w N I.

NAVAL
ARCHITECTURE

A COMPUTATION PROCEDURE

for
DETR1I4INATION OF SHIP RESPONSES
GLEN COVE
to
LONG ISLAND
IRREGUlAR SEAS
NEW YORK
by

Robert B. 2ubaly
and

Roger H. Compton

May 1964
i4iti inntitut1! nf Nanal Arrtifrrtixrr
FOUNDED BY WILLIAM H. WEBB
CRESCENT BEACH ROAD GLEN COVE. L. I.. NEW YORK

A Ccz, utat ion Procedure_for_Determi nei or o

Ship Resoonses to reuiar Seas

by

Robert B. Zubaly
ar4
Roser H. Copton

As presented at Webb
Spring Seúnar on Ship Behavior at Sea

y 1964
 Introduction
A method of predicting the response cf a ship to an irregular
storm sea was presented many years ago by St. Denia and Pierson (i).
The method involves the representation of the sea by a spectrum def in-
ing the infinity of regular wave components making up the visible
pattern.
Lt is then assumed that the ship response can be obtained by
the linear
superposition of its responses to all of the wave components. This
leads to a response spectrum that provides a complete description
in
statistical terms of the ship' response to that particular sea.
The application of the above principle to practical problems
of ship design has been impeded by the apparent complexity of
the calcu-
lations involved. However, experience at Webb Institute
in carrying out
many routine calculations of thIs type, based on available model test
results in regular waves, has resulted in a convenient calculation
form
for use with a desk calculator or slide rule. The procedure is read-
ily adapted to electronic computer use.* This work had been done
mainly in connection with a research project for the American Bureau
of Shipping.

It is the aim of this memorandum to describe the calculation

iorm and to give detailed instructions as to its
use. For convenience
in plotting nd interpreting the results of
the calculations, sea
spectra are expressed in log-slope fors, (2). However, log ò instead
of lo .Xis used in order to make the presentations truly non-
dimensional. It will ha found therefore that the calculation form
can
be used with any units (ice. metric, ft.- lb. sec., etc.)

Ob ect of Calculations
The calculations ae intendeo to predict the response of any
shipf or which medal wave response data are available, at
any heading
to any short-crested sea. It is eumd that the
sea ear' be represented
by a point spectrum multiplied by a suitable ?spreading
funtion. It

*
Numbers in parentheses refer to list of references at the end
of
this memorandum.

Such a computer program has been written at Webb in Fortran language

for an I. B. M. 1520 machine.
is thus necessary te perform a double integration with respect to
frequency and direction.
The calculation form included hereinAintended to integrate
nmericaiiy the following expression for any desired maan square ship
resoon.se, R:

[ Point
Sea Spread i ng
d
J
Freq. Angle
(SPeCtr
Function
op.

The integrations are accomplished using Simpsons rule. The

form also provides for the tabulation of values for the response spec-
trum components end for the integrated rescnse spectrum so that these
items may be plotted graphically to illustrate the composition of the
sMp rsponsa. (See Fig. I.)

Sea Spectra
The point sea spectre obtained by ocean weather ships as given
in (3) are presented in a form suitable to the oceanographers who de-
rived th. However, they are no in their most useful form for the
naval architect.
After considerable mv tiarcion and experimentation at Webb
Institute, it was decided that the "slopelog" spectral forni (2) was
most meaningful for application to ship response probleis. The form
of the spectrum, which is non-dimensional and can thus be used in any
measurement system, is as follows:

Spectral orth nate: [r('o c.t.

where [rloge ) )] 2
is the conventional amplitude spectral o:dinate
plotted on lOSe ) instead of c)
In order to convert spectra given in various references to

L/LJ
this form, the following relationships apply:
r
jr(/4c»-
where j
-

(..4i
80

- Spectral oroinate of (i)

-

- Spectral ordinate of (3)

C#,feA1: /
J

-2-
 2 7'f (sec) spectralabscissain (1)
H hg nutnier spectral abscissa in (3)
(i) 2 11/180

Resid9oertors
Ship responses such as those obtained from
sources like (4)
and (5) should be cross-plotted, non-dímensiottalized,
divided by wave
slope, and the resulting fractIon squared to be
compatible with the sea
spectrum by which it is to be multiplied.
This squared fraction is the
response amplitude operator, RAO. By dividing the
non-dimensional
response by wave slope, the resulting response spectrum is in a form
which is ittediateiy useful.
The following are exemples of response amplitude
operators
for various ship responses assuming the sea
spectrum to be expressed in
slope-log form:

L/
L Pitch nc1

where pitch angle, amplitude

wave amplitude

7... wave length

Heave
- r-12.

where heave amplitude

L ship length
Vertical cceleratior at a given point
r "q -
I Lf.-_
Lz 2-)Z/X
where a
acceleration amplItude
g acceleration du to gravity

-3-
 4. Relative bow motion

Is T
L'
where S = ampittude of relative bow motion
(i.e. difference between motion at
bow and wave surfaça)
5. Wave bending moment
[,4/A 1
L2/ j
where H /L
e
bending moment coefficient and
is an "effective wave height"
When plotting results of model tests run in regular waves at
various headings to the model and with several wave lengths, it is rare
for the entire RAO curve to be clearly defined. lt is therefore neces
sary to extrapolate both ends of the RAO curves. Such extrapolation is
'accomplished by relying on some theoretical considerations, perhaps at
zero forward speed, cr by íntuittve re3oning.
Fig i shows the sea spectrum in ziope-log form, the bending
moment RAO discussed previously, and the resuliug respouse spectrum.
The'area of the latter gives the mean square waie bending moment coef
f icient for the particular sea ccnditon represented by the sea spectrum.

