngsf] ;Gbe{ ljsl;t x'“b} uPsfn] :jefjtM sljtf -vf;u/L
k|ultzLn sljtf_df blntr]tgfsf] cleJolQmn] lj:tf/ k|fKt ub}{} uPsf] 5 . To;
;Gbe{Dff Ps y/L 7"nf] ;ª\Vofsf sljtfdf hftLo e]befjlj/f]wL jf j0f{jfb tyf
a|fx\d0fjfblj/f]wL cfnf]rgfTds :j/ lgs} tLj| ¿kdf JoQm ePsf] kfOPsf] 5 .
sljx?n] dfgj;Eotfsf ljsf;qmddf Ps;dodf cfkm\g} ;j0fL{ dflg;n] g} s;/L
Psy/L dflg;nfO{ z"b| jf …c5"tÚ agfOlbP eÌ] s'/fsf] /fufTds lrq0f u/]sf 5g\ eg]
To:tf] cGofok"0f{ e]b ul/P klg dflg;sf] hft dflg;} x'g] / p;nfO{ j0f{ / /+udf
5'6\ofpg' -vf;u/L cfhsf] ztfAbLdf_;Dej g} gx'g] s'/fsf] pb\3f]if;“u} sg} klg
d"Nodf d'lQm rflxPsf] uh{gf ul/Psf] 5 .
o;afx]s Psy/L :ki6 k|ultjfbL r]t ePsf -pbfx/0ffy{ kfl/hft, cfx'lt,
OR5's, O:dfnL, lbn ;fxgL, k"0f{ lj/fd, 8Da/ kxf8L cflb_ sljx?n] blnt ;d:ofnfO{
juL{o cfofddf x]/]sf 5g\ / hftLo d'lQmnfO{ juL{o d'lQms} c+usf ¿kdf k|:t't ub}{
To;sf nflu ;dfhsf] cfd"n kl/j{tgsf] cfjZostfnfO{ cf}+NofPsf 5g\ . o;} ;Gbe{df
g]kfnL ;dfhdf rln/x]sf] ;dfh¿kfGt/0fsf] cfGbf]ngdf blntx?sf] dxŒjk"0f{
147
;xeflutf /x]sf] / pgLx¿ To; cfGbf]ngsf ;+jfxs, g]t[Tjstf{;d]t /x]sf] jf x'g;Sg]
egL blntx¿sf] gof“ / pbfQ kl/ro klg tL sljtfdf k|:t't ul/Psf] 5 . o;af6
;dsfnLg k|ultzLn sljtfdf j0f{jfbdf cfwfl/t blntpTkL8gsf] ;+j]bgzLn ;Gbe{k|lt
lgs} dfqfdf rf;f] /x]sf] ljleÌ cfofddf To;nfO{ x]b}{ sljtfdf To;sf] /fufTds
cleJo~hgfsf] k|of; eO/x]sf] b]lvG5 . lgZro klg To:tf ;Dk"0f{ sljtfsf] sljtfTds
;f}Gbo{d"No Ps}gf; 5}g, sltkodf gf/fsf] pkl:ylt / s'/fsf] k|wfgtf klg kfOG5 t/
sltko s'zn / :yflkt sljx¿n] eg] snfTds 9+un] ljifosf] k|efjsf/L k|:t'lt u/]sf]
;fIo klg pknAw 5 .
k|d'v ;Gbe{;"rL
clwsf/L, /ljnfn-@)@(_, a'sLkm"n, ndh'Ë M n]sfnL k|sfzg .
cfx'lt-@)%&_, …ux'“uf]/f] clk|msfÚ, d"NofÍg, =========================.
cfx'lt-@)^)_, …s] xf] blnt d'lQm cfGbf]ngsf] ;xL af6f]Ú, g]kfnL d~r, -! M *, df3–
kmfu'g_, k[= *–!# .
O:dfnL-@)$)_, …t]t/LsL cfdfÚ, j]bgf, -k"= @&÷@*_ .
OR5's-@)%^_, Oltxf;sf] o; 38Ldf, sf78df8f}+ M c= g]= h= ;f+= ;+= .
OR5's-@)%^÷)%&_, …cflbjf;L lbj; / levf/Lbf; ;fbfÚ, snd, -kmfu'g–>fj0f_ .
OR5's-@)%&_, …c:jLsf/Ú, hgfb]z, -h]7 $_ .
pkfWofo, s]zjk|;fb-@)$(_, k|fyldssfnLg slj / sfJok|j[lQ, sf7df8f}+ M ;femf
k|sfzg .
ls;fg, s]jk'/]-@)@(_, …nfx'/] ;fsL{Ú, s]jnk'/] ls;fgsf uLt / sljtfx?-@)$%, kl;gf
k|sfzg, g]kfn_df ;ª\u[xLt, k[= !#*–!$! .
lu/L, hLj]Gb|b]j-@)%$_, …blnt ;d'bfosf z}lIfs tyf ;f+:s[lts ;d:of / ;dfwfgsf
pkfox¿Ú, blnt ;d'bfosf ;d:of ljifos /fli6«o k/fdz{ sfo{qmd, sf7df8f}+ M
cGt/f{li6«o P]Soa4tf ;d"x-lu|G;f]_ g]kfn, k[= ^*–() .
u'?Ë, r'g'-@)%&_, …ltd|f] s] nfU5Ú, k|ltaf]w, -@ M ^, df3–kmfu'g_ .
rfkfufO{+, g/]Gb|-@)%@_, …cfd'vÚ, sfJo;dfnf]rgf, lj/f6gu/ M k"jf{~rn sfJo k|lti7fg .
148
lqkf7L jf;'b]j / c?x?, ;Dkf=-@)%#_, g]kfnL sljtf efu $, sf7df8f}+ M ;femf >flkt, ;'dg-@)^)_, …aGb 9f]sf v'n] klgÚ, g]kfnL d~r,-! M &_, k[= #& .
k|sfzg . ljZjsdf{, 6L= cf/=-@)$!_, …l/l;g' t cjZo kb{5Ú, ;~hLjgL, -& M *–(, d+l;/–k';_, k[=
g]kfnL, k"0f{-@)%%_, …d 7fÌ]5' d]/f] syf ;lsof]Ú, k|ltaf]w,-! M !, k';–df3_ . @% .
g]kfnL, k"0f{-@)%^_, …sndleq af?b el/Psf] 5Ú, k|ltaf]w, -! M #_ . ljZjsdf{, 6L= cf/=-@)$&_, …eSs'nfO{ /f“uf]Ú, ;~hLjgL, -!# M $, sflt{s, /rgfsfn
g]kfnL, v]d-@)^!_, cf:yfsf] v]tL, sf7df8f}+ M /fh;f d~r g]kfn . @)!(_, k[= @! .
kxf8L, 8Da/-@)^)_, k|x/, sf7df8f}+ M g]kfn blnt ;flxTo tyf ;f+:slts k|lti7fg, ljZjsdf{, kb\dnfn-@)%$_, …blnt ;d'bfosf] ;fdflhs, cfly{s, /fhg}lts l:ylt /
;fyL k|sfzg . cf/If0fsf] ;jfnÚ, blnt ;d'bfosf ;d:of ljifos /fli6«o k/fdz{ sfo{qmd, sf7df8f}+ M
kfl/hft-@)%)_, a}+;fn' jt{dfg, sf7df8f}+ M g]kfnL ;flxTo u'7L . cGt/f{li6«o PSoa4tf ;d"x-lu|G;f]_g]kfn, k[=@)–$# .
kf08]o, tf/fsfGt-@)%%_, æk|ultjfbL g]kfnL sljtfdf cleJol~ht oyfy{Æ, ljBfjfl/lw ljZjsdf{, kb\dnfn-@)%^_, …lsg p7\g ;s]g PsLs[t blnt cfGbf]ngÚ, ljsf;, -* M !^,
zf]wk|aGw, lqe'jg ljZjljBfno, sf7df8f}+ . df3_, k[= &$–*# .
kf08]o, tf/fsfGt-@)%*_, b]jsf]6fsf] JoËo sljTj, sf7df8f}+ M zLnf of]uL . ljZjsdf{, ;L= Pd=-@)%^_, blnt a:tLsf ;';]nLx?, sf7df8f}+ M blnt u}/;/sf/L ;+:yf
dxf;+3 .
kf08]o, tf/fsfGt-@)%*_, …;dsfnLg k|ultjfbL g]kfnL sljtfsf k|j[lQx?Ú,
;flxTo;GWof, -k"= ^ , j}zfv_, k= ^(–(@_
kf08]o, tf/fsfGt-@)^)_, …a}+;fn' jt{dfgsf sljtfdf gf/Ldgsf] cGt/ËÚ, j]bgf,-k"=
^*, d+l;/_, k[= &(–** .
k"0f{ lj/fd-@)%*_, …uGwj{sf lglDt Ps sljtfÚ, ;flxTo;GWof, -k"= ^, j}zfv_, k[= #–$ .
kf}8]n, z/b-@)%*_, bLklzvf, sf7df8f}+ M cfTdlge{/ ljsf; d~r .
e08f/L, hubLzrGb|-@)%%_, k|ultjfbL g]kfnL sljtf M cle/]vfÍg / ljZn]if0f,
sf7df8f}+ M d'ÌL e08f/L .
dg', dgf]h-@)%*_,
/fhLj-@)#(_, sldgL cfdf, sf7df8f}+ l;h{gf k|sfzg k|f= ln= .
