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Fermi Maticmal J%3m&era%a;~


Laboratory
i
FERMILAB-Lecture-76/01-THY/m
Mar& 1976

Lectures on Weak Interactions*

C. QUIGG
Fermi National Accelerator Laboratory, Batavia, Illinois 60510

l
Given in the Fermilab Academic Lecture Series, February,
1976.

Opwatad by Unlrw&l~r Rowarch As@ocl~Uon Inc. under contract with the Energy Rosaarch and Owelopmont AdmlnIamIion
8
-2- FERMILAB-Lecture-76/01-THY/!ZXP

INTRODUCTION

These lectures are intended to provide an elementary


introduction to the theory of weak interactions, .particularly
as it pertains to phenomena studied in Fermilab experiments.
High-energy neutrino scattering is emphasized, whereas the
voluminous literature on nuclear B-decay (a principal concern
of the adolescence.of the subject) is utterly neglected. The
newly-discovered neutral currents are treated at some length,
and I discuss (but only operationally) such conjectural
entities es the intermediate bosdns. Unified (gauge) theories
of weak and electromagnetic interactions lurk near at hand.
I place a high premium on carrying through calculations.
For all the subtle and beautiful concepts in which modern
gauge field theories abound, the low-order (tree) diagrams
for processes of practical and pedagogical interest lie
within the computational ability of all. Consequently, I
will perform calculations in detail instead of merely quoting
results.
There exist numerous introductions to the subject which
are of a high pedagogical standard. I am partial to those
that served as my introduction:
E.D. Cornoins, Weak Interactions(New York: McGraw-
Hill, 1973).
L.B. Okun', Weak Interaction of Elementary Particles ,
(Oxford: Pergamon, 1965).
-3- FERMILAB-Lecture-76/01+IIY/EXP

J.D. Jackson, in Elementary Particle Physics and


Field Theory, vol. 1 of the 1962 brandeis Summer Institute
Lectures, ed. K.W. Ford (New York: Benjamin, 19631, p. 263.
There is also the encyclopedic treatise, Theory of Weak
Interactions in Particle Physics, by R.E. Marshak, Riazuddin,
and C.P. Ryan (New York: Wiley-Interscience, 1969). Regrettably,
all these works predate the recent renascence of interest in
weak-interaction phenomena inspired by experiments with high-
energy neutrino bgams at CERN, ANL, BNL, and Fermilab. I
shall therefore try to concentrate on new phenomena and leave
to the textbooks extended discussions of the oid.
Two shortcomings of lectures by an amateur are easy to
foresee and difficult to eliminate. The first is the inevitable
.
lack of the sort of perspective which an expert would bring
to the subject. Second, my innocence of the literature means
that useful and deserved citations to original work may be too
frequently overlooked. For these defects I must ask the
reader's indulgence. Credit for any.evidence of good taste
and insight ‘must go tb Ben Lee and especially Helen Quinn,

who have given me the benefit of their experience in many


cowersa tions.
The lectures have been confined almost exclusively to
the weak interactions of leptons. The very interesting
practical case of neutrino scattering on nucleons can be
treated, at least I" the parton model, by tran?;cript:ion of the
-4- FERMILAB-Lecture-76/01-THY/EXP

results presented here. In a perfect world, &at transcription


would have been included in these lectures. However, a

workmanlike treatment would have required roughly doubling


the length of these notes. I have excused myself from this
effort on the ground that much of the material to be covered
can be found elsewhere.

.
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i ua~ Ati PA ac :~ a 2-dicxn


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Ttk iLuK ir-nna;tv:uu c&q tk,,tiny\:

h( p,-if,)) _ i3 1

\
v,,= ( y ; ) ] rL;= 2o -; ) qsj- 5’ -IO ; (4)
l ) (’ >

T,= I .O
.t 0 -1 i 1
awi D
Y;=3,qJ,= --* -i lb)
-( I 01
fi,, 3;5;$L. .
=4-;1
-T‘ke7ih .ILax I)
“rv = illr;)(a,‘,‘~,yr), (71
b

l&J T- nbuxTi CL,2 Ldiij( 2% d iLhzi~t)~,%..L~~h


/LiLdLw,

iq,a,I= +ry+ a,d, = zap*, 1s)


a$$= - a,r, I
a fLu p”d& wa, ~m&JL,~ p

&A sp” qs ia &lt%iU 48 axe y&P-

L+AfJ +vlm I u;lp~. 7-k p-v&t s


.oT s’p 7 0 , s*s = 1. J-n a4 mt
ifum.L~m~~~,~~;cce piYAy&
s - I?, 0). s-hi pcti~“z -l/tir
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+y,k .&l-L‘-fIid 2% L&u q.a&n
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TXr. a ‘&x “p;“” QpI = u,(pf drf sa.z+
$4
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TL hej&~~c-;;ti~ .ad'& ql a,\d

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!
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( -,n t i 3’.E;,h&‘$ =c (II)


l-n.
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f I
7-L Q/l.&+” 6d.L ~w.ubyd /M m

U,lp) lqp) = 2rbl E+ (131

VxIp, v;(p) = -zmE#Q& 1\4 1


.