B as Ic Da tuird
The LoLowing quantities are needed as basic information for
the use of the computation form:
h Point sea spectrum (3) -- for the present farm the spectrum
is chaflged to slope-log form and the spreading function
2/fr- cos. is used.

2. Response amplitude operators -- for the particular ship

form under investigation obtained by cross-plotting model
test results (4, 5)(or by theoretical calculations).

An DeE miti ons

Angular nomenclature can best be clarified by the following
sketch:

-
 '5,4/P 77qC/<

DfJfr/M/4N7 hvve ¿?'cr/úA/

/ (M/VD ¿,.qc,,a,v)
/, \
k
i4/iVñ C-4''P24/-,IT 'cT/OA/

where angle between ship course and dotiinant

wave (wind) ,8û1
- angle between dotninant wave (wind) and
cotnponent wave -9O
= angle between ship course and wave component
i8oi -J

a. * t'
Rigorously speaking, this equation is not correct since the
sun of,a and,/t1, with the Umits given can be greater than
180 However, due to the syiretry of t. ship about fts centerline,
the fo1lowng substitutions c'ay be made:

-5-
 202½0 157½°
2250 \ 135°
RAO f 247½0 RAO for Jt- .l12½0
2700 )900
etc. (etc.
The enclosed tool, "SWAT," will be helpful in determining
the correct conibination of angles for any given ship to wave situation.
The a1igtxnent is accoap1ished by placing the e.al1 disk
(showing values of/..t ) so that the required ship heading angle
is aligned with the large "wind" arrow on the larger disk (showing
values The values of/L are then paired with the appropri-
ate values of and they can be entered on the computation form.
For example, if a quartering seas case heading 45°)
-

450 arrow on the RAO disk is aligned with the "wind"

is required, the
arrow (JÇ - O) on the Sea Spectr disk, and the paired angles
become;

-90 135
-67½ 112½ These values of
These values -45 90 ,U. are to be
of /L, are -22½ 67½ entered on
permanently 0 45 computation form
entered on 22½ 22½ ln the appropri-
the computa- 45 0 ate spaces.
Clon form. 67½ 22½
90 45

Colus for/L, 9O are not provided ott the computation sheet

as the spreading function is identically zero at these anglas

1'omenci ature
ibg5 ¿) natural iogarit c frequency in 1/sec. units.
This is the particular spectral abscissa in use
for the enclosed form.

-o..
 RAO response amplitude operator for the particular
response being investigated, in the foztii of a
non-dimensional ratio or angle divided by wave
slope, quantity squared.
R mean square response, non-dimensional.
r root mean square (rms) response. It s

from this quantity that various statistical

predictions can be made as is indicated in the
following table:

average response 0.866 r

aignificant response (average
of the 1/3 highest
responses) 1.415 r
average of the 1/10 highest
responses 1.80 r
highest expected response in N cycles:
N

20 1.87r
50 2.12r
100 2.28 r
1,000 2.73 r
10,000 " 3.145 r

ÇptationFormDtai1s
Colttr -- lists values of the spectral abeissa, iO
at which the sea spectrum and the RAO curves will be read. The entire
range of signIficant response energy must be covered. The form is set
up for en interval on log of 0.1.
Columu - records values of the point sea spectrum
ordinates at indIcated va1uc cf Lo )

Columns ® ®)®) J) ) J) (2J -- list the

response amplitude operators for each log5 ) . Each o these columns
is for a particular angular ccmpontú (Values read f ron plotted RAO's.)

Columus ® Ç1J list the

response spectrum component curve ordinates for each io
be platted as respcnse speCtrum c ponant curves.)
- [Sea spectrum) (Spreading function)]

4
 Columns ® ® 6J. G) 3 -- list the
contributions to the total integrated response from the various angles
at each loge ) value. The constants are for the Simnson's integration
over angle.
Column - tabulates the results of the integration over
angle and is thus the listing of the integrated response spectrum ordi-
nates for each value of log ¿i.) . is the symbol used for such
ordinates. (They may be plottod as integrated response spectrum curve.)
Coluut 3 lists the Simpson's multipliers for the
integration over spectral abscissa. iog
Column tabulates the functions of integrated
response for the determination of the area under the response spectrum
curve.

References
(i) St. Denis, Manley and Pierson, Willard J., "On the Motions of
Ships in Confused Seas, Transactions SNAME, Vol. 61, 1953,
pp. 28O358.

Le-is, Edward V. and Bennet, Rutger, "Lecture Notes on Ship Motions

in Irregular Seas" Webb Institute Report, October 1963.
Moskowltz, L., pierson, W. J., Mehr, E., Wave Spectra Estimated
From Wìve Records Obtained by the OWS WEATHER EXPLORER and the
OWS WEATHER REPORTER,f? New York University Research Division
Report, Part I, November 1962, and Part it, March 1963.
Vossers, G., Swaan, W. A. and Rijken, H., "Vertical and Lateral
Bending ?lonient Measurements on Series 60 Models," International
Shipbuilding Progress, Vol. 8, No. 83, July 1961.
Vossers, G., Swaar., W. A and Rljkn, H., "Experiments with Series
60 Models in Waves," Transactions SNAME, 'loi. 68, 1960, pp. 364.
450.
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