/f]sf, h]=-@)$*_, …s:tf eO;SYof}+ xfdLÚ, d'lQmrqm, -! M !, k';_, k[= @) .
;Qm]g, b]j]Gb|-@)%(_, …eg d]/f] /utsf] /Ë s:tf] 5 <Ú, hgpTyfg, -k"= @$, kmfu'g–
r}t_, k[= ##–#$ .
;fxgL, lbn-@)%&_, …l;gf]Ú, hgfb]z, -h]7 @&_ .
;'Gbf;, kbd-@)%)_, …d]/f] sljtfÚ, ;dfgtf, -! M !, efb|_, k[= !% .

149 150

…a}+;fn' jt{dfgÚsf sljtfdf gf/Ldgsf]
cGt/ª\u
!= cfd'v
kfl/hft-!(($–@)%)_ ;du| g]kfnL ;flxTos} Ps ljlzi6 / d"w{Go gf/L
x:tfIf/ /x]sf] s'/f :ki6} 5 . cfVofg]t/ / cfVofgfTds b'j} vfn] uB;flxTodf / To;
cltl/Qm sljtf cyf{t\ kB;flxTodf ;d]t pgsf] ljlzi6 k|ltef / To;sf] snfTds
kl/0flt g]kfnL ;flxTosf kf7ssf nflu c1fgtfsf] ;Gbe{ xf]Og . kfl/hftn]
cl:tTjjfbaf6 ;flxlTos ofqf cf/De u/]/ k|ultjfbsf hLjgd'vL /fhdfu{df lx“8 \b}
d"Nojfg\ ;flxTol;h{gf u/]sf] s'/f klg g]kfnL kf7ssf nflu kl/lrt ;Gbe{ g} xf] .
k|:t't n]vdf kfl/hftsf] oxL kl5Nnf] ofqfv08df n]lvPsf] / pgsf] d[To'kZrft\
k|sflzt ePsf] sljtf–;ª\u|x a}+;fn' jt{dfg-@)%)_nfO{ ljj]Ro ljifo;Gbe{ agfOPsf]
5 . kfl/hft dxŒjk"0f{ gf/Lx:tfIf/ ePsf] ;Gbe{nfO{ ;lDe“mbf pgL gf/LdgsL cGt/ª\u
lzNkL /x]sf] -zdf{, @)$* M (! _s'/f klg TolQs} pNn]vgLo ;Gbe{ ag]/ b]v f
kb{5 . o;} kl/k|]Iodf a}+;fn' jt{dfgsf sljtfdf kfl/hftsf] gf/Lr}tGo jf
gf/LTjaf]wsf] sljtfTds cleJolQm klg dxŒjk"0f{ ¿kn] ePsf] 5 eGg] k|fSsNkgf ub}{
To;sf] ;Tofkg–k/LIf0f ug]{ p2]Zo o; n]vdf /flvPsf] 5 . kfl/hftsf k"jf{4{sfnLg
sljtfnfO{ ljj]rgfleq ;d]6\g g;Sg' n]vsf] ;Ldf xf] tyflk oxf“ n]vnfO{ ;ª\lIfKt
agfpg] p2]Zon] s]jn a}+;fn' jt{dfgdf ;Lldt x'g' k/]sf] xf] . o;f] ug'{sf] Pp6f sf/0f
s] klg xf] eg] o; n]vdf d'VotM kfl/hftsf k|ultjfbL sljtfdf gf/Lr}tGo jf
gf/LTjaf]wsf] cleJolQm s;/L ePsf] /x]5 cyjf gf/Ldgsf] cGt/ª\usf] cleJolQm
s;/L ePsf] /x]5 eGg] lh1f;fsf] pQ/ vf]Hg] cfsfª\Iff g} d'Vo ¿kn] /flvPsf] 5 .
@= …a}“;fn' jt{dfgÚleqsf gf/Ls]Gb|L sljtfx¿
a}“;fn' jt{dfgleq hDdf @^ j6f sljtfx¿ ;ª\u[xLt 5g\ . oL sljtfx¿n]
ljleGg ljifoj:t'nfO{ ;d]6]sf 5g\ . pgsf] klxnf] sljtf–;ª\u|x cfsfª\Iff -@)!$_sf
sljtfdf em}“ logdf lszf]/L r~rntf, /f]df~r / k|0fo/fu 5}g g t pgsf] bf];|f]
sljtf–;ª\u|x kfl/hftsf sljtf-@)$$_sf sljtfdf em}“ hLjgb]lv knfog /
lj;ª\ultsf] af]w g} 5-kf}8]n, @)%( M !% _ . logdf hLjgaf]w / hLjgfg'e"ltsf] Pp6f
a]Un} kf6f], Pp6f a]Un} lIflth 5 . lg:;f/tfk"0f{ hLjgaf]wsf d?:ynaf6 pDs]/ oxf“
hLjgnfO{ …;ª\ultx¿sf cf“vLem\ofnÚaf6 x]l/Psf] 5 / sljtfnfO{ ljrf/ / snfsf]
151
Pp6f gof“ p“rfO k|bfg ul/Psf] 5 . hLjgsf ljljw ;Gbe{nfO{ l6Kg] / k|:t't ug]{ qmddf
oxf“ k"jf]{Qm @^ j6f sljtfx¿dWo] …dfg'ifLÚ, …k]|dsyfÚ, …Pp6L :JFf:gL DFfG5]sf] cGtjf{tf{Ú,
…anfTs[tsf] aofgÚ, …h'7L bldgLsf] cleJolQmÚ, …u9tL/sf] 9'+ufdf cfdfsf] ;DemgfÚ /
…cfdfÚ u/L hDdf & j6f sljtf gf/Ls]Gb|L sljtfx¿ /x]sf 5g\ . logdf gf/Ln] ef]Ug'
kl//x]sf juL{o pTkL8gx¿nufot k'?ifjuL{o n}lª\us pTkL8g clg gf/Lsf lgtfGt
cfkm\g} hftLo cg'e"ltsf ljlzi6 ;Gbe{x¿ zAbsf] ljlzi6 ;f}Gbo{–;fdYo{;lxt k|s6
ePsf 5g\ . o; cfn]vdf gf/Ls]Gb|L log} cfwL bh{g-/ s]xL a9L_sljtfx¿sf dfWodaf6
kfl/hftsf] gf/Lr}tGonfO{ vf]tNg] k|of; ul/Psf] 5 .