U,(p) upp’ = 0 = L;(ph#, (15)

tAA&u rut&+ A, p=” hp-f ;rs .$iplw& $ i7%$ attitj

OpZna, ;3; x.5 &ini $ bt -Lx Gi,-, fi h,,,,,.)i-~

f-)-h. ‘ye lA&ch UCCWZ. i&l ZLuce

p-m& aAL

ff*‘cp, = 2 u,Cp’U,lp) = ya.p ) (lb)


x

117)
A(‘-’(p3 = z qh(pI V&(P) = -in-i&p )
A

R”: (p) = ti,tpj CA(p) = (rn-;~.p)it~~~~~~.s), (Ia)

n’; tp1 = v,(p) 5,lp) = hCf.pNl + &J,‘J.s). l\?)


. ,

Th px&3 ,LdL.? a’ ‘fG& 7q.p il,

1a a. iv.⪫cn, iictr*cil :
ti
LQJ =o l-L&’ )

ti [cd h,&.~ ,$ 3 -:bi,iT..‘ci.~j = 0 (21 )


hII) -4 422)

tc (a-b F.b) = 9ci.b (23 )


tz(8.L Tj.b .S.c a.dj= + b*hj(c.d)
(24~)
-(asc)(b.d) ,+ (cvd)(bx)-J

CL(X5) = 0 . Es)

h (Is I-G 1.b) = 0 (26 )

b\IJj ?i*kl*b T-C 7.d) = 4 fXXrYa, bh cpd,,. .(27)

/i&u x4= (3 at.-d; 1-i ( Y). TLC OP;MEU i,(r*s]

anp S(A ywj<ct& yh&; ( li, t& .Ld /i-+ 0).


- .
TLC,
(2.9)

:(I-?;I u*(p) = ,‘Cr(l4l/J


-.-- L ,; (3C)
i tJ .
and
j (i-&d,) u* $1 = (y). - or,?

tLL+mn ‘lLi% = casf3)


,b &‘&ii& -“d i ,-IL& ~d.m.X _ -cz1 I- a&~ ad
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tic.c& SUIT
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~K9lc-L id; kstil&l &&Cl, fL< k&i i


t-
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.

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= (iE,E,b)
%
p= he,o,o~

f2= k’, P’cot


e,, Y’s;n
8,)

E’wdv 5 ~;
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‘pl’71= - m,E = -TQE
PL*f2
p.pt= -n,(E+m,-E’)’
= -HE ti I- )
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?I-82 = -IlIe ( E’glNe) y -#iii E i


J
= - %E = EP’cosR -J”‘+&~‘- E’(E+,,,)
?I’ ?*
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+-p* = ; E(E’- P’cO* &) = - m (E+m-e’)

1,-$1=’ gZ-EP’usB,-& mE+ EE’ ‘-


Z -dE’-P’ur&) - mE
= - hW-In) = ppm’ J

f’ pm= ME/Sj .=
(&z$ = ($EJ

?2* 432
u-q
p’
0: = cILJ,-fi O) j ~‘=LA, f-0, ~&IO)
9: = Gp’, 9’) 9); ‘t; = 6f) -py-+> -9’ Ale>

pq, = p&= -y’pt 3) = -2pa -

9,-v= p-1, = fzud- po = -p+tdse)


.p,*pt= - pse -a2 e -p%+ cost31
pa+= -pih+d>
.,: 2“L E
i
L) SC&A idzUdlLjy, : YE -+ -v,~

-I wl = clv,+) ulc, p > LI(p,p~j(i+~s)u(;j)(t,)


I-h'lf= t. Cdc,p,) Gk,p,Lb+) ~(.q,)] 4 .

p ~I(~+a,)ulv,Ct')U~V,t')(\-~$')~(C)f,)u(e,F~)]

.&St-tiGU
:
! ~L(rn-\~.~,)(-L~.q,)]
= .-4p,.+

&’ dil= I&


l&L lbTi

.
hj‘k (I- c&1.0)= 2(q),, 2’ C’/L

c&=4icsk, E,
“1 cm

= TnE(q
2n
\
r= “‘a Lr = t-VIE
s da. -ix-
0

iii) SCLL ;nLcutk 3e.-Se


-<\rl = ?(J,y,l ~+I Ztejp,)(1+85) U(V, +I
w= L i(m-(~.0,)(-ra.~‘))~~,~(\+~5)(-;~.qS~,-;~.p,)~
-i-kid &I A+-$) y- +. cm Ye /mdt
1%; = lb p,.‘t, p+

Ty=?%
t3-L mE
tr;-

iii;) ?sec.dc s c3h.A Jiu&i;,-\ ve -9 ve

.- 1m= C(v
IQ 7’s &p) ~If)p?xSilt ‘a,MJ,(t,)

\hd-~ T;r~~s(,n-;~.p,)i-~~~(-lY.~,)] t\~(l+s;)C-;b’.~,);,..~,)(n-LIT,~

= S&‘,rc( aJ *.‘i LLcR L LX+ ;ac ti'b

1;*1 ThLdi ><A k(11 i.\LdiQI~ vc -->v c

5cA-4 &4 ?, .A\ *,lr 14<\;dr,


Id) TlA-mR C.h+. 3; Ve ---+ie
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\MIZ” b4 cq,+ p+ ,+ 2 +‘pl 4b.p. - ?,*p. qLp,l


= 64dE= (1-k 1’
.?I
k-2 E$ ‘“a’L,
%

.a Q-= u. :. .--
3c

1Vi) -iinwst ik i Se
1

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s @I ~q,~qz ‘j1.p + 2p,‘q% plql - 12’ pL p, $1

- f&l *‘E=(l- La)”

