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as swarmed colonies and gram negative, spp., Shigella spp. and Staphylococcus
catalase positive, oxidase negative, non aureus was also achieved.
lactose fermenter on Mackonkeys agar An experimentally penetration for
(oxoid) and urease fermenter on two groups of ten fertile and infertile
Christesen’s urea agar (Fluka). Citrimid eggs was achieved. One group
agar (BDH) used for isolation of disinfected by dusting70% ethanol then
Pseudomonas aeroginosa which each egg put in a single sterile petri dish
identified further as oxidase positive, containing 25 ml of 24h age nutrient
Salmonella-Shigella agar (Fluka) used broth (oxoid) culture of each of known
for detection of Salmonella and shigella bacterial contaminant. Plates were
spp. Salmonella spp. was differentiated incubated at 35˚c for 7 days. The mean
on Bismuth sulfate agar (oxoid). total number of each of the contaminants
Mannitol salt agar (oxoid) for detection per gram shell and one ml interior part
of Staphylococcus aureus that confirmed including albumen and yolk collectively
by coagulase test. χ2–square analysis was The Bacteriological analyses were
used to compare the mean total achieved according to the Bacteriological
penetrated bacterial count among analytical manual [18] and Bergy’s
different species [20]. manual [19]. Each complete egg was
cracked aseptically, the shell, albumen,
Results yolk or albumen and yolk collectively
Table (1) showed the mean number of were separated in sterile beakers.
bacterial contamination in the different Samples were mixed using sterile glass
parts of all egg samples. Shell appeared pearls and rods. Serial ten-fold dilutions
to be the higher contaminated in infertile of each sample in saline were prepared.
eggs for all cases. The mean number of 0.1ml from the suitable dilution was
anaerobic bacteria was higher than that spread on plate count agar (mast
of aerobic in all cases. Albumen of non diagnostics) for calculation the
disinfected fertile eggs showed higher aerobically total count and on anaerobic
contamination by aerobic and anaerobic agar (plate count agar with 2g/l sodium
bacteria. No isolation of both aerobic and thioglycollate) incubated anaerobically
anaerobic bacteria contaminants from using anaerobic jar for anaerobic total
disinfected fertile eggs was detected. The count. The following procedures were
same result appeared with aerobic used to detect the counts of natural and
bacteria from non disinfected infertile experimentally contamination: Nutrient
eggs. Yolk of disinfected fertile eggs agar (mast diagnostics) for isolation of
appeared to be with no contamination by Bacillus spp., which identified furtherly
either aerobic or anaerobic bacteria, also by gram staining and endospore
the yolk of infertile eggs showed no formation under phase contrast
contamination by aerobic bacteria with microscope after 48h incubation.
non disinfected eggs, and no anaerobic Escherichia coli was detected as lactose
bacteria isolated with disinfected eggs. fermenters on Eosin-methylene blue agar
Disinfection reduced aerobic bacteria on (oxoid) and identified as gram negative
shells with higher percents (85.1% for non endospore-forming bacilli, catalase
fertile and 65% for infertile) but lesser positive, oxidase negative, indole
anaerobic. producers. 5% sheep blood agar for
isolation of Proteus vulgaris confirmed
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Table (1): The mean total count as cfu x 102 per gram shell and ml albumen and yolk
of aerobic and anaerobic bacteria contaminated eggs naturally.
Fertile eggs Infertile eggs
sample aerobic bacteria anaerobic bacteria aerobic bacteria anaerobic bacteria
non- disinfected non- disinfected non- disinfecte non- disinfected
disinfected (% disinfect (% disinfect d disinfecte (%
reduction) ed reduction) ed d reduction)
shell 1.35 0.2(85.1) 1.36 0.62(54.4) 3.89 1.36(65) 8.7 4.9(43.7)
albumen 1.2 NG 1.0 NG NG 0.05 0.28 0.03
yolk 0.4 NG 0.56 NG NG 0.03 0.97 NG
NG: no growth.
Table (2): The mean total count as cfu x 102 per ml interior egg component
(albumen and yolk collectively) of some bacterial species penetrated shells
experimentally.
organism Fertile eggs* Infertile eggs**
Non Disinfected disinfected Non disinfected disinfected
E. coli 5.1 4.6 5.2 4.4
P. vulgaris 51 48 48 50
p. aeruginosa 488 480 484 492
S. aureus 6.2 5.8 6.3 6.0
*The bacterial mean total count of non disinfected and disinfected fertile eggs are
dependent with respect to different species (p<0.05).
** The bacterial mean total count of non disinfected and disinfected infertile eggs are
dependent with respect to different species (p<0.05).
until the egg is used [4]. The There was no isolation of the expected
contamination during handling and contaminants that searched for which
storage may come from environment were Bacillus spp., Escherichia coli,
through air and dust and by hands of Proteus vulgaris, Pseudomonas
handlers during packaging; shell aeruginosa, Salmonella spp., Shigella
contamination increases also with spp. and Staphylococcus aureus from all
exposure to dirty conditions. The high egg samples (results not showed in
number of bacteria on shells of non tables).
disinfected eggs may render the Penetration of bacteria each alone
contamination, starting from oviposition experimentally showed no significant
until the time of analyzing results, differences among egg groups but
regarding that the eggs in Sulaimani differences were apparent among
poultries are not subjected to washing or bacterial species (table, 2).
disinfection. The contamination of Penetration of P.aeruginosa was
disinfected eggs was almost come from significantly higher than other species in
the environment during storage. It was all treatments followed by P. vulgaris
obviously appeared that anaerobic while it was appeared that E. coli is
bacteria were more dominants on shells lower penetrability even than non motile
either disinfected or non disinfected egg S. aureus (table, 2).
groups, fertile and infertile. The
explanation of this phenomenon is not Discussion
related to the ability of anaerobes to live The shell probably receives its first
on shell that exposed to oxygen but may load of microorganisms when passing
be due to the ability of facultatively through the cloaca and during the time
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References
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2. Harry, E. G. Some observations on bacterial contents of the ovary and the oviduct of
the fowl. Br. Poult. Sci. 1963,4, 63-90.