#= sljtfdf gf/Ldgsf cGt/ª\usf] cleJolQm–56f
…dfg'ifLÚ o; ;ª\u|xsf] klxnf] gf/Ls]Gb|L sljtf xf] . o;df kfl/hftn] dlxnfx¿sf]
;lxi0f' ;fdYo{nfO{ P]ltxfl;s kl/k|]Iodf x]g]{ k|of; u/]sL l5g\ . kfl/hftsf] Tof]
cjnf]sg lgs} dfqfdf gf/LjfbL k|sf/sf] / st} cl:tTjaf]wL klg b]lvG5 t/ To;f] eP
klg pgsf] of] gf/Ljfb ljz'4 -k'“hLjfbL_ gf/Ljfb geO{ dfS;{jfbL j[Qleqsf] gf/Ljfb
xf] eGg] ;fIo pgs} sljtfn] k|:t't ub{5 . gf/LnfO{ k|fKt ;lxi0f'tfsf] g};lu{s ;fdYo{
/ To;sf] P]ltxfl;stfsf] ;+:d/0f ub}{ kfl/hft elG5g\ M
d ltd|f] d[t b]x;“u Ho'“b} 89]/ dg{ ;S5'
d ltdLx¿sf] ;fd"lxs anfTsf/ vk]/ af“Rg klg ;S5'
ltdLnfO{ t To;f] slxNo} ePg
ltdLn] /h:jnfsf] si6k|b If0f ef]u]sf 5}gf}
ltdLnfO{ ue{wf/0fsf] cltzo k6\of/nfUbf] cjlw yfxf 5}g
ltdLnfO{ k|;jsfnsf] ;LdftLt si6 ef]Ug kb}{g
===== ====== ===== =====
ltdL d]/f y'k|} cg'e"ltx¿df efuLbf/ x'g ;Qm}gf}
==== ===== ===== ======
Tof] d]/f] lgtfGt ==== d]/f] cg'e"lt xf]
-a}“;fn' jt{dfg, k[= !$,!%_
hLjj}1flgs b[li6n] gf/Lsf s]xL cfkm\g} hftLo zf/Ll/s lqmofx¿ 5g\ h;sf]
cg'e"lt s]jn p;s} cg'e"lt dfq x'g ;Qm5 . lgZro klg To:tf cg'e"ltx¿df cfbz{
k'?ifn] rfx]/ klg ;xefuL x'g] / ;dfg'e"lt ug]{ cj:yf /x“b}g . kfl/hftn] To; si6k|b
152
hftLo hLjj}1flgs cg'e"lt ug'{ k/]sf] dd{ sljtfdf k|:t't u/] klg pgsf] k'?ifk|ltsf] o;/L kfl/hftsf] gf/LTjaf]w dfS;{jfbL hLjgbz{gsf] cwf/lznf k5\ofp“b} gf/Lx¿sf]
u'gf;f] / kL8f sxf“g]/ 5 eg] ;[li6sf cf/Deb]lv ;xofqf ul//x]sf] k'?ifn] ljlzi6 hLjg;Gbe{ / tHhGo pgLx¿sf ljlzi6 cg'e"ltx¿nfO{ ;Dk"0f{tfdf / åGåfTdstfdf x]g]{
hLjj}1flgstfs} kmfObf p7fP/ gf/LnfO{ 7Uof], n'6\of] / pTkL8g u¥of] . cfkm\g} k|of; u5{ .
;xofqLaf6 kfPsf] oxL kL8f / 3fpk|lt kfl/hftsf] u'gf;f] 5 h'g 3fp gf/Ln] k|]d JolQmsf] g};lu{s rfxgf / j[lQ;d]t xf] . t/ ;fy{s / ;'Gb/ k|]d Toxf“ dfq}
k'?ifnfO{ slxNo} lbOg, h:t} M 3l6t x'g ;Qm5 hxf“ k|0fofyL{ Psn] csf]{nfO{ s]jn jf;gf / ef}lts k|flKtdfqsf
cf“vfaf6 gx]/L cflTds :t/df /fv]/ x]b{5 / To;k|lt lgi7fsf] efj /fVt5 . t/
ltdLnfO{ :jf:gLdfG5]n] anfTsf/ u¥of] < lj8Dagf s] 5 eg] gf/L / k'?ifaLrsf] o; k|]d;DaGwdf klg k'?ifn] gf/LnfO{ g} 3ft
ltdLnfO{ :jf:gLdfG5]n] sn+ssf] l6sf nufOlbof] < u/]sf] 5 / p;nfO{ s]jn jf;gfk"lt{sf] ;fwg agfO{ p;sf] hLjgnfO{ b'3{l6t t'NofPsf]
ltdLnfO{{ :jf:gLdfG5]n] st} a]Rof] < 5 . kfl/hftn] af]w u/]sf] o;} oyfy{sf] cleJolQm …k|]dsyfÚ zLif{ssf] sljtfdf u/]sL
-pxL, k[= !$_ l5g\ . kqfTds z}nLdf n]lvPsf] o; sljtfdf ;x/af6 k'?ifåf/f k]|ddf 7luP/ P]sflGts
hLjg lhpg ufp“ k'u]sL dxfgu/jf;L Ps cfw'lgsfn] ufp“df 7fn'-d'lvof_sf] 5f]/f]åf/f
jf:tjdf kfl/hftn] eg]em}“ k'?if pQm k|Zgcl3 …lg?Q/Ú g} 5 . oL cleJolQmx¿df jf;gfdoL k|]dsf] l;sf/ agfO{ 7luPsL / kl/ToQmf agfOPsL clg Gofosf] k|tLIffdf a"9L
kfl/hftn] ;lbof}+b]lvsf] o; ;xofqfdf gf/Lx¿ k'?ifåf/f 7luPsf], n'l6Psf], a]lrPsf] / alg;s]sL Ps lgDgjuL{o dlxnfnfO{ e]6]sf] 36gf–;Gbe{sf] k|:t'lt 5 . tL lgDgjuL{o
To; qmddf cfkm\gf] cl:tTj;d]t u'dfpg k'u]sf] oyfy{ g} k|:t't u/]sL 5g\ h;nfO{ dlxnfn] s]jn k'?if kfqdfqaf6 7luPsf] / pTkL8g kfPsf] geO{ pm lgDgjuL{o ePs}n]
kmut\ gf/LjfbL jf cl:tTjjfbL sf]0faf6 dfq} x]g{ ldNb}g . k'?ifk|wfg ;dfhdf cfwfl/t ufp“sf hfnLkm6fxfx¿af6 ;d]t 7luPsf] / pTkL8g kfPsf] tYo tL cfw'lgsfn] af]w
k'?ifn}lª\us pTkL8gsf] o:tf] k|v/ cfnf]rgfTds cleJolQm u/]/ klg kfl/hftn] o; u/]sf] aofg sljtfdf 5, h:t} M
l;ª\uf] k|s/0fnfO{ dfS;{jfbL sf]0faf6 x]g]{ k|of; u/]sL l5g\ . pgsf] dfS;{jfbL d]/L ;fyL pm eGyL
cg'zLngn] eG5 M k'?ifn] gf/Lsf] ljlzi6 ;lxi0f';fdYo{sf] ;Ddfg gu/L, p;sf bM'vsf] ls p;n] Pp6f 7"nf] hft / 7"nf] x}l;otsf] tGg]/L;“u k|]d u/]sL lyO{
;dfg'e"lt gu/L / ;'vb'Mv k/:k/ af“8\b} ;xofqf gu/L s;}sf] klg d'lQm / :jtGqtf k|]dsf] k|ltbfg:j¿k 7fn'x¿n] p;nfO{ skfn vf}/]/ ufp“ 3'dfOlbPsf lyP
;Dej 5}g M p;sf] sf“t/ k|]dL cfdfsf] sfvleq n'Sg uPsf] lyof]
pm k|]dsf] cfjfh af]s]/ ufp“ 8'nL
ltdL d]/f] pTkL8g a'em\b}gf} abnfdf p;sf] ;j{:j vf]l;of]
d ltd|f] pTkL8g a'em\5' ufp“sf hfnL km6fxfx¿n] p;sf] z/L/nfO{ l;ª\u} n'6]
cfpm cfh xfdL pTkL8g ;f6f;f6 u/f}+ / p;nfO{ …of] j]Zof xf]Ú elglbP
xfdL dfgl;stfn] Psfsf/ xf}+ -pxL, k[= @*–@(_
xfdL Pscsf{ lagf af“Rg ;Sg] k|f0fL xf]Ogf}+ oxf“ b'O{ lsl;dn] gf/LpTkL8gsf] k|lqmof 3l6t ePsf] 5 . Ps k|sf/sf] pTkL8g t
d ltd|f] xft b/f] u/L ;dfp“5' k'?ifk|]dLn] k|]ddf u/]sf] 3ftaf6 ef]Ug' k/]sf] 5 eg] csf]{ k|0fofyL{ gf/L kfq lgDgjuL{o
ltdL dnfO{ ltdL k'u]sf] 7fp“;Dd} k'¥ofpm tyf sdhf]/ cfly{s cj:yfsL ePsLn] ufp“sf 7fn'–;fdGtx¿af6 ef]Ug' k/]sf] pTkL8g
Toxf“, hxf“ ltdLnfO{ d}n] 5 / juL{o cfwf/df ul/Psf] Tof] pTkL8g cem rsf]{ / cdfgjLo k|sf/sf] 5 lsgeg]
;Eotfsf] cflbsfndf k'¥ofO;s]sL lyP“ . o;} cfwf/df pm ;fd"lxs anfTsf/sL l;sf/ ePsL 5] / cGttM …j]ZofÚsf] cf/f]k
-pxL, k[= !$,!%_ nufOP/ ;dfhaf6 alxis[t agfOPsL 5 . clg o;sf] :jfefljs kl/0fltcg'¿k pm
ax'nfxL;d]t x'g k'u]sL 5] . ;fdGtjfbL 9f“rfdf af“lr/x]sf] ;dfhdf :jf:gLdflg;x¿n]
ef]Ug' k/]sf] of] kL8f, of] oftgf hlt k'?ifn}lª\us 5 Tolt g} juL{o lje]bdf cfwfl/t 5
. kfl/hftn] o;} kL8fsf], o;} pTkL8gsf] af]w u/]sL 5g\ . sljtfsf ;fIon] atfO/x]sf

153 154
5g\ – of] kL8faf]w / To;sf] cg'e"lt kfl/hftdf cToGt tLj| / cGt/ª\u k|sf/sf] 5 .