L!!x=-5 ME (I- 2 1’
8
3

1v;; ) S-T iJt.+t~~l, vc -9 ve

-Lhl= IL(1~,,jJuk)p,) uic, F)JbYS) ‘1”>‘1,)


-I- u \u,g-> 5-d. Ajr,) LI(~)~~!‘~~~I~\;)~I~,‘,,)’
i&,pd cvm =

K(~,~1~)~le,p,)~lr,~,’ rrv ,b,~fii~


L U~45p+)(1t35~u~v,~l) GlV,),)( i-&.)*3+ tik,pi

+ &,+..)5;\+ ~,Ce,p,lu(ei',)Icly,(t-,).~
I
. ii(e,pJog,i~+‘bs~‘ul~,~,)~i~,~,~t~-~~
)ule,p,)

= trih-; ‘d.pfr+~-;a.yl)~~~[II+Ys)~-;a.g,
),rpg
,L-;3.pJ-J
+ ti[s,, I,-;a+L‘II“t>~l;!L~cp
(l+~s)(-;Y.t,Xn-;a.~l)~
cp+ = 8&-I/JcL
Lb
= -:($.a,--Jr”)
(~-+q,il = 4+,.,!+ - E,e,,+ l9$
tcildr’dG
c$d‘d,p,‘d-(I .=-41,77%
.-CL bpy
t+ fq,m~~~~ = qLr P,~ - plr jIdj

‘=A1+q, pL*!p-.pqLq;+)
3
&ST-, $& il+$l-3)
1
r = LE d;(y) = -*mc
.T -7 ---
3 .r;
u
fy;;r> s-r L~,$+wA , Se 3 Se
q,.w ‘tL m ve
i?-qf-=
i2dpL.j’ ‘I+ - fyfj-~+-,
= iyfwli”[ I- 5)
2

& = Q& (l-L3)


iic
*a
0-s‘ c
Iis1 V-A, ye49e

,
A,, %,a+: bq, i $q; pL.qz + 2~p;yz y,~jzl’

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7 6q f45ci ylb5,,49&g/,e’ + p-g,p pp] i ‘i-‘~@


’ I
+ 69 ~155~ +c orotrEz S’$ ppty pc
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fart CT..- =*I; 9 ( 6 -
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9:': i ;;j, i'-.j; - f, p 'r; 72

Itr\lL’ 25$ if,(q,)(p,*qz)


= -. mLE L
23b

-AZ= -
4ME g-s 4mE
7i 7i=
%

Cr). V-A 3e3 Fe


q,‘, ‘tL ofl -A2

In,F = L5i ‘y,. @il., ,fL’


= ‘WEYI-IF-
dz = h+ it-g”
-ry
~J-= 4-n c-
5K
(xi) V-t/4, ve -9 vc

- iM= c+y,l u+\-r,Me,y,) \;:(e, pL) TV(l+&)k(v,p,)

Sati CL3 i~&&m c$ V-k) M(~rL U./at/usd s:


r
I~t== 256 (-t;p-, s42
= 7,5b m%’ ,y

dr uii 2%
-= .
%
G-= Y-c
(Xii) V-r-A ) 3e .+ije

+yT -5 ‘ti a-8 -VT


‘tl
.

\rj, * ov-z /-d..o&3 fR:


AL4w.wLG
b-
Ax= &bPT, + &b-A) + $&+A)
c\a “3 9 “3
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$(I- 1’ 1L
S,f . 8
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ST 2 (l+$(v$ 239

V-A 4 4(q)’
.

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,

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Nz;l&&$L&+.& L&qLi

se>- EC,V&.&h
Y

6~ -th .+-yi+. ;di/yt;$ V-P,caji,4 ,&&.


F~h-h’-o “r” JC .&%u~ ba ;/w.&k+f3 T’/z. %
- ‘C
olh f&%+&i -,ss tira. i,‘.:s 7:
.z.,\,c ; il,l,s ,;; :’ L

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- .
T-l- 77 ,:s
d’s
i IG:i,*, )

3e d:r= 2y” (I-,$ -__- .: 0 1;1.1


7’ -...
2;*,c(;- ,,o-*’ (-n?L
9 SK * (5,).
- i 1’
.‘.I;
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an tide: ;cAe /l&dt;on upe---+p- ve
5 91 P %
ow ‘L-no a&L odA;rrjtlQ “““q ve
Y-
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3) wolptma. Y
aPnbv# i.4 E’- (f +/&‘),Y; ur’u
Pa /mA.anma.+. Th Aiufan;ay3;lb&
f,.p, = - meE'
pp1 = -nLE t (p- Nl~W
p,.p = - mcE”

PI - q2 = - me (Et me- E’)

7,. fz = -me E’ + 1 ‘taZ1/2


r
p*‘f, = -e (E- E’) - lr~+m~)/2

mL+2mE-p' = 1_ $4'-nPl
$L 2mE
tel hLt .?mE
-ma

$!L-+;;‘yQ$q*l [, - y&J
iI
I- ‘r;‘-;1”
m 1 z

da(-+e--+ ~AV~)/JX = [,- (;g+Jz


dr(J,e + e ve)/di
,:‘-y7-
:
om2;
0.1
i11/
1
;;y, , ‘, ., , ,,,,, ,I
IO.~ 20 100 ioo
Fy, %Y
** @Iti Factni :
ti&ds hy %e;+j ;j
L
e e

J,=O J-*=+1

yJ--$ S’W”B (we -he J&J&&. -(j& tos8=0 ,;)” )


