Transient Stability Analysis of Taiwan Power
System’s Power Grid Connected with a High-
Capacity Offshore Wind Farm
LiġWang, Quang-Son Vo, Min-Han Hsieh,
Shun-Chin Ke, Bing-Lin Kuan, and Xiu-Yu Lu
DepartmentġofġElectricalġEngineering
NationalġChengġKungġUniversityġ
TainanġCityġ70101,ġTaiwan
E-mail:ġliwangncku@gmail.com
Abstract—The transient-response simulation results of
Taiwan Power System whose power grid is connected with a
high-capacity offshore wind farm (OWF) of 100 MW subject to
symmetrical and unsymmetrical severe disturbances using a
commercial power-system simulation software are presented in
this paper. A three-phase short-circuit fault is suddenly applied
to the collector bus and power grid of the studied power system
to compare the transient power fluctuations of the wind-turbine
generators (WTGs) with and without protective relays, which are
connected at different locations through infield submarine cables.
The simulated transient results obtained in this paper can offer
future operational references for grid-connected WTGs located
at different OWFs with various capacities.
Keywords—offshoreġ windġ farm; three-phase short-crcuit fault;ġ
transient stability; voltage responses, power fluctuations; speed
variations.
I. INTRODUCTION
ġġġġġġġThe speedy developments of global industry and business
have caused a quick expenditure on available energy
resources, in the circumstances of excessive consumption of
fossil fuels. In addition to the severe changes on global
climate, the health of human beings and other creatures have
also been significantly menaced. Hence, to establish nuclear
power plants using nuclear materials with high radiation to
lead to permanent damage and pollute our environments we
live is worth seriously and deeply reconsidering. Renewable
energy resources with high energy densities such as wind
power could be one of alternative and pollution-free resources
in the world to substitute nuclear power plants.
At present, the development of onshore wind power plants
in various countries has reached a bottleneck since the
available lands for installing WTGs are rather limited.
However, offshore wind power units near the seashore have
been extensively and fast developed in the whole world today
due to the advantages of higher and smoother wind speeds
near seashore without lands. This paper establishes the system
simulation model of an OWF connected to the power grid of
Taiwan Power System using a power-system simulation
software. A three-phase short-circuit fault is suddenly applied
to one of the buses of Taiwan Power System to analyze the
978-1-5090-5157-1/17/$31.00 ©2017 IEEE
Anton V. Prokhorov
Institute of Power Engineering
Tomsk Polytechnic University
Tomsk 634050, Russia
E-mailĻ antonprokhorov@tpu.ru
power variations of the WTGs caused by the applied fault [1-
2]. The simulated results in this paper can offer some
operational references for a practical power system containing
conventional synchronous generators. The simulation results
can also be employed to the planning of future development of
large-scale OWFs connected to existing power systems [3-8].
II. CONFIGURATION OF THE STUDIED OFFSHORE WIND
FARM CONNECTED TO POWER GRID OF TAIWAN POWER
SYSTEM
ġġġġġġFig. 1 shows the one-line diagram of the studied radial-
typeġ OWF connected to the power grid of Taiwanġ Powerġ
Systemġ through a collector bus, an offshore step-up
transformer station of 23/161 kV, 100 MVA, a submarine
cable, and an underground cable. Thisġradial-type OWFġcan be
referred to the similar structure of Barrow OWF of United
Kingdom. The rated power of each offshoreġ WTG based on
doubly-fed induction generator (DFIG) is 5 MW. Each row
contains 10 WTGs connected in series.ġ The collector bus and
the offshore step-up transformer station are employed for
collecting theġ totalġ powerġ ofġ 100ġ MWġ generatedġ byġ theġ 20
WTGs. Assume that submarine cable and the underground
cable have the capacity of 144 MW. The submarine-cable
length of 10 km and the underground-cable length of 10 km
are used in Fig. 1. The length of the submarine cables between
two neighboring WTGs shown in Fig. 1 is assumed to be 1 km.
The WTGs on the first row (Row_1) shown in Fig. 1 from left
to right are identified as from WTG1 to WTG10 while the
WTGs on the second row (Row_2) from left to right are
identified as from WTG11 to WTG20. The 2015 off-peak
forecasted load of TaiwanġPowerġSystem is adequately utilized
as the loading basis in this paper. The power-factor control
mode for each wind DFIG is used in order to keep the output
power factor of all WTGs at the specified values.
Fig. 2 plots the schematic diagram of the system
configuration of the studied OWF of 100 MW using
MATLAB/SimPowerSystem. The two blue blocks on the
right-hand side of Fig. 2 represent the subsystems of 10 WTGs
connected to Row_1 and Row_2, respectively. Fig. 3 draws
the schematic diagram of the internal connections of each blue
block shown in Fig. 2.
585