:jo+ gf/L eP/ ul/Psf] cg'e"lt xf] of] .
gf/L eP/} gf/Ldgsf cGt/s'Gt/ 5fDg] qmddf kfl/hftn] …u9tL/sf] 9'+ufdf
cfdfsf] ;DemgfÚ sljtfdf lkt[;QfTds ;+:sf/åf/f k|tfl8t agfOPsL Ps a]x'nL
o'jtLsf ljlzi6 / tfTIfl0fs cg'e"ltsf] lrq0f u/]sL l5g\ . cfkm\gf OR5f /
rfxgfljk/Lt s'g} …clrgf?;“u cGdfP/ nv]l6PsLÚ cg'ej ul//x]sL Ps a]x'nLn]
gju[x k|j]z gub}{ af6f]af6}-hGtLafv|f] vfg] 7fp“af6_ cfdfnfO{ ;Daf]wg u/L h'g
cg'e"ltsf] cleJolQm u/]sL 5] To;af6 k'?ifzfl;t ;dfhdf k|rlnt ljjfx–k|lqmofsf
gf/LkL8s ljz]iftfx¿sf] pb\3f6g /fd|};“u ePsf] 5 . cs}{nfO{ / To;df klg ufp“sf]
lai6 x'g]vfg] If]qLsf] 5f]/f];“u k|]d ug{ k'u]sL ;fsL{ kl/jf/sL lszf]/Ln] cfkm" blnt
kl/jf/sf] ePs} sf/0f lai6 d'lvofsf x}sd / bafjdf cs}{;“u lax] ug{ afWo agfOPsf]
k[i7e"ldnfO{ p;n] olta]nf ;Demgf u/]sL 5] . p;sf afa'n] d'lvofsf d'vaf6 ;'Gg'
k/]sf] ckdfghgs b'jf{Ro pm clxn] klg ;lDem/x]sL 5] M
s'hft eP/ 5]qLsf] 5f]/f] tfSg]
3'¥ofgdf a;L 7"nf 3/ tfSg]
t]/f ef“8 kftsL j]Zo] eGb}
d'lvofn] ufp“ ysf{Psf]
d slxn] la;L{ ;s"“ cfdf ∕
l;g' vfg] hft ∕
t]/L 5f]/LnfO{ lax] u/]/ k7fO b]
xf]Og eg] skfn vf}/]/
gf+u]emf/ kf/]/
ufp“ 3'dfp“5' egL d'lvof uh]{sf]
d]/f a"9f afa}n] slxn] la;]{nfg\
-pxL, k[= ^#_
d'lvofsf] ;fdGt juL{o /jfkm / x}sdn] lbPsf] of] kL8f sljtfjflrsf blnt
a]x'nLnfO{ 5“b}5 To;dfly ylkPsf] csf]{ kL8f 5 cfkm"n] k|]d ub}{ gu/]sf], lrGb} glrg]sf]
s'g} csf]{ ckl/lrt l/¶] ;fsL{nfO{ p;n] nf]Ug] cyf{t\ b]jtf dfg]/ p;sf nft / aft
;a} ;xg' kg]{ h'g afWotf p;nfO{ t]:of{OPsf] 5, To;sf] . juL{o / lkt[;QfTds b'j}
vfn] ;+/rgf / ;+:sf/af6 lszf]/L a]x'nL kLl8t agfOPsL 5] . To;dfly cem csf]{
kL8f klg p;n] vKg' k/sf] 5–hGtLx¿n] af]ln/x]sf gf/Lsf] cl:tTj / k|lti7fsf]
dfgdb{g ug]{ vfnsf af]nLx¿sf] lg/Gt/ k|jfxsf] . hGtLx¿n] cfOdfO{sf] OHht g/fvL
155
hyfefjL d'v 5f8]/ af]ln/x]sf af]nLaf6 n}lª\us b[li6n] ;dfhdf k'?ifsf] ;jf]{kl/tf
sfod /x]sf] / To;n] gf/Lcl:dtfnfO{ g/fd|/L s'lNr/x]sf] cg'e"lt oxf“ JoQm ePsf] 5 .
lgw{g / lgDgjuL{o cfly{s l:yltsf] ePs} sf/0f dlxnfn] b]zsf /IffsdL{x¿af6
;d]t a]nfavt anfTsf/sf] cdfgjLo Jojxf/ ef]Ug ljjz x'g'k/]sf] ;Gbe{ klg xfd|f]
tfh} /x]sf] tLtf] oyfy{ xf] . kfl/hftsf] …anfTs[tsf] aofgÚ zLif{ssf] csf]{ sljtfdf
cg'e"ltsf] of] ;Gbe{ klg ;fx|} tLI0f ag]/ cfPsf] 5 . nf]Ug] sdfpgsf nflu d'Unfg
uPsf] Ps ul/a ufp“n] cfOdfO{ 3f“;bfp/fsf nflu hËndf uPsf a]nf ;/sf/L
jg/Ifsx¿åf/f anfTsf/ ul/PsL / ufp“n]x¿ ;d]tn] p;sf] ;+/If0f ug'{sf] ;§f p;nfO{
…ax'nfxLÚ ;+1f lbP/ p;nfO{ em\ofnvfgfdf /fVg nufPsf] kL8fbfoL ;Gbe{ sljtfdf
k|:t't 5 . pko'{Qm b'j} sljtfnfO{ x]bf{ s] b]lvG5 eg] dlxnfx¿n] k'?if;d'bfoaf6 k|foM
anfTsf/sf] kfzljstf ef]Ug' k/]sf] 5 / To;kl5 klg p;nfO{ ;+/If0f lbg], p;sf] rf]6 /
b'MvnfO{ af“8\g] k'?if sf]xL glgl:sg] dfq} xf]Og, pN6} anfTsf/kl5 p;nfO{ 6f7faf7f ltg}
anfTsf/Lx¿n] j]Zof / ax'nfxLsf] cf/f]k nufP/ h]n k7fpg] u/]sf] tLtf] oyfy{tf
sljtfsf] ljifoj:t' ag]/ cfPsf] 5 . x'g t kfl/hftn] oL sljtf n]v]sf] ;do k~rfotL
lg/ª\s'ztfn] b]znfO{ ;j{q / ;Dk"0f{ lsl;dn] lryf]l//x]sf] ;do lyof] / :jefjtM
To;a]nf dlxnfx¿n] cem a9L kL8f vKg' k/]s} lyof] . o;f] eP klg k'?if hfltaf6
gf/Ln] kfPsf] anfTsf/sf] kL8f t gf/Lsf lgldQ / gf/L dfq} geO{ l;ª\uf] ;Eo ;dfhs}
lgldQ klg aa{tf / ckdfgsf] ;Gbe{ cfh klg 5“b}5 . o; kl/k|]Iodf kfl/hftsf] pQm
cg'e"lt lgs} dfqfdf gf/LjfbL klg xf] eGbf c:jfefljs x'g] b]]lv“b}g .