.r
* e
i# I’ # .
i 3 1c
$0 s
Jt=-i .,

Jiy WuthiLLi
J
QNcL*‘Gcz1

vedve . di-&did ‘Cj


,%mz& fa&id- :ai.c ‘&Jd&+ ‘yy;yyC
“8.

cl-c r x
2 7.
&t AA-C CC?did
“f
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ty-
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:? i
Y4< :;'/p &L,
he Jncs p < 3o’i GA/c. TL-0 nvLtcL*Lo

G’e 4 ’ , &d E, c 3.73 x IO 6 Gc 1/.

c4ndA~t’z;cQt;tcM l&.&t& fk /w :nu.id


% 3
in& OdfW? ln.dud~, w”“iJ

I
ILowdh
B-L
&a
$a%Jz;L
f@-

P’ v.5
y,XL
* * fh ,~‘. ‘~
4.&t-&h
.F
-im -= p& 2$ ;Ie)p,)a;,o+I,w~ T.f) 6 (id-,)
c I. ; lj’
4fJ zlv,~jd ry il+) k;-;fifJl r;, i~-+~;;),b+, 1

3-‘J$ ry Jqsp.- :l~$.~.~~c~~3


;. J
-il.4 n;cJL4C,c,;..d. ‘4 A’ p& -LyL,.\ i&y y;LI-!,

:wu ..x.<i ‘L; i&X ~h4\ 6%4&L I$ ’ /iit,\ L.. tli;i

~ti”J. .\lL .‘wJ .A%]. .L it,\ uty G- ::*.1Gd

CL&S-\ >; 1:r.; rl &T ‘;;l.!\ c :,i L’.\; iLv li ;;.. .,I..
,I i
.~,. .; ,!
‘l lb1 .I ,,‘i I.’
‘~ .* :. iYii G i: ‘)) ,tA.: t il.; ,, \.:I; _I1 ,I ;.r<‘ii;,,
A.’ .hLi‘CLC<‘( a-If L:i& i ...ircm.
A.:,.5LWd;‘LG -t?Jt% Ld ,)>uc.aZ -3b.i.i i54i4.t &I&

-(I) .It &bbL~iJ C&f * 1.

121 3t rmAc+c -& a,~ htdbve,

~ytmL.cifi.M*~A.

Urotk * CL.
-r
(31its At3
w*lLyl.&dya + -. ~-
?be ‘i& _
H E, ..~ * ._
.‘~-~i:
e _.
; 71

ox w VtiG) UK .d.h&-Lfe tlu +


_
Txe fln,aLx ll&w.d ‘, ve-*ve 2
-?
-i 3’) = G’M; li [el p> E;-(I+ a,)&, 9,J
\Tz
. &/ .+-&*
-__. -_- ub,‘tJ &/(l+a,,,(e>p,1,
i(iL+ IAd=)
ru;ih -kc- T:- pl’ p,-+. 9 auks-GLG’ 3
-Q= pu--“tlr av.d 4, = p -p, chfi. .&J 7xL
‘&G..C cazL-3, UA
-T
$i, /MdL a.dpL, y+fh(~
-bhii4de

o,ea
8irEeL
hq
whl.Y&/&a;~4 iLl ‘W +ix6 c14ufGc&
in izk.pa CA-+$&y
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-
de,jJ Ir,lLi~+%)+ R(l-&)l tdelp,),

-t&b p&u i he f&J endud


-t
X& W-JU&m &b-m: In Lx. R;;tq -4LyL
t
xv3 /%nw, we -L%e

Id = $ t\1~11+11,)G;~.g,)(l-r,) r9 (-;a.@] *

k [~~~~tu,)ln-;r.?,)(l-YSI~~(m-;Y. $3 -t
1
-$ t%[a,(c!L+Ys) +~!l-Ys)~(,~~r.P,)('Il-'"l+"tl'~~))~rr-~il.,~)]
+ k Ca,ii+r;)~:Y.p,)(L(l-Y~)+~IIt~~))(n- Lf.?~l])
IS G.&u: -2t,ul-Trv~ rp, 1, if.+]
= -~pI++-s,,‘il.%+91+ 1 Gpi6,p &*+r7
24 L,
I--t bAu:_.
- 2LUl-a,Yr,“y, 8;r-g
= - 81p/p”,.:$9/,.?a + /Iti(7- Grrgr $qQs,+ 3
2* L ~ 2% ti4u: _~...
- I, lx[\x%trs, +N1-Trlj5 ty,a,“p ]
= -2 Iw+qr-pv - $9fi’pt+p,* p%J+M-1=)frAfJ
2’ ti-, J4-tvxA : ‘..I
= - 2 L kihy d, 7.p 7, q&l

+b +aL +2(+d frrfo- pc, ?,r 69vfAr


TLA,iU/to;cls ve
G”d L-+ AZ.
, .4&m 33-a

:. & p. GtnE Ckx,+r)Z+ 4x(J2(l-y)=]



3 2u
o-== GZmE [f2xwtI~z+ 4*f /3]
2l-c
* - %a-, qe -+ ge w +f4ve
3 P
du-
-= 6’LnE[(zr(,tr~=~~-~~z+
4x23
2liT
CLd
tl-= GL E [(ix,+ I,‘/3 ‘t 4x;].
--SF