Fig. 1. One-line diagram of the studied radial-typeġ offshoreġ windġ farm
connected to the power grid of Taiwan Power Systemġthrough a collector bus,
an offshore step-up transformer station, a submarine cable, and an
underground cable
Fig. 2. Schematic diagram of the configuration of the studied offshore wind
farm connected to the power grid of Taiwan Power System using
MATLAB/SimPowerSystem
Fig. 3. Schematic diagram of the internal connections of each blue block
shown in Fig. 2
586
III. TRANSIENTġANALYSISġOFġAġTHREE-PHASE SHORT-
CIRCUIT FAULT AT POWER GRID
This section analyzes the transient power variations of the
20 WTGs and the collector bus of the studied system when a
three-phase short-circuit fault is suddenly applied to the power
grid of Fig. 1 at t = 0.5 s and the fault is cleared at t = 5.1 s.
Assume that the output powers of the 20 WTGs are at the
rated value of 5 MW and the output power of the collector bus
is around 100 MW before the three-phase fault is suddenly
applied to the power grid.
Fig. 4 shows the transient power responses of the 20 WTGs
and the collector bus of the studied system. It can be observed
from Fig. 4 that the output powers of the 20 WTGs and the
collector bus suddenly drop to low values when the fault is
suddenly applied.
Since WTG1 and WTG11 have the longest distances away
from the collector bus, they are connected to WTG2 and
WTG12 using the infield submarine cable of 1 km,
respectively. Similarly, WTG10 and WTG20 have the shortest
distances away from the collector bus, they are connected to
WTG9 and WTG19 using the infield submarine cable of 1 km,
respectively. The infield submarine cables between
neighboring WTGs must have the available capacity to carry
the powers generated by one WTG or more WTGs and, hence,
neighboring WTGs shown in Fig. 1 can have different
amplitudes on transient power responses.
Some special power-variation characteristics of the 20
WTGs and the collector bus can be observed from the
transient responses shown in Fig. 4 as below.
z The transient powers of WTG1 and WTG11 drop to around
1.2 MW but the output powers of other WTGs drop to as
low as zero value when the fault suddenly occurs.
z The power responses of WTG7, WTG8, and WTG9 as well
as WTG 17, WTG18, and WTG19 have obvious transient
rises during the faulted interval (i.e., between t = 0.5 s and t
= 0.51 s). It is seen that WTG9 and WTG19 (WTG7 and
WTG17) have the largest (smallest) rises in these six WTGs.
The transient power responses of WTG10 and WTG20
exhibit almost flat variations during the faulted interval.
z When the fault is suddenly cleared, the oscillatory responses
of WTG10 and WTG20 (WTG1 and WTG11) show the
largest (smallest) going-down amplitudes but the smallest
(largest) going-up amplitudes away from their final steady-
state values in all WTGs.
z Since the applied fault is at the power grid that is symmetric
with respect to the two rows with total 20 WTGs, the
transient power responses of WTG1-WTG10 and WTG11-
WTG20 are nearly identical.
z The transient power response of the collector bus drops
from the original pre-fault value of 100 MW to a nonzero
value when the fault is suddenly occurred. The oscillatory
power response after the fault is cleared is the summation of
the transient power responses of the 20 WTGs.
z When the fault is cleared, the output powers of the 20
WTGs and the collector bus can suddenly rise to the peak
values of approximate 7 MW and 125 MW, respectively,
and then gradually return back to their original pre-fault
operating conditions with oscillations.
 8
8 8

(MW)
6 6

(MW)
(MW)