kfl/hftn] cfkm\gf sljtfdf gf/Loyfy{sf] cleJo~hgf ubf{ gf/LjfbL klg ePsL l5g\
t/ s]jn gf/LjfbL dfq} pgL 5}gg\, Tolta]nf pgL dfS;{jfbL klg ePsL l5g\ / gf/Ljfb
tyf dfS;{jfb;“u ldl;P/ pgsf] blnt -;f+:s[lts_ r]t klg ;+lZni6 eO{ b]vfk/]sf] 5 .
o; ;Gbe{df pgsf a}+;fn' jt{dfgleqsf …Pp6L :jf:gL dfG5]sf] cGtjf{tf{Ú / …h'7L
bldgLsf] cleJolQmÚ b'O{ sljtfx¿ lgs} dxŒjk"0f{ tyf pNn]vgLo 5g\ . …Pp6L :jf:gL
dfG5]sf] cGtjf{tf{Údf sfdL hfltsL Ps blnt dlxnfsf cg'e"ltx¿nfO{ cGtjf{tf{ z}nLdf
k|:t't ul/Psf] 5 . sljtfjfrs sldgL :jo+sf] cg'e"lt o:tf] 5 M
Ho",
sfd u/]sf] dfq yfxf 5
b'Mv kfPsf] dfq yfxf 5
kmf6]sf] rf]nf] / h8\of}/L u'Go'
nufPsf] dfq yfxf 5
hf]ag ;f]Wg' ePsf] <
Tof] t xh'/ cfPsf], uPs} yfxf 5}g .
-pxL, k[= #^_
156
 blnt hfltsf lgw{g dlxnfsf] ;fd"lxs oyfy{ / tHhGo ;fd"lxs cg'e"lt xf]
of] . pgLx¿ s7f]/ kl/>dsf] b}lgsLaLr hf]agsf] cg'e"lt ug}{ kfp“b}gg\ cyjf egf}+
Eofp“b}gg\ . hf]ag / To;sf :jfefljs sfps'tLk|lt ltgsf] ;r]ttf kmls{g} Eofp“b}g /
To:tf] cg'e"lt ug{ gEofp“b} pgLx¿sf] 9f8 s'k|f] kl/;S5 . ;w}+ d'lvgL / lali6gLsf
h8\of}/L nufP/ nfh 9fSg'kg]{ lgolt af“lr/x]sf o:tf blnt dlxnfx¿ cfkm\g} kl/jf/
/ ;d'bfoleq klg lkt[;QfTds ;+:sf/sf] l;sf/ ePsf] cg'e"lt sljtfjfrs gf/LnfO{
5 . pm eG5] M
9f“6]sL eP xh'/sf] df;' vfg]
d]/L af:;} ∕
nf]Ug]nfO{ t d}n] hUu]df dfq b]v]sL
==== ==== ==== =====
o;sf] uf]8f kvfn]sf] kfgL vfg" ;f“emlaxfg
of] t]/f] b]jtf xf] egL
a"9L aHo}n] eGbf
3'D6f]leq d /f]PsL
v}, s;/L b]vfpm“
ufnfdf cf“;'sf] 8f]a a:b}g xh'/
kx/fdf vx/]sf] 8f]a a;]h:t} .
-pxL, k[= #&_
cfkm\gf] nf]Ug] x'g nfu]sf] cyf{t\ hLjg;fyL aGg nfu]sf] k'?ifnfO{ ljjfxk"j{ e]6\g',
p;sf ljrf/ / b[li6sf]0f a'em\g' / To; cg'¿k ljjfxaf/] cfkm\gf] wf/0ff agfpg kfpg'
h:tf g};lu{s clwsf/af6 t pm jl~rt u/fOPs} 5], ;“u;“u} nf]Ug]nfO{ b]jtf dfg]/
;f“emlaxfg p;sf] v'§fsf] kfgL vfg' kg]{ afWotf clg p;n] leg'{ k/]sf] kL8fn] ljjfxsf]
3'D6f]leq p;sf] dg /f]Psf] / p;sf ufnfdf cf“;'sf] 8f]a ag]sf] oyfy{nfO{ kfl/hftn]
oxf“ ;'Gb/ ;hLj laDasf efiffdf k|:t't u/]sL 5g\ . of] cf“;'n] blnt ;d'bfosf
dlxnfsf ufnfdf Tolta]nf cem 7"nf] 8f]a agfp“5, hlta]nf p;sf] nf]Ug]n] ;f}tf xfN5
/ pmh:t} Pp6L dlxnf ;f}tf ag]/ p;sf] hLjgdf cfp“5] cyjf pm cfkm} ;f}tf ag]/
csf{sf] hLjgdf hfg' kg]{ afWofTds cj:yf cfOk5{ . …h'7L bldgLsf] cleJolQmÚ
zLif{ssf] sljtf o;} lj8Dagfk"0f{ gf/Loyfy{sf] sljtf xf] . afx| jif{sL 6'x'/L bdfO{+
hfltsL Ps blnt lszf]/LnfO{ p;sL dfOHo"n] cfkm\gf] efOsf] ;f}tfsf ¿kdf lax]
u/fOlbPsf] afWofTds kl/l:yltsf] cleJolQm ub}{ sljtfjfrs bldgL cGtjf{tf{sf/
…dflnsÚnfO{ ;Daf]wg ub}{ eG5] M
d t cfPsf] tLg lbgd}
d'v]gLn] Gjf/fg ul/bO{
h'7L, h]7Ldfly ;f}tf x'g
h'7] bdfO{+;“u kf]On cfPsL
d h'7L sfG5L
-pxL, k[= %!_
pm h'7] bdfO{+;“u kf]On cfPsLn] p;sf] gfp“ d'v]gLn] h'7L bldgL /flvlbPsL xf]
eGg] s'/faf6 ljjfxkZrft\ p;sf] gfds/0fdf klg lkt[;QfTds ;+:sf/ sfod /x]sf]
:ki6 x'G5 . o;/L h'7L bldgL st} lgDgjuL{o lgw{g kl/jf/sL ePsLn] hLjgdf
clwsf/af6 jl~rt 5] t st} lkt[;QfTds ;fdflhs ;+:sf/sf sf/0f pm pTkLl8t 5] .
p;sf] ljkGg cfly{s cj:yfsf sf/0f pm cyf{t\ h'7L h:tf y'k|} u|fdL0f dlxnfx¿
lai6x¿sf 3/ / v]taf/Ldf ;:tf] >d a]Rg / zf/Ll/s ?U0ftf vKg afWo ePsf] cj:yf
klg p;sf] cg'e"ltsf] Pp6f dxŒjk"0f{ kf6f] ag]/} b]vfk/]sf] 5 .
oL h]–h:tf cg'e"ltx¿ 5g\, ltgdf gf/Ldgs} cGt/ª\u cg'e"lt Hofbf 5 t/
o;afx]s klg kfl/hftsf o; k|s[ltsf sljtfsf] dxŒjk"0f{ kIf s] xf] eg] ltgdf juL{o
cg'e"ltsf] ;Gbe{ klg k|v/ ag]/ cfPsf] 5 . kfl/hft gf/Ln] ef]Ug' kl//x]sf ;d:ofnfO{
juL{o kl/k|]Io;“u hf]8]/} x]g{ ?rfp“l5g\ . Ps hgf dfS{;jfbL ;|i6fsf] ljz]iftfcg'¿k pgL
gf/Lsf ef]ufOnfO{ xfd|f] juL{o ;dfhsf lje]btfsf ;Gbe{df x]l5{g\ / To;sf] snfTds
cleJolQm ub}{ n]lV5g\ M
v}, hfGg];'Gg]n] eg]sf]
d]/f] hf]ag t lhDd'jfnsf] pm Tof]
ux'“af/Ldf ;lk|;Sof] /] ∕
p;}sf] s/];faf/Lsf] ;okqLdf km'ln;Sof] /] ∕
-pxL, k[= #^_
oxf“ hf]agsf] cg'e"ltsf] ;Gbe{ t 5 t/ Tof] kmut\ /f]dfl06s k|sf/sf] 5}g, a?
oyfy{jfbL k|sf/sf] 5 . sldgL :jf:gLdfG5]n] …cfkm\gf] hf]ag lhDd'jfnsf] ux'“af/Ldf
;k|]sf]Ú s'/f ug'{ p;n] lhDd'jfnåf/f cfkm\gf] >dsf] zf]if0f ePsf] oyfy{af]w ug'{ xf] . oxL
juL{o zf]if0f Pp6f To:tf] sf/0f xf] h;n] ubf{ p;sf] hLjg b'Mvb / si6k"0f{ ag]sf] 5 .