TL yaz+ pm sah, co fact.& f


2% w”;-3 c-p, ~‘d&Lun k “p+

v 9. s’)-
Thu da&-bh &e d&&i
“;)-
AxL -8clk.c aa * .’
f- F---Yf
UQAui u. ThlAtJcLIpeL

CL “;“u. ,Ids._‘PRE’, ~O+hm)


[Y ;.Crl-. -tL #pd: f.a;,, ‘e fit. lm-tor-rT-fbJ
Ar ‘fe Rauhdd LTn
i7 IA -+v> ‘LQ.

d%L.cd

p= !ktE) -I
LLOQO ~cov\~~i%ale ‘JVL
f- P
.M”“d, p=jv-0. (-&I4 cicf&n AI e&&s&t
tiJh ouh &&on ye da&i 1.
f d
nQ.al&h&L * i.dAA-wL~ 1. .SJ.
it A&h ti T W& /wd.d) MixA
SW%’
w< 0.3.
b”d
cj ..___.,,
-...-.r-.- ---,-.--.- I I

1 ~’ ue e -3 tie/’c /Y’ // I A.”


4z 2 V-A y’+
,* _,.’.’ 1
I-
2 fo-4’
‘= E / ,A”
s !? - V-A
W
SC
5 /f

c Ce e - Ce e
~ i‘ /

21
/ .I

ID'" I I I I I I I I I
0 0.2 0-f 0.6 088 1.0
sti'9,
<a(> = (:a ; Wd, /q- = L

driiki 4 .i?el/$ cc (I-i()’

= soIi#’lJ- ‘;1’+~3] =. 3 ‘i
I 1

= +.[ “--M]~ i-
-
W-L&--&~ Thtw
u
i$e :
(‘6’S
J [ - ~#,jI 1’ d2 -
_~
= ‘(I- 2J + k2 ..- _- .-

(I ‘z)L. + s$-
3
_-
L C ) $e $$%e e qp4e
0 .! 500 0.5-= 0.5000 0.2so*
0. I .-ZfllS 0.444’1 0.4977 0.265L
0:2 .3929 0.9677 0.2492
0.3 .4bV 0.3qrq 0.48PY 0.3rsr
0.4 .*41 O.L?YS 0. St30
0.5 5000 0.2500 0.49og 0.3571
o. b :w7 0.2612- 0.4774 0.3L71
0.7 O.ZllL 0.4145 0.31L3
0.P .4w 0.3r4t 0.47zO 0.38fO
0.1 0.3430
0.3814
I.0 .4Por 0.357 I 0.4671 0.3124

5-l
< ?= I1 -;; 2’ +&IbL
8 II’.
(r-2r?t + &La
3
= p-z&+ sFt

3(r-zd + 4*=
Fel vee b-p

<;t>= (l+zFL: + 5$ 4 (1+d+ XL


=
(,+1x)’ t 4fi= 3(rtr*)L+4XL
3
i=lYL 3,e 0-3,
<I> = (\+z*P
-- + %$ (itzxP + 24f+
2.
=
(,LL •t 4*L +tltLdLt 4EaL
3
-..

I I I I I I I I I I

.:

. _
0.7!

w
._ i&e *
0-S
fi&
v

0.25 Jpi==zj
Si,e -“re
.~.

, I I I I I I- I I
0
0 0.2. 0-t 0.6 0.8 1.0
s;l' 0,
0 &3

6’of .
.6iz ITt
..__~...~~
TA T- d t ---) AI

clma& ) 'A0 ...m


r
aa .:t.- w. _.~~,.._~~
___
..~
ir- IJY ____,
IN [f-t VT jl’:: L Me* 1IVI(I++ c,#
2 n=..
3.~
. . W(t”--wi+ G’t& = 3.32~
mc d-z
Lf
0
L & w&i9 /wuA,,WCAwe“p-j
W(W-,ey)
= _6xGz sin3GeV136, (37.3

= 3.f4L x 10z=~rc-’ /sLil’e,


w(f-+Yii) s G* (37.3 Gdf)3 .
31%
/2E$- s;n'&' Cl-s~'eJ
= + W(W-+e.Q,) /[I- J~‘QwP

W(&QQ-)=’ 1-4f-t YJ)(~ZX -rJ2 + 42)

TAL Ait&mau VtcJtkr A5t-n - and

, % /?iA _poA&
A.&& i.nf&d hp.4

p”F on 2-a P.& fy- @-


30
I I I t I I I I I
0 .0.2 0.4 ,0.6 0.8 1.0
Sin’ 8~ .~.

Y04 I 1 1 I I I I 1. I

.:- “.-r~
:-
--+ I
I
..~,.._. --A~.
_
....._ -/
\ ‘:~ .I-.--~. .YX --.-~+-- .L -I -
! IL-- /
-i. \
i--.
r(Z+ ee
.---./ !
\-. \ ---Y. :
\\‘. /’ ~.(.’
\‘I. ~,., / -
j(*-igj*-.~.-
\, \ :...-.
.,/. ,.:-
. . . . _ ,.../ .*. ... ~-.
\
\
.-.
,
\ -d - r r(W-+ &j
50 \
\
I I I I I I I I I
2c
0.2 0.4 6.6 0.8 I.0
Sk2 9,
@
Tlr ufmy y, GL4!Lw&vc
” ,

/to;uc.diA
~p?$- r .
L lf3+ w+w- -42 (dt hjk
Pa -*+ e- -ant
= --f* f .~ t-p> -fbi ++w f@++
i II .~
3 f; .~~
w's I .. . ..~~ -.. ,.. _.
't, 0%

:ilrl,= z~~zt~,,q,) a.~tr+&)ulu,p;),. __


-- ~. G. .._ ~.. -... ,. ~.~~.._ ..~. _.~. _ ~_~...