WT2
4 4

WT3
WT1

P
2
P

2
2
0 0
0 0 0.5 1 1.5 2 0 0.5 1 1.5 2
0 0.5 1 1.5 2 t (s) t (s)
( )
(a) Output power of WTG1 (b) Output power of WTG2 (c) Output power of WTG3
8 8 8

6 6 6
(MW)

(MW)

(MW)
4 4 4
WT4

WT5

WT6
P

P
P
2 2 2

0 0 0
0 0.5 1 1.5 2 0 0.5 1 1.5 2 0 1 2 3 4
t (s) t (s) t (s)

(d) Output power of WTG4 (e) Output power of WTG5 (f) Output power of WTG6
8 8 8

6 6 6
(MW)

(MW)

(MW)
4 4
WT7

4
WT8

WT9
P

P
2 2
2

0 0
0 0.5 1 1.5 2 0 0.5 1 1.5 2 0
0 0.5 1 1.5 2
t (s) t (s)
t (s)
(g) Output power of WTG7 (h) Output power of WTG8 (i) Output power of WTG9
8 8 8

6 6 6

(MW)
(MW)

(MW)

4 4 4
WT10

WT11

WT12
P

P
2 2 2

0 0 0
0 0.5 1 1.5 2 0 0.5 1 1.5 2 0 0.5 1 1.5 2
t (s) t (s) t (s)
(j) Output power of WTG10 (k) Output power of WTG11 (l) Output power of WTG12
8 8
8

6 6
(MW)

6
(MW)

(MW)

4
WT15

4 4
WT14
WT13

P
P
P

2 2 2

0 0 0
0 0.5 1 1.5 2 0 0.5 1 1.5 2 0 0.5 1 1.5 2
t (s) t (s) t (s)

(m) Output power of WTG13 (n) Output power of WTG14 (o) Output power of WTG15
8 8 8

6 6 6
(MW)
(MW)
(MW)

4 4 4
WT18
WT17
WT16
P

P
P

2 2 2

0 0 0
0 0.5 1 1.5 2 0 0.5 1 1.5 2 0 0.5 1 1.5 2
t (s) t (s) t (s)

(p) Output power of WTG16 (q) Output power of WTG17 (r) Output power of WTG18
8 8 150

6 6
(MW)

(MW)

100
Psys (MW)

4 4
WT19

WT20

50
P

2 2

0 0 0
0 0.5 1 1.5 2 0 0.5 1 1. 5 2 0 0.5 1 1.5 2
t (s) t (s ) t (s)
(s) Output power of WTG19 (t) Output power of WTG20 (u) Output power of collector bus
Fig. 4. Transient power responses of the studied system subject to a three-phase short-circuit fault at the power grid of Taiwan Power System.