>dhLjL of] r]tgf p;df cGttM o;/L k|s6 x'G5 M
Ho", Ho" sfd ug]{x¿n] vfg kfpg' k5{
eGg] s'/f
ev{/–ev{/ kf] yfxf kfpg nfu]sL 5' xh'/ ∕
-pxL, k[= #(_
kfl/hftsf sljtfsf lgDgjuL{o gf/L kfqdf o;/L ju{af]w klg ljsl;t ePsf] 5 /
of] tL gf/L kfqsf] dfq geO{ kfl/hfts} gf/Lcg'e"lt / GFf/Lr}tGosf] ljlzi6 k|flKt aGg
uPsf] 5 .

157 158
 kfl/hftsf gf/L kfq / pgsf] ;f}Gbo{r]t klg oL sljtfdf ljlzi6 k|sf/sf] /x]sf] sf] xf] lg Tof] a"9f] dflg;
5 . ;'Gb/ j:t' s] xf] < s;nfO{ ;'Gb/ dfGg] < ;'Gb/sf] kl/efiff s] xf] < s]jn / ljz'4 klN6/x]sf] pTs07f;fy
gf/LjfbLn] oL k|Zgsf] hjfkm h'g 9Ën] lbG5g\, Tof]eGbf leGg lsl;dn] kfl/hftsf] ltd|f] sfvdf <
b[li6sf]0f …a}+;fn' jt{dfgÚleqsf sljtfdf k|:t't ePsf] 5 . ;xl/of cGtjf{tf{sf/nfO{
cGtjf{tf{ lb+b} kfl/hftsL …:jf:gLdfG5]Ú eG5] M of] s'kf]lift lzz'
d]/f] sfdLsf] /Ë / kmnfdsf] /Ë 5f]/f] xf] d]/f]
Pp6} 5 xh'/ ∕ anfTsf/sf] kl/0ffd
Rof“;], k'G6]sf] 5fnfsf] /Ë / af6f]sf] w'nf]sf] /Ë c1ft 5 p;sf] afa'
Pp6} 5, d]/f] lglDt klg .
d klg t xh'/ kmf]x/, don Wjf“;f] h:tf] 5' -pxL, k[= &)–&!_
sfdL ?g] xf]Og slxNo} k|Zgstf{ s'g} nf]Ug]dflg;nfO{ cfdf kfqn] lbPsf] hjfkm xf] of] hf] s'g} k'?ifåf/f g}
p;sf kl;gfsf] /Ë anfTs[t eO{ cfdf agfOPsL 5] . oxf“ dxŒjk"0f{ s'/f s] 5 eg] anfTsf/k|lt pQm gf/L
d]/f] cf“;'sf] /Ë kfqnfO{ c;Ld 3[0ff 5 t/ To;s} kl/0flt eP klg dft[Tjk|lt p;nfO{ s'g} xLgtfaf]w
Pp6} 5 xh'/ . 5}g . p;n] uj{k"0f{ d'b|fdf cfdf x'g'sf] efj / j}lzi6\onfO{ k|Zgstf{sf cl3 /fv]sL 5] M
-pxL, k[= #*–#(_ dnfO{ ;f]lwof]
kmnfdsf] sfnf] /Ë / Wjf“;f]sf] d}nf] /Ëdf oxf“ ;'Gb/tf cf/f]lkt 5 / cg'e"ltof]Uo s]–s] x'g\ ltd|f lr≈gx¿ <
5 . kmnfd] /Ësf] sfnf] j0f{sf] sfdL sldgLsf nflu ;'Gb/ 5 . w'nf]sf] /Ë;“u cleGg
p;sf Rof“;] / k'G6] 5f]/f5f]/L g} p;nfO{ lk|o / ;'Gb/ 5g\ . sljtfjflrsf sldgLsf] lxdfn÷nfnLu'/f“;÷ 8f“km]÷s:t'/L d[u .
nf]Ug]sf] kl;gf p;sf nflu ;'Gb/ 5 lsgeg] To;df p;sf] cf“;' ldl;Psf] 5 . uDeL/
t/ ;'Gb/ cy{ k|s6 ug]{ o; sljtfdf kfl/hftn] ;du|tM ;'Gb/ / ;f}Gbo{nfO{ >d;“u s] xf] ltd|f] ¿k <
hf]8]sL 5g\ / >d;“u hf]l8Psf] j:t'df pgn] ;f}Gbo{af]w u/]sL l5g\ . gf/Lcg'e"ltsf] cgluGtL gbLx¿sf] dfGb|] d];f] k/]sf
ljlzi6 sljtf eP/ klg o;/L pgsf sljtfdf ;f}Gbo{af]w ;DaGwL b[li6sf]0f lgtfGt pj{/ pkTosfx¿÷xl/of jgx¿
k'“hLjfbL gf/LjfbL geO{ dfS;{jfbL k|sf/sf] /x]sf] 5 . oxL pgsf sljtfsf] zlQm klg k|r'/ k|fs[lts >f]tx¿ .
xf] . -pxL, k[= &)_
dfgj;Eotfsf] nfdf] Oltxf;df gf/L cfkm\g} ;xofqL k'?ifåf/f 7luPsf], n'l6Psf] dft[Tjaf]wk|ltsf oL uj{k"0f{ egfOx¿ x'g\ . cfdf lxdfn xf], u'/f“; xf], 8f“km] / s:t'/L
kL8faf]w kfl/hftn] tLj|td ¿kdf u/]sf] s'/f pgsf] …dfg'ifLÚ sljtfn] /fd|};“u phfu/ xf], pm cgluGtL gbLx¿sf] ;Ëd xf], pj{/ pkTosfh:t} xf] pm cyjf egf}+ pm l;Ë} k|s[lt
u/]sf] o;cl3 :ki6 eO;s]sf] 5 . o;} ;Gbe{df ;Eotfsf] ;xofqfdf k'?ifåf/f 7luPsL xf] . pm anfTsf/sf sf/0f cfdf aGg'sf] tflŒjstf oxf“ cy{xLg 5 . h] xf]; \, cfkm\gf]
/ n'l6PsL gf/Ln] cfdf eP/ s;/L To; n'6 / 7uLsf] cg'e"lt u/]sL 5], To;sf] /fd|f] dft[Tjsf] cy{ / bfloTjaf]]wnfO{ ;'Gb/ / ;zQm zAblaDasf dfWodåf/f JoQm ub}{
/ ;'Gb/ sljtfTds hjfkm …cfdfÚ zLif{ssf] sljtfn] lbPsf] 5 . gf6sLo ;+/rgf k|fKt sjloqLn] k'?ifsf] pTkL8s rl/qnfO{ sljtfdf /fd|};“u pbfª\uf] kf/]sL l5g\ / k'?ifsf
o; sljtfdf s'g} ckl/lrt k/k'?ifåf/f anfTsf/sf] l;sf/ agfOPsL dlxnf clxn] leq} dd{df nfUg] u/L ck|s6 Joª\Uo;d]t xfGg ;kmn ePsL l5g\ .
ToxL k'?if hflts} s'kf]lift afnsnfO{ sfvdf af]s]/ cfdfsf] ljlzi6 cg'e"lt / kl/efiff
ul//x]sL 5 M $= pk;+xf/ M lgisif{
s] xf] ltd|f] gfd <
cfdf .

159 160
 kfl/hftsf sljtfsf pko'{Qm ;fIox¿sf] ljj]rgfaf6 s] :ki6 x'G5 eg] kfl/hft 5g\ . k|ultjfbs} ;Ldfleq /x]/ klg kfl/hftsf] gf/Ldgsf] cGt/ª\u cg'e"lt Hofb}
gf/Lef]ufOsf] cGt/ª\u cg'e"lt ul5{g\ / To;nfO{ ;'Gb/ laDafTds cleJolQm lblG5g\ . ltVv/ / ;"Id /x]sf] eg] :ki6} 5 / oxL kfl/hftsf a}+;fn' jt{dfgleqsf sljtfsf] zlQm
kfl/hftsf] o:tf] cg'e"ltsf] Pp6f v08 lgtfGt gf/Ldgsf] hftLo cg'e"ltsf ¿kdf klg xf] .