A&i& 4-u a% . c;cdnA '- HE -hv;a. ocllr.. ,_


9
#di3cwz;on
06 'QixLJ -
ifA'hJJ ~a &uad i+q-llzTA liIi4&~
9
~;tkANwAmdA up+t;dr~
F"d
HyJA -Ge camcceed i$ Ah Aiyi
NJ
cut 'tipk ON% cLm~~C>
2'
JIAaW$
x cknL
cl-chah.d .ldahf
vs
A;nyc;t YaA fwyIc a w XeaJdc -&p&,
P
E', .4.uLck,aGQA *-v-e-
at3 Rlce d!Lcl;llrsyI --&A orpbz;G /chAf. TJA
;ts 4cAhahdzdrs
Ill&k /t&d &adAL ‘A’4

-;wJ - ’ stYa‘f$ 8.f+i (I.+y,)h&-i~-D) r*r-‘l


II A:ID++PI,‘)
.
h/L . ME
F?
c;’ z WM*r,
urt *
.P
-C‘MS -2 I. .I:. ih, v&j if.k, T-D F.4, tI+a,)e-rv)+)
ii- ii= 0’
rut - Ai.&txt
-v----
"d-k+ p a'Pj ~-~---a-Q,
m-
-im = 2 L.~ i+,q,) 7.DX.D r.D h&) dv+)
-8 Iv* 9’
.= 2 : au) gJ r.D hr,)UIV~~,~.
-2
IrrQ. m-fi xL6-t --l%auA sp-l.4 T.D = -8.2. Tk
A.-oj~xAm A+4Gnac+tiy-c;.
.xL
~QM = ‘[g-#t] i?(y,,,a-m
,_ trtTs>UrV,
‘t,,

is I$&- ..~
_~.. 1 -. TT -.’

&Al -/to/?& V'eW oyL--d. ~&L I


Y
"yd 0, ""PGt. ahj luiYhaH+~
'wlang-sir‘" Activy -.&phd Lid il.0 nf&&.d

hi8 1 ;f, pvd - ck7JL+d*


s
a /htbd$ ti% -40% -JLl.y Rep-&w L&A.
%
& cluLnen;b. In&d MC& till, b L

+@Je~Li.iAcuMcLL~/zce~~. k
nC.
.
PnncLdhm d "//""4-J+ &.+ LR+L @
9 ”"
Lu..
Lu. +mdy~
V~Li"~ 4unw QALfk.4w
-Gcamcp
&IL /au&w
AidLaLA v,,% A-, /u.dcow;&L
AAL’ dcc&
-p” “d -a. /^-.m Ah48 q&l M.

-;m = ~2 vlV~q,)a;,Il~a,)vfn~p,);;~v,
f+h+~,)de~,.)
ci
TL.L FnnL&l-a-s id ,&jJ#.z&-tjU
v--+eve (UC9””..2d. xk u
1” P
Iml’--y+,ps’qs
SI?
Tlrl4cefnlLw
ctld~~-~
25b

v- ye -+p- vc :
p,.5‘1= - ME; pa-sb = -mE + fMZ -m’)/L,

Mid,hp-+ mv!A4.
iyw)
$: ;;iE F - b$-;4]

= &
l-c c
OQJvM 0.4 o-w& -
I- W-n’)
X-F 1)
-fk
?- &

3x-*,p-2:i
; wc

4rc~l‘~-~,
Httwy ,/tt.jGn &cy: Me--* T e-Fe
O7Q
u , r .*
l7t.b Ai vi& .4lihdiclc 25 PUL - iA.
3 F
fd* 9 p-4 +e-q. Ifi txl pd
A.&itti /+.nd&!.MA; -.,,,.

yi w1=FaEk,jd 5 I~~~~)~(~~~~(H,~)~II+T=~v(~~~~,-
_~
AoLlnL A.4 4aii /tta&i ai /nsaw.& u ‘. .: .;-
“- M,-.:. .;*--. .: -,~.--~ -.
--.. _~. j :. -.z :~.:.I:. -I’:.:I.:.:.: I.
5.: ..c... Q ..._.~..~__. ..__..
-~

&.s . Jztdum spli f-vu&, u. .~


A ab a ~%a~, sp&, 4- vtdk

\* tuLcL: -iti [cl-rJa,d.~a, Lia.p,(l+i~~r.s)]

--i~tbY,~~~7.~i,{ m -q + LrnT~65.S + q1; g.,}]

= -tdh-Wapf‘r, '.p] + mkI(I-7+5JqT,i.s]

= kbasnp.p J,, a-[,,-,)]

.-- 4 ~)hns,- pl,) - Jpv (“S.&j)


[ “, i*-~ygqpp%~~
24 tx0.u
If ) p-)4) m--El,
071
:. 2s bu= 4~pf-&-*~)
‘+~pf-&-*,~) -$.,(-Md+f.1) +1,(-q-,+)
+1,(-q-++
- Ex~~o &p
Jar -(A$9 6’74
f-n4 -4,) I
-. I&
II-J= gG= -M”A.f
pc’r29rCs-~l.l-nd-+)
-M”.d.f -44)
-44) ..
i2(hS.R-
p.L)
f-NA.~-~$
.t 2 7.1 hw-p). t+4-a- z+w-+ -4 +s-p}.C I
= 3x9 1 (mu-p). hfA+)
i+hX&ne.~ ,b-‘cd, 50 rrc ‘city &ML