3. Brooks, J. and Tailor D. I. 1955 Eggs and egg products. G. B. Dep. Sci. Ind. Res.
Board, Spec. Rep. Food Invest. 60.
4. Board, R. G. and Tranter, H. S. 1995 The microbiology of eggs. In: W. J. Stadelman
and Coterill O. J. (eds) Egg Science and technology. 4th ed. Haworth Press Inc. New
York.
5. Hains R. B. Observations on the bacterial flora of the hens’ eggs, with description of
a new species of Proteus and Pseudomonas causing rot in eggs. J. Hyg. 1938, 38,
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6. Board, P. A. and Board R. G. A diagnostic key for identifying organisms recovered
from rotten eggs. Br. Poult. Sci. 1968, 9, 111-120.
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and unwashed eggs. Appl. Envirin. Microbiol. 1980,40, 710-714.
8. Sparks, N. H. C. and Board, R. G Bacterial penetration of the recently oviposited
shell of hens’ eggs. Aust. Vet. J1985,. 62, 169-170.
9. Rahn, H. and Paganelli, C. V. Gas exchange in avian eggs. Poult. Sci. 1981, 61,
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67-74.
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14. Lock, J. L.; Dolman, J. and Board, R. G. Observations on the mode of bacterial
infection of hens’ eggs. FEMS microbiology letters. 1968, 100, 71-730.
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17. Bichler, L. A.; Nagaraja, K. V. and Halvorson, D. A. Salmonella enteritidis in eggs,
cloacal swap specimens and internal organs of experimentally infected White
Leghorn chickens. Am. J. Vet. Res. 1996,57, 479-495.
18. Food and Drug Administration, Division of Microbiology, Center for food safety
and applied nutrition. Biological and analytical Manual. Published by association of
official analytical chemists, Suit 400,2200 Wilson Blvd., Arlington, VA 22201-3301.
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19. Krieg, N. R. and Holt, J. G. 1984 Bergy’s manual of systematic bacteriology. Vol. 2,
Williums and Wilkins company, Baltimore.
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Mediterraneennes, Ser. A/n˚7, 1990, 239-242.
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and nest box eggs from meat and layer birds. Aust. Vet. J., 1979, 55, 592-593.
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ثوختة
شىكردنةوةى مايكرؤبايؤلؤجبى لةسبةر هيَلكةى قاوةيبى كالَى ثيتراو و قاوةيبى نةثيتراو ببة
ئةنجام درا بؤ خةملَندنى ثيسبوون بة بةكتيريا و تاقيكردنةوةى تواناى ثيارِؤ بؤ هةنديَك لة
ل وةكبببول بةكارهيَنانبببى % 70ئيسبببانؤ َ
بةكتيريبببا نةخؤشخةرةكان ببببؤ ناوهيَلكبببة لةطة َ
ثاكذكةرةوةيةكببببى ثيَشنيازكراو .دةركةوت كببببة هيَلكةي ثيتراو و ثاكذنةكراو زياتريببببن
ثيسببوونى ببة بةكتيرياى هةوايبى و نبا هةوايبى بةخؤوة بينيوة كبة زياتبر ببة ناهةوايةكان (لة
2 2
ل ، 10× 8,7:لة سببثيَنة2 10× 0,28:و لة زةردينببة 10× 0,97:يةكةي درووسببت تؤك َ
َ
كردنبى كؤلؤنييةك ببؤ طرام يان ميلليليتبر) .ثاكذكردن ،ثيسببوونى سبةر تؤكلةكانبى كةم
كردةوة بةشيَوةيةكبببببببى ديار (هيَلكةى ثيتراو % 85,1:بةكتيرياى هةوايبببببببى% 54,4،
ناهةوايبببى ،ببببؤ بةكتيرياى نةثيتراو %65 :بةكتيرياى هةوايبببى % 47,7،ناهةوايبببى) بةلَم
بةشيَوةيةكبى كةمتبر لة سبثيَنة و زةردينبة ،كبة رِةنطبة جياكردنةوةى بةكتيريبا لة سبثيَنة و
زةردينبة هؤكةى ئةطةرِيَتةوة بببؤ ثيسببوونى ثي َبش ثاكذكردنةوة .دةركةوت كببة بةكتيرياى
Pseudomonas aeruginosaزياتريببن تواناى ثيارِؤى هةيببة بببة تاقيكردنةوةى دةسببتكرد لة
ى جياوازى ئةطةر ثاكذكراو يان نةكراو بي َببببببببببت ،دواى ئةو، هةموو جؤرة هيَلكةكان بةب َ
بةكتيرياى Proteus vulgarisو Staphylococcus aureusو Escherichia coliبوون يةك لة
دواى يةك .هةموو جؤرة هيَلكةكان لة نيَو جؤريَتى تةندرووستى رِيَطا ثىَدرا.
72