587
 IV. TRANSIENTġANALYSISġOFġAġTHREE-PHASE SHORT-
CIRCUIT FAULT AT COLLECTOR BUS
This section analyzes the transient output-power variations
of the 20 WTGs and the collector bus of the studied system
when a three-phase short-circuit fault is suddenly applied to
the collector bus of 23 kV (i.e., the low-voltage side of the
offshore step-up transformer) shown in Fig. 1 at t = 0.5 s and
is cleared at t = 5.1 s. Again, assume that the output powers of
the 20 WTGs and the collector bus are 5 MW and 100 MW,
respectively, before the three-phase fault is suddenly applied
to the 23-kV collector bus. It is assumed that only WTG9 and
WTG10 have their corresponding protective relays in order to
suddenly disconnect them away from the connected power
system when a three-phase fault suddenly occurs. When
WTG9 and WTG10 connected to Row_1 are suddenly tripped
due to the applied three-phase fault, the transient power
responses of the WTGs connected to Row_1 and Row_2 can
be quite different.
Fig. 5 plots the transient power responses of the 20 WTGs
and the collector bus of the studied system. Some special
power variations of the 20 WTGs and the collector bus can be
discovered from the transient responses shown in Fig. 5 as
below.
z When the three-phase fault suddenly occurs at t = 0.5 s, the
transient power responses of both WTG9 and WTG10
suddenly drop to zero due to the sudden activation of the
equipped protective relays.
z Because WTG8 is very close to WTG7, the transient power
response of WTG8 drops to zero during the faulted interval
(i.e., between t = 0.5 s and t = 0.51 s). However, the
transient power response of WTG7 drops to a negative value
during the faulted interval. The negative peak power of
around -1.2 MW can be clearly found at the output of
WTG7 when the fault is suddenly cleared.
z The lowest values of the transient power responses from
WTG6 to WTG2 gradually increase during the faulted
interval. The going-up peak values of the oscillatory
transient power response from WTG6 to WTG2 also
gradually increase when the fault is cleared. In addition, the
oscillatory waveforms from WTG6 to WTG2 are very
similar when the fault is cleared.
z The transient power response of WTG1 is quite different
from the waveforms of other WTGs. When the fault is
suddenly applied to the collector bus, the transient power of
WTG1 drops to as low as around 1 MW. When the fault is
suddenly cleared, a going-down peak to reach zero value
suddenly happens, then a going-up peak of around 9 MW
happens, and then a going-down peak of about 1.7 MW
occurs.
z During the faulted interval, two (one) going-down peaks can
be clearly observed from the transient power responses of
WTG15-WTG20 (WTG12-WTG14). From WTG20 to
WTG12, the going-down peak of about 0 MW for WTG20
is gradually increased to the final going-down peak of
around 2 MW for WTG12.
z When the fault is suddenly cleared, the going-up peaks of
transient power responses are gradually decreased from
about 6.1 MW for WTG13 to around 5.8 MW for WTG20.
588
The transient power response of WTG11 is quite different
from other WTGs connected to Row_2.
z The transient power response of the collector bus drops
from the original pre-fault value of 100 MW to a nonzero
value when the fault is suddenly occurred. The oscillatory
power response after the fault is cleared is the summation of
the transient power responses of the 18 WTGs and the final
steady-state value is about 90 MW.
V. CONCLUSION
This paper has presented the analyzed transient responses
of active powers of 20 WTGs and collector bus when a high-
capacity DFIG-based offshore wind farm (OWF) of 100 MW
is connected to power grid of Taiwan Power System through a
collector bus, an offshore step-up transformer station, a
submarine cable, and an underground cable. A commercial
power-system simulation software is employed in this paper to
simulate the transient power variations at the output of the 20
WTGs and the collector bus.
When the fault is suddenly applied to the power grid of
Taiwan Power System, the transient power responses of the 10
WTGs at one row can have very similar responses of the other
10 WTGs at the other row because the power grid is the
symmetric point with respect to the two rows. When the fault
is suddenly applied to the collector bus of the studied system
and two of the 20 WTGs equip with protective relays, the
transient power responses of the 20 WTGs can have quite
different transient responses on power peaks and waveforms
since the operations of the 20 WTGs are not identical and the
connection locations of the 20 WTGs at the submarine cables
are different.
ACKNOWLEDGMENT
ġġġ Financial supported by National Science of Council (NSC)
of Taiwan under Grant NSC 101-3113-P-006-014 is
appreciated.
The authors have an immense gratitude to Buddhist
Grandmaster Sheng-yen Lu (Dharma King, His Holiness
Living Buddha Lian-sheng) (Address: True Buddha School,
17012 N.E. 40th Court, Redmond, WA 98052-5479, USA) (E-
mail: webmaster@tbsseattle.org) (Web site:
http://www.tbsn.org/english2/) for his paramount wisdom of
Buddha, kind suggestions, and precious talks [9] on the related
research topics [10-15].
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 10 8 8

8
6 6
(MW)

(MW)
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6
4 4
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(MW)

(MW)
(MW)

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WT18
WT16

P
P
P

2 2 2

0 0 0
0 0.5 1 1.5 2 0 0.5 1 1.5 2 0 0.5 1 1.5 2
t (s) t (s) t (s)

(p) Output power of WTG16 (q) Output power of WTG17 (r) Output power of WTG18
8 8 120
100
6 6
(MW)

(MW)

(MW)

80
4 4 60
WT20
WT19

sys
P

40
P
P

2 2
20

0 0 0
0 0.5 1 1.5 2 0 0.5 1 1.5 2 0 0.5 1 1.5 2
t (s) t (s) t (s)

(s) Output power of WTG19 (t) Output power of WTG20 (u) Output power of collector bus
Fig. 5. Transient power responses of the studied system subject to a three-phase short-circuit fault at the collector bus.

589
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