Q= k-p = p -v
ewJ&Aa a itA pa +Ay p &ch .;i= -z>
g- G;‘, a-q..
d3f 6”‘(P+L-9) = ij

s
*
:. d= iti., (y1) a(u&+lp)
z,ti.opreial~f -, “a=% 3 y.J =-20=
9=-8rJ dW*WZ.W’
3L fJ(tu-n)
z-d = cQL
.~~ &= fo’, i M). 7-le, tq= I-$ i fM-&,)I
-.
~. P‘+m ’ = E$~..~ hlA-k) = &I,-i M)
- 2&* 2EdE hn5.-p)= IF:+ E$p’p~;,;~.~-iE&)

:. p+ pEdE

-.I- dti=- &.$jz~(ms-p)*~t+ia~ piE.rlji ~:. ‘-.


1

_~~
= 2H& -Ml- me’- 2s 2b4Ee- M2 =.M(Z&,-Ml.

&I= &-(2&-M)& IdJ &Eq.ilf.a+ME,~.~


Ualf
+ ME “.s^ --M-d E;d$@,
‘P
WLL I -LAX nmr SLt Ee=p .Lfbwl.Jrrcw .

d& L I?:1- gs”, !r-f;)[YE, (i- @]Ee dEe d&


CUZP
Let ~5=- Z&c/n; E= Me/z, dE= Mdr/z

dW= & M’t,-E)t+ J$ ~br, it-f? ,(\-$~


Cte14
-- ,“(y;; [-+.2&i. i)k- E’> dE dR ~
v.. y&&f&&i -1 A
“c--0caflp-A L .
dw= $I$ ~I-cosQ)~~~- E’1d.c dtcoso)
I
:. dw= $M;, (Cd E')& 'd.(i+s)
5--L
I
dilE2-f3)

= GfHS~~--- 3.47* IO xc-’


192
lc3

ilbhd.iyd e- spch: *
A(&) = f2(E2-4J)~

-i
2,s:

;.j
i/
f*k\

,I: r! \
“,:\1;
1
1
c.5
;ye ,’ I
\]
‘1
1,’
,-. --- c. ..___
bit I,0
0.2
!
1 “4
y&N-m++ Aarclanp

YeP%

“b”
tF+--+ e+If= v, QMd ,++
r
+v Y
r A
XL A-pzd 4 x;,

w= G2MS= 7.94% 10‘OH_ = stc-j


96a3 (16d )
&ice fi Ad- Pm
&-J&J, ‘&J&&s &a m
llhawA- a -Jne%.%ym;tb AyKJ3
“b
md.L 307;
/.h.utA q /t&Lam * ma “,,p” -: 9 407* cL

Mk+ 3 8.4 Gde.


ix& AL iJdA &‘&*ha
P
$&yyyc%>* ._
f

/.BuadLvc J!LM 7 w/c'- .skt> 2..


ZiIp- a.& N.R. QUA.- PyJ. 3
Rev. o-,3/7/
(117t)j K* %L~ itd., PK Pk: 29r3(LqlQ.
a& t-i VA& AM e+e--+p+p-
/ ,
XL /wm.c
-+““.-f--
XI-L AULCZA ete----+ AdjcdrulAeA
/;y-
cI~~&ti d;a . In Q
--F r 9,
+ra fh&?%Lt )x.4&b&> ;uc s-w Z”
c&n’ w Qd -&id. I
F
Fy--;, -;:
-Ge;l;cce*c ax -ve”tm-w
olKdx4.t anc;ol-.v&. * .;p”” 0-d :.L
&. &TV .~ . --~I
22.i t”
/L&L %i fkuq-‘“i&j q!p.tl ,A m
.t.d?ab w of //‘.A-~&. Lit w
9~
A;cu/ti h.A Ahe
F- +=+Ft
3-t W& M.lAdL4. -.o (ii Ht? L?:
“6- 9
pf” /L 2 f+ * p-. 2 - ; s
/;- 4:
7-e T- = p+q+ = -dS(l-E)

p- ‘P = p-p - -+(l+E,
j:

; ;I
+ eaGMt’ tcCa,~-i.~.~)l~(l+~~)tlil-~~)~i(,(-;~.~_)~
SrSG-HG]
* ti f~L-;l-~-)lRIr+a,)+lir-a,)lr,~-~~.~t~jl
Is &,,: 32e4
si [ ?+‘I-- Y-‘Pt + p/t p*f-J
= 256112dL 22 Ir.ttlL f b-t)’ = 64gIg~ (I+*9
SL I lb I[ I
N& a ,a% +n.,/,$ ~kj M.&J ‘s&-i.& in

--?-= d
,Gw= 1. Id Cp11+tj
J.4 4 b&S .= 4s

do- TAP ia)


z- 1s
071
234 h: G’z +*k R%+r,l+L’h-);)I F icy+ 1, .r+
ail-%I; B I.

t%[p’(l+&~ + L’ll-q $ i.f- 3, I./+/

=“&
k’+ Lab2 C/+./L
y-y++ q+.
p+
7s.
p-)
32

+titz-L’)z(32 +.p- I+
+ptq-‘p-
y-p- ‘)
32

= ;1”“$ (!R$Lf(W zz)*z + k’;L’ft 52


- % I

(Rz+LL)z(t+t+)C2(~~-L~):