/x]sf] 5 h;sf] rf]vf]kgf cGoq kfpg ufx|} x'G5 . jf:tjdf gf/LdgnfO{ /
hLjgef]ufOsf] gf/Lcg'e"ltnfO{ zAb;f}Gbo{df k9\g' 5 eg] kfl/hftsf oL sljtf
;DejtM g]kfnL sljtf–;flxTos} k7gLo ;'Gb/ k|flKt x'g\ eGg' c:jfefljs x'g] 5}g . k|d'v ;Gbe{;fdu|L
kfl/hftsf] hLjgef]ufO ;DaGwL cg'e"ltdf k'?ifn] lgtfGt j}olQms ¿kdf u/]sf] kfl/hft, @)%), a}+;fn' jt{dfg, sf7df8f}+ M g]kfn ;flxTo u'7L .
anfTsf/h:tf n}lª\us pTkL8gsf ;Gbe{x¿ klg cfPsf 5g\ eg] lkt[;QfTds kf08]o, tf/fsfGt,@)%#, æ;dsfnLg k|ultjfbL sljtfdf cleJol~ht gf/L–oyfy{Æ,
;fdflhs ;+/rgfåf/f ul/Psf] pTkL8g;“u ;Da4 cg'e"ltx¿ Klg k|d'v ¿kd} cfPsf snf;flxTo M e"ldsf / d"Nofª\sg, sf7df8f}+ M lrGtg k|sfzg k|f= ln=,k[=@!–#( .
5g\ . gf/L–k'?if hLjgsf] ;xofqfdf lkt[;QfTds ;dfhdf cfO;s]kl5 cfkm\g} ;xofqL kf}8\ofn,uf]kLGb|,@)%(,æj}lzi6\out ;j]{If0fsf ;Gbe{df kfl/hftsf] a}+;fn' jt{dfgÆ,
k'?ifåf/f gf/L 7luPsf] P]ltxfl;s ;Gbe{nfO{ klg kfl/hftn] cfkm\gf cg'e"ltdf ;dfj]z ;f}Gbo{af]w / ;dLIff ljljw, sf7df8f}+ M pld{nf kf}8]n, k[= !$–@) .
u/]sL l5g\ . o;/L 7lug] qmddf gf/L st} kTgL eP/ 7luPsL 5, st} cfdf eP/ zdf{, df]xg/fh zdf{,@)$*, ægf/LdgsL cGt/ª\u lzNkL kfl/hftÆ, au/, -jflif{s
7luPsL 5, st} 5f]/Lr]nL eP/ 7luPsL 5 . To;}n] kfl/hft cfkm\gf sljtfdf st} tLj| ljz]iffª\s, pTs[i6 /rgf cª\s_, k[= (!–(* .
dft[Tjaf]w ul5{g\ t st} ljjfx eP/ gju[xk|j]z gub}{ af6}af6 r]nLa]x'nLsf] kL8f
kf]lV5g\ . oL x/]s 7fp“df gf/L k'?ifaf6 7luPsL, k|tfl8t agfOPsL 5] . To;}n] rfkfufO{+, lgg' / vu]Gb| ;+u|f}nf-;Dkf=_, @)%!, kfl/hft :d[lt u|Gy, sf7df8f}+ M kfl/hft
:d[lt s]Gb| .
;Eotfsf cflbsfndf gf/Ln] k'?ifnfO{ hxf“ k'¥ofPsL lyO{, To;} 7fp“df ;“u;“u} clxn]
p;nfO{ k'¥ofpg pgLleqsf] gf/Ln] k'?ifnfO{ cfx\jfg u/]sf] 5 . pNn]vgLo s'/f s] 5
eg] o:tf] cleJolQm lbg] ;Gbe{df kfl/hft gf/LjfbL t l5g\ t/ ljz'4 gf/LjfbL ePsL
5}gg\ .
kfl/hft dfS;{jfbL–gf/LjfbL eP/ gf/L–k'?if ;xofqf, ;xsd{ / ;xhLjgsf nflu
cfx\jfg ul5{g\ . pgsf] gf/Laf]w / gf/Lr]tgf ljz'4 gf/LjfbL r]tgf;“u o;} cy{df
leGg 5 / Tof] dfS;{jfbL r]tgfåf/f clee"t 5 . gf/L–k'?ifsf] ;xofqf / ;+o'Qm
;+3if{af6} d'lQm ;Dej 5 eGg] s'/fdf kfl/hft :ki6 /x]sf] s'/f pgsf pko'{Qm sljtfn]
b]vfPsf 5g\ . kfl/hftn] cfkm\gf sljtfdf blnt gf/Lsf ef]ufOnfO{ klg ;'Gb/
zAblaDasf dfWodaf6 k|:t't u/]sL l5g\ . tyfslyt pkNnf] hfltsf lai6x¿af6
blnt gf/Lx¿n] of}gzf]if0f, cfly{s zf]if0f / zf/Ll/s pTkL8gsf kL8f / 3fpx¿ ef]Ug' k|d'v ;Gbe{;fdu|L–;"rL
kl//x]sf] ;Gbe{ klg cToGt dfld{s cleJolQmsf ljifo;Gbe{ ag]sf 5g\ . blnt
dlxnfnufot lgDgjuL{o dlxnfx¿ juL{o zf]if0f tyf pTkL8gsf] l;sf/ ePsf] / clwsf/L, /ljnfn-@)$$_, k|ultjfbL g]kfnL sljtf, kf]v/f M n]sfnL k|sfzg .
To;/L klg pgLx¿sf] cl:tTj / cl:dtf n'l6g] u/]sf] cg'e"ltsf] tLj|tf klg pgsf clwsf/L, jf;'b]j, ;Dkf=,-@)$*_, o'4k|;fb ld>sf sljtfx¿, eQmk'/ M o'4k|;fb ld>
sljtfdf kfOg] s'/f pko'{Qm ;fIox¿n] b]vfPsf 5g\ . jf:tjdf pgsf] gf/Lcg'e"lt - k'/:sf/ tyf k|sfzg u'7L, .
…a}+;fn' jt{dfgÚsf sljtfdf_ juL{o cg'e"lt;“u} hf]l8P/ b]vf k/]sf] 5 . ;dfhdf clwsf/L, lbg]z-@)%^_, cltl/Qm clen]v, nlntk'/ M ;femf k|sfzg .
:yflkt ;fdGtjfbL 9f“rfsf] ;+/rgfnfO{ a]jf:tf u/]/ ul/g] gf/Ld'lQmsf] s'/f ck"0f{ / cfrfo{, xf]d/fh-@)%*_, …cd]l/sL sljtfsf] ;dsfnLg k|j[lQ, ul/df, -!( M&, k"0ff{Í
cj}1flgs x'G5 eGg] oyfy{af]w kfl/hftnfO{ /x]sf] / pgL cfkm\gf gf/Lcg'e"lt–k|wfg @@#_, k[=#@–#& .
sljtfdf klg k"0f{tM k|ultjfbL g} /x]sf] tYo pgsf pko'{Qm sljtf;fIon] k|:t't u/]sf

161 162
======================-@)%*_, …cd]l/sL sljtfsf] ;dsfnLg k|j[lQ / k[i7e"ldsf] Ps
;j]{If0fÚ, ul/df, -@) M %, k"0ff{Í @@!_, !–!$ .
cfx'lt-@)^)_, …s] xf] blnt d'lQm cfGbf]ngsf] ;xL af6f]Ú, g]kfnL d~r, -! M *, df3–
kmfu'g_, k[= *–!# .
OR5's, s[i0f ;]g-@)%&_, aGbL / rGb|flu/L, sf7df8f}+ M k|ultzLn cWoog s]Gb| .
OR5's, s[i0f ;]g-@)%^_, Oltxf;sf] o; 38Ldf, sf7df8f}+ M clvn g]kfn hg;f+:s[lts
;+3 .