&= G’s
dz =

G-=
07g
34 ,&w..: eZGY:
47 5T.l- “&I
k p- (L-0 a, ‘r r.r- r, ‘p]

* \2x #;a G tIca


srsi [I- MC%J
‘R’+tpj-.p + $+‘I+ p-9
i
+.(t-L HF. I- f-*/t - qt./+ q/f-]}

5 8rca GMEL @+LTi 2(\+z=) t4k-LlZ 2


FL [I- hais] I

= .lblr.ci G Mez
$I [I- W5]

d+(f+t=) + CfGfY,2 (P.tlJL(rt2~~


4s lbnfi [S-H;]

L&t-(+) - &J-(-t)
al,wi Luc xurc
--9J
‘A-- /.~I0wi+ f/-J% I&! _ (1)’ t
(37.3)L 5 I+Z=
/I I

= 0.25 h-x,, 1 rev, - 07.3 Gcv? t


/c. s I /+Ea

= a(xw, s).. t /f++zL).


F&-b& mxi. .
F-8= 2% d GM,’ 4(x-L)=.&/
F+ i5 thaii ts- HCLj 2 +l’Cda ,.
= 3 G H:;-
lhiia/i cs-Nl.1

= jG 137.3 i&v)’ &Jr-4 - 673)’


s .I
lbwd? /I
= 3.13 Ylo-z ~cI(I-x~~ - -(31.3)=
5 I

%a(xr,5)
=

n.4 P --huk/u&o ia petRLd


o-n1.81. rt

A - A-dh.itiefi;tlozalul Y A24wl2.k9
7-fo-vek&/l.c&.9~
9 Y f CMA%Ep.3J
Il(pb;ym p&pq;tlcmdy
Qmdy.&n -tbmw,c&Ad4J /tgLaLi9 o-d’s
,
cbse and ‘pJ ;;t & ;pars;“L XG
-+f--- OnA’s seA4.&’ xj fb .zi..a fuAi$I a ditj

ad-beanco-AruGu,,namuad
-6-u -b-k Aw;uuccL

Q. a & +d ru;Yh 2’ir fM $e?+.


._.

CL GL, ~4” kitl&oLc WnaK I--+


I
NJ? csnceu&e.%h /--kiu&
“d
AArcd”-aLo .
w -7fwkJe
7ttuhmJ. 7* h$l ALfL&t
-9
.&;tac d”+q -AdMA&
.
AL 232 -3ldmLic AN-QtJ.
/cw#J, ‘J- . 3.t ’ Yac “p”--ti;”
a-7
my )
-06 -+
bwc Fo”“?” WV”
&ld UC 7* f--f
~~cn;frtd-nf;do~A~~.

J = iZtdcos8,+ saXi&)
-J+s GosB~ + 5 s;mQc ) 4
J,= Eddk tmLo + iisiiu s&Qcb3,$l

+ lid Zu s&~cos~ . + uszu &+e

- iui:d ebs’d - tiuZ5 Sr;,Bco~8

- 5-u I;d sAOeas8 - s&is &‘Q

ha, bj = b= /C,i;j
.1Q,-C1= a&,
hdci-u - ii,,d (dii;u- i?dkCC
)COJ”& = ) cm’tl
= (- zdz:u+ C,,,+ cTd
cu -,.jjd).bs.~
= (Eu- zd) toss@
( iisru - ZUiiS) slilZB= (;;u - 35) s&=Q
tGd$u- Fuiid)skBtorO= (&$;-urr. id) LO a;0

= (-cuzd + i;u;d- 5d) s,hBcssQ = -3d sr,iQ~tQ


1 usiLk.- ZuZs) &Qua6 = - ds &e us 8

To =
cu- ad cOs2@ - ds &,..Qcr,s8
- Sd s&n8cfJsQ - SJ 5;“y
hh p--=--L /ns/=o, 1 slib-aa.

.l.t A x
@
tl&.&d cu/ued be td -h- &saved.

Id, x&L pu #&5-k J&x L4--+o-a p4.0”“”

&.chao K‘-/up; Ki-lAG1. ad pm

x& /CL--KS nvyLdd 74 URCU~. et.


*
Mb y” xi /t9bvd,itLc /a?impw-.%.
rk cd.(hdti 2 pvihd~:.:..~

_~ -.~. ._.-. . ,.~.._


Ii. ,u&ci _I.. ..:.. -...-.,. ._ ~..~.~
.._._.
'. __._

G( ho& +s xi &.> _: ,e. '. -.._.~., ,.~._~


.-.
+ ~hQS9~ - dsli&l. .~I.~ .,

?k p--d e /tLscbv- siJt3) 5; t'


Y 9
un;tl = +'JJ chd cduuTwL=+i. -m .~
f-?f

krctA -;-qh*+ ASfo. &.


Aa fund- a.ppaA"f A%dcL~
bJb
mweako&L dii
/i..&asm~-Le+$d~=
-&Add A z--d.+-J~Y~-~;&~$
a>- v
Wf>’f; cbm-d -bcadnons/
adp-y’
l--y-y -YJ+-
an-a7ii&d ,ki.i.dcuak~
qA;-
Y-
-JtJ/t.lmGw
.LJ A+-
r CALT22-L
ic2Lthdq 3-c. liLA.Gh,
68-533
%c-,191s.

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