======================-@)%&_, aGbL / rGb|flul/, sf7df8f}+ M k|ultzLn cWoog s]Gb| .
lu/L, hLj]Gb|b]j-@)%$_, …blnt ;d'bfosf z}lIfs tyf ;f+:s[lts ;d:of / ;dfwfgsf
pkfox¿Ú, blnt ;d'bfosf ;d:of ljifos /fli6«o k/fdz{ sfo{qmd, sf7df8f}+ M
cGt/f{li6«o P]Soa4tf ;d"x-lu|G;f]_ g]kfn, k[= ^*–() .
lu/L, cd/ -@)%%_, 3fd 5]Sg] kxf8, sfe|] M hgdt k|sfzg .
u]O, kfpnf / c¿x¿, ;Dkf=-;g\ !((*_, c s];a's ckm kf]:6df]8g{ lyo/LÚ, kf]:6df]8g{
cd]l/sg lkmS;g, Go'of]s{ M gf]6{g PG8 sDkgL .
uf}td, s[i0f-@)%^_, l;h{gfsf] ;'jf;, sf7df8f}+ M ;femf k|sfzg .
rfkfufO{+, lgg'-@)^!_, pQ/cfw'lgstfjfb M e|d / jf:tljstf, sf7fdf8f}+ M ;x;|fAbL
k|sfzg k|f= ln= .
r}tGo-@)%(_, …pQ/cfw'lgstfjfbsf] ;f/tŒj / hg;f+:s[lts sdL{x¿sf] bfloTjÚ,
snd, -k"0ff{Ís #!, @)%( efb|–sflt{s_, k[= @#–#! .
r}tGo-@)%!_, ækfl/hftsf] ;f}Gbo{ lrGtgsf] ljsf;–k|lqmofÆ, kfl/hft :d[lt u|Gy, lgg'
rfkfufO{+ / vu]Gb| ;ª\u|f}nfåf/f ;Dkflbt, sf7df8f}+ M kfl/hft :d[lt s]Gb| .
hf]zL, s'df/axfb'/,@)$@, ædxfslj nIdLk|;fb b]jsf]6fsf] sljtf–ofqf tyf To;sf
df]8–pkdf]8sf] ljj]rgfÆ, ljBfjfl/lw zf]wk|aGw, lq=lj=.
9sfn, gf/fo0f-@)%%_, kLt ;Djfb, sf7df8f}+ M ============= .
lqkf7L, jf;'b]j-@)$!_, …slj o'4k|;fb ld>sf] sljtf–;fwgf M Ps rrf{Ú, >[ª\vnf, -
jif{ &, k"0ff{ª\s !#_, k[= *@–!)$ .
krf}/L, ;'wLz-;g\ @)))_, cfnf]rgf ;] cfu], lbNnL M /fwfs[i0f k|sfzg k|f= ln= .
===================-;g\ @))^_, 8]l/8f M ljv08g sL l;4flGtsL, lbNnL M jf0fL k|sfzg .
k/fh'nL, /fh]Gb| -;Dkf=_, sljtf–;Gbe{, sf7df8f}+ M tGg]/L k|sfzg, @)%^ .
kfl/hft-@)%)_, a}+;fn' jt{dfg, sf7df8f}+ M g]kfnL ;flxTo u'7L .
163
kf08]o, tf/fsfGt-@)%%_, æk|ultjfbL g]kfnL sljtfdf cleJol~ht oyfy{Æ, ljBfjfl/lw
zf]wk|aGw, lqe'jg ljZjljBfno, sf7df8f}+ .
kf08]o, tf/fsfGt-@)%*_, b]jsf]6fsf] JoËo sljTj, sf7df8f}+ M zLnf of]uL .
k"0f{ lj/fd-@)^$_, P ∕ d]/f] cfb/0fLo n]sfnL km"n, sf7df8f}+ M czf]s ;'j]bL .
==============-@)^$_, n8\g hGd]sfx¿n]===, sf7df8f}+ M ljj]s l;h{gzLn k|sfzg k|f= ln= .
kf]nf8{, cy{/,;g\ !(*@, ;6fo/, n08g / Go"of]s{ M d}Yo"g .
aGw', r"8fdl0f, @)#^, b]jsf]6f, sf7df8f}+ M ;femf k|sfzg, .
==========-;Dkf=_,@)##, nIdL sljtf ;ª\u|x, sf7df8f}+M ;femf k|sfzg .
a/fn, Clif/fh-@)%@_, dfS;{jfb / pQ/cfw'lgstfjfb, lj/f6gu/ M ;ljtf a/fn .
a/fn, Clif/fh-@)^#_, pQ/cfw'lgstfjfb / ;dsfnLg oyfy{, sf7df8f}+ M k|ultzLn
;flxTo cWoog s]Gb| .
e§/fO{, /d]z-@)^!_, pQ/cfw'lgstfjfb, k|n];åf/f cfof]lht uf]i7Ldf k|:t't sfo{kq .
e08f/L, hubLzrGb|-@)%%_, k|ultjfbL g]kfnL sljtf M cle/]vfÍg / ljZn]if0f, sf7df8f}+
M d'ÌL e08f/L .
Dffcf]T;] t'ª-;g\ !(^(_, 5flgPsf /rgfx¿, lxGbL ;+:s/0f, sf7df8f}+ M k|ult k|sfzg .
ld>, o'4k|;fb,-@)$$÷)$%_, …cGtjf{tf{Ú, nx/, -dfu{–j}zfv_ .
ld>, o'4k|;fb,-@)$)_, af9L, bf]=;+=, sf7df8f} M nflndf k|sfzg .
df]xGtL, ;To kL=-;g\ !((*_, ln6/]/L lyo/L PG8 b Sn]D; ckm lx:6«L , lbNnL M cS;kmf]8{
o'lgel;{6L k|]; .
/fO{, OGb|axfb'/-@)#$_, …e|flGtx¿ / nLnfn]vg dfqÚ, ¿k/]vf, k"0ff{Í @)) .
====================-;g\ !(*(_, s7k'tnLsf] dg, snsQf M >LdtL OGb| k|wfg .
/fhj-@)%^_, …lbg]z clwsf/Lsf sljtfaf/] /fhjÚ-zLif{sljxLg_, sljtf–;Gbe{, @)%^,
k[=$#–$% .
ljZjsdf{, kb\dnfn-@)%$_, …blnt ;d'bfosf] ;fdflhs, cfly{s, /fhg}lts l:ylt /
cf/If0fsf] ;jfnÚ, blnt ;d'bfosf ;d:of ljifos /fli6«o k/fdz{ sfo{qmd , sf7df8f}+ M
cGt/f{li6«o PSoa4tf ;d"x-lu|G;f]_g]kfn, k[=@)–$# .
ljZjsdf{, kb\dnfn-@)%^_, …lsg p7\g ;s]g PsLs[t blnt cfGbf]ngÚ, ljsf;, -* M !^,
df3_, k[= &$–*# .
zdf{, tf/fgfy-@)#(_, g]kfnL ;flxTosf] Oltxf;, sf7df8f}+ M ;ÍNk k|sfzg .
164
zdf{, tf/fgfy-@)%^_, ætÌ]/L sljtfÆ, sljtf–;Gbe{, ;Dkf= /fh]Gb| k/fh'nL, sf7df8f}+ M
ljb'/ uf}td, k[=s–r .
zdf{, df]xg/fh-@)%&_, æcfw'lgs g]kfnL sljtfsf] k|j[lQ / lbzfaf]wÆ, sljtf, -k"0ff{Í
&@_, k[= !%*–!^! .
zdf{, df]xg/fh, jf;'b]j lqkf7L tyf s[i0f rGb|l;+x k|wfg, @)#%, æxf:oJoª\Uo
kl/rrf{Æ -cGtjf{tf{_, /rgf, -!%M$, c;f/–;fpg_ .
zDe'gfy-;g\ @)))_, ;+:s[ltsL pQ/syf, gof“ lbNnL M jf0fL k|sfzg .
>]i7, uËf-@)%&_, h"gsf] b]zaf6, sf7df8f}+ M k|ultzLn cWoog s]Gb| .
>]i7, clgn -@)%%_, d[To' kj{ xf]Og d]/f] b]z, sf7df8f}+ M .
;fxgL, lbn,-@)$&_, slj o'4k;fb ld>, l;4fy{gu/ M l;4fy{ ;flxTo kl/ifb\ .
;'j]bL, cle-@)$*_, …g]kfnL efiffsf ;dsfnLg sljtfsf ;Gbe{dfÚ, g]kfnL ;d;fdlos
sljtfx¿, ;Dkf= s[i0f k|;fO{+, l;nu9L M eQm /fO{ :d[lt d08k .
x'e/, kfpn,;Dkf=-;g\ !(($_, kf]:6df]8g{ cd]l/sg kf]P6«L , Go'of]s{ M gf]6{g PG8 sDkgL